Error in Table
In the original publication [1], there was a mistake in Table 3 as published. The mistakes pertained to the manufacturer information listed in the rows corresponding to the Optison® and SonoVue®/Lumason® microbubbles. We acknowledge that some manufacturer information was outdated, and no longer currently accurate, e.g., the mean bubble diameters and concentrations. In addition, some information was accidentally misclassified between the two microbubbles, e.g., the gas core and shell composition. The corrected Table 3 appears below. The authors state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Academic Editor. The original publication has also been updated.
Original:
Table 3.
Comparison of five major commercially available microbubble formulations used in studies for ultrasound-mediated BBB disruption (information sourced from manufacturer) and typical doses.
| Agent | Manufacturer | Shell Composition | Gas Core Composition | Mean Bubble Diameter (µm) | Bubble Concentration (Bubbles/mL) | Use in Identified Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definity®/Luminity® | Lantheus Medical Imaging | Lipid | C3F8 | 1.1–3.3 | 1.2 × 1010 | Used in n = 42 preclinical studies (typical doses: 10–20 µL/kg) and n = 6 clinical studies (typical dose: 4 µL/kg) |
| Optison® | GE Healthcare | Lipid | SF6 | 2.0–4.5 | 5–8 × 108 | Used in n = 14 preclinical studies (typical doses: 50–100 µL/kg but significantly varied in mouse studies) |
| SonoVue®/Lumason® | Bracco Diagnostics | Lipid-protein | C3F8 | 2.5 | 1–5 × 108 | Used in n = 29 preclinical studies (typical doses 25–150 µL/kg) and n = 2 clinical studies (typical dose: 100 µL/kg) |
| Usphere Prime® | Trust Bio-sonics |
Lipid | C3F8 | 1.0 | 2.8 × 1010 | Used in n = 1 preclinical study |
| Sonazoid® | GE Healthcare | Lipid | C4F10 | 2.0–3.0 | 9 × 108 | Used in n = 1 preclinical study |
Corrected:
Table 3.
Comparison of five major commercially available microbubble formulations used in studies for ultrasound-mediated BBB disruption (information sourced from manufacturer) and typical doses.
| Agent | Manufacturer | Shell Composition | Gas Core Composition | Mean Bubble Diameter (µm) | Bubble Concentration (Bubbles/mL) | Use in Identified Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definity®/Luminity® | Lantheus Medical Imaging | Lipid | C3F8 | 1.1–3.3 | 1.2 × 1010 | Used in n = 42 preclinical studies (typical doses: 10–20 µL/kg) and n = 6 clinical studies (typical dose: 4 µL/kg) |
| Optison® | GE Healthcare | Protein | C3F8 | 3.0–4.5 | 5–8 × 108 | Used in n = 14 preclinical studies (typical doses: 50–100 µL/kg but significantly varied in mice studies) |
| SonoVue®/Lumason® | Bracco Diagnostics | Lipid | SF6 | 1.5–2.5 | 1.5–5.6 × 108 | Used in n = 29 preclinical studies (typical doses 25–150 µL/kg) and n = 2 clinical studies (typical dose: 100 µL/kg) |
| Usphere Prime® | Trust Bio-sonics |
Lipid | C3F8 | 1.0 | 2.8 × 1010 | Used in n = 1 preclinical study |
| Sonazoid® | GE Healthcare | Lipid | C4F10 | 2.0–3.0 | 9 × 108 | Used in n = 1 preclinical study |
Footnotes
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Reference
- 1.Gandhi K., Barzegar-Fallah A., Banstola A., Rizwan S.B., Reynolds J.N.J. Ultrasound-Mediated Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption for Drug Delivery: A Systematic Review of Protocols, Efficacy, and Safety Outcomes from Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14:833. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040833. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]