B

• B chemical symbol, boron; boils at; buccal.

• β beta; small letter; second letter in the Greek alphabet.

• B blood group system the major histocompatibility complex first identified in chicken red cells; responsible for most of the variation in graft survival time in that species.

• B cell see B lymphocyte.

• B fibers preganglionic, autonomic efferent nerve fibers with much slower conduction speeds than A cells.

• B immunoblasts B cells that have become activated following exposure to antigen; may differentiate to memory cells or plasma cells.

• B lymphocyte see B lymphocyte.

• B-mode brightness mode. See B-mode ultrasonography.

• B-virus a herpesvirus of monkeys in the genus Simplexvirus that shares a common antigen with the pseudorabies and herpes simplex viruses. The infection is common in Old World monkeys especially in rhesus, cynomolgus, and vervet monkeys. Clinical signs in the monkeys include fever blisters on the lips and ulcerative and papillary lesions on the anterior dorsum of the tongue. The infection is transmissible to humans causing a highly fatal ascending encephalitis.

• Ba chemical symbol, barium.

• Baastrup’s disease [bah′stroop] a bony proliferation between the dorsal spinous processes in the lumbar spine of humans, also called “kissing spine syndrome. A similar condition has been noted radiographically in dogs and horses.

• BAB born after the ban; refers to cattle born in the UK after the 1988 ban on feeding meat and bone meal to ruminants that developed bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). BAB cattle occurred because of a lack of enforcement of the ban, illegal use, and because of cross contamination of cattle fed with infected meat and bone meal in feed mills that prepared feed for all animal species. As a result, the subsequent ban was on the feeding of any ruminant protein to any animals in the UK.

• Babcock tissue forceps forceps of variable length, similar to Allis tissue forceps but with fine longitudinal grooves on the jaws designed to minimize compressing the vascular supply of the tissues to which they are applied. Frequently used to stabilize and retract delicate tissues such as the intestine.

• Babcock’s test a test for determination of the fat content of milk. Based on the centrifugation of a heated sample of that has been treated with strong acid to carbonize the milk protein.

• Babès–Ernst granules metachromatic granules, characteristic of corynebacteria.

• Babès’ nodules [bah′besh] very small glial nodules found in the brain of animals, especially ruminants, that have died of rabies.

• Babesia [b -be′ze-] a genus of round to pyriform protozoa of the family Babesiidae. Includes piroplasms. These protozoa pass part of their life cycle in erythrocytes. Transmission between animals is by ticks.

  • B. bigemina causes babesiosis of cattle and some wild ruminants.
  • B. bovis causes babesiosis of cattle and some wild ruminants. Includes B. argentina, B. berberi, B. colchica.
  • B. caballi causes a mild form of babesiosis in horses.
  • B. canis causes babesiosis in dogs; particularly associated with Greyhounds.
  • B. cati found in cats.
  • B. colchica see B. bovis (above).
  • B. divergens causes a mild form of babesiosis of cattle and some wild ruminants; can also infect humans.
  • B. equi causes babesiosis in horses. See also Theileria equi.
  • B. felis causes babesiosis of cats.
  • B. gibsoni causes babesiosis in dogs; particularly associated with pitbulls and American Staffordshire terriers.
  • B. herpaiuri found in cats.
  • B. hylomysci found in red deer.
  • B. major causes a mild form of babesiosis of cattle.
  • B. motasi causes acute babesiosis in sheep and goats.
  • B. ovis causes a mild form of babesiosis in sheep and goats.
  • B. pantherae found in some felids.
  • B. rodhaini found in mice.
  • B. vogeli found in dogs.

• babesiasis [bă″be-zi´ -sis] babesiosis.

• babesicide destructive to babesia.

• babesiosis [b -be″ze-o´sis] a group of diseases caused by the protozoan Babesia spp. and transmitted by blood-sucking ticks. Clinically they are all characterized by fever and intravascular hemolysis manifested by a syndrome of anemia, hemoglobinuria, and jaundice. Called also tick fever, Texas fever, redwater fever, and Nantucket fever in humans. Bovine and equine babesiosis are diseases notifiable to OIE (see Table 20).

  • canine b. hemolytic disease of dogs caused by Babesia canis, B. gibsoni or B. conradae, transmitted by ticks or by direct transmission, and characterized by an acute to subclinical anemia, splenomegaly and hemoglobinuria. Called also tick fever, malignant jaundice.
  • cerebral b. cases of babesiosis in which cerebral capillaries become engorged with parasitized erythrocytes, causing nervous signs. Seen in Babesia bovis and B. canis infections.
  • equine b. see equine piroplasmosis.

• Babinski reflex [b -bin´ske] a reflex action of the toes, indicative of abnormalities in the motor control pathways leading from the cerebral cortex. It is elicited in dogs and cats by an upward stroking of the metacarpal or metatarsal bones. A normal reaction is slight flexion of the toes. In a positive sign, the toes extend; seen with upper motor neuron lesions. Called also Babinski sign.

• babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) a species in the pig family Suidae, native to Indonesia. It has the rounded body and long snout of a pig; the males have long, upward curving tusks. Called also deer-pigs.

• baboon (Papio spp.) Old World monkeys in the family Cercopithecidae. They are big, with a strong facial resemblance to dogs. They are omnivorous, terrestrial, walk on all fours, and show a great variety of coloring in their distinctive ischial callosities and anogenital skin. Called also Papio. They are used in biomedical research.

• baby pig disease [ba′be] see neonatal hypoglycemia.

• bacampicillin [b -kam″pľ-sil´in] an ester of ampicillin that in vivo becomes ampicillin and has the actions and uses of the parent drug.

• Baccharis a genus of plants from the Americas in the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. Macrocyclic trichothecenes have been identified in some species, the toxin originating from Myrothecium spp., fungi associated with the roots. Signs include stiffness, trembling, convulsions; lesions include rumenitis, enteritis. Toxic species include B. cordifolia, B. dranunculifolia, B. glomeruliflora, B. halimifolia, B. megapotamica, B. pteronioides, B. ramulosa.

• Bach flower therapy [bahk] see flower essence therapy.

• bacillary [bas´ľ-lar″e] pertaining to bacilli or to rod-like structures.

• b. hemoglobinuria an acute, highly fatal toxemia of cattle and sheep caused by Clostridium haemolyticum (Cl. novyi type D), a soil-borne anaerobe. The disease occurs in summer and autumn in endemic areas that are usually irrigated or sub-irrigated fields. It is characterized by fever, hemoglobinuria and jaundice, and at postmortem examination by the presence of necrotic infarcts in the liver.

  B-01:

  

  Trophozoites of Babesia canis within canine red blood cells.

  • b. necrosis see necrobacillosis.
  • b. pyelonephritis see contagious bovine pyelonephritis.
  • b. typhlitis see Tyzzer’s disease.
  • b. white diarrhea see pullorum disease.

• bacille Calmette–Guérin [bah-sēl´] see BCG.

• bacillemia [bas″ľ-le´me- ] the presence of bacilli in the blood.

• bacilli [b -sil´i] see Bacillus.

• bacilliform [b -sil´ľ-form] having the appearance of a bacillus; rod-shaped.

• bacillin [b -sil´in] an antibiotic substance isolated from strains of Bacillus subtilis, highly active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

• bacillosis infection with bacilli.

• bacilluria [bas″ľ-lu´re- ] bacilli in the urine.

• Bacillus [b -sil´ s] a genus of gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming rod-shaped bacteria. With the exception of B. anthracis and the occasional wound contamination and bovine mastitis caused by B. cereus, the organisms in the genus are largely saprophytic and do not cause disease. However, they may invade devitalized tissue. They do have importance in the area of food preservation.

  • B. actinoides Streptobacillusmoniliformis.
  • B. aneurinolyticus, B. thiaminolyticus are thiaminase-producing bacteria that may proliferate in the rumen and contribute to the cerebral lesions in carbohydrate engorgement and polioencephalomalacia in cattle.
  • B. anthracis characterized by its capacity to form spores when exposed to the air that survive for long periods in soil and other inert materials. Has a characteristic appearance and the capsule is detectable with McFadyean’s stain. Causes anthrax in all species.
  • B. brevis the source of tyrothricin.
  • B. cereus a species causing food poisoning, occasional cases of septicemia and bovine mastitis and abortion.
  • B. circulans, B. coagulans, B. stearothermophilus very heat-resistant bacteria that cause fermentation of cereals in canned meat foods. They cause souring but no gas production so that the can does not bulge. Called also flat sour. B. stearothermophilus spores are used to test efficacy of autoclaves.
  • B. larvae see Paenibacillus larvae subspecies larvae.
  • B. licheniformis reported as a cause of abortion in cattle, sheep and pigs, and also isolated from suppurative lesions of horses and cattle.
  • B. piliformis the former name of Clostridium piliforme, the cause of Tyzzer’s disease.
  • B. polymyxa (B. aerosporus) strains of this organism are the source of the antibiotic polymyxin.
  • B. subtilis a common saprophyte in soil and water form, often occurring as a laboratory contaminant, and rarely, in apparently causal relation to pathological processes, such as conjunctivitis. When included in the diet of livestock and birds believed to have growth promoting value.
• bacillus [b -sil´us] pl. bacilli [L.] 1. an organism of the genus Bacillus. 2. any rod-shaped bacterium.

  • Battey b. Mycobacteriumintracellulare.
  • Calmette–Guérin b. Mycobacterium bovis, rendered avirulent by cultivation over a long period on bile–glycerol–potato medium. See also BCG vaccine.
  • Friedländer’s b. Klebsiellapneumoniae.
  • glanders b. Burkholderiamallei (previously Pseudomonas mallei).
  • Hansen’s b. Mycobacteriumleprae.
  • tubercle b. Mycobacteriumtuberculosis.
  • typhoid b. Salmonellaenterica serovar Typhi.

• Bacteria the domain, or empire, within the Kingdom Prokaryota that contains all the pathogenic bacteria. Also called Eubacteria. The remaining prokaryotic microorganisms lie in the domain Archaea (or Archaeobacteria).

• bacitracin [bas″ľ-tra´sin] an antibacterial substance elaborated by the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis, found in a contaminated wound, and named after the patient, Margaret Tracy; useful in a wide range of infections and usually applied topically, but also used against necrotic enteritis in poultry.

• back [bak] see also dorsum.

  • b. arched upwards humped back posture as in subacute abdominal pain.
  • cold b. horse resents the saddle being placed in position and the girth tightened.
  • hollow b. the natural concave line of the backbone is exaggerated.
  • b. muscle necrosis is characterized by pain and swelling over the backs of pigs. The pigs are reluctant to move, and there is arching or lateral flexion of the spine. Subsequently, there is atrophy of the muscles. See also porcine stress syndrome.
  • b. pain pain expressed when pressure is applied to the back. Spondylosis, injury to dorsal spinous processes and muscle sprain are among the common causes. A special area of interest in the horse, because of its importance in restricting movement and causing abnormalities of gait.
  • b. raking manual removal of the feces from the rectum. Performed often in the preliminaries to pregnancy diagnosis in mares and cows. Carried out cosmetically in horses and especially elephants just before a circus or other performing act.

• back bleeding [bak blēd′ing] a slaughtering error in which the pleural sac is punctured during bleeding-out. Blood is aspirated into the sac causing staining. Called also over-sticking.

• back-fence the fence used to prevent cattle grazing back over already eaten out pasture that is being strip-grazed. As the front fence is moved forward the back-fence is also moved up.

• back-swept said of horns that sweep out, usually horizontally, from the patient’s head and point backward toward the tail.

• backband [bak´band] an essential part of most horse harnesses. A strap that goes over the back, sometimes through a backpad, and supports the shafts or the traces.

• backbone [bak´bōn] lay term for the vertebral column.

• backcross [bak´kros] mating of a two-breed crossbred offspring back to one of its parents or one of the parent breeds.

• backfat [bak´fat] a segment of the well-developed panniculus adiposus along the back of pigs, cattle and sheep; at this location, the fat is especially well-formed and firm. The thickness of the layer, as determined by ultrasound measurement at the 10th rib area in pigs and the 12th rib area in beef and lambs, is used as an index of the fatness of the entire carcass.

  • b. probe a sharp instrument used to measure backfat thickness without incising the carcass. Electronic probes are available for use in the live pig and ruminant animals.
• backflow [bak´flo] abnormal retrograde flow of fluids; regurgitation. See also reflux.

  • pyelovenous b. drainage from the renal pelvis into the venous system occurring under certain conditions of back pressure.

• background rate the rate, often low, at which some event or agent occurs, at a particular time or in a particular place, in the absence of a specific hazard.

• backgrounding a management system where recently weaned calves or yearling cattle are grazed or fed a high-fiber ration for a period of time until they reach a desired size for placement in a feedyard. This usually includes a preconditioning program.

• Backhaus towel clamp a clamp used for fixing drapes to the skin of anesthetized patients. A scissor action with ratchet fixation at the finger loops and sharp, incurving, needle-like blades.

• backline [bak´līn] the upper outline of the body’s silhouette viewed from the side.

• backs [baks] wool taken from the back section of a fleece of wool.

• backscatter [bak´skat- r] in radiology, radiation deflected by scattering processes at angles greater than 90 degrees to the original direction of the beam of radiation. May lead to decrease in radiographic quality. Important in radiotherapy when estimating surface exposure dose.

• backstrap [bak´strap] see backband.

• backtag [bak´tag] a tag of special tough paper, bearing identification codes relating to origin of animals, which are stuck to the back of animals with a very strong glue. Designed for easy reading in saleyards, short life and to help with traceback during investigation of the origin of disease outbreaks. See also tail tag.

• backtrace [bak´trās] see traceback.

• backward tone see opisthotonos.

  B-02:

  

  Backhaus towel clamp.

• baclofen [bak´lo-fen″] an analog of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) used as a muscle relaxant. Signs of toxicity include CNS, gastrointestinal abnormality, general malaise, and cardiovascular disturbance.

• bacon curing preserving of pig meat by dry pickling with salt and saltpetre or by immersion in a brine tank, followed by a period of maturation in a cool place to allow an even distribution of the pickle. Injection of pickling brine into large muscle masses is much used to hasten the curing process.

• bacon weight the desirable weight for a pig that is to be used for bacon production, 220–250 lb liveweight.

• bacteraemia [bak″t r-e´me- ] bacteremia.

• bacteremia the presence of bacteria in the blood. The condition might or might not be manifested by any clinical signs. See also septicemia.

• bacteria [bak-tēr´e- ] plural of bacterium.

  • anaerobic b. derive energy from fermentative processes in the absence of oxygen. Are often found in necrotic or abscessed tissues.
  • cell-wall deficient b. see L-form bacteria (below).
  • facultatively anaerobic b. are able to derive energy from aerobic or anaerobic metabolism.
  • glucose-non-fermenting, gram-negative b. includes Bordetella, Moraxella and Pseudomonas species.
  • L-form b. abnormal growth forms that can replicate as small filterable elements with defective or absent cell walls. Spontaneously formed by some bacteria, e.g. Streptococcus spp., Bacterioides spp., and by others when cell wall synthesis is impaired. L-forms have been associated with skin infections and synovitis in dogs and cats.
  • marker b. those added to provide a means of identifying the presence of viable bacteria in a sample. See Serratia rubidaea.
  • obligately aerobic b. require oxygen as a source of energy and therefore for growth.
  • putrefactive b. see decomposition.
  • resistant b. see antimicrobial resistance.
  • ruminal b. the ruminal fluid of the normal cow contains 10 to 50 million organisms per gram. Bacteria outnumber the protozoan population many times over. The genera and species of bacteria present vary with time in the same cow. The function of the ruminal bacteria is to digest the food taken in and thus allow its absorption. This includes the lysis of cellulose, xylanol, starch, dextrin, pectin, protein, lipids, the utilization of glycerol and lactate, and the fermentation of soluble sugars. The end products of the digestive process include methane, formate, acetate, ethanol, propionate, lactate, butyrate, succinate, valerate, caproate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
  • spoilage b. see decomposition.
  • urealytic b. those producing urease.
• bacterial [bak-tēr´e- l] pertaining to or caused by bacteria.

  • b. adhesiveness see adhesins.
  • b. allergy see bacterial hypersensitivity.
  • cutaneous b. granuloma see botryomycosis.
  • b. diseases diseases in which bacteria play a significant but not necessarily exclusive role.
  • b. fermentation fermentation by bacteria, e.g., those in the rumen. See also fermentation.
  • b. gill disease disease of the gill of finfish. Usually occurs in younger fish. In salmonids, it is associated with Flavobacterium branchiophilum infections see gill disease.
  • b. kidney disease of salmonids a serious disease of salmonid fish caused by the gram-positive coccobacillus Renibacterium salmoninarum and characterized by granulomas in the kidney and spleen, and extensive caseation of muscles. The disease is chronic and causes heavy losses.
  • small intestinal b. overgrowth (SIBO) in humans, an increase in the absolute number of bacteria in the upper small intestine in the fasted state. May occur secondary to disruptions of gastrointestinal structure or function; significance as a primary cause of diarrhea is debated. A true increase in bacteria has not been demonstrated in dogs with antibioticresponsive diarrhea and the term SIBO is no longer used to describe canine disease.
• bactericidal [bak-tēr″ľ-si´d l] able to kill bacteria.

  • minimal b. concentration (MBC) see minimal lethal concentration.

• bactericide [bak-tēr´ľ-sīd] an agent that destroys bacteria.

• bacterin [bak´t r-in] vaccine consisting of killed bacterial cells.

• oral b. prepared from killed cultures of Aeromonas spp. Has been used successfully in fish in which individual parenteral prophylaxis is prohibitively expensive.

• bacter(io)- word element. [Gr.] pertaining to bacteria.

• bacteriocidin [bak-tēr″e-o-si´din] a bactericidal antibody.

• bacteriocin [bak-tēr´e-o″sin] peptides produced by some strains of bacteria that inhibit the growth of, or kill, other bacteria. Examples are staphylococcin, produced by Staphylococcus aureus, and colicins, produced by Escherichia coli.

• bacteriologist [bak-tēr″e-ol´ -jist] an expert in the study of bacteria and the diseases they cause.

• bacteriology [bak-tēr″e-ol´ -je] the scientific study of bacteria and the diseases they cause.

• bacteriolysin [bak-tēr″e-ol´ľ-sin] an antibody that lyses bacterial cells.

• bacteriolysis [bak-tēr″e-ol´ľ-sis] destruction or dissolution of bacteria.

• bacteriophage [bak-tēr´e-o-fāj″] or simply phage; a virus that infects bacteria often killing them by lysis; many varieties exist, and usually each attacks only one kind of bacteria. Some bacteriophages are widely used as cloning vectors and for determining DNA sequence. Virulent DNA bacteriophages in the T series adsorb to specific receptor sites on the bacterial cell wall and inject their DNA content into the bacterium. The viral DNA usurps the machinery of the cell for the replication of viral DNA and proteins that are assembled into a crop of progeny phage that are released by lysis from the cell. With the development of multiple antibiotic resistance bacteriophages have several characteristics that make them potentially attractive therapeutic agents. They are highly specific and can be very effective in lysing targeted pathogenic bacteria. Called also bacterial virus. See also temperate bacteriophage (below).

  • M13 b. small rod-shaped, nonlytic, single-stranded DNA phage; used as a template in the Sangar dideoxy method for DNA sequence determination.
  • ϕX174 b. prototype of a class of phage that are small, icosahedral single-stranded DNA viruses that code for only 10–12 proteins and are highly dependent on the host cell for their replication.
  • RNA b. the genome is RNA instead of DNA; smallest known viruses, encode for only four proteins; they have contributed to basic studies of RNA.
  • temperate b’s typified by λ bacteriophage; have a similar lytic life cycle but in addition have an alternate life cycle whereby the injected DNA becomes integrated into the cell DNA where it remains stable, behaving as a cell gene. The integrated DNA is called prophage and the bacterial cell is said to be lysogenic. The phage DNA may be induced whereby it becomes disassociated from the cell DNA and enters the lytic life cycle. Temperate phage may transfer bacterial cell DNA from one cell to another to produce a recombinant.

• bacteriopsonin [bak-tēr″e-op´so-nin] an opsonin that acts on bacteria.

• bacteriosis [bak-tēr″e-o´sis] a bacterial disease.

• bacteriospermia [bak-tēr″e-o-spur´me- ] the presence of bacteria in the semen.

• bacteriostasis [bak-tēr″e-o-sta´sis] a state in which the growth or multiplication of bacteria is inhibited without the bacteria being killed.

• bacteriostatic [bak-tēr″e-o-stat´ik] arresting the growth or multiplication of bacteria; also, an agent that so acts.

• bacterium [bak-tēr´e- m] pl. bacteria [L.] any prokaryotic microorganism. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that differ from all other organisms (the eukaryotes) in lacking a true nucleus and organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts and lysosomes. Most have a single double-stranded DNA chromosome in contrast to eukaryotes, which have multiple chromosomes, which are complex structures of DNA and protein. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission and generally have a very high rate of population growth and mutation. Genetic material can be transferred between bacteria by three processes: transformation (absorption of naked DNA), transduction (transfer by a temperate bacteriophage), and conjugation (transfer by independently replicating DNA molecules, called plasmids). Some bacteria can form spores, dehydrated forms that are resistant to heat, cold, lack of water, toxic chemicals and radiation. Most bacteria have a rigid cell wall outside of the cell membrane primarily composed of a dense layer of peptidoglycan, a network of polysaccharide chains with polypeptide cross-links. Some antimicrobial agents, the penicillins and cephalosporins, act by interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis. Bacteria can have extracellular structures: flagella, which are rotating locomotor organelles; pili or fimbriae, which are filamentous appendages; and a capsule, which is a layer of gelatinous material around the cell. Pili may be involved in conjugation, secretion, motility, and/or adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells. The capsule can protect the bacterium from phagocytosis. See also bacteria.

• acid-fast b. one that, because of the wax-like composition of the cell wall, is not readily decolorized by acids after staining especially Mycobacterium spp.

• coliform b. similar to Escherichia coli. Particularly found in the gut of animals. Members of the Enterobacteriaceae.

  • hemophilic b. bacteria in the genera Haemophilus, Avibacterium, Actinobacillus, Mannheimia, Pasteurella, and Bibersteinia, which have a nutritional requirement for fresh blood or whose growth is significantly stimulated on blood-containing media.
  • lactic acid b. bacteria that, in suitable media, ferment carbohydrates to form lactic acid.
  • lysogenised b. any bacterial cell harboring in its genome the genome of a temperate bacteriophage and thus reproducing the bacteriophage genome during each cell division; occasionally the prophage is induced (free of the bacterial genome), replicates, lyses the bacterial cell, and is free to infect other cells.

• Bacterium viscosum-equi [bak-tēr´e- m] see Actinobacillus equuli.

• bacteriuria [bak-tēr″e-u´re- ] bacteria in the urine.

• bacteroid [bak´t r-oid] 1. resembling a bacterium. 2. a structurally modified bacterium.

• Bacteroidaceae [bak″t r-oi-da´se-e] a family of obligately anaerobic, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria containing the genus Bacteroides.

• Bacteroides [bak″t r-oi´dēz] a genus of the family Bacteroidaceae, a family of gram-negative, non–spore-forming, obligate anaerobes. Common inhabitants of the alimentary tract and often found in necrotic tissue and abscesses.

  • B. amylophilus see Ruminobacter amylophilus.
  • B. asaccharolyticus see Porphyromonas asaccharolytica.
  • B. fragilis occasionally infects foals, pigs, lambs and calves, causing diarrhea, mastitis and abscesses.
  • B. gingivalis see Porphyromonas gingivalis.
  • B. heparinolyticus see Prevotella heparinolytica.
  • B. levii see Porphyromonas levii.
  • B. melaninogenicus see Prevotella melaninogenica.
  • B. nodosus see Dichelobacter nodosus.
  • B. ruminicola see Prevotella ruminicola.
  • B. salivosus see Porphyromonas salivosa.
  • B. succinogenes see Fibrobacter succinogenes.
  • B. ureolyticus see Campylobacter ureolyticus.

• bacteruria [bak″tēr-u´re- ] bacteriuria.

• baculoviral midgut gland necrosis virus baculovirus causing heavy mortalities in larval and postlarval Penaeus japonicus and P. monodon prawns. Associated with the disease called midgut gland cloudy disease, white turbid liver disease, and white turbidity disease.

• baculovirus group of rod-shaped, double-stranded, DNA viruses which infect and kill a large number of different invertebrate species especially insects, including Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, and Homoptera, and also prawns; used as biocontrol agents, sometimes following genetic engineering of the virus. Some used experimentally for high-level expression of foreign proteins.

• Baculovirus penaei a virus that causes infection with high mortality in larval, postlarval and juvenile prawns, especially Penaeus vannamei and other American species of prawns.

• baculum [bak´u-l m] see os² penis.

• badger 1. a burrowing carnivore in the family Mustelidae, they are typically short and stocky with a short tail and a fierce disposition. 2. a coat color in dogs that consists of a mixture of white, gray, brown and black; may occur in patches. Seen in a variety of hound breeds and the Great Pyrenees dog.

  • American b. (Taxidea taxus) found in western North America. Called also New World badger, taxel.
  • b. dog literal translation of Dachshund.
  • European b., Eurasian b. (Meles meles) small but sturdy, burrowing mammals in the family Mustelidae; grayish in color with two distinctive black stripes starting on the face and running over the top of the head to the back. They are widely distributed and historically have been hunted and subjected to badger baiting. In the UK, where they are protected, they have a particular following. Badgers are considered important in the transmission of tuberculosis to cattle and they can be a source of baylisascariasis for humans.
  • hog b. (Arctonyx collaris) found in Southeast Asia; called also hog-nosed badger, sand badger.
  • honey b. (Mellivora capensis) small with a black body and a wide, white stripe covering the upper part of the body; widely distributed through Africa and South Asia. Although carnivorous, their appetite for feeding on beehives is the reason for their common name. Called also ratel.
  • stink b. (Mydaus spp.) Southeast Asian badgers known for the foul smell from their anal glands.

• BAER brainstem auditory evoked response. Not to be confused with ursine mammal.

• Baermann technique a laboratory method for separating parasite larvae from feces, soil, tissues or herbage for counting or identification.

• baffle boards large pieces of rigid material, usually plywood, carried vertically by an attendant between him/her and a large pig or other uncontrollable animal. They are used to shepherd the animal from place to place without the use of force. A useful device in zoos, but no protection against an aggressive animal.

• bag [bag] 1. a sac or pouch. 2. a farmer’s term for udder.

  • b.-in-a-barrel a early form of ventilator used in inhalant anesthesia in which an expandable bag is enclosed in a barrel. Injection of air into the barrel (outside of the bag) causes contraction of the bag, delivering a breath to the patient. Releasing the pressure allows exhalation.
  • Douglas b. a receptacle for the collection of expired air, permitting measurement of respiratory gases.
  • fecal b. strapped to an animal in such a way as to catch the fecal output. Used in experimental work or clinical investigation in ambulatory animals especially sheep.
  • hard b. a name given to the udder induration seen with some cases of maedi and caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus infection. The udder appears full but has little or no milk.
  • sterilizing b. any of several types of paper or plastic bags used to package individual instruments in the autoclaving process.
  • urine b. a bag strapped to the animal, usually an ambulatory sheep, in such a way as to collect the total urinary output.
  • b. of waters the membranes enclosing the amniotic fluid and the developing fetus in utero. (Colloquial.)
  • bagasse the fibrous residue of sugar cane after the extraction of the sugar juice. Used as a fibrous diluent for heavy grain and molasses diets.

• bagassosis [bag″ -so´sis] a hypersensitivity pneumonitis of humans caused by inhalation of thermophilic actinomycetes in moldy bagasse.

• bagging [bag´ing] rhythmical, manual squeezing of a reservoir bag in an anesthetic system to provide artificial ventilation to an animal; manual intermittent positive pressure ventilation.

• bagging nostrils [bag´ing nos´trilz] enclosing muzzle in a plastic bag to promote deep breathing in a patient for better auscultation result over lung fields.

• bagging up [bag´ing up] a term that refers to an increase in the size of the udder due to physiological causes. Said of a cow coming close to parturition. It is also not unusual to stop milking a cow for 24 hours before sale or show in order to give the cow a better appearance.

• bagpod [bag´pod] Sesbania vesicaria.

• Bagshaw hoist used as an aid in managing downer cows. Consists of a pair of heavy curved iron pipes that fit around and under a cow’s hook bones (tuber coxae) and are connected by a heavy metal sliding bar and a heavy metal worm that can be screwed to draw the pipes closer together and further under the hips. Using this clamp and a block and tackle, a downer cow can be lifted to a standing position. There must be judgement with its use as repeated or prolonged use results in severe pressure myonecrosis at the site of application Called also Bagshaw’s hip clamps.

• Bahia grass Paspalumnotatum.

• Bahia oppositifolia a North American plant in the family Asteraceae; contains cyanogenic glycosides and can cause poisoning.

• bail a head catch for cattle. See headstock.

• bail-up to catch.

• Bailey rib contractor two inward-facing, curved, clawed hands mounted on a ratcheted bar designed for bringing ribs closer together during thoracic surgery.

• Baileya multiradiata flowers and fruit of this plant cause nephrosis and hepatitis when eaten.

• Bain system [bān sis′t m] see Bain coaxial circuit.

• Bainbridge clamp [bān´brij] an instrument similar to intestinal forceps. Used to clamp large blood vessels.

• Bainbridge forceps [bān´brij] standard intestinal forceps.

• Bainbridge reflex [bān´brij] a reflex of uncertain validity that states that the intravenous injection of fluid or blood, or the experimental dilatation of the right atrium, causes tachycardia. An alternative statement says that these manipulations cause bradycardia. Called also McDowall reflex.

• bait [bāt] a preparation containing a palatable food substance such as raw meat, carrot or bran and a pharmaceutical or poisonous substance. The purpose is to introduce the medicament or poison into the unsuspecting animal.

• baiting [bāt´ing] the laying of a bait. May be done for purposes of medication or control, or for malicious reasons. In urban areas baiting is controlled by law that forbids baiting except, in some countries, on one’s own property. Most of the poisonous substances used are controlled by legislation so that the identity of the baiter is recorded.

• bakery waste may be overflow bread or dough or be moldy, or contain substances other than farinaceous ones. Normal dough or bread or flour can cause carbohydrate engorgement in horses and ruminants. If the fungi on moldy bread are toxic, poisoning may also result. Bread or pastry containing meat may cause the spread of diseases carried in meat scraps, e.g., foot-and-mouth disease, swine fever.

• BAL British AntiLewisite. See dimercaprol.

• Balamuthia mandrillaris [bal″ -moo´the- ] a species of freeliving leptomyxid ameba that can cause amebic meningoencephalitis in animals, including dogs, sheep and horses, and humans.

• balance [bal´ ns] 1. an instrument for weighing. 2. harmonious adjustment of different elements or parts; harmonious performance of functions. Used to describe symmetry and proportion of conformation.

  • analytical b. a laboratory balance sensitive to very small variations of the order of 0.001 mg.
  • fluid b. a state in which the volume of body water and its solutes (electrolytes and nonelectrolytes) are within normal limits, and there is normal distribution of fluids within the intracellular and extracellular compartments. The total volume of body fluids should be about 60% of the body weight, and it should be distributed so that one-third is extracellular fluid and two-thirds intracellular fluid. Although this distribution remains constant in a healthy animal, there is continuous movement of fluid into and out of the various compartments. See also dehydration, water intoxication.
  • nitrogen b. the state of the body when ingestion and excretion of nitrogen are equal. Adult, healthy animals are in this state. In negative nitrogen balance the amount of nitrogen excreted is greater than the quantity ingested. In positive nitrogen balance the amount excreted is smaller than the amount ingested. See also nitrogen balance.
  • posture b. disturbances of balance, including falling to one side, rotation of the head, walking in circles. These are usually indications of disturbances of the organs of balance in the semicircular canals.
  • water b. fluid balance.

• balanced ration [bal´ nst] a ration fed to animal that contains, in proper ratios, all the required nutrients for that species, see balanced ration.

• balanic [b -lan´ik] pertaining to the glans penis or glans clitoridis.

• Balanites aegyptica [bal″ -ni´tis] African member of plant family Zygophyllaceae; fruits may contain steroidal saponins; cause nephrosis, hepatitis, muscle wasting in ruminants.

• balanitis [bal″ -ni´tis] inflammation of the glans penis.

• balanoposthectomy [bal″ -no-pos-thek´t -me] surgical removal of the penis and prepuce.

• balanoposthitis [bal″ -no-pos-thi´tis] inflammation of penis and prepuce.

  • enzootic b. see enzootic balanoposthitis.
  • infectious b. see enzootic balanoposthitis.

    B-03:

    

    Balanitis in a ram.

  • infectious pustular b. the male manifestation of infectious pustular vulvovaginitis caused by bovine herpesvirus-1. It is manifested by the development of pustules and inflammation of the skin of the penis and prepuce, a mucopurulent preputial discharge, and pain of the organ causing the bull to refuse to serve.

• balanopreputial [bal″ -no-pre-poo´sh l] pertaining to the glans penis and prepuce.

• balanorrhagia [bal″ -no-ra´j ] balanitis with free discharge of pus.

• Balansia epichloë fungal pathogen of pasture plant seedheads; contains ergot alkaloids and causes gangrene of extremities.

• balantidiasis [bal″an-tľ-di´ -sis] infection by protozoa of the genus Balantidium. Swine dysentery was thought at one time to be a form of balantidiasis caused by B. coli. The infection can cause enteritis in pigs and dogs and can be associated with other pathogens. A zoonosis and the infection in humans causes colitis.

• Balantidium [bal″an-tid´e- m] a genus of ciliated protozoa, including many species found in the intestine of vertebrates and invertebrates, predominantly in primates, pigs and humans. See also balantidiasis.

  • B. coli see balantidiasis.
• bald [bawld] 1. loss of hair, see alopecia, baldness 2. in cattle and horses used to describe an animal with a white face. Called also baldy.

  • b. faced a horse with a blaze and a snip into a nostril conjoined.
  • b. thigh syndrome a hair loss disorder in sighthounds, particularly in racing Greyhounds commencing a training program. There is complete alopecia with no other abnormality of the skin on the caudolateral aspects of the thighs and sometimes also in the axilla and on the ventrolateral aspects of the chest. There is a structural defect in hair shaft formation, which may have a genetic basis.

• baldness [bawld´nis] absence of hair; alopecia.

• pattern b. occurs in dogs as hair loss of the ears, most commonly in Dachshunds; hair loss on the ventral neck, caudomedial thighs and tail in American water spaniels and Portuguese water dogs; and hair loss on the postauricular areas, ventral and neck and ventral body in dogs of several small breeds. Otherwise, affected dogs have normal coats. See also bald thigh syndrome.

• baldy, baldy-faced [bawl′de] said of cattle to mean a white face and usually indicating a Hereford influence in the animal’s breeding. See also black baldy.

• baldy calves [bawl′de] see inherited epidermal dysplasia of calves.

• bale 1. a package of wool in a wool pack weighing 150–250 lb depending largely on whether it is greasy or scoured. 2. a compressed bundle of hay, either about 80 lb tied with wire or twine, or large, round bales, weighing from 500 to 800 lb or square bales from 800 to 1200 lb, the latter two referred to as ‘big bales’. Small bales are easily handled by one person whereas round bales need mechanical transport but can be fed in round bale-feeders decreasing the amount of time associated with feeding-out hay. Large square bales are more used to transport hay in commerce.

  B-04:

  

  Motile trophozoite stage of Balantidium coli. From Hendrix, C.M., Robinson, E., Diagnostic Parasitology for Veterinary Technicians, 3rd Edition. C.V. Mosby, 2006.

  B-05:

  

  Idiopathic bald thigh syndrome of Greyhounds.

  B-06:

  

  Round bale

  B-07:

  

  Balfour abdominal retractor.

• Balfour retractor a self-retaining retractor constructed of three individually operable, outward-looking curved loops mounted on a slide bar. By inserting the blades into an incision and spreading them, the incision is opened to give maximum access to tissues below. Available in standard and pediatric sizes and most frequently used to assist retraction of the body wall during a ventral midline laparotomy.

• Bali cattle red to red-black meat cattle from Indonesia, originated from Banteng cattle.

• Balinese a breed of cat with the body build, temperament and lightcolored body and darker ears, face, tail and legs seen in Siamese, but with semi-long hair. The name is derived from the graceful tail movements that are compared to the sinuous movements of Balinese dancers. See also Javanese.

• balk [bawlk] the action of a horse when it refuses to obey a command to which it usually responds. See also jibbing.

• Balkan endemic nephropathy [bawl´k n] an endemic disease of humans in south-western Europe. It has a strong resemblance to ochratoxin A induced porcine nephropathy caused by intoxication by Fusarium.

• balking, baulking [bawl´king] see jibbing.

• ball [bawl] a more or less spherical mass. See also bolus. fungus b. aspergilloma.

• balling [bawl´ing] the act of administering a bolus or a ball to horses, swine and ruminants for medicinal purposes and to ruminants for identification. See intraruminal identification bolus.

  • b. gun a device for administering a bolus to an animal. Consists of a short cylinder sufficiently large to contain the average bolus, a hollow stem containing the rod that connects the handle with the plunger in the cylinder, and the handle. The handle needs to be long enough to position the cylinder in the pharynx before the bolus is discharged by pushing the handle. Sophisticated models have a spring-loaded handle. Suitable for use in horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs but a mouth speculum is essential in many uncooperative animals, especially pigs.
  • b. gun injury laceration of the oral mucosa or fauces or pharynx with the nozzle of the gun, due usually to over-vigorous insertion or banging the plunger with the hand to expel the bolus. The bolus may penetrate the wall of the pharynx to produce retropharyngeal cellulitis. In feedlots, can appear as an outbreak in association with an untrained operator.

• ballismus, ballism [b -liz´m s] violent flinging movements of the limbs, sometimes affecting only one side of the body (hemiballismus).

• ballistiVet see biobullet.

• balloon [b - ´] an inflatable balloon catheter device used to surgically dilate or expand tissues.

  • b. angioplasty used to increase the diameter of the lumen blood vessel.

    B-08:

    

    Method of oral administration of a bolus to a cow using a ballling gun.

  • b. dilatation used to increase the diameter of the lumen of a structure such as the urethra or a heart valve. See balloon valvuloplasty.
  • b. pericardiotomy used to develop a hole in the pericardium to remove pericardial fluid in the management of pericardial effusion.
  • b. valvuloplasty used to increase the diameter of a heart valve, for example to treat pulmonary valve stenosis.

• balloon kidneys [b - ´ kid′ne] an abattoir expression meaning normal kidneys surrounded by an excessive amount of fat.

• ballottement [b -lot´m nt] [Fr.] a palpatory maneuver to test for a floating object, especially for detecting pregnancy by pushing the fist, in the case of cows, the fingertips in the case of ewes, into the abdominal wall, causing the fetus to move from and quickly return to the fist or fingers.

• balm [bahm] a soothing or healing medicine.

• balneotherapy [bal″ne-o-ther´ -pe] use of baths in the treatment of disease.

• balsa a very lightweight timber, easy to carve to fit limbs, used for making individual splints.

• balsam [bawl´s m] a semifluid, aromatic, resinous, plant extract. Balsams are resins combined with oils, used in various preparations to treat irritated or ulcerated areas of the skin and mucous membranes. Stains from these preparations are extremely difficult to remove. Friar’s balsam, also called compound benzoin tincture, is used as a topical protectant. Balsam of Peru, or Peruvian balsam, is used as a local protectant and rubefacient. Tolu balsam is used as an ingredient in compound benzoin and as an expectorant.

  • b. traumatic Friar’s balsam.

• BALT bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue.

• Bamberger–Marie disease [bahm´b r-g r mah-re´] hypertrophic osteopathy.

• bambermycin [bam″b r-mi´sin] an antibiotic feed additive for poultry and swine.

• Bambusa vulgaris a plant in the grass family Poaceae; an unidentified toxin, not a cyanogenic glycoside, causes incoordination and tongue paresis in horses if eaten in quantity. Called also bamboo.

• BAN British Approved Name.

• banana disease see back muscle necrosis.

• band [band] 1. a part, structure or appliance that binds. 2. in histology, a zone of a myofibril of striated muscle. 3. in cytogenetics, a segment of a chromosome stained brighter or darker than the adjacent bands; used in identifying the chromosomes and in determining the exact extent of chromosomal abnormalities. Called Q-bands, G-bands, C-bands, T-bands, etc., according to the staining method used. 4. an American term for a group of range sheep, usually about 1000, that is ranged by a single herder. 5. referring to castration when it done using a ring or band elastrator.

  • b. 3 see anion exchanger 1.
  • b. 4.1 an erythrocyte membrane protein; see hereditary elliptocytosis.
  • b. form see band cell.
• bandage [ban´d j] 1. a strip or roll of gauze or other material for wrapping or binding any part of the body. See also sling. 2. to cover by wrapping with such material. Bandages may be used to stop the flow of blood, to provide a safeguard against contamination, or to hold a medicated or wound dressing in place. They may also be used to hold a splint in position or otherwise immobilize an injured part of the body to prevent further injury and to facilitate healing. In horses, it is standard practice to bandage the cannons while the horse is being transported, and in some animals while they are exercising or working. The objective is to prevent fluid accumulation and to protect against injury while making rapid foot movements.

  • absorbent b. uses layers of absorbent material on open or contaminated wounds to debride; must be changed frequently.
  • acrylic b. useful for their strength and in some cases slight flexibility.
  • carpal flexion b. used in dogs to maintain the carpus in flexion, thereby relaxing flexor tendons, while permitting use of the elbow and shoulder.
  • compression b. one used to apply pressure, usually to control hemorrhage.
  • many-tailed b. see tailed bandage (below).
  • occlusive b. see occlusive dressing.
  • plaster b. a bandage stiffened with a paste of plaster of Paris.
  • pressure b. one for applying pressure, for the purpose of arresting hemorrhage; pressure is applied directly over the wound.
  • pressure relief b. provides protection from pressure over an area, commonly a bony prominence, by redirecting pressure to surrounding areas. Often designed as a ring or doughnut.
  • rigid b. used for local immobilization, usually for purposes of allowing soft tissue healing.
  • Robert–Jones b. a heavily padded bandage consisting of cotton batting or cotton wool in a wrapping material, sometimes with added stiffening devices such as plastic piping or parallel strips of thin metal. It is applied as a pressure bandage to provide temporary support for a fractured limb prior to plaster immobilization or immediately afterward.
  • roller b. a tightly rolled, circular bandage of varying widths and materials, often prepared commercially. In an emergency, strips may be torn from a sheet or piece of yard goods and rolled. When more than a few inches of length is needed, rolling is essential for quick and clean bandaging.
  • soft padded b. consists of cotton padding, gauze and tape. Provides support and protection of soft tissues.
  • spider b. see tailed bandage (below).
  • tailed b. a square piece of cloth cut or torn into strips from the ends toward the center, with as large a center left as necessary. The bandage is centered over a compress on the wound and the ends are then tied separately. Called also many-tailed or spider bandage.
  • tie-over b. a dressing held in place by suture material anchored in surrounding skin and tied over the dressing. Used for postoperative care of skin grafts.

• bandicoot [ban´dľ-] small to medium, nocturnal and omnivorous marsupials in the Families Peramelidae and Chaeropodidae, found in Australia, New Guinea, and nearby islands. They form a small chorioallantoic placenta, unlike other marsupials.

• banding [band´ing] 1. the act of encircling and binding with a thin strip of material. 2. in genetics, any of several techniques of staining chromosomes so that a characteristic pattern of transverse dark and light bands becomes visible, permitting identification of individual chromosome pairs.

• Bandl’s rings [bahn´d l] in humans, tonic, cuff-like contractions of the uterus about the fetus.

• bandy knees, legs outward bowing of the forelimbs; bowed legs. See also valgus.

  

  B-09:

• baneberry see Actaea spp.

• Bang’s bacillus [bahng] see Brucella abortus.

• Bang’s disease [bahng] brucellosis caused by Brucella abortus.

• bangtail [bang´ tāl] the name given to a horse or cow in which the long hairs on the tail are sheared off horizontally, in the horse level with the hocks. Done partly for show, in cattle mainly as a mark that the cattle have been handled and the usual operations of castration or spaying have been performed. Called also banged tail.

• bank [bangk] a stored supply of animal material or tissues for future use by other individuals, as blood bank, serum bank, bone bank, skin bank, eye bank, etc.

• bankrupt wormTrichostrongylus spp.

• bantam a group of miniature poultry breeds, some of them true bantams which have developed naturally, others have been developed from standard breeds. Includes Cochin-China, Silkies, Ancona, and Andalusian.

• Banteng see Bos banteng.

• banty see bantam

• Banzi virus a flavivirus associated with abortion and stillbirths in cattle in Africa.

• BAP biofilm associated proteins

• BAPN β-aminopropionitrile. See aminonitrile.

• Baptisia leucantha [bap-tiz´e- ] toxic North American plant in the Fabaceae family; may contain quinolizidine alkaloids; causes diarrhea. Called also wild indigo.

• baquiloprim a 4-diaminopyrimidine used as a sulfonamide potentiator in antibiotic therapy.

• BAR abbreviation for bright, alert, responsive; used in medical records.

• bar [bahr] 1. a cgs unit of pressure, being the pressure exerted by 105 Newtons per square cm (106 dynes per square cm). 2. a metal strip that is attached to the metal arch on each side of a saddle and constitutes its skeleton. The attachments for the stirrup leathers are anchored to the bars.

  • hoof b. the reflection of the wall of the horse’s hoof at the heel, with one bar on each side of the frog. Each bar contributes to the ability of the heels to spread apart while continuing to give protection against excessive contact with the ground surface. They may be erroneously cut back by an overzealous blacksmith.
  • b. pad a pad, usually of leather, fitted between the shoe and the hoof of a horse so as to protect the sole and bars of the foot.
  • walking b. a reinforcement placed at the bottom of a cast that allows weight to be transferred from the foot to the upper part of the cast. Correct positioning of the bar is integral to the successful use of the cast by horses as it changes the pivot point of the limb during ambulation. Addition of the bar is not necessary for successful cast application, use or longevity in this species.

• baralime, baralyme [bar´ -līm″] calcium hydroxide and barium hydroxide mixture in granules, used to absorb carbon dioxide from exhaled air in a closed circuit anesthetic system. See also soda lime.

• Barb [bahrb] 1. originally a distinct line of black Australian kelpies, but now the term is generally applied to any black kelpie. 2. a riding horse of great antiquity native to North Africa; bay, brown, chestnut, black, gray, and 14–15 hands high. The foundation of the Andalusian breed.

• barba [bahr´b ] [L.] beard.

• Barbados Blackbelly sheep tan with black belly, polled, haired meat sheep with mane in rams.

• Barbados nut Jatrophacurcas.

• barban [bahr´ban] a carbamic ester postemergence herbicide. Poisoning manifested in cattle by ruminal stasis, recumbency, salivation and tachycardia, and in pigs with incoordination, vomiting and diarrhea. No longer approved for use within the European Union.

• Barbarea vulgaris toxic North American plant in family Brassicaceae; contains irritant oil, causing enteritis and diarrhea; called also bitter water cress, winter cress, yellow rocket.

• Barbary sheep [bahr´b r-e] (Ammotragus lervia) a goat-antelope of North Africa found in arid mountainous regions, successfully introduced into the southwestern US, Europe, and elsewhere for recreational hunting. They are a sandy brown color with large curved horns, and a shaggy mane.

• barbering hair-chewing; observed in dogs, cats, rodents, rabbits, and ferrets. While it may be the result of the animal’s response to pruritus of any cause, it can also be associated with stress, overcrowding and poor husbandry; in caged pets, such as rabbits, it may be done by a cage mate. See also alopecia.

• barberry see Berberis.

• barber’s pole worm see Haemonchus.

• Barbet a medium-sized (35–60 lb) dog with a long, woolly and curly coat, most commonly black or brown, that covers the body and face. A rare breed, it is related to the Poodle, which it resembles. Called also mud dog, French water dog.

  B-10:

  

  Trauma (cage mate–inflicted hair loss) on a mouse. This is commonly referred to as barbering.

• barbicel the hooks borne on the barbules of a bird’s contour feather that serve to interlock adjacent barbs to make a stable vane.

• barbital, barbitone a long-acting barbiturate, used as a hypnotic and sedative. Largely replaced by phenobarbital.

• barbitine see diterpenoid alkaloid.

• barbiturate [bahr-bich´r- t] any of a group of organic compounds derived from barbituric acid. There are a number of barbiturates. They all depress the nervous system and are used to induce apathy and sleep, and in high doses, as anesthetics. They vary in their sedative effects, in the duration of their effectiveness and in their toxicity.

• b. slough skin slough over a vein where a solution of barbiturate intended for injection into the vein leaks into subcutaneous tissue.

• barbituric acid [bahr-bľ-tūr´ik] a compound, C₄H₄N₂O₃, the parent substance of barbiturate.

• barbone [Fr.] see hemorrhagic septicemia.

• barbotage [bahr″bo-tahzh´] [Fr.] repeated alternate injection and withdrawal of fluid with a syringe, as in gastric lavage or administration of an anesthetic agent into the subarachnoid space by alternate injection of part of the anesthetic and withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid into the syringe.

• barbs [bahrbs] the primary, delicate filaments that are given off from the shaft (rachis) of a bird’s contour feather. They project from the rachis and bear the barbules.

• barbules the hooked processes that fringe adjacent barbs of a bird’s feather.

• Barden test a means of demonstrating hip laxity in the diagnosis of hip dysplasia. With the dog in lateral recumbency, the femur perpendicular to the spine and a finger placed on the greater trochanter, the femur is lifted without abduction.

  • Bard–Parker a proprietary group of surgical equipment.
  • B.–P. instrument tray Pyrex dish with a rubber-gasketed metal cover, designed to contain a chemical sterilant with instruments permanently in situ in a metal tray that can be raised and locked into a position above the liquid. Suitable for minor procedures in the practice office.
  • B.–P. scalpel a metal or disposable plastic handle with a patent form of attachment for blades that are available in a wide range of sizes and shapes with specific tasks in view.
  • B.–P. transfer forceps multipurpose, spring-loaded tongs for picking up sterilized surgical materials. They are permanently housed in a glass or stainless steel canister of instrument disinfectant with the handles protruding so that they can be picked up without opening the container.

• bariatrics [bar″e-at´riks] a field of medicine encompassing the study of obesity, its causes, prevention, and treatment.

• barilla see Halogeton glomeratus.

• barium (Ba) [bar´e- m] a chemical element, atomic number 56, atomic weight 137.34. Soluble salts, e.g., the chloride and the carbonate, are toxic.

  • b. burger, barium meal a mixture of barium and solid food, used as a contrast medium in radiographic and fluoroscopic studies of the for assessment of swallowing and esophageal motility.
  • b. chloride used as a rodenticide. The baits are attractive to dogs. Clinical signs include salivation, convulsions and paralysis.
  • b. enema a radiographic study using a dilute (5–20%) suspension of barium introduced into the empty colon for evaluation of colonic position, and strictures.
  • b.-impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS) radio-opaque markers used to demonstrate intestinal obstruction and motility disorders; the spheres are given orally, and their movement can be tracked radiographically. No longer in common use.

    B-11:

    

    Lateral radiograph of the abdomen of a dog following barium administration. There is barium within the stomach, small intestines, and colon.

  • b. study radiographic examination using a barium mixture to help locate disorders in the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and the small and large intestines. Referred to as an upper gastrointestinal (upper GI) study if used to evaluate the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
  • b. sulfate a water-insoluble salt used as an opaque contrast medium for radiographic, fluoroscopic and computed tomographic examination of the digestive tract.
  • b. swallow barium paste or liquid administered orally and observed radiographically or by fluoroscopically for evaluation of swallowing and esophageal function.
  • b. test barium study.
  • b. toxicity rare, but has been documented in livestock. The more soluble forms of barium (e.g., carbonate, chloride) are more of a risk. Signs can include muscle twitching, ataxia, convulsions, and death (due to hypokalemia).
• bark [bahrk] 1. the voice of the dog. 2. the outer covering of a tree.

  • bitter b. (2) see Alstonia constricta.
  • cinchona b. (2) dried bark of the stem or root of various South American trees of the genus Cinchona. It is the source of quinine, cinchonine, and cinchonidine. Used as a bitter and antipyretic.
  • b. eating (2) a form of pica often indicative of boredom, nutritional deficiency of fiber or behavioral problem.
  • red paper b. (2) Albiziatanganyicensis.
  • sassy b. (2) bark of the African tree Erythrophleum guineense which contains cassaine; used as an arrow poison.
  • b. suppression (1) see debarking, devocalization.

• Bark lion sentinel dog [bahrk] see Lhasa apso.

• barker [bahr´k r] a term for an animal that does not usually bark which makes a violent respiratory effort, often during a convulsion, accompanied by a sound which roughly resembles a dog’s bark.

  • b. foals see neonatal maladjustment syndrome.
  • b. pig see barker syndrome (below).
  • b. syndrome inherited condition in newborn piglets characterized by several abnormalities including immaturity of distal airways and of alveoli, severe alveolar epithelial hyperplasia and hypothyroidism. Piglets show respiratory distress, and ‘bark’ and walk aimlessly. They appear to be blind. Death follows in 24 hours.
  • b. and wanderer see neonatal maladjustment syndrome.
• barley [bahr´le] a genus of cereals and grasses. See Hordeum . Includes barley grass (H. jubatum), wild barley (H. spontaneum).

  • b. beef a British system of introducing calves into pens at 3 months of age, feeding them intensively on high-grain diets and marketing them before 12 months of age.
  • b. scab fungus Fusariumgraminearum.

• Barlow’s disease [bahr´lo] see hypertrophic osteodystrophy.

• barn [bahrn] a building usually intended to house animals for long periods during the winter season. Marked by an infinite variety of designs and internal fittings, they usually contain a feed storage area, often as a haymow or loft in a top storey, and animal stalls and handling facilities such as a milking parlor on the ground floor. The expansion of animal numbers on a farm and the increased specialization of farming has made this type of barn a quaint relic on most farms in most countries.

  • flat b. in winter climate areas where, during the winter period, dairy cows are kept in stalls or areas restrained by stanchions or tie-chains and can only move in and out of the stalls when they are released to the outside for exercise. Typically, this is done after the morning milking and during the time when the barn is being cleaned. The barn is on one level and cows are milked where they stand. A variation is that they may be released for milking through a separate milking parlor. In most countries this housing system for dairy cows has been largely superseded by free stall housing (barns).
  • free stall b. typically have concrete walkways, dunging, and exercise areas with raised stalls that have metal or wood dividing bars. The floor of the stalls may be bedded with various materials (e.g., sand, straw, sawdust, wood-shavings; see also bedding). Cows may enter and leave the stalls at choice and can lie down in comfort in clean bedding as they defecate in the walkways/dunging areas rather than on the bedding in the raised stall. Manure in the walkways is scraped or flushed with water. Access to feed is through head gates into feed in a feed alley or to a feed trough. Water is available from automatic waterers. Milking is through a separate milking parlor. This type of housing may be occupied by several hundred dairy cows on a farm.
  • gestation b. area where sows are housed and fed between mating and farrowing.
  • b. itch a term applied to sarcoptic mange in cattle and humans and also to ringworm acquired from cattle.
  • pole b. structure with three sides and a roof with the open side used for access and feeding. Commonly used to house groups of animals. Has good natural ventilation and has less risk for respiratory disease than totally enclosed structures. This type of structure is also used to store feed, equipment, etc.
  • b. rat a horse that shows eagerness or determination to return to the stable. See also agoraphobia.
  • b. sheet a sketchy method of recording events, especially reproductive ones, in the lives of the farm animals of the barn. Fixed to the barn wall it does provide an opportunity to record events as they happen, but suffers the obvious disadvantage of exposure to disfiguring and obscuring materials, especially fly droppings and cow manure. Its design, aimed at encouraging maximum data storage in minimal space, is a test for farmer ingenuity. Called also shed sheet.

• barnyard fowl [bahrn´yard] those avian species commonly kept on general purpose farms, e.g., ducks, geese, chickens.

• barnyard grass [bahrn´yard] Echinochloa crus-galli.

• barophilic [bar″o-fil´ik] growing best under high atmospheric pressure; said of bacteria.

• baroreceptor [bar″o-re-sep´t r] a sensory nerve terminal that is stimulated by changes in pressure, as those in blood vessel walls.

  • arterial b. pressure-sensitive receptors in the blood vessels which initiate changes in blood volume; include low-pressure receptors in great veins and high-pressure receptors in carotid and aortic bodies.
  • b. reflex reflexes triggered by changes in pressure, usually refers to blood pressure, e.g., carotid sinus reflex.

• baroreflex [bar´o-re″fleks] see baroreceptor.

• barostat [bar´o-stat″] an instrument for recording intraluminal pressure; used to investigate gastrointestinal motility.

• barotaxis [bar″o-tak´sis] stimulation of living matter by change of atmospheric pressure.

• Barr body [bahr] a small mass of densely staining chromatin seen during interphase of female cells produced by condensation of one of the two X chromosomes. See also drumstick.

• barramundi a large fish of the Southwestern Pacific region, popular for angling, as a table fish, in aquaria and in aquaculture. Called also Lates calcarifer, giant perch and Australian seabass.

• barrel a horseman’s expression for the horse’s trunk; determined largely by the capacity of the chest.

  • b. chest enlarged, round cross-section of chest with the ribs appearing to be permanently in an inflated position.
  • b. hocks turned out causing the feet to turn inward.

• barren [bar´ n] see infertility.

• barrenness see infertility.

• barrier [bar´e- r] an obstruction; a partition between two fluid compartments in the body.

  • blood–air b. alveolocapillary membrane.
  • blood–aqueous b. physiologic and anatomical barrier composed of the iris vascular endothelium and nonpigmented ciliary body epithelium that together regulate the exchange of materials between the anterior chamber of the eye and the blood. See also blood–retinal and blood–ocular barriers (below).
  • blood–brain b. (BBB) the barrier separating the blood from the brain parenchyma. See also blood–brain barrier.
  • blood–CSF b. differs from the blood–brain barrier anatomically, in that it consists of the epithelium of the choroid plexuses, but has similar permeabilities.
  • blood–gas b. alveolocapillary membrane.
  • blood-nerve b. capillary endothelium in the endoneurium and perineurium regulates movement from the blood to the endoneurium.
  • blood-ocular b. physiological and anatomical mechanisms by which blood and intraocular fluids/tissues are separated and exchange of constituents between them is regulated. Composed of the blood-aqueous barrier anteriorly and the blood–retinal barrier posteriorly within the globe.
  • blood–retinal b. endothelium of the retinal capillaries and cells of the retinal pigment epithelium form a nonfenestrated barrier between blood and retinal tissue fluid.
  • blood–synovial b. suggested by the presence of plasma proteins of small molecular size and catabolic products of articular cartilage in synovial fluid.
  • blood–testis b. a barrier separating the blood from the seminiferous tubules, consisting of special junctional complexes between adjacent Sertoli cells near the base of the seminiferous epithelium. It provides an extravascular environment that is also adluminal and permits selective nourishment of spermatozoa.
  • b. boot a rubber boot worn by horses to protect the hoof against trauma.
  • b. cream a nonwettable cream used on the skin of the hands and arms to protect against staining and odor absorption when handling offensive materials, e.g., delivery of an emphysematous fetus.
  • gastric mucosal b. the poorly defined mechanism that prevents back diffusion of hydrochloric acid from the stomach into the tissues of the stomach wall.
  • skin b. the protective properties of skin and its relative impenetrability by noxious substances, as well as medicaments; usually considered a function of keratinized epithelial cells aided by surface lipids.
  • b. teat dip material that leaves a physical protective coat on the teat between milkings, used mostly to protect against infection for long periods, e.g., during the dry period. Most contain acrylic, latex or collodion.

• Barron ligation [bar´ n] see rubber-band ligation.

• barrow a castrated male pig.

• Bartholin Danish anatomist, Casper Bartholin (1655–1738).

  • B’s duct the major sublingual duct. It drains the monostomatic sublingual gland that opens on the sublingual caruncle adjacent to the submandibular duct. It is absent in the horse. Called also ductus sublingualis major.
  • B’s glands the major vestibular glands; two small, lobulated glands, one in each wall of the vaginal vestibule of the cow, cat and occasionally the sheep, cranial to the vestibular constrictor muscle that secrete mucus; and whose ducts open on the lateral wall of the vestibule on either side of the urethral orifice. They secrete mucus, providing lubrication for coitus and for the passage of the fetus at birth. When cystic in the cow they are visible through the mucosa and are about 1 inch long and 0.5 inch wide. They are homologs of the bulbourethral glands of the male. Called also Tiedmann’s or Duverney’s gland, vulvovaginal gland, glandula vestibularis major.

• bartholinitis [bahr″to-lin-i´tis] inflammation of the Bartholin (vestibular) glands.

• Barton tether [bahr´t n] a leather harness used to tether pigs at pasture. One strap around the neck and one around the chest behind the elbows are tied together at the withers by a third strap, and a fourth one ties them together between the front limbs. A tethering chain is attached at any point.

• Bartonella [bahr″t -nel´] a genus of gram-negative, coccoid or rod-shaped bacteria in the family Bartonellaceae. Many of the species in this genus were previously classified in the genus Rochalimaea.

• B. henselae causes cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, and endocarditis in humans.

• B. quintana the etiological agent of trench fever of humans and voles; is transmitted by the body louse Pediculus humanus.

• B. bacilliformis the cause of Oroya fever or Carrión’s disease in humans and occasionally dogs in South America.

• Bartonellaceae [bahr″t -nel-a´se-e] a family of the order Rickettsiales, occurring as pathogenic parasites in or on the erythrocytes of humans and other animals. It includes the genera Bartonella, Grahamella, and Rochalimaea.

• bartonellemia the presence in the blood of organisms of the genus Bartonella.

• bartonellosis [bahr-t -nel-o´sis] infection by organisms in the genus Bartonella.

  • canine b. infection by a Bartonella species, most commonly B. henselae (transmitted by fleas) or B. vinsonii ssp. berkhoffii (transmitted by ticks), causes persistent bacteremia and immunosuppression, which may be associated with other diseases. A direct causal role is not proven for many other proposed diseases, but endocarditis, vascular proliferative diseases, and pyogranulomatous diseases, are the most widely accepted to be true manifestations of infection in dogs and cats.

    B-12:

    

    Basal cell tumor on a dog.

  • feline b. see cat-scratch disease.

• Bartter’s syndrome [bahr´t r] chronic potassium depletion leading to hypokalemia; caused by renal potassium wasting, elevated plasma renin activity, and aldosterone secretion.

• baruria [bar-u´re- ] having highly concentrated urine. See hyper sthenuria.

• Barychelidae a family of spiders in the Myagalomorph suborder that includes the trapdoor spider. They are characterized by having vertical rather than horizontal fangs.

• Bas rouge see Beuceron.

• basal [ba´s l] pertaining to or situated near a base; in physiology, pertaining to the lowest possible level.

  • b. body the structure that acts as a template for the characteristic 9 + 2 arrangement of the microtubules of eukaryotic cilia and flagella.
  • b. cell tumors neoplasms arising from multipotential cells within the stratum germinativum and stratum basale of the skin and hair follicles. They are common in dogs and cats, are locally expansive and do not metastasize. Also called trichoblastoma.
  • b. energy requirements (BER) see energy requirements.
  • b. ganglia a collection of masses of gray matter at the base of the cerebral hemispheres, subthalamus, and midbrain which are responsible for much of the organization of the activity of somatic muscles. The individual nuclei are the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, endopeduncular nucleus, subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra. Other nuclei that have a similar function but are usually not included in the group are the amygdaloid nuclei and the red nucleus.
  • b. layer see stratum basale.
  • b. membrane the deepest layer of the epidermis in the avian skin locataed at the dermoepidermal junction.
  • b. metabolic rate see metabolic rate.
  • b. metabolism the minimal energy expended for the maintenance of respiration, circulation, peristalsis, muscle tonus, body temperature, glandular activity and the other vegetative functions of the body. See also metabolic rate.
  • b. metabolism test a method of measuring the body’s expenditure of energy by recording its rate of oxygen intake and consumption. Once a major test of thyroid gland function, it is being replaced by diagnostic tests requiring less extensive preparation and capable of producing more accurate test results, e.g., the determination of the concentrations of thyroid hormones in the blood and the radioiodine uptake test.
  • b. nuclei see basal ganglion.
  • b. plate the ventral plate of the developing neural tube of the embryo; the origin of the ventral gray columns of the spinal cord and motor areas of the brain. Called also lamina basilis.
  • b. tone degree of contractile tension remaining in blood vessels after complete elimination of all external excitatory influences.
• base [bās] 1. the lowest part or foundation of anything. See also basis. 2. the main ingredient of a compound. 3. a molecule or ion with a tendency to take up a proton according to Bronsted and Lowry theory; a substance that combines with acids to form salts. In the chemical processes of the body, bases are essential to the maintenance of a normal acid–base balance. Excessive concentration of bases in the body fluids leads to alkalosis. See also basal. 4. the primary entity against which all other entities are compared. 5. the nonsugar components of nucleotides in DNA and RNA.

  • acid–b. pairs the two molecules forming an acid and its conjugate base.
  • b. composition refers to the relative components of a nucleic acid.
  • conjugate b. the anion or uncharged molecule of an acid once it has given up its proton, e.g., Cl⁻ is the conjugate base of the acid, HCl.
  • b. deficit see base excess (below).
  • b. excess the amount of acid or base required to titrate a sample of whole arterial blood to the normal pH of 7.4. The base excess is determined mathematically by calculations that include measurement of the blood Pco₂ and pH and take into account the hemoglobin concentration. It is negative (base deficit) in acidosis and positive in alkalosis.
  • heart b. the wide dorsal part of the heart carrying the atria and the large blood vessels and the attachment to the pericardial sac.
  • horn b. the widest part of the horn, at its attachment to the skin. In the adult horned animal, the horn is hollow at this point, encloses the horn process of the frontal bone, and merges with the skin. Where the horn meets the skin, it is covered with a thin layer of soft horn similar to the periople of the hoof, called the epiceras.
  • b. narrow a mandible that is narrow relative to the maxilla seen in dogs and cats; often causes the lower canine teeth to strike the hard palate, injuring palatal mucosa and potentially formation of an oronasal fistula. See also anisognathism.
  • nitrogenous b. an aromatic, nitrogen-containing molecule that serves as a proton acceptor, e.g., purine or pyrimidine.
  • omasal b. the part of the omasum that faces cranially and to the left where it is attached to the reticulum and the abomasum at the reticulo-omasal and omasoabomasal orifices.
  • b. pair two hydrogen bonded nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule.
  • purine b’s a group of compounds of which purine is the base, including uric acid, adenine, guanine, xanthine, and theobromine.
  • pyrimidine b’s a group of chemical compounds of which pyrimidine is the base, including uracil, thymine, and cytosine, which are common constituents of nucleic acids.
  • stapedal b. the footplate of the stapes in the middle ear from which the two legs (crus rostrale and crus caudale) originate. The stapes lies horizontally with the base facing medially and attached to the vestibular window by the annular ligament.
  • b. wide a dental malocclusion in dogs and cats in which the tips of the mandibular canines are displaced buccally or laterally.
• baseline [bās´līn] a known value or quantity used to measure or assess an unknown, as a baseline urine sample.

  • b. data a set of data collected at the beginning of a study or before intervention has occurred.
• basement membrane the delicate extracellular supporting layer of mucopolysaccharides and proteins underlying all epithelia.

  • b. m. dystrophy see refractory ulcer.
  • b. m. zone the zone of epithelium abutting against the dermoepithelial junction, which stains with periodic acid–Schiff. It consists of the basal cell plasma membrane, the lamina lucida, the basal lamina, and the subbasal lamina fibrous components.

• Basenji a small (20–25 lb) chestnut red, black, or brindle, with white feet, chest, and tail tip, shorthaired dog, with prick ears, a furrowed, wrinkled forehead, and a tail that coils over its back. Although known as the ‘barkless’ dog, it does have a characteristic vocal sound that could be called a chortle or yodel. The breed originated in North Africa as a hunting dog. Called also Congo dog. Some inherited and congenital disorders that occur in the breed are familial nonspherocytic anemia, cystinuria, Fanconi’s syndrome, giant hypertrophic gastritis, and persistent pupillary membrane.

• basic [ba´sik] 1. pertaining to or having properties of a base; fundamental; foundation. 2. capable of neutralizing acids.

  • b. multicell unit the packet of cells involved in remodeling of bone at a remodeling site.

  B-13:

  

  Basenji.

• Basic and Clinical Sciences Examination (BCSE) developed by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Educational Commission for Foreign Veterinary Graduates (ECFVG) as the third of four steps in assessing educational equivalency for purposes of ECFVG certification.

• basicity [b -sis´ľ-te] 1. the quality of being a base, or basic. 2. the combining power of an acid.

• basidiobolomycosis [b -sid″e-ob″ -lo-mi-ko´sis] infection by fungi in the genus Basidiobolus.

• Basidiobolus [b -sid″e-ob´-l s] a genus of fungi in the division Zygomycota. All pathogenic species are now regarded as belonging to the one species, B. ranarum. Previously these were classified as B. haptosporus, B. heterosporus, and B. ranarum. See swamp cancer.

• basidiomycetes [b -sid″e-o-mi-se´te´z] fungi within the phylum Basidi omycota.

• basidiospore [b -sid´e-o-spor] the sexual spore of basidiomycetes.

• basidium [b -sid´e- m] pl. basidia [L.] the club-like fungal organ bearing basidiospores.

• basihyoid [ba″sľ-hi´oid] the body of the hyoid bone.

• basil finished dressed leather made from sheepskin.

• basilad [bas´ľ-l d] toward the base.

• basilar [bas´ľ-l r] pertaining to a base or basal part.

  • b. artery one of the three main blood supplies to the brain. It originates from the union of the two vertebral arteries, runs in a median groove, beneath the medulla and pons, and terminates rostrally at the cerebral circle (of Willis). See also Table 8.
  • b. fracture at the base of the skull, usually involving the occipital and basisphenoid bones.
  • b. impression see platybasia.

• basilateral [ba″sľ-lat´r- l] both basilar and lateral.

• basilemma [ba″sľ-lem´] basement membrane.

• basiloma a basal cell neoplasm.

• basi(o)- word element. [Gr.] related to a base; foundation.

• basioccipital bone [ba″se-ok-sip´ľ-t l] see Table 9.

• basion [ba´se-on] the midpoint of the ventral border of the foramen magnum.

• basipetal [b -sip´-t l] descending toward the base; developing in the direction of the base, as a spore.

• basipodium carpus or tarsus (hock).

• basis [ba´sis] the lower, basic or fundamental part of an object, organ or substance, or the part opposite to or distinguished from the apex. See also base.

• basisphenoid [ba″sľ-sfe´noid] one of the bones of the floor of the skull which, with the presphenoid, constitutes the sphenoid bone.

• b. fracture occurs in horses that rear over backward. Characterized by unilateral facial paralysis, circling gait. Called also occipital fracture.

• basocytophilia [ba″so-si-to-fil´e- ] basophilia.

• basophil [ba´so-fil] 1. any structure, cell or histological element staining readily with basic dyes. 2. a granular leukocyte with an irregularly shaped, relatively pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm containing coarse purple to lavender granules of variable size and number. Very low numbers are seen in white blood cell counts, except in rabbits where they are more common. 3. a beta cell of the adenohypophysis which produces luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones. 4. basophilic.

  • b. degranulation test (2) an in vitro cellular test for immediate hypersensitivity; it detects degranulation of basophils, by the loss of metachromatic staining of the basophil granules, when blood from a hypersensitive patient is incubated with allergen extracts.

• basophilia [ba″so-fil´e- ] 1. the reaction of relatively immature erythrocytes to basic dyes whereby the stained cells appear blue, gray or grayish-blue, or bluish granules appear. 2. abnormal increase of basophilic leukocytes in the blood. 3. basophilic leukocytosis.

• basophilic [ba-so-fil´ik] staining readily with basic dyes.

  • b. bone matrix vitamin D poisoning causes the appearance of intensely basophilic bone matrix of a distinctive pattern.
  • b. cell see basophil.
  • b. enterocolitis one of the several types of enterocolitis causing chronic diarrhea in horses characterized by fibrinous and ulcerative typhlocolitis and basophilic infiltrates in the regional mucosa and submucosa.
  • b. leukemia see leukemia.
  • b. stippling distinct or diffuse, fine to coarse, dark granular pattern in erythrocytes, representing aggregated ribosomes and caused by ineffective heme formation. Associated with the accelerated erythropoiesis of regenerative anemia, especially in cattle, but also dogs and cats. In the absence of anemias, seen in lead poisoning, mainly in dogs.

  

  B-14:

• basophilism [ba-sof´ľ-liz- m] abnormal increase of basophilic cells.

• basoplasm [ba´so-plaz″ m] cytoplasm that stains with basic dyes.

• bass [bas] common name given to many different species of fish in the order Perciformes.

  • largemouth b.Micropterus salmoides.
  • smallmouth b.Micropterus dolomieu.
  • striped b.Morone saxatilis.
  • white b.Morone chrysops.

• Basset Bleu de Gascogne a dog similar in appearance to the Basset hound, with a long body, very short legs and a long head with very large and long ears. The short coat is predominantly white with ticking and brown spots. Called also Blue Gascony basset.

• Basset fauve de Bretagne a small, stocky, rough-coated hunting dog, similar to the Basset hound, but with a lighter body and longer legs. Called also Brittany bassett.

• Basset griffon vendéen see Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen and Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen.

• Basset hound a medium-sized, shorthaired dog with a big heavy body, very short, bowed legs, and very long ears. The head is large with loose skin and large, pendulous lips. One of the achondroplastic breeds, it is descended from St. Hubert hounds, along with its long-legged cousin, the Bloodhound. It is subject to an hereditary thrombopathia and primary glaucoma.

• Bassia a plant genus in the Chenopodiaceae family; can cause soluble oxalate poisoning. Includes B. anisacanthoides, B. calcarata, B. hyssopifolia (red burr), B. quinquecuspis. Called also Sclerolaena spp.

• basso macello an Italian system of treating meat that is unsuitable for unconditional release for sale for human consumption. The meat is treated by boiling or by other means of decontamination.

• bastard atypical, or unusual form of, a disease or plant.

  • b. lentil Viciaervilia.
  • b. strangles see strangles.
  • b. wing see alula.
• bat [bat] mammals with forelimbs adapted for true flying; in the order Chiroptera with two suborders: Megachiroptera (fruit bats, flying foxes) and the more numerous Microchiroptera, which are usually insectivorous and have poor vision, relying on echolocation.

  • Australian b. lyssavirus disease a disease identified in 1996 in Australian fruit-eating flying foxes (Pteropus spp.) in which it is endemic and in which it may cause encephalitis; the virus, of the genus Lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae, has also caused fatal rabies-like illness in a few persons working closely with infected bats.
  • fruit b. tropical and sub-tropical bats in the genus Pteropus, family Pteropodidae (Old World fruit bats). They feed on fruit and flowers and are commonly persecuted because of the damage caused. A suite of zoonotic viruses including Australian bat lyssavirus, Henipavirus (Hendra virus and Nipah virus), SARS, Ebola, and Marburg viruses have been detected in bats.
  • b. rabies caused by rabies-like viruses that are antigenically similar to the classical rabies rhabdovirus. Bats also are common carriers of rabies virus transmitting it to other species and between themselves both by bite and by aerosol inhalation probably of urine and birthing fluids. See also Lagos and Mokola viruses.
  • vampire b. in the subfamily Desmodontinae, they feed on blood from vertebrates; incriminated in the transmission of rabies and related bat viruses.
• bath [bath] 1. a medium, e.g., water, vapor, sand or mud, with which the body is washed or in which the body is wholly or partially immersed for therapeutic or cleansing purposes; application of such a medium to the body. 2. the equipment or apparatus in which a body or object may be immersed.

  • bleach b. bathing in dilute solutions of bleach (sodium hypochlorite) has been proposed as a treatment for decreasing the severity of atopic dermatitis, by reducing bacterial load in the epidermis.
  • contrast b. alternate immersion of a part in hot water and cold water.
  • emollient b. a bath in a soothing and softening liquid, used in various skin disorders.
  • b. oil a dispersible surfactant oil used in the treatment of dry skin disease, particularly seborrhea sicca.
  • whirlpool b. one in which the water is kept in constant motion by mechanical means. It is used in the treatment of skin diseases and as a form of physical therapy. See also hydrotherapy.

• bath treatment [bath med″ľ-ka′sh n] method of administering treatments for bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections of the skin or gills. The duration of the treatment may be short (i.e., just a dip in water containing a chemical), or long (i.e., 1 or more hours of exposure to a chemical). Chemicals used in bath treatments range depending on the pathogen being treated. The use of antibiotics in bath treatments is no longer widely accepted in aquaculture industries due to antibiotic resistance issues. Anesthetics baths are also used to sedate or euthanize fish. Bath treatments have also been used to administer hormones to reverse the sex of fish under research conditions.

• Bathmostomum a genus of blood-sucking nematodes in the family Ancylostomatidae. Includes B. sangeri (Indian elephant, cecum).

• bathmotropy any influence on excitability or irritability (i.e., the stimulation threshold) of heart muscle.

• bathyanesthesia [bath″e-an″es-the´zh ] loss of deep sensibility. Can refer also to loss of deep pain and pressure sensation.

• bath(y)-, bath(o)- word element. [Gr.] deep, pertaining to depth.

• Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis a fungus that causes chytridiomycosis, a disease of keratinized skin in amphibians; a disease reportable to OIE. See Table 20.

• Batten disease [bat´ n] see ceroid lipofuscinosis.

• battery housing the housing of animals or birds in confined spaces, either singly or in twos or threes, with the compartments packed very closely together and often stacked a number of layers deep. Has economic advantages in the provision of automatic feeding, watering, eggcollecting and dung-removal services. The same term is used as a pejorative name for intensive housing systems for dairy cows and calves. The system is a point of contention between farmers and animal liberationists.

• battlement blood smears a method of counting blood cells in which the edge of the smear, where the counting is done, is traversed in a track similar to the silhouette of a castle battlement. It is thought to avoid a biased count due to the greater adhesiveness of some leukocytes and their preponderance at the very edge of the smear.

• Bavarian mountain hound a medium-sized (45–55 lb), muscular German scent hound from with a short, thick red, fawn, or brindle coat with a black mask. A breed recognized by the UK Kennel Club.

• bay [ba] 1. a tan or red-brown coat color of horses. Light bay is light tan; mealy bay is a redder but lighter, rust color; blood bay is a much deeper, redder color; golden bay has a tinge of yellow in a deep red-brown color. 2. prolonged bark or howl of a hunting hound.

• Bayer gag used in the examination of a cow’s mouth. A metal block with opposite faces shaped as grooves into which molar teeth slide, on a long steel rod. The block is pushed up between the molar teeth on the opposite side. The retaining rod has a loop and is tied to the headstall to prevent the block from moving. The Swale and Young gags are similar. See also mouth wedge.

• Bayes theorem [bāz] a statistical means of including local general information, intuitive judgment, clinical skill as learned over a long period, and similar subjective influences, in the assessment of probability, e.g., in making a diagnosis. The formula relates, for example, the conditional probability P(D/S), of a disease (D) being present when a particular sign (S) is observed, to three other probabilities: the prevalence of the disease P(D), the frequency of the sign P(S), and the probability of the sign occurring for the disease P(SD).

  $$Pr\left(\text{D}|\text{S}\right)=\frac{Pr\left(\text{S}|\text{D}\right)\times Pr\left(\text{D}\right)}{Pr\left(\text{S}\right)}$$

• baylisascariasis [ba″lis-as´k -ris] visceral larva migrans, often severe in humans, caused by Baylisascaris procyonis, the roundworm of raccoons, badgers and less often dogs.

• bathypnea [bath″ip-ne´] deep breathing.

• Baylisascaris a genus in the family Ascarididae of nematodes, the larval stages of some species which cause cerebrospinal nematodiasis. Adult stages of B. columnaris in mustelids, B. transfuga in captive and zoo bears, and B. procyonis in raccoons. See also baylisascariasis.

• Bayliss mechanism the myogenic response to stretch in blood vessels.

• BBB blood–brain barrier.

• BBSRC Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UK).

• BCAA:AAA ratio of branched chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids; used in the assessment of abnormalities in nitrogen metabolism, particularly those associated with hepatic insufficiency, hepatic encephalopathy, and chronic renal failure. Low concentrations of branched chain amino acids are found and supplementation to restore a normal ratio has been used in treatment.

• BCG bacille Calmette–Guérin, an avirulent strain of Mycobacterium bovis.

  • BCG vaccination has been used in the control of tuberculosis in cattle but has many disadvantages, especially interference with tuberculin testing and is not recommended for use unless the prevalence of the disease is very high.
  • BCG vaccine contains living BCG organisms. It was developed for use in the control of tuberculosis in humans.

• BCM blood cross match.

• BCNU carmustine.

• BCS body condition score.

• BCSE Basic and Clinical Sciences Examination.

• b.d. [L.] bis die (twice a day). used in prescriptions and medical records to denote a treatment interval of 12 hours; also abbreviated q12h, BD, b.i.d. (bis in die [L.]), or BID.

• Bdellonyssus see Ornithonyssus.

• BD/LD abbreviation for big dog/little dog; used when describing a type of injury in dog fights.

• BDV border disease virus.

• Be chemical symbol, beryllium.

• be-still treeCascabela thevetia (Thevetia peruviana).

• Beagle a small- to medium-sized, shorthaired scent hound, bred originally for hunting but much used now as scent detection dogs. The general appearance is of a Foxhound in miniature, but two varieties are recognized, the smaller being up to 13 in in height and the larger from 13 to 15 in height, which is slightly shorter than the UK breed standard. Some congenital and inherited disorders seen in the breed are epilepsy, factor VII deficiency, hemophilia A, lymphocytic thyroiditis, and a number of ophthalmic abnormalities.

  • Chinese B. syndrome a multisystemic disease of connective tissue, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait with variable severity of clinical signs. From an early age, affected Beagles develop stiffness in their legs due to joint fibrosis, eventually walking on their central toes. The skull is broad and the eyes are slanted. A DNA test is available for detection of the mutant gene, ADAMTSL2. Called also Musladin-Lueke syndrome. Mutations in the same gene in humans cause a similar syndrome, geleophysic dysplasia (GD) type 1.
  • B. pain syndrome see steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis.
• beak [bēk] the hard keratinized sleeve of tissue that provides the horny covering of the beak bones of birds. The dorsal ridge of the upper beak is the culmen, the similar keel of the lower beak is the gonys. The cutting edges of the beak are the tomia. Called also bill.

  • b. avulsion avulsion of the distal third may allow regrowth, but traumatic separation of the upper and lower beak at the base requires hand feeding for survival of the bird. Some attempts at devising an artificial beak have been made, but attachment is a major problem.

    B-15:

    

    Beagle.

    

    B-16:

  • b. fracture occurs with trauma and requires immobilization, often with innovative procedures (see acrylic glue), without restricting food intake by the bird during recovery. Severe trauma may result in avulsion of upper or lower beak.
  • b. necrosis a condition of chickens and turkeys caused by excessively fine mashed feeds.
  • b. overgrowth can result from malocclusion, liver disease, lack of wear, aging, nutritional deficiency, and most commonly infestation by the mite, Cnemidocoptes pilae.
  • psittacine b. and feather disease see psittacine beak and feather disease.
  • scissors b. lateral deviation of the maxilla; seen in caged birds caused by repetitive bar chewing.
  • b. sign the radiographic feature of contrast material extending through an elongated, concentrically narrowed pylorus indicative of hypertrophy of the sphincter.
  • b. trimming in most modern poultry houses the chances of cannibalism developing are so high that beak trimming is almost a necessity, especially if the birds are to be reared in full light. Light-restricted accommodation greatly reduces the prevalence of this vice. A temporary trim is done at a few days of age but a permanent trim is necessary later. Special instruments, utilizing a hot, cutting blade cautery, are used, and the operation must be done by an expert or badly deformed beaks result and the birds are unable to feed properly. Alternatives to trimming include the fitting of spectacles or pick guards but these are expensive, timeconsuming to put on and not feasible for birds in cages.

• beaker a round laboratory vessel of various materials, usually with parallel sides and often with a pouring spout.

• beakology the branch of science dealing with the anatomy, physiology and pathology (including diagnosis and treatment of such pathology) of the beak and associated tissues of vertebrate animals that have beaks or beak-like structures.

• beam [bēm] a unidirectional emission of electromagnetic radiation. See also x-ray.

  • external b. therapy radiotherapy in which the source is at a distance from the patient, e.g., orthovoltage, cesium-137, cobalt-60 or linear accelerator.
  • horizontal b. positioning of a subject so that the x-ray beam is directed horizontally. Used primarily to detect small volume pneumoperitoneum.
  • b. limitation restriction of the divergent beam as it appears from the tube window by a lead plate or cone or a light beam diaphragm located at the window.
  • primary b. the radiation beam as it passes through the window of the x-ray tube and before it is modified by extra-tube devices.

• bean [bēn] 1. a raised, hard bean-shaped protruberance on the tip of the upper mandible of waterfowl. 2. see egg tooth.

• bean²the seed or seed pod (legume) of many plants in the family Fabaceae; most are in the genus Phaseolus, but included in the common names of many others.

  • black b. see Castanospermum australe.
  • butter b.Phaseolus lunatus.
  • castor b. see Ricinus communis.
  • curcas b. Jatrophacurcas.
  • French b. green bean, string bean; Phaseolus vulgaris.
  • green b. string bean, snap bean, French bean (UK); Phaseolus vulgaris.
  • jack b. Canavaliaensiformis.
  • Java b.Phaseolus lunatus.
  • jequirity b. Abrusprecatorius.
  • kiawe b. Prosopis.
  • kidney b.Phaseolus vulgaris.
  • kiowa b. Prosopis.
  • lima b.Phaseolus lunatus.
  • love b. Abrusprecatorius.
  • lucky b. Abrusprecatorius.
  • mescal b. Sophora secundiflora.
  • navy b.Phaseolus lunatus.
  • Paternoster b. Abrusprecatorius.
  • poison b. Sesbania spp., Thermopsis.
  • precatory b. Abrusprecatorius.
  • senna b. Senna occidentalis.
  • yellow b. Thermopsis.
• bear [bār] large, robust mammals in the family Ursidae, which includes the giant panda, sun bear, sloth bear, and black, brown, and polar bears (Ursus spp.). Species of less legitimate lineage include Pooh, Paddington and Brideshead bears (see Brunus edwardii).

  • black b. (U. americanus with numerous subspecies) black to various shades of beige; native to most of North America. A large bear, smaller than the brown bears, they live mostly in forested regions. An omnivorous species, most of their diet consisting of vegetation, but also other items such as carrion and refuse. They are subject to illegal poaching for body parts, used for reputed medicinal properties. Called also American black bear.
  • brown b. (U. arctos) very large, powerful bears, widely distributed through North America and Eurasia; they have a shaggy coat in varying shades of brown and are characterized by a large hump over the shoulders. There are numerous subspecies, including the Kodiak bear of Alaska (U. a. middendorffi), grizzly bear (U. a. horribilis) and the extinct, but still symbolic, California golden bear (U. a. californicus). Thier dietary range is wide and includes plants, fish, mammals, and invertebrates, and are regarded as an opportunistic omnivore, although vegetable matter is a large percentage of their diet.
  • polar b. (U. maritimus) a large, powerful white to yellow Arctic bear, with adult males weighing up to 1500 lb. Their preferred diet is seals, and they spend much of their time in the sea or on sea ice. A vulnerable species due to global warming.
  • sloth b. (Melursus ursinus) native to South Asia, its diet includes ants and termites, fruits, and is attracted to beehives. Avery aggressive animal that is responsible for many human injuries and deaths in its native habitat. Although it is banned, they are captured and trained to perform as ‘dancing’ bears. Also called labiated bear. Comprised of two subspecies, the Sri Lanka sloth bear (M. u. inorartus) and the Indian sloth bear (M. u. ursinus).
  • sun b. (Helarctos malayanus) native to China and Southeast Asia. Despite killing of wild sun bears being prohibited, they are still poached, primarily for their bile for use in Chinese traditional medicine, and also for the pet trade. Methods used to extract bile from live, captive bears has attracted the attention of animal welfare organizations. Called also honey bear.

• bear foot Helleborusviridis.

• bear grass see Nolina.

• bercat see binturong.

• beard [bērd] 1. in goats and dogs, beards are conventional collections of chin hairs; seen only in certain dog breeds such as Afghan hounds and Bearded collies. 2. in turkeys, beards are an agglomeration of modified feathers, or hair/feathers, consisting of individual filaments that arise from individual beard papillae. Called also barba.

• beard tongue see Penstemon.

• Bearded collie a medium-sized, gray, fawn, blue, brown, or black dog with harsh, shaggy, medium-length hair, particularly around the face and under the chin, giving the name. The body is longer than it is high, in a ratio of 5 to 4. Called also the Highland collie, the Mountain collie, Hairy Mou’ed collie, or simply Beardie.

• bearded dragons Australian lizards (Pogona spp.) of the family Agamidae, whose neck collar of scales bristles when it opens its mouth. Juveniles are primarily insectivorous and adults also consume plant material. Popular as pets, especially in the US. Selective breeding has resulted in various forms or ‘morphs’. Species include central bearded dragon (P. vitticeps) and eastern bearded dragon (P. barbata).

• bearing [bār´ing] 1. the female genital tract. 2. a piece of harness.

  • lose the b. uterine prolapse.
  • b. retainer device for prevention of recurrence of prolapse of a replaced uterine or vaginal prolapse.

    B-17:

    

    Bearded collie.

    B-18:

    

    Palpation of the apex beat.

  • b. trouble see vaginal prolapse.
• beat [bēt] a throb or pulsation, as of the heart or of an artery.

  • apex b. the palpable shock caused by the apex of the heart striking the chest wall with each systole and felt over the apex of the heart, normally in the fifth left intercostal space.
  • capture b’s occasional ventricular responses to a sinus impulse that reaches the atrioventricular node in a nonrefractory phase.
  • ectopic b. a heartbeat originating at some point other than the sinus node.
  • escape b’s heartbeats that follow an abnormally long pause; initiated by subsidiary pacemakers of the heart when faster intrinsic pacemakers fail or their signals are blocked.
  • forced b. an extrasystole produced by artificial stimulation of the heart.
  • fusion b. in electrocardiography, the complex resulting when an ectopic ventricular beat coincides with normal conduction to the ventricle.
  • premature b. an extrasystole.

• Beauceron a medium-large French herding dog, recently recognized as a breed related to the Briard. It has a short black coat with tan markings, or a gray, black, and tan harlequin pattern. The ears are usually cropped. Double dewclaws are required on the rear legs. It is related to the Briard. Called also Berger de Beauce, French shorthaired shepherd, Bas rouge.

• beaver (Castor spp.) a large mainly nocturnal, semiaquatic rodent with webbed feet, a broad flat tail, and large, powerful incisors. It lives in lodges with underwater entrances, constructed of timber and mud in ponds created by damming streams with logs and branches. It was once hunted for its prized fur. Includes the North American beaver (C. canadensis) and the Eurasian beaver (C. fiber).

  • b. fever giardiasis.
  • swamp b. see nutria.

• Beaver scalpel scalpel handle and detachable blades in various shapes designed for use in ophthalmic surgery.

• bechic pertaining to cough.

• Bechtol screw a bone screw with a buttress thread used in compression plating of bones. See also screw.

• Becker’s suture a multilayer pattern for closure of the linear alba in horses, now obsolescent.

• Beck’s triad [bek] rising venous pressure, falling arterial pressure, and muffled heart sounds characteristic of cardiac tamponade.

• beclomethasone [bek″lo-meth´ -sōn] a synthetic glucocorticoid, used topically and as an inhalant.

• becquerel (Bq) [bek″ -rel´] the SI unit of radioactivity, defined as the quantity of a radionuclide that undergoes one decay per second (s⁻¹). One becquerel equals 3.7 × 10⁻¹¹ Ci. Supersedes the curie.

• bed [bed] 1. a supporting structure or tissue. 2. lay term for uterus–calving bed.

  • b. bugs see Cimex lectularius.
  • capillary b. the capillary network of a tissue, area or organ considered collectively, and their volume capacity.
  • nail b. the area of modified epidermis beneath the claw or nail.
• bedding [bed´ing] materials used to provide comfort, conservation of body heat, protection of bony prominences and ease of cleaning. The materials vary widely, each having advantages. The need is for cost-effectiveness, softness with durability, freedom from dust or poisonous components, and springiness and avoidance of compaction. Things to avoid are palatability, e.g., salty sand, good oatstraw containing a lot of grain, shavings and sawdust from timber treated with wood preservatives or irritant resins, e.g., black walnut shavings. Some of the materials used are cereal straws, ferns or bracken harvested for the purpose, peat moss, sawdust and shavings, shredded paper, especially newsprint, sand, mats made from reconstituted rubber and indoor–outdoor carpet. The latter is a practicable solution for animals that have difficulty rising either because of infirmity or because of slipperiness of the flooring. Dairy cattle spend 40–65% of their time lying down and the quality and management of bedding and housing for dairy cattle has a major influence on udder health.

  • b. deprivation stress factor in farm animals housed in winter, also late pregnant companion animals.
  • b. down for a horse means removal of any manure from the stall, teasing out and topping up the bedding with fresh straw where necessary, and filling the water pail and the hay rack.
  • eating b. results from boredom, perversion of appetite or hunger. The latter is important in horses immediately after a general anesthetic for which they have been prestarved. The animals are only part-conscious but are hungry. They may eat a lot of indigestible roughage and develop colic due to impaction of the colon. Eating of salty sand may cause sand colic.
• Bedlington terrier a small, soft-coated terrier, distinguished by its Roman nose, velvety tasseled ears, and roached back that are accentuated by trimming and grooming for purposes of showing. The name is taken from a mining shire in Northumberlnd, England. Originally used for hunting small game, dog fighting, and racing. The breed is subject to inherited retinal dysplasia and copper-associated hepatopathy. Called also Rothbury’s terrier.

  • B. t. copper-associated hepatopathy an inherited copper storage disease in which Bedlington terriers homozygous for a COMMD1 gene mutation accumulate copper in their liver and suffer a slowly progressive hepatopathy. Clinical signs referable to liver disease develop in young to older adult dogs. Rarely, the presentation is an acute hemolytic crisis. The disease is incurable, but may be managed with copper chelators and dietary copper restriction. DNA tests exist for diagnosis and detection of carrier animals. Called also Bedlington terrier liver disease.

• Bedsonia an obsolete name for Chlamydia spp.

• bedsore [bed´sor] see decubital ulcer.

• bee sting [be] injury caused by the venom of a honey bee (Apis mellifera). Multiple stings cause local swelling, pain, and excitement, and may cause dyspnea if the head and neck areas are affected. A systemic effect, including diarrhea, hemoglobinuria, jaundice, tachycardia, and prostration, may be observed in horses. Note: a singular sting in a horse has quite a different meaning.

• beech trees in the genus Fagus.

  • European b.F. sylvaticus.
  • Indian b. Pongamia glabra.

• beechmast poisoning see Fagus.

  B-19:

  

  Bedlington terrier.

  B-20:

  

  Jaundice in a Bedlington terrier with copper-associated hepatopathy.

• beef [bēf] 1. the meat of cattle other than the young calf. It may be bullock, yearling, bull, cow beef or beef treated in various ways including corned, biltong, jerked or its origin may be specified, e.g., grass-fed, lotfed. See also meat. 2. pertaining to cattle used for the production of beef.

  • baby b. slaughter cattle weighing 700–1000 lb at 9–15 months of age and grading good or better for quality.
  • black b. see dark cutting beef (below). Called also DFB.
  • block b. beef suitable for sale as blocks for conversion at the retail site into consumer cuts.
  • boning b. beef suited for manufacturing and processing.
  • boxed b. the alternative to carcass meat. Major cuts, often deboned, are packed in sealed plastic bags and packed in strong cardboard boxes.
  • branded b. a label informing the consumer that a retail beef cut is a certain breed and USDA Grade and that it has been raised and fed in a certain manner that will provide some consistency in taste, flavor, marbling, and quality. Branded beef programs required cooperation between cow-calf producers, cattle feeders, meat packers and retailers and are becoming a significant component of the retail outlets for beef, fueled by consumer demand. The Certified Angus Beef® label in grocery stores and restaurants is an example. In addition to breed-specific branding programs there is company-specific and store branding.
  • b. breeds include Aberdeen angus, Africander, beevbilde, Belgian blue, Belted Galloway, Blonde D’Aquitaine, Bonsmara, Boran, Braford, Brahman, Brangus, Braunvieh, Charbray, Charolais, Chiana, Chiangus, Devon, Drakensberger, Droughtmaster, Fulani, Galloway, Gelbvieh, Hariana, Hereford, Japanese black, Limousin, Maine-Anjou, Meuse-Rhine-Yssel, Murray Grey, N’Dama, Pinzgau, Romagna, Santa Gertrudis, Salers, Shorthorn, Simmental, South Devon, Texas longhorn, Waygu, West Highland, and many other less well known indigenous breeds.
  • certified b. certified, sometimes by an independent third party, as to method of rearing (e.g., organic beef), source (usually breed, for example Certified Angus, Certified Hereford, but also country of origin), or preparation method (such as Halal beef or Kosher beef).
  • dark cutting b. the meat is much darker than normal on its cut surface; caused by preslaughter stress. Called also dark, firm dry muscle, DFD.
  • b. grading grading of carcass beef according to quality for the information of the consumer and to provide the trade with a basis for pricing. The grade allotted depends on local requirements for consumers but usually takes into account marbling with fat, absence of excess fat, age, and cutability.
  • grass fed b. raised on forage and not on grain in a feedlot; grass and forage shall be the feed consumed for the lifetime of the ruminant animal, with the exception of milk consumed prior to weaning.
  • Halal b. beef processed in accordance with Muslim dietary law; see also Muslim slaughter.
  • hamburger b. lean beef with up to 12% fat prepared from cull cows, reject bulls and grass-fed other cattle. Called also manufacturing beef.
  • heated b. deterioration in quality of sides of meat or game that are hung too close together so that they do not cool down quickly after slaughter. Called also sour side, green struck.
  • b. herd non-American term for a herd of beef cattle that comprises the bulls, the mature cows, the heifers yet to calve for the first time, the yearlings including bred heifers and calves not yet weaned. Where calves are not sold off for fattening elsewhere there will also be a bullock group. See also cow-calf operation.
  • b. industry includes the beef production, breeding, fattening, marketing, slaughtering and processing and sale of the end product.
  • Kobe b. a Japanese gourmet beef that comes from the Wagyu breed. During the fattening period, animals are hand-fed, using high-energy feed, including beer and beer mash, and hand-massaged for tenderness and high fat content.
  • kosher b. processed in accordance with Jewish dietary laws.
  • licked b. diffuse, often hemorrhagic, jelly-like edema along the back of a beef carcass, caused by warble fly larvae.
  • manufacturing b. see hamburger beef (above).
  • b. measles see Taenia saginata.
  • b. primal cuts the larger sections of a carcass (for example, chuck, sirloin) from which retail cuts are made. The sectioning and naming vary between countries and with animal species.
  • b. production systems include extensive grazing, intensive grazing, feedlot, cow–calf operations or suckler herds, breeding herds.
  • b. production targets see performance target.

• Beef Shorthorn the beef variety of the Shorthorn breed of cattle.

• beefy, beefyness 1. in dog conformation, used to describe overdevelopment of musculature, especially in the hindquarters. 2. in cattle, used to designate the desirable physical conformation of a beef animal, but an undesirable character in dairy cattle.

• beefalo a cattle–buffalo hybrid of 37% buffalo, 37% Charolais, and 25% Hereford that has achieved only passing fame.

• beefling a fat young cattle beast weighing about 500 kg at 1.5–2 years of age.

• beesbossie [Af.] see Chrysocoma ciliata.

• beestings, biestings, beastings colostrum, usually of a cow.

• beet [bēt] see Beta vulgaris.

  • b. pulp the residue of the roots when the juice is extracted. Highly regarded as a feed supplement for extra energy in high-producing cows. Called also beets.
  • b. tops the foliage of the beet plant, used as green feed but has a high oxalate content.

• beetles [be´t lz] members of the insect order Coleoptera. They are common intermediate hosts for tapeworms and nematodes.

• darkling b. this and other mealworms are common inhabitants of poultry houses and are suspected of aiding in the transmission of Marek’s disease and other virus diseases and of attacking the skin of all types of birds. Their other importance is as a food source for captive reptiles and the like.

• beetroot see Beta vulgaris.

• beevbilde an African crossbred type of beef cattle. Includes Red Lincoln, Shorthorn, and Aberdeen Angus blood.

• beggar tick see Bidens frondosa.

• behavior [be-hāv´y r] the activity or pattern of activity of the patient; can be modified by training and medication; used clinically as a measure of cerebral activity.

  • abnormal b. includes any activity judged to be outside the normal behavior pattern for animals of that particular class and age, including the vices, the fixed patterns of abnormality.
  • adjunctive b. evoked by, and reliabily accompanies, some other response produced by a stimulus.
  • aggressive b. is common in animals as part of the establishment of territorial rights by males, as competition for sexual favors, because of fear of the unknown, and as maternal protection of young. In companion animals, aggression and dominance directed against humans can also be learned. See also aggression.
  • allelomimetic b. group activity behavior; those behavioral traits used to interact with others, particularly developed during the early socialization period. Behavior that influences another to do the same. Particularly manifest by dogs, examples of which are neighborhood barking and running after children.
  • animal b. any movement made by an animal, as a result of neurological reflexes, inherited traits, conditioned responses, physiological influences such as hormone concentrations, and psychological state. It is also influenced by the physical status of the animal.
  • appeasement b. is not hostile and controlling; exhibited when the conditions of social relations lead one animal to anticipate aggression from others. Called also submissive behavior or deference behavior.
  • auditory b. the use of the voice to communicate is poorly developed in animals but is used for example in the various voices used by cattle including mooing, lowing, bellowing. Is used most extensively by animals in communicating between mother and young and in courtship.
  • automatistic b. see stereotypic behavior (below).
  • b. change program where antecedents and consequences are manipulated in order to change the behavior.
  • communicative b. the behavioral patterns that result in communication between animals. Includes auditory, visual, and chemical patterns.
  • consumptive b. includes inappropriate sucking and wool sucking, particularly in cats. May be the result of early weaning.
  • deference b. see appeasement behavior (above).
  • destructive b. involves digging or the destruction of items, such as furniture, doors, or toys, by chewing. Causes include separation anxiety, fear-induced aggression, and play aggression.
  • discriminatory b. ability to distinguish between two stimuli.
  • elimination b. the ritual and method of passing urine and feces, particularly as seen in dogs and cats. This includes searching for the site, pre-elimination behavior of sniffing, scratching, etc., posture and postelimination action such as scratching the ground or covering feces with dirt. Housetraining involves modification of this behavior.
  • epimeletic b. maternal behavior; that demonstrated by a dam caring for her young in the early stages.
  • et-epimeletic b. care-seeking behavior; young responding to the dam’s care giving. In puppies, this includes tail-wagging, licking the dam’s face, and following the dam closely.
  • hallucinatory b. behavior that suggests dementia. This may be inherent or acquired, e.g., shying at nonexistent objects in cows with nervous ketosis, biting at imaginary flies by dogs.
  • ingestive b. includes overeating, inadequate intake of food, predation, wool sucking, pica, coprophagia, garbage eating, and food-related aggression.
  • instinctive b. performed without prior learning and is inherited, for example teat seeking and sucking by the newborn animal.
  • investigative b. important in the selection of dogs for narcotic detection; characterized by the desire to sniff and examine objects closely. Pigs investigate their surrounding by rooting, sniffing, biting, and chewing on digestible and also indigestible items.
  • b. modification the use of learning techniques to alter behavior.
  • mounting b. the placement of the forequarters over the hindquarters of another animal, as occurs in mating. Seen particularly in pet dogs that mount other dogs, male or female, humans or sometimes objects. Usually considered unacceptable behavior by owners. May be a displacement activity, in response to conflict or excitement.
  • predatory b. the hunting of birds, mice, and small reptiles by cats and the hunting and herding behavior of dogs, often facilitated in a pack. Wild predators kill mostly for prey, only one victim at a time. Urban dogs kill a lot of sheep in a flock, many more than they could eat.
  • sexual b. includes courtship and the mating act. Much of the behavior is visual including posture, feather fluffing, tail carriage; some of it is auditory, especially in cats, but chemical communication via pheromones is the clincher.
  • social b. behavior relative to others in the group. Includes establishment of the peck order, bulling by steers in feedlots, crowd pressure in the feeding of large groups of pigs, cannibalism in overcrowded communities, even self-immolation in lemming communities. The social stress that may follow abnormal group behavior may result in lowered production, reduction in disease resistance, or the expression of actual disease, e.g. esophagogastric ulcer of pigs.
  • species-specific b. characteristic of a particular animal species. Called also species-typical behavior.
  • stereotypic b. constant and repetitive actions, such as vocalization, grooming, walking, or weaving, which would otherwise be seen normally in the species. See also obsessive–compulsive behavior.
  • submissive b. see appeasement behavior (above).
  • thermoregulatory b. actions such as seeking cool places, lapping water, huddling are self-explanatory examples.
  • visual b. body language for animals. Posture, gait, other body movements all convey information about the animal.
• behavioral pertaining to behavior.

  • b. disorders see vice.
  • b. seizure see psychomotor seizure.
  • b. therapy aims to modify patterns of behavior so that they are acceptable to the owner.

• bejuco marrullero Pentalinon luteum.

• bel [bel] a unit used to express the ratio of two powers, usually electric or acoustic powers; an increase of one bel in intensity approximately doubles loudness of most sounds (see also decibel).

• belching [belch´ing] see eructation.

• belemnoid 1. dart-shaped. 2. the styloid process.

• belge in dogs, a black and reddish brown coat color. Described in Brussels Griffon dogs.

• Belgian having some relationship to Belgium.

  • B. barge dog see Schipperke.
  • B. black pied cattle black, Belgian dairy cattle.
  • B. blue dual-purpose cattle with exceptional muscular development known as “double-muscling”; blue, white, or blue roan. Bred by crossing Dutch Friesian with British Shorthorn. Calves are large and dystocia common.
  • B. canary one of the oldest breeds of canaries, popular in the Victorian era. Characterized by a straight, upright back, but lowered head and neck so the shoulders are the highest point.
  • B. cattle dog see Bouvier des Flandres.
  • B. fancy long, slim canaries with flat chests, long necks, and tail feathers, with an unusual posture of the head drooping down and a semicircular silhouette. Called also Slims, Scottish Fancy.
  • B. hare not a hare at all, but a breed of rabbit with the appearance of a hare. It has a long, fine body and a deep red, tan, or chestnut agouti coat.
  • B. horse heavy draft horse, mostly red-roan or chestnut but may be bay, brown, dun or gray; 16.1–17 hands high. A basic breed for many draft breeds. Called also Brabant. Full name is Belgian Heavy Draft. Affected by congenital cataracts and aniridia, which are inherited as a dominant trait.
  • B. Laekenois a variety of the Belgian shepherd dog (see below), recognized as a separate breed in some countries. It differs from the others in its short, rough and coarse reddish-fawn coat with black shading.
  • B. Malinois a variety of the Belgian sheepdog (see below), recognized in the US and many other countries as a separate breed. It is characterized by the short, red, fawn or gray coat with black mask and frosting on the muzzle. Now often used as a scent detector dog in security services.
  • B. red cattle red, dual-purpose cattle from Belgium.
  • B. red pied cattle red and white, dual-purpose Belgian cattle.
  • B. shepherd dog in Belgium, the UK and South Africa, this is a breed with four varieties, differentiated by their coat type, Groenendael (longhaired, black), Laekenois (wirehaired), Tervuren (longhaired, fawn or red) and Malinois (shorthaired). In Australia and New Zealand, all four varieties are recognized as separate breeds. All are medium-sized with erect ears and are used as sheepdogs, guard dogs and in security work. In the US, the Groenendael is recognized as a separate breed and called the Belgian sheepdog (see below). See also Belgian Laekenois (above), Belgian Malinois (above) and Belgian Tervuren (below).
  • B. sheepdog a medium-sized, alert dog with erect ears and a long, smooth black coat, sometimes with white or gray hairs (‘frosting’) around the chin and muzzle. Elsewhere known as the Groenendael variety of the Belgian shepherd (see above) or as a separate breed by that name.
  • B. Tervuren a variety of the Belgian sheepdog (see above) recognized as a separate breed in the US and other countries. It is characterized by a long, red, fawn or gray coat. Called also Chien de Berger Belge and simply ‘Terv’.

• Bell–Magendie law the commonly accepted principle that the dorsal roots of spinal nerves contain only afferent or sensory fibers and that the ventral roots carry only efferent or motor ones.

• bell-cow cow, usually the led cow in a group, with a bell around its neck to facilitate location of the group and movement as a group.

• bell-mare a quiet old horse used to carry a bell at night so that horses can be located easily in scrub, in the dark or in a big paddock.

• bell stage [bel] the period when the cap of enamel organ on the developing tooth is converted to a bell shape in cross section.

• bell vine [bel] Ipomoea plebeia.

• purple-flowered b. v. I.purpurea.

• bell-wether a tame wether which will lead a flock to a desired destination. Found usually at abattoirs and sale yards.

• bella sombra Phytolaccadioica.

• belladonna [bel″ -don´] a plant that is the source of various alkaloids, e.g. atropine and hyoscyamine.

  • b. leaf the dried leaves and fruiting tops of Atropa belladonna, used as an anticholinergic agent in the management of gastrointestinal disorders.
  • b. poisoning toxicity caused by overdosage of belladonna or accidental ingestion of large amounts of the drug. Signs include dry mouth, thirst, dilated pupils, tachycardia, fever, and stupor.
• bellies wool from the belly of the sheep.

  • pork b. a popular fictional commodity once present on futures markets on the stock exchange.

• bellow one of the voices of cattle. Usually refers to the arrogant call of the bull used to announce territorial rights. Abnormalities of the voice include hoarseness as in rabies, or continuous repetition as in nervous ketosis. See also low, moo.

• bellowing see bellow.

  • b. continuously in bovine rabies, continues until pharyngeal paralysis supervenes.

    B-21:

    

    Belted Galloway dual-purpose cattle.

  • b. soundlessly cattle affected by rabies in its late stages may make all movements as though bellowing but no sound happens, usually accompanied by inability to swallow and later by drooling of saliva.
• bellows a term used to refer to the action produced by an intact thorax and diaphragm in inspiration and expiration.

  • b. disruption injury, usually by trauma, that disrupts the effectiveness of the thorax and diaphragm in moving air, e.g., puncture wounds of the thorax, flail chest, and rupture of the diaphragm.
• belly [bel´e] 1. the softer, ventral part of the abdomen. 2. the fleshy, contractile part of a muscle.

  • b. board a board attached to a cable or wire fence to ensure that cattle see the fence and do not injure themselves charging into it.

• bellyache bush [bel´e-āk″] Jatropha gossypifolia.

• bellyband [bel´e-band″] a part of the cart harness which is continuous with the backband and keeps the shafts from lifting the backband off.

• Belted Galloway a breed of beef cattle, a variant of the Galloway breed. It is polled and black except for a genetically dominant wide band of white completely encircling its trunk behind the elbow.

• Beltex a Belgium breed of sheep that has double-muscled hindquarters and fine bones, characteristics believed to result in a superior dressingout percentage of the finished lamb. Used as a terminal sire.

• belton a coat color pattern seen in the English setter dog consisting of ticking or roan in any one of several colors.

• Beltsville pigs name used in reference to the first transgenic farm animals, produced at the USDA research station in Beltsville, Maryland in the mid-1980s; genetically modified to have growth hormone genes to improve growth rate. They had considerable and severe health problems.

  • Beltsville No. 1 commercial, two breed crossbred, black-and-white pig with moderately lop ears.
  • Beltsville No. 2 commercial, four breed crossbred, red pig with white underline, and short, erect ears.

• beluga whale the white whale (Delphinapterus leucas), an endangered species found in arctic and subarctic waters. It has a distinctive, bulbous forehead; called also sea canary.

• benanomicins a group of broad-spectrum antifungal drugs.

• benazepril [ben-a´z -pril] an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, similar to enalapril, used in the treatment of heart failure and hypertension.

• Bence Jones proteins [bens´ jōnz´] immunoglobulin light chain dimers found in the serum and urine of patients and animals with gammopathies, usually myelomas.

• benchmark a point of reference about which comparisons can be made.

• bendiocarb a carbamate pesticide.

• Bendixen’s key a hematological key once used in the diagnosis of bovine viral leukosis. It is based on absolute lymphocyte counts in relation to age and classifies animals as normal, suspect or positive for the disease. Not used widely as persistent lymphocytosis is not universally accepted as a preclinical sign of bovine viral leukosis, nor is it restricted to that disease.

• bendrofluazide [ben″dro-floo´ -zīd] bendroflumethiazide.

• bendroflumethiazide [ben″dro-floo″m -thi´ -zīd] a thiazide diuretic and antihypertensive agent; it enhances the excretion of sodium and chloride.

• Benedenia a genus of the class of Monogenea in the family Capsalidae; an important oral and cutaneous fluke parasite of aquarium, cultured and marine fish.

• bemegride a respiratory analeptic and nonspecific barbiturate antagonist.

• Benedict’s solution, Benedict’s reagent a chemical solution used to determine the presence of glucose and other reducing substances in the urine.

• Bengal a breed of cats developed from crossing Asian leopard cats with domestic cats. It has a long, muscular body, small rounded ears, large oval eyes and a short coat, usually orange, with large tabby-like markings. The breed is affected by entropion, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and ‘Bengal nose’.

  • B. nose a distinctive, dry, scaling, ulcerative dermatosis of the nasal planum with a gradual onset from an early age, seen in Bengal cats.

• Bengal goat small to dwarf milk and meat goat, usually black, also gray, brown or white; prolific, bearded, short coat and ears. Called also Black Bengal.

• benign [b -nīn´] not malignant; not recurrent; favorable for recovery.

  • b. enzootic paresis see porcine viral encephalomyelitis.

• benthos [ben´thos] bottom of the sea or other body of water; said of cyanobacteria that grow on submerged rocks in alpine lakes and cause sudden death in cattle at pasture during summer months.

• bentiromide [ben-tēr´o-mīd] a synthetic peptide (N-benzoyl-l-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid) used in the BT-PABA test to assess chymotrypsin activity in the small intestine.

  • b. test see BT-PABA test.
  • b./xylose test a test to assess digestion and absorption; indirectly measures exocrine pancreatic function (bentiromide; called also BT-PABA) and the absorptive surface (xylose) of the small intestine. See also para-aminobenzoic acid.

• bentleg see bowie.

• bentonite [ben´ton-īt] a naturally occurring pure clay capable of absorbing much moisture and swelling considerably. Used as a compacting and dispersing agent in the manufacture of fodder pellets and cat litter. Also used with pasture foliar dressings to improve the stickiness and hence the persistence of the applied chemical on plant surfaces. An example is its use with magnesium foliar dressings for the prevention of grass tetany. Chemically and nutritionally inert.

  • b. flocculation test an agglutination test in which the antigen is absorbed onto bentonite particles that clump in a positive response; largely superseded for serodiagnosis of a variety of diseases.
  • sodium b. used as a binder in pellet manufacture. A refined form of clay.

• benzalkonium chloride [ben″zal-ko´ne- m] a quaternary ammonium compound used as a surface disinfectant and detergent and as a topical antiseptic and antimicrobial preservative.

• benzathine an ammonium base that, when combined with penicillin compounds, prolongs their duration of action in tissues. The most common combinations are benzathine cloxacillin, used in the intramammary treatment of bovine mastitis, and benzathine penicillin.

• benzcoumarins [benz″ koo′m -rin] see clover urolith.

• benzene [ben´zēn] a liquid hydrocarbon, C₆H₆, from coal tar; used as a solvent.

  • b. hexachloride a chlorinated hydrocarbon. The gamma isomer was used extensively as an insecticide. Called also Gammexane, lindane.
  • b. hexachloride poisoning see chlorinated hydrocarbons.
  • b. ring the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of a closed hexagon of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds (benzene), from which the different benzene compounds are derived by replacement of the hydrogen atoms.

• benzestrol a synthetic estrogen, derived from diethylstilbestrol.

• benzethonium chloride [ben″z -tho´ne- m] a synthetic quaternary ammonium compound used as a local anti-infective and as a detergent and disinfectant.

• benzidine [ben´zľ-dēn] a compound once used as a test for traces of blood (benzidine test).

• benzimidazole [ben″zľ-mid´ -zōl] a group of compounds with anthelmintic properties. They all have the same central chemical structure–1,2-diaminobenzene. Some of the better known pharmaceutical compounds are thiabendazole, albendazole, cambendazole, fenbendazole, mebendazole, oxfendazole, oxibendazole and parbendazole.

• benzoates [ben´zo-āts] salts and esters of benzoic acid; they have antibacterial and antifungal properties.

• benzocaine [ben´zo-kān] an ester local anesthetic for topical use; has been associated with production of methemoglobinemia when used in dogs and cats.

• benzodiazepine [ben″zo-di-az´ -pēn] any of a group of drugs having similar molecular structure and affinity for gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA_A) receptors in the central nervous system, resulting in sedation, anticonvulsant activity, and muscle relaxation. Best known is diazepam (Valium®); others include clorazepate, clonazepam, and midazolam.

• benzodioxane [ben″zo-di-ok′sān] a class of synthetic α-receptor blocking agents used to lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension.

• benzoic acid [ben-zo´ik] an acid from benzoin and other resins and from coal tar, used as an antifungal agent, in food preservation, and as a germicide. The sodium salt of benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, is used as an antifungal agent in pharmaceutical preparations. Discontinued as a food preservative in pet foods because of its toxicity in cats.

• benzoin resin [ben´zo-in] found in the bark of Styrax benzoin and other Styrax species, used chiefly as a topical protectant and antiseptic. Benzoin acts as an expectorant and thus is sometimes used in steam inhalations in treating respiratory disorders. See also benzoin tincture.

• benzonatate [ben-zo´n -tāt] a nonnarcotic antitussive drug that depresses cough without affecting respiration.

• benzothiadiazide [ben″zo-thi″ -di´ -zīd] see thiazide.

• benzothiadiazines [ben″zo-thi″ -di´ -zēnz] see thiazide.

• benzoylphenyl urea (BPU) [ben″zo- l-fen′ l] an insect development inhibitor acting by interference with development of the insect’s exoskeleton.

• benzoyl [ben´zo- l] the acyl radical formed from benzoic acid, C₆H₅CO–.

  • b. peroxide dibenzoyl peroxide, a topical keratolytic with antibacterial and antipruritic properties, used in the treatment of skin diseases.

• benzthiazide [benz-thi´ -zīd] a thiazide diuretic.

• benzydroflumethiazide see bendroflumethiazide.

• benzyl [ben´z l] the hydrocarbon radical, C₇H₇.

  • b. alcohol a colorless liquid used as a bacteriostatic preservative in solutions for injection.
  • b. benzoate an acaricide used topically as a lotion or spray, particularly for scabies and control of house dust mites. Toxic in cats.

• benzylpenicillin [ben″z l-pen″ľ-sil´in] see penicillin G.

• bephenium an anthelmintic used as the embonate and hydroxynaphthoate.

• BER basal energy requirement.

• Berber sheep Moroccan carpetwool sheep, white, black or white with black head.

• berberine [bur´b r-ēn] a poisonous pyridine alkaloid found in the plants Argemone, Berberis, Mahonia spp.

• Berberis [bur´b r-is] genus in the plant family Berberidaceae; contains berberine, a pyridine alkaloid; causes cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. Called also barberries.

• Bergamasco a medium- to large-sized (70-84 lb), heavy-boned Italian sheepdog with a distinctive long black or gray coat of harsh texture that is said to contain ‘dog hair’, ‘goat hair’, and wool that forms into mats or flocks. It has extremely long upper eyelashes that keep hair out of the eyes and protects from snow blindness. Called also Cane da pastore Bermamasco.

• Bergamo basic lop-eared Alpine type of sheep; polled, used for meat and carpetwool. Origin of many other breeds of this type, found in the Alpine region of Central Europe.

• Berger de Beauce see Beauceron.

• Berger de Brie see Briard.

• Bergmann’s glia a specialized form of astrocytes in the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum.

• Berger Picard a rare breed of working sheep-herding dogs from the Picardy region of France. It is medium sized (23–25 inches tall), well muscled with a distinctive shaggy, rough topcoat in fawn or gray, large erect ears and tail that hangs to the hock with a J-curve at the tip. In the UK, called Picardy shepherd.

• Bergeyella zoohelcum a species of gram-negative, glucose-nonfermenting bacteria in the family Flavobacteriaceae that are normal flora of dogs and cats, but that can be a cause of abscesses and sepsis following bite and scratch infections in humans. Has been associated with a case of respiratory disease in a cat. Formerly classified as Weeksella zoohelcum.

• Bergmeister’s papilla a tuft of glial (and sometimes vascular) tissue originating from the center of the optic nerve head; vestigial remnant of the hyaloid arter. Normally present in some species such as cattle. See also Mittendorf’s dot, Cloquet’s canal, and arcuate line of Vogt.

• beriberi [ber″e-ber´e] the name given to thiamine deficiency in humans. See thiamine nutritional deficiency.

• Berkefeld’s filter a filter composed of diatomaceous earth, impermeable to ordinary bacteria.

• berkelium (Bk) [b rk´le- m] a chemical element, atomic number 97, atomic weight 247.

• Berkshire a breed of pigs bred chiefly for pork. Characterized by a dished face and a black coat with white points. Avariant with a longer body than the British breed is the Canadian Berkshire.

• Berkson’s bias a type of selection bias that may occur in case-control studies that are based entirely on hospital studies.

• Bermuda grass Cynodondactylon.

• Bermuda oxalis Oxalispres-caprae.

• Berne virus see Torovirus.

• Bernese mountain dog a large, sturdy, longhaired black dog with a long, silky black coat with white feet, tail tip, and chest markings, and brown or tan markings. The coat is thick and slightly wavy. It is a Swiss breed introduced by invading Romans and originally used as a cart dog. Called also Berner sennenhund or just Berner, and Swiss mountain dog, although it is only one of four varieties. The others, Greater Swiss mountain dog, Appenzeller and Entlebucher mountain dog are less well known outside Europe. The breed is affected by malignant histiocytosis, hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia and hypomyelinogenesis.

• Bernese sennenhund see Bernese mountain dog.

• Bernoulli principle [b r-noo´le] a principle that relates to the flow of fluids through tubes: the total hydraulic energy of fluid moving along a tube is constant so that if the tube dilates and causes the velocity to decrease, the kinetic energy involved in moving the fluid is reduced resulting in an increase in the lateral pressure on the vessel wall. This accounts for the tendency for aneurysms to enlarge and for vessels to dilate below a constriction.

• Berrichon du cher a French breed of milking sheep, also used as termianl sires.

• berrigan Eremophilalongifolia.

• berry cottonbush [bār´e] see Enchylaena tomentosa.

• berry poison [bār´e] Gastrolobium parvifolium.

• Bersama abyssinica a small African tree of the plant family Melicanthaceae; ingestion of the leaves causes salivation, profuse diarrhea, collapse, and death; may contain cardiac glycosides.

• berserk male syndrome a misnomer that describes aggressive behavior of sexually mature llamas or alpacas that were socialized when young with humans, rather than with other camelids. Typically, bottle-fed and coddled neonates will show subsequent aggressiveness toward humans. Because camelids are hierarchical they need to challenge each other to establish their position in the hierarchy. When bonded with humans the aggression, which is normal social behavior amongst camelids, is misdirected and considered abnormal. Both males and females can be inappropriately socialized with humans, but males express their aggression more forcefully. In these cases, castration might temper the aggression.

• Berteroa incana toxic plant in Brassicacae family; suspected of containing SMCO; causes laminitis and abortion in horses. Called also hoary alyssum.

• Bertiella [bur″te-el´] a genus of nonpathogenic tapeworm of the family Anoplocephalidae. Includes B. mucronata, B. studeri (primates) and B.

• obesa (koala). Additional species in rodents and possums.

• bertielliasis [bur″te- -li´ -sis] infestation with Bertiella spp. tapeworms. Occurs in primates, possums, koalas, rodents, and occasionally in humans.

• Berula erecta toxic plant, a member of the Apiaceae family. Causes diarrhea, enteritis, milk taint. Called also water parsnip.

• beryllium (Be) [b -ril´e- m] a chemical element, atomic number 4, atomic weight 9.012.

  • b. sulfate 1. used as a vaccine adjuvant. Causes local granuloma formation. In mice, it has adjuvant effect with IL-12 resulting in the upregulation of IFN-γ and down-regulation of IL-4 characteristic of a Th1 response. 2. chronic inhalation can result in a chronic granulomatous pulmonary disease (chronic beryllium lung disease), which is characterized by accumulation of CD4+ T cells in pulmonary tissue.

• Besnier–Boeck disease [ba-nya´ bek´] see sarcoid.

• Besnoitia [bes-noi´te- ] a genus of apicomplexan parasites in the family Sarcocystidae; they are relatively host specific. There are a number of species that are found only in wild animals. Horses and cattle are affected by disease in their role as intermediate hosts. For many species of Besnoitia, the definitive host is the cat. For the others the definitive host has not been identified.

  • B. bennetti causes besnoitiosis of horses and donkeys.
  • B. besnoiti causes besnoitiosis of cattle.
  • B. caprae found in goats.
  • B. darlingi found in opossums, possibly lizards.
  • B. wallacei found in cats.

• besnoitiosis [bes-noi″te-o´sis] caused by Besnoitia besnoiti in cattle, is a systemic disease manifested by dermatitis with lichenification, swelling of the lymph nodes, subcutaneous swellings, diarrhea, abortion and infertility. Endemic in tropical and sub-tropical regions with high infection rate but low mortality, but recently has become an emerging disease in southern, central and eastern Europe. The cutaneous form of besnoitiosis in horses and burros, caused by B. bennetti, is characterized by a widespread, serious dermatitis and occurs in Africa. Recently detected in donkeys in the US. Caprine besnoitiosis, caused by Besnoitia caprae is endemic in Kenya, Nigeria, and Iran, but has yet to be detected in other parts of the world.

• Berry–Dedrick phenomenon the occurrence of typical myxoma in rabbits when injected with a mixture of myxomatosis virus that has been inactivated by heat and viable fibroma virus. The explanation is that the nucleic acid of the inactivated myxomavirus is incorporated into the protein coat of the fibromavirus. The hybrid particles that result retain the coding of the myxomavirus and cause myxomatosis.

  B-22:

  

  Sclerodermatitis in a cow with besnoitiosis.

• Besser–Lowry–Brock unit a unit formerly used in the measurement of enzyme activity for acid or alkaline phosphatase.

• best fit when making a diagnosis, the technique of finding amongst the diseases on the shortlist the one that is the best fit to the syndrome observed.

• best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) acronym for a statistical method of predicting the breeding values of animals. Fixed effects of environment and genetics on observed phenotypic values are estimated simultaneously and, therefore, genetic differences between herds are accounted for. BLUP animal models are now used in many countries for a number of species, including dairy and beef cattle, swine, sheep, and fish.

• Beta [be´t ] a plant genus in the Polygonaceae family.

  • B. vulgaris this species includes the large fodder roots. They provide a major source of feed energy but they can cause poisoning if used unintelligently, e.g., (1) carbohydrate engorgement and lactic acidosis if too many are fed; (2) partly cooked mangels grown on high-nitrate soils may cause nitrate-nitrite poisoning; (3) the tops may contain toxic amounts of soluble oxalate; (4) a sole diet of beet pulp is thought to cause a nutritional deficiency of vitamin A in cattle leading to blindness and encephalopathy; alternatively a high sulfur concentration in sugar beet by-products is associated with polioencephalomalacia. Called also fodder beet, sugar beet, mangels, mangolds, mangel-wurzel, beetroot.
• beta [be´t ] the second letter of the Greek alphabet, B or β; used to denote the second position in a chemical classification system. Often used in names of chemical compounds to distinguish one of two or more isomers or to indicate the position of substituent atoms or groups in certain compounds. Also used to distinguish types of radioactive decay; brain rhythms or waves; adrenergic receptors; secretory cells of the various organs of the body that stain with basic dyes, such as the beta cells of the pancreas; and the type of hemolysis induced by bacteria that results in a zone of complete hemolysis when grown on blood agar.

  • b. agonists see adrenergic.
  • b. animal subordinate or second animal in a social group. See also alpha animal.
  • b. barrel a form of secondary structure of a polypeptide in which a large β sheet is coiled into a closed super secondary structure via hydrogen bonding. Common in cell membrane-spanning proteins.
  • b.-blocker a drug that blocks the action of epinephrine (adrenaline) or similar agonists at beta-adrenergic receptors on cells of effector organs. Used to treat glaucoma, cardiac arrhythmias, and dilated cardiomyopathy.
  • b. brain waves those having a frequency of more than 10 hertz (pulsations per second); seen during wakefulness. See also electroencephalography.
  • b. carbon carbon-3 of a molecule or the carbon atom two on from the function group of a molecule, the carbon(s) of which are not included in the lettering.
  • b.-endorphin hormone secreted by central nervous system, hypothalamus, gastrointestinal tract. See also endorphin.
  • b. fibrillosis see amyloidosis.
  • b.-folded domains compact, locally folded region of protein tertiary structure containing the β-sheets or β-turns.
  • b.-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A 1. intermediate in the formation of ketones. 2. substrate for the first committed step in the synthesis of cholesterol. Called also 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A.
  • b.-hydroxybutyrate salt of one of the major circulating ketone bodies in animals. See β-hydroxybutyrate.
  • b.-ketobutyric acid acetoacetic acid.
  • b. particle see radiation.
  • b. radiation see radiation injury, radiotherapy.
  • b. sheet (β-sheet) a common structural feature of many proteins in which the single polypeptide chain is folded back and forth upon itself with each folded section running in an opposite direction to its nearest neighbors. The folded sections are held together by hydrogen bonds and the arrangement that occurs confers great stability on the molecule.
  • b. subunit second-named chain (or subunit) occurring in the functional organization of macromolecules, usually proteins, containing two or more chains.
  • b. -receptor any of a subgroup of receptors activated by epinephrine or norepinephrine or innervated by the sympathetic nervous system and present on cell surfaces of some effector organs and tissues. β are divided to β1, β2, and β3. All three are coupled to Gs proteins, but β2 and β3 also couple to Gi protein. Depending on the receptor type and tissue, binding of epinephrine or norepinephrine to the beta-receptor causes cellular events that result in certain physiological responses such as positive chronotropic, dromotropic, and inotropic effects, increased amylase secretion, relaxation of smooth muscle (bronchodilation), lipolysis and relaxation of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder. Antagonists include propranolol, metoproprolol, atenolol, and esmolol. See also alpha receptors.

• beta-carotene [ba″t -kar´ -tēn] see carotene.

• Betadine [ba´t -dīn] a proprietary name for povidone-iodine.

• Betaherpesvirinae [ba″t -hur″pēz-vir-i´ne] one of three subfamilies in the family Herpesviridae. Called also cytomegalovirus.

• betaine [be´t -ēn] trimethylglycine, the carboxylic acid derived by oxidation of choline; it acts as a transmethylating metabolic intermediate. Found in foods such as beets, spinach, and quinoa.

• betamethasone [ba″t -meth´ -sōn] a long-acting synthetic glucocorticoid, used as an anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive agent.

• Betanodavirus important, emerging group of viruses known to infect marine food, game, and ornamental, tropical, sub-tropical, or coldtemperate fishes worldwide. Nonenveloped single-stranded, positivesense RNA viruses members of the family Nodaviridae. Cause viral nervous necrosis disease.

• Betaproteobacteria a class of gram-negative bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria that includes the orders Burkholderiales and Neisseriales, among others.

• Betaretrovirus [ba″t -ret′ro-vi″r s] a genus of the family Retroviridae. Members have type B or type C morphology. The type B is common for a few exogenous, vertically transmitted and endogenous viruses of mice; some primate and sheep viruses are type D. An example is the mouse mammary tumor virus. Contains Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus.

• betatron [ba´t -tron] a cyclotron for accelerating electrons to millions of electron volts by magnetic induction.

• betaxolol [ba-tak´s -lol] a topical sympatholytic (‘beta-blocker’) agent used to reduce intraocular pressure in the treatment of glaucoma.

• betazole a histamine analog used in gastric function tests to stimulate gastric secretion. Called also ametazole, gastramine.

• bethanechol [b -than´ -kol] a choline ester with parasympathomimetic effects similar to acetylcholine; primarily a muscarinic agonist with little effect on nicotinic receptors. The chloride salt is used to treat urinary retention in small animals and in horses with sabulous urolithiasis or cystitis.

• Betta splendens brightly colored tropical freshwater fish of the family Osphronemidae; adult males have to be kept in separate tanks because of their aggressive behavior. Called also Siamese fighting fish.

• Betz cells [bets] large pyramidal cells forming a layer in restricted parts of the cerebral cortex.

• Beuceron see Berger de Beauce.

• Beveren a large Belgian breed of fur rabbits, blue, lilac, black, brown, or white with a dense, silky coat of short (1–1.5 in) fur, a pronounced Roman nose, big ears and a broad muzzle.

• bevy a flock of birds.

• bezoar [be´zor] a mass formed in the stomach by compaction of repeatedly ingested material that does not pass into the intestine. See also phytobezoar, trichobezoar.

• Bezold–Jarisch reflex [bāt´sōlt yah´rish] reflex cardiac slowing, hypotension and apnea caused by intravenous injection of veratrine, nicotine, and some antihistamines.

• BFU-E burst forming unit-erythroid.

• BGP bone gamma carboxyglutamate protein; osteocalcin.

• Bh chemical symbol, bohrium.

• Bhalfilaria ladamii the only species in the genus Bhalfilaria which is in the family Filariidae. Found in the heart of chickens in some parts of India. Currently considered a species inquirenda.

• BHC see benzene hexachloride.

• Bhotia pony Indian mountain riding and pack pony, white or bay; similar to Tibetan pony.

• BHP blood hydrostatic pressure; the pressure exerted on the wall of blood vessels by the combined weight of blood cells and plasma in the capillaries.

• BHS beta-hemolytic streptococci.

• Bibersteinia a genus of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria related to the genera Pasteurella and Mannheimia, in which members of this genus were previously classified.

  • B. trehalosi cause of septicemia and pneumonia in older lambs and goats. Previously classified as Mannheimia haemolytica biotype T and Pasteurella trehalosi.

• BHV2 bovine herpesvirus-2.

• Bi chemical symbol, bismuth.

• bi- word element. [L.] two, twice or double.

• bi syndromebi in acupuncture terminology means obstruction; it may be wandering, painful, fixed, febrile. Most musculoskeletal disorders are grouped into one of the several bi syndromes as a guide to selection of acupuncture points.

• biangled tube an x-ray tube with a rotating anode in which the surface of the anode disk has two target surfaces which are at different angles to the electron beam.

• biarticular [bi″ahr-tik´u-l r] affecting two joints, especially with reference to a muscle acting over two joints.

• biarticulate [bi″ahr-tik´u-lāt] having two joints.

• bias [bi´ s] any systematic error in the design, conduct or analysis of a study which results in estimates which depart from true values. An unbiased study is free from systematic error. Many types of bias have been named, but three general types can be identified, selection bias, information bias and confounding. Selection bias is a systematic error in a study caused by the individuals selected into the study being different from the entire target population in an important way. See also Berkson’s bias. Similar to sampling bias where a nonrandom sample of a population does not allow all members of the population to have an equal chance of being selected. Information bias is a systematic error in a study caused by errors in the data which are collected in the study, or in the analysis of the data.

• bib [bib] the ruff or longer hair around the chest area in some breeds of cats.

• bible meatworkers’ name for omasum.

• bicameral [bi-kam´r- l] having two chambers or cavities.

• bicapsular [bi-kap´su-l r] having two capsules.

• bicarbonate [bi-kahr´b -nāt] any salt containing the HCO₃ ⁻ anion.

  • blood b. the bicarbonate of the blood plasma, an important parameter of acid–base balance measured in blood gas analysis. Called also plasma bicarbonate.
  • b. buffering major body buffering system in acid–base balance.
  • plasma b. see blood bicarbonate (above).
  • b. of soda sodium bicarbonate. See milk shake.
  • standard b. in blood gas analysis, this is the plasma concentration of bicarbonate, under specified conditions, which eliminates the influence of respiration on the values obtained.

• bicaudal, bicaudate [bi-kaw´d l] having two tails.

• Bicaulus [bi-sef´-l s] a genus of nematode worms in the family Protostrongylidae. Now included in the genus Varestrongylus. Includes B. sagitattus and B. schulzi (sheep, goat, and deer; lungs).

• bicellular [bi-sel´u-l r] made up of two cells.

• bicephalus dicephalus.

• biceps [bi´seps] a muscle having two heads. There is a biceps muscle in both fore- and hindlimbs. See Table 12. See also bicipital.

  • b. brachii a large biarticular fusiform muscle lying on the cranial surface of the humerus. Its function is to flex the elbow and integrate the actions of the shoulder and elbow joints. A medial displacement of the tendon of origin has been reported in dogs, causing a weight-bearing lameness. See Table 12.
  • b. femoris a large polyarticuclar muscle of the caudolateral part of the thigh. Its function is to extend the hindlimb when propelling the body, during rearing or kicking. All of the joints are affected except those of the digit. See Table 12. Rupture of the muscle causes acute hindlimb lameness in cattle. Resembles an intermittent upward fixation of the patella, with extension of the stifle and hock.
  • b. reflex is elicited in dogs by striking a finger placed on the biceps tendon on the craniomedial aspect of the elbow. An active reflex indicates intact spinal cord segments and nerve roots C6–8 and musculocutaneous nerve. It becomes exaggerated in disease of the upper motor neuron and reduced in disease of the lower motor neurons originating in these spinal cord segments.
  • b. tendon ossification rare cause of lameness in the horse. Radiographically and ultrasonographically apparent.
  • b. tendonitis causes lameness in dogs. See bicipital tenosynovitis.

• bichloride [bi-klor´īd] dichloride; a chloride containing two equivalents of chlorine.

• Bichon frise a small lively dog with a fine, silky, white coat that forms soft corkscrew curls, giving a fluffy appearance. The plumed tail is carried over the back and the topknot gives a rounded appearance to the head. The overall powder puff appearance is enhanced by trimming.

• bicipital [bi-sip´ľ-t l] having two heads; pertaining to a biceps muscle.

  • b. bursa the bursa between the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle and the bicipital groove of the humerus. See also intertuberal bursa.
  • b. bursitis inflammation of the bicipital bursa over the point of the shoulder where the tendon of the biceps bends over the humerus. Usually follows trauma and is characterized by a reduced stride, circumduction and dropped elbow. Forced extension of the limb and deep palpation of the joint causes pain.
  • b. tendon tendon of the biceps muscle.
  • b. tenosynovitis inflammation of the bicipital tendon and its sheath; characterized by shoulder lameness and sometimes calcification of the tendon and osteophytes in the intertubercular groove are observed on x-rays.
  • b. tendinopathy See bicipital tenosynovitis (above).

• bicolor [bi′kul″ r] a coat color of two colors. In dogs, usually black with tan markings but may be other combinations such as ticking on a white background. In cats, more than two spots of color on the body, either white and one basic color, or white with one tabby color.

• biconcave [bi″kon-kāv´] having two concave surfaces.

• biconvex [bi″kon-veks´] having two convex surfaces.

• bicornate, bicornuate, bicornual [bi-kor´nāt, bi-kor´nu-āt] having two horns or cornua, e.g., bicornuate uterus.

• bicorporate [bi-kor´p -r t] having two bodies.

• bicozamycin an antibacterial drug used to treat enteric and respiratory diseases in cattle and septicemia in fish; also called bicyclomycin.

• bicuspid [bi-kus´pid] 1. having two cusps. 2. bicuspid (mitral) valve. 3. in humans, a premolar tooth.

• b.i.d. [L.] bis in die (twice a day). Used in prescriptions and medical records to indicate the frequency of administration, twice a day or every 12 hours; also abbreviated q12h, b.d., or BD.

• Bidder’s organ a vestigial ovary located anterior to the testes in male toads. Environmental and physiologic influences enable the male to become female.

• Bidens frondosa a North American plant in the Asteraceae family; may cause nitrate-nitrite poisoning in ruminants because of a high content of nitrate. Called also beggar tick.

• biduous lasting 2 days.

• Biebrich scarlet see scarlet red.

• Bier technique [byār] intravenous injection of a local anesthetic into a portion of the body isolated by a tourniquet, e.g. a distal limb, to anesthetize sensory motor nerves to the whole area. Called also intravenous regional anesthesia.

• bietou plants capable of causing cyanide poisoning in livestock. See Osteospermum.

  • karoo b.Dimorphotheca cuneata. See also Osteospermum.
  • large b.Dimorphotheca acuneata. See also Osteospermum.
  • Transvaal b. see Castalis spectabilis.

• Biewer terrier a recently recognized breed, developed from a piebald variant of Yorkshire terriers, which it resembles. It is very small (up to 7 lb) with a tricolored, long flowing silky coat.

• bifid [bi´fid] cleft into two parts or branches.

• Bifidobacterium [bi″fid-o-bak-tēr´e- m] a genus of gram-positive obligately anaerobic lactobacilli commonly occurring in the feces.

• biforate [bi-for´āt] having two perforations or foramina.

• bifunctional enzyme [bi-funk′sh n- l] an enzyme containing two distinct catalytic capacities in the same polypeptide chain, e.g. phosphofructokinase II and fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, which controls the concentration of fructose-2,6-bisP, the major allosteric regulator of glycolysis (+ve) and gluconeogenesis (–ve).

• bifurcate [bi-fur´kāt] divided into two branches.

• bifurcation [bi″f r-ka´sh n] 1. a division into two branches. 2. the point at which division into two branches occurs.

  • tracheal b. termination of the trachea, where it divides into two principal bronchi.

  B-23:

  

  Ventricular bigeminy (cat). Note that normal complexes (the odd numbered complexes) alternate with ventricular premature complexes.

• big-dog little-dog syndrome injuries, often severe, incurred by small dogs when attacked by large dogs that pick them up by the neck or trunk and shake them violently.

• big kidney, little kidney syndrome a form of chronic kidney disease in cats in which there are clinical findings of both acute and chronic disease. One ureter becomes obstructed, most commonly from ureterolithiasis, resulting in a shrunken, nonfunctional, fibrotic kidney and compensatory hypertrophy of the other kidney. When the ureter of the hypertrophied kidney later obstructs, the cat is presented with clinical signs of acute kidney injury. Palpation detects one large (hypertrophied) kidney and one small, irregular kidney.

• big-knee see caprine arthritis–encephalitis.

• big liver and spleen disease affected chickens have anemia, premature molting, and a drop in egg production. An enlarged spleen and liver are found at postmortem examination. Called also hepatitis splenomegaly syndrome. Caused by avian hepatitis E virus, see HEV

• Bigelowia rusbeyi Haplopappusheterophyllus.

• bigeminy [bi-jem´ľ-ne] the condition of occurring in twos, especially the occurrence of two pulse beats in rapid succession.

• ventricular b. an electrocardiographic tracing showing the pairing of sinus beat and a ventricular premature contraction.

• bighead [big´hed] a general swelling of the head.

  • equine b. see osteodystrophia fibrosa.
  • ovine b. a form of malignant edema due to Clostridium novyi in rams, usually the result of fighting. Called also swelled head.
  • yellow b. a syndrome of photosensitive dermatitis, causing edema of the ears and face, and a concurrent jaundice in sheep. Usually found in association with poisoning with millet or other Panicum spp. grasses, or Tribulus terrestris; called also geeldikkop, dikoor.
• Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) a tall, heavy, wild sheep that lives in inaccessible mountain country of North America where it exercises its principal achievement of prodigious leaping and climbing. They have very large horns and specialized anatomical structures to support the head and neck during the horn-to-horn combat of males in the rutting season. There are three subspecies.

  • B. s. pneumonia polymicrobial bronchopneumonia, initiated by Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, which is commonly carried by both domestic sheep and goats. Outbreaks are associated with contact with domestic sheep, and once introduced, M. ovipneumoniae can persist in bighorn sheep populations and carrier females may transmit the pathogen to their susceptible lambs, triggering fatal pneumonia outbreaks. The disease has contributed significantly to the historical decline in bighorn sheep populations and impedes population recovery bigleg see sporadic lymphangitis.

• biglycan [bi-gli´kan] a small chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan found in mineralized bone. An important structural component of articular cartilage. Participates in the assembly of the chondrocyte extracellular matrix via interaction with type IV collagen.

• biguanides [bi-gwah´nīdz] a class of disinfectants, the most common one being chlorhexidine.

• bike see sulky.

• Bikukulla see Dicentra.

• bilateral [bi-lat´r- l] having two sides; pertaining to both sides.

• bilayer [bi´la- r] a membrane layer two molecules thick.

  • phospholipid b. a structure containing two layers of phospholipid molecules that is the basic structural unit of all biological membranes. See also phospholipid bilayer.

• bilby a small, nocturnal and omnivorous marsupial (Macrotis spp.) in the Family Thylacomydae, found only in some desert areas of Australia. They have very long ears, a long snout and are about the size of a rabbit; strong diggers, forming extensive burrow systems Unlike other marsupials, they form a small chorioallantoic placenta. Closely related to the bandicoot. A threatened species with one living species in the genus, the greater bilby (M. lagotis), it is also known as the dalgyte or rabbit-eared bandicoot. In local culture, adopted in chocolate form as an indigenous substitute for the Easter bunny.

• bile [bīl] a clear yellow, orange or green fluid produced by the liver. It is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder and is released into the small intestine via the bile duct when needed for digestion. Some mammals, notably the horse, lack a gallbladder, and in these animals bile secretion is continuous. Bile helps in alkalinizing the intestinal contents and plays a role in the digestion and absorption of fat; its chief constituents are conjugated bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipid, bilirubin and electrolytes. See also bile duct, biliary.

  • b. acids steroid acids derived from cholesterol; classified as primary (those synthesized in the liver, e.g., cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid) and secondary (those produced from primary bile acids by intestinal bacteria and returned to the liver by enterohepatic circulation, e.g. deoxycholic and lithocholic acid).
  • b. acid assay measurement of bile acids assesses biliary excretion, portal circulation and hepatic function. Paired serum samples, before and 2 hours after feeding, is a test used in dogs and cats in the diagnosis of portacaval shunts, which are detected by an exaggerated increase in the concentration of bile acids in postprandial serum (bile acid challenge test).
  • b. canaliculi formed between adjacent hepatocytes, these are the smallest components of the biliary system; they open into bile ductules (canals of Hering) b. lake microscopically visible accumulations of bile in canaliculi between hepatocytes. May be seen in obstructive or hemolytic jaundice.
  • b. passages bile canaliculi drain into bile ductules and interlobular ducts. These unite to form a series of hepatic ducts that carry the bile to the porta where they unite to form the common hepatic duct. This duct receives a cystic duct from the gallbladder (absent in the horse) and thence becomes the bile duct.
  • b. pigments colored compounds produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile. The two most common are bilirubin (orange/yellow) and its oxidized product biliverdin (green).
  • b. reflux usually refers to movement of bile from the duodenum into the stomach where it may alter the gastric mucosal barrier causing gastritis and ulceration.
  • b. salts salts of bile acids. See taurocholate, chenodeoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid.
  • white b. 1. pale bile that contains less bile pigment as a result of intrahepatic cholestasis, e.g., Lantana poisoning in ruminants. 2. bile trapped in obstructed system for a long period and from which pigments have been resorbed. It may contain a higher than usual proportion of mucin.
  • white b. syndrome fluid and mucus, lacking bile pigments, found in the gallbladder of cats with cholangiohepatitis and severe intrahepatic bile sludging.
• bile duct [bīl] generally, any of the biliary passages. Specifically the terminal segment of the biliary tree extending from the union of the common hepatic duct and cystic duct to the major duodenal papilla. See also bile passages.

  • b. d. atresia congenital discontinuity of bile ducts, causing biliary cysts if localized, and icterus and fat malabsorption if common ducts are involved. Occurs rarely in kittens and puppies.
  • b. d. calculi see cholelithiasis.
  • b. d. carcinoma see cholangiocellular carcinoma.
  • b. d. cysts occur in all species and are probably derived from occluded or atretic embryonic bile ducts.
  • b. d. ductules small linking vessels connecting bile canaliculi with bile ducts. See also canals of Hering.
  • b. d. fibrosis proliferation of fibroblasts with collagen deposition about bile ducts in hepatic portal triads as a result of chronic cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis. See also portal fibrosis.
  • b. d. hyperplasia proliferation of bile ducts and ductules in hepatic portal triads as a result of chronic cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis. Of infectious or chemical origin; usually accompanied by some degree of portal fibrosis.
  • b. d. inflammation see cholangiohepatitis.
  • b. d. obstruction see biliary obstruction.
  • b. d. proliferation see bile duct hyperplasia (above).
  • b. d. radiology see cholangiography.
  • b. d. rupture/perforation most ruptures are traumatic and result in leakage of bile into the peritoneal cavity. See also biliary peritonitis.
  • b. d. tumors see cholangiocellular tumors.

• bilharziasis [bil″hahr-zi´ -sis] see schistosomiasis.

• Bilharziella a genus of the family Schistosomatidae.

  • B. polonica a trematode parasite found in the abdominal blood vessels of ducks.

• bilharziosis [bil-hahr″ze-o´sis] see schistosomiasis.

• bili- word element. [L.] relationship to bile.

• biliary [bil´e-ar-e] pertaining to the bile, to the bile ducts, or to the gallbladder. See also bile duct.

  • b. excretion removal in the bile of substances including drugs, toxins, hormones or pigments, or their breakdown products. These are delivered to the duodenum and removed in the feces.
  • b. fever see babesiosis.
  • b. fibrosis one of the three forms of hepatic fibrosis; largely confined to the portal triads; see also bile duct fibrosis, portal fibrosis.
  • b. infarct areas of segmental hepatic fibrosis that is subtended by obstructed bile ducts.
  • interlobular b. duct see bile passages.
  • b. obstruction obstruction of bile ducts may be intra- or extrahepatic, by intraluminal blockage (calculi) or by external compression by tumor mass or cicatricial contraction. Jaundice (icterus) is the outstanding clinical sign of the condition. See also cholestasis.
  • b. salts see bile salt.
  • b. stones see cholelithiasis.
  • b. tract the organs, ducts, etc., participating in secretion (the liver), storage (the gallbladder, if present), and delivery (hepatic and bile ducts) of bile into the duodenum. See also bile passages.

• biligenesis [bil″ľ-jen´ -sis] production of bile.

• biligenic [bil″ľ-jen´ik] producing bile.

• bililith gallstone.

• bililithiasis see cholelithiasis.

• bilious vomiting syndrome [bil´y s] duodenogastric reflux of bile; early morning vomiting in dogs, believed to be due to a mild gastritis caused by reflux of bile during sleep.

• biliousness [bil´y s-nis] a symptom complex in humans comprising nausea, abdominal discomfort, headache, and constipation, formerly attributed to excessive bile secretion.

• biliprotein [bil″ľ-pro′tēn] the conjugated bilirubin-protein complex. Called also delta-bilirubin. A group of green chromoproteins found in insects, algae, and eggshells which are derived from the bile pigment biliverdin.

• bilirachia [bil″ľ-ra´ke- ] the presence of bile pigments in the spinal fluid.

• bilirubin [bil″ľ-roo´bin] an orange bile pigment produced by the breakdown of heme and reduction of biliverdin; it normally circulates in plasma and is taken up by liver cells and conjugated to form bilirubin diglucuronide, the water-soluble pigment excreted in the bile. Failure of the liver cells to excrete bile, or obstruction of the bile ducts, can cause an increased amount of bilirubin in the body fluids and thus lead to obstructive or regurgitation jaundice. Another type of jaundice results from excessive destruction of erythrocytes (hemolytic or retention jaundice). The more rapid the destruction of red blood cells and the degradation of hemoglobin, the greater the amount of bilirubin in the body fluids. Most bilirubin is excreted in the feces. A small amount is excreted in the urine as urobilinogen.

  • conjugated b. bilirubin that has been conjugated, mainly to glucuronic acid, in the liver; called also direct bilirubin. High blood concentrations indicate obstructive cholestasis or hepatocellular dysfunction.
  • delta b. see biliprotein.
  • direct b. conjugated b.
  • free b. see unconjugated bilirubin (below).
  • indirect b. unconjugated bilirubin.
  • total b. the sum of all three forms of bilirubin in the blood: unconjugated, conjugated, and delta (biliprotein).
  • b. toxicity see kernicterus.
  • unconjugated b. bilirubin that has not been conjugated in the liver. A high concentration of it in the blood is indicative of hemolysis or a lack of bilirubin clearance by the liver. Called also free bilirubin, indirect bilirubin.
  • urine b. see bilirubinuria.

• bilirubinemia [bil″ľ-roo″bľ-ne´me- ] the presence of bilirubin in the blood.

• bilirubinuria [bil″ľ-roo″bľ-nu´re- ] the presence of bilirubin in the urine. In most species this is in the conjugated form. Not normally found in the horse, sheep, pig, and cat, but the tubular resorptive capacity in dogs is low, so traces of bilirubin are commonly found. Increased amounts are usually indicative of hepatic disease, intra- or extrahepatic biliary obstruction.

• biliuria [bil″ľ-u´re- ] choluria.

• biliverdin [bil″ľ-vur´din] a green bile pigment formed by catabolism of the heme moiety of hemoglobin and converted to bilirubin in the liver. Responsible for the greenish color sometimes seen in bruises.

  B-24:

  

  Bilirubinuria in a foal with Tyzzer’s disease.

• bill [bil] see beak.

• Billroth anastomosis [bil´rōt] see gastroduodenal anastomosis.

• billy adult male goat.

• bilobate [bi-lo´bāt] having two lobes.

• bilobed having two lobes.

• bilobular [bi-lob´u-l r] having two lobules.

• bilocular [bi-lok´u-l r] having two compartments.

• biloma [bi-lo´-m ] an encapsulated collection of bile in the peritoneal cavity.

• bimastoid [bi-mas´toid] pertaining to two or both mastoid processes.

• bimodal distribution [bi-mo´d l] a distribution with two peaks separated by a region of low frequency of observations.

• binaural [bi-naw´r l] pertaining to both ears.

• binauricular [bi″naw-rik´u-l r] pertaining to both auricles of the ears.

• binder [bīnd´ r] 1. a girdle or large bandage for support of the abdomen. 2. fibers in a wool fleece that bind the staples together; absence of them produces a locky fleece.

• binding [bīnd´ing] 1. holding separate units together. 2. in meat hygiene terms, the capacity to absorb and retain water.

  • b. element a specific sequence in DNA, usually less than 10 nucleotides, to which a particular protein binds; the tertiary structure of the sequence also influences the binding.
  • b. quality a measurement of the binding capacity of a sample, e.g., of meat.
  • b. test is used to measure amounts of antigen or antibody by measuring the amount to which it is bound in an immune complex either directly (primary), after separation by precipitation, agglutination or complement fixation (secondary) or the in vivo effects (tertiary).

• binding out [bīnd´ing] in contracts between partners or between principals and assistants in practices these are clauses that bind one or other of the parties to refrain from practicing in the practice area for a specified time if they should opt out of the partnership. Seldom enforceable.

• Bingley terrier an early name for the Airedale terrier; taken from the name of a market town in Yorkshire, England.

• binking playful jumping and running exhibited by rabbits.

• binocular [bľ-nok´u-l r] 1. pertaining to both eyes. 2. having two eyepieces, as in a microscope.

  • b. field the field of vision, simultaneously received by both eyes. Varies among animal species, depending on the placement of the eyes in the skull (cat 140°, dog and horse 60–70°)
• binomial [bi-no´me- l] composed of two terms, e.g., names of organisms formed by combination of genus and species names.

  • b. distribution categorization of a group into two mutually exclusive subgroups, e.g., sick and not sick.
  • b. population a population that can be divided into a binomial distribution.

• binotic [bin-ot´ik] see binaural.

• binovular [bin-ov´u-l r] pertaining to or derived from two distinct ova.

• binturong (Arctictis binturong) slow-moving, omnivorous, primarily arboreal animal in the family Viverridae, native to Southeast Asia. It is small to medium sized with thick, black hair and a prehensile tail. It is sometimes kept as a pet. Called also bearcat.

• binuclear [bi-noo´kle- r] having two nuclei.

• binucleation [bi″noo-kle-a´sh n] formation of two nuclei within a cell through division of the nucleus without division of the cytoplasm.

• binucleolate [bi-noo-kle´o-lāt] having two nucleoli.

• bio- word element. [Gr.] life, living.

• bioaccumulation [bi″o- ku″mu-la´sh n] process producing an increase in the concentration of chemicals (usually toxins) in the tissues of organisms with each increase in the trophic level in the food chain. Examples include chlorinated hydrocarbons which reach their greatest concentrations in predatory birds and pelicans, and ciguatera in which the toxins are concentrated in large predatory fish such as groupers, barracudas, and mackerel.

• bioacoustics [bi″o- -koo´stiks] the science dealing with the communicating sounds made by animals.

• bioactive [bi″o-ak´tiv] having an effect on or eliciting a response from living tissue.

  • b. food components constituents in foods or dietary supplements, other than those needed to meet basic nutritional needs, that are responsible for changes in health status.

• bioaeration [bi″o-ār-a′sh n] a modification of the activated sludge method of purifying sewage.

• bioamine [bi´o- -mēn″] biogenic amine.

• bioaminergic [bi″o-am″in-ur´jik] of or pertaining to neurons that secrete biogenic amines.

• bioassay [bi″o-as´a] determination of the active power of a drug sample by comparing its effects on a live animal or an isolated organ preparation with those of a reference standard.

• bioavailability [bi″o- -vāl″ -bil´ľ-te] the degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration.

• biobullet a technique and equipment for vaccinating or medicating animals without catching them. Consists of hollow bullets which are discharged from a ‘gun’. Typically used for wild animals for delivering vaccines or hormonal implants, can also be used to deliver various other medications, and sometimes used for treating livestock.

• biochanin A the 4-methyl ether of genistein, an estrogenic substance found in rye grasses and clovers.

• biochemical oxygen demand [bi″o-kem´ľ-k l] the amount of oxygen required in a specified period to decompose organic matter at a temperature of 68°F (20°C). Used to assess sewage effluent. Called also BOD.

• biochemistry [bi″o-kem´is-tre] the chemistry of living organisms and of their chemical constituents and vital processes.

• biocidal [bi″o-si´d l] destructive to living organisms.

• biocide [bi´o-sīd] destructive to organisms including bacteria (bactericide), fungi (fungicide), amebae (amebicide), viruses (virucide).

• bioclimatogram a graph representing the sum of two climatic variables, e.g., temperature, rainfall for a particular geographical locality for a specified period, with measurements taken at regular intervals, usually monthly. The common usage is to superimpose biological data, such as insect vectors counts, fungal spore counts on pasture, on the graph.

• bioclimatology [bi″o-kli″m -tol´ -je] the science devoted to the study of the effects on living organisms of conditions of the natural environment (rainfall, daylight, temperature, air movement) prevailing in specific regions of the earth. See also biometeorology.

• biocompatibility [bi″o-kom-pat″ľ-bil´ľ-te] the quality of not having toxic or injurious effects on biological systems.

• biodegradable [bi″o-de-grād´-b l] susceptible to degradation by biological processes, as by bacterial or other enzymatic action.

• biodegradation [bi″o-deg″r -da´sh n] the series of processes by which living systems render chemicals less noxious to the environment.

• biodynamics [bi″o-di-nam´iks] the scientific study of the nature and determinants of the behavior of all organisms, including humans.

  • b. agriculture an advanced form of organic agriculture claiming an holistic, ecological, and ethical approach to agriculture by treating animals crops and soil as a single system and using lunar and solar rhythms and incantations and ritual substances to influence production.
  • bioelectrical impedance analysis determines the electrical impedance, or opposition to the flow of an electric current through body tissues, which can then be used to estimate total body water (TBW).

• bioelectricity [bi″o-e″lek-tris´ľ-te] the electrical phenomena that appear in living tissues, as that generated by muscle and nerve.

• bioenergetics [bi″o-en″ r-jet´iks] section of biochemistry concerned with the study of energy relationships and energy transformations in living organisms.

• bioengineering the application of engineering principles to medicine and biology with the aim of improving both diagnosis and therapy in health care. Examples include the development of biocompatible prostheses and clinical equipment such as MRIs and ECGs, tissue engineered organs and the engineering of bacteria to produce chemicals.

• bioenergetic medicine [bi″o-en″ r-jet´ik] an alternative medicine system which uses energetic frequencies for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease. It includes acupuncture, homeopathy, lasers and magnetic field therapy.

• bioequivalence [bi″o-e-kwiv´-l ns] the relationship between two preparations of the same drug in the same dosage form that have a similar bioavailability.

• biofilm [bi´o-film″] a structured community of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced polymeric matrix and adherent to an inert or living surface, such as slime and dental plaque. Allows survival in a hostile environment and results in greater resistance to antibiotics, disinfectants and clearance by host defense mechanisms. Because of their aggregate size, biofilms are not susceptible to macrophage phagocytosis. Important in the persistence of organisms such as Listeria monocytogenes in dairy plant equipment and in the genesis of persistent infections such as chronic mastitis.

  • b. associated proteins (BAP) a novel family of proteins which are important for biofilm formation by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

• biogenesis [bi″o-j n′ -sis] 1. origin of life, or of living organisms. 2. the theory that living organisms originate only from other living organisms.

• biogenic [bi″o-jen´ik] having the property of originating in a biological process.

  • b. amine an amine neurotransmitter, such as epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), serotonin or dopamine.
  • endogenous b. amines occur naturally in the body, e.g., epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

• biogeography [bi″o-je-og´r -fe] scientific study of the geographic distribution of living organisms.

• bioglass [bi´o-glas] a glass-ceramic biomaterial used for implants.

• bioimplant [bi″o-im´plant] denoting a prosthesis made of biological material.

• bioinformatics [bi″o-in″for-mat´iks] a scientific discipline in which information technology is applied to molecular biology in order to characterize living organisms at the molecular level.

• biokinematics [bi″o-kin″ -mat′iks] the study of the movements of the animal body. See also biokinetics.

• biokinetics [bi″o-kľ-net´iks] 1. the study of the forces involved in movements of the body; the motions caused by the operation of an unbalanced system of forces. 2. the science of the movement of tissue and related phenomena that occur during the development of organisms.

• biolistics the use of DNA-coated pellets, fired at high speed by use of a pressurized gun (gene gun), to place DNA into plant and animal cells.

• biologic, biological [bi-o-loj´ik, bi-o-loj´ľ-k l] 1. pertaining to biology. 2. a medicinal preparation made from living organisms and their products; these include serums, vaccines, etc.

  • b. clock the physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological and behavioral phenomena in living organisms. See also biological rhythm.
  • b. control control of a parasite by making use of its natural enemies, especially other pests. The target may also be a vector or a reservoir for infection.
  • b. data usually comprise a list of vital statistics about an animal or plant species, recording such things as preferred growth medium, temperature and humidity and details of the internal milieu including blood pH, normal blood electrolytes and the like.
  • b. environment includes the influence of all biological factors such as warmth, moisture, and humidity, but also the plant ecosystem in which the animal lives and the associated populations of vertebrates and invertebrates that may compete for food and space, and may also act as reservoirs for infectious diseases.
  • b. filters are used for the treatment of sewage effluent. They comprise a column or layer of stones or plastic pieces which become covered with bacteria that degrade the organic matter in the effluent as it filters through.
  • b. response modifiers therapeutic agents used to increase or optimize immune responses. Includes immunomodulators, immunoaugmentators, immunoadjuvants, immunostimulators, and immunopotentiators.
  • b. significance is an estimate of the biological importance of a statistical or apparent causal association between two variables, e.g. feed supply and the occurrence of bovine ketosis. The estimation takes into account the possible biological relationship between the two; an estimate of statistical significance would take only the mathematical relationship into account.
  • b. value (BV) relationship between the amount of nutrient absorbed and the amount utilized by the body. Expressed as a percentage. Called also BV.

• biologist [bi-ol´ -jist] a specialist in biology.

• biology [bi-ol´ -je] scientific study of living organisms. See also biologic.

  • radiation b. scientific study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms.

• bioluminescence [bi″o-loo″mľ-nes´ ns] chemoluminescence occurring in living cells.

• biomarker [bi´o-mahr″k r] a biological substance or property used as an indirect indicator of normal or abnormal processes in the body, which includes the diagnosis or progression of disease and response to treatment.

• biomass [bi´o-mas] the amount or entire assemblage of living organisms of a particular region, considered collectively.

• biomaterial [bi″o-m -tēr-e- l] a nonviable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems. Includes both fixed tissues and synthetic materials, including metals, ceramics, and polymers. See also biological implant.

• biome [bi´ōm] a large, distinct, easily differentiated community of organisms in a major ecological region.

• biomechanical therapy [bi″o-m -kan′ľ-k l] includes massage and spinal manipulation.

• biomechanics [bi″o-m -kan´iks] the application of mechanical laws to living structures.

• biomedicine [bi″o-med´ľ-sin] clinical medicine based on the principles of the natural sciences (e.g., biology, biochemistry, biophysics).

• biomembrane [bi″o-mem´brān] any membrane, e.g., the cell membrane, of an organism.

• biometeorology [bi″o-me″te-or-ol´ -je] that branch of epidemiology that deals with the effects of physical environmental factors such as rate of air exchange, barometric pressure, rainfall, and humidity on living organisms.

• biometrics, biometry [bi″o-met´riks, bi-om´ -tre] the application of statistical methods to biological data.

• biomicroscope [bi″o-mi´kr -skōp] a microscope for examining living tissue in the body. See also slit lamp.

• biomicroscopy [bi″o-mi-kros´k -pe] microscopic examination of living tissue in the body.

• biomolecule [bi″o-mol´ -kūl] a molecule produced by living cells, e.g., a protein, carbohydrate, lipid or nucleic acid.

• bionecrosis [bi″o-n -kro´sis] see necrobiosis.

• bionics [bi-on´iks] scientific study of functions, characteristics and phenomena observed in the living world, and application of knowledge gained to nonliving systems.

• biophase the period during which a therapeutically effective concentration of a drug is maintained in the vicinity of its site of action.

  • biophasic pertaining to the biophase of a drug.
  • b. availability the characteristic of a drug that determines its biophase.
  • b. concentration the concentration of a drug at the site at which it exerts its therapeutic effect, that is in the immediate vicinity of its receptor site.

• biophysics [bi-o-fiz´iks] the science dealing with the application of physical methods and theories to biological problems.

• biophysiology [bi″o-fiz-e-ol´ -je] that portion of biology including organogenesis, morphology and physiology.

• bioplasm [bi´o-plaz″ m] see plasmogen.

• biopolymer [bi″o-pol´ľ-m r] any polymer produced by a living organism. Polynucleotides (nucleic acids), polypeptides (proteins), and poly2saccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen) fall into this category.

• biopsy [bi´op-se] sample of tissue removed from the living body for examination, usually microscopic. Biopsies are usually taken to determine whether a tumor is malignant or benign; however, a biopsy may be a useful diagnostic aid in other disease processes such as infections.

  • aspiration b. biopsy in which tissue, or fluid containing cells, is obtained by application of suction or capillary action through a needle attached to a syringe. The aspirate is usually smeared onto a microscope slide for cytological examination, but tissue fragments may be histologically processed. See also bone marrow biopsy (below).
  • bite b. instrumental removal of a fragment of tissue. See endoscopic biopsy (below).
  • bone marrow b. sample of bone marrow, usually obtained by needle aspiration, from a long bone, rib or sternum, for cytological or histological examination. See aspiration biopsy (above) and sternal biopsy (below).

    B-25:

    

    Needle aspiration of bone marrow.

  • brush b. cells and tissue fragments obtained using a brush with stiff bristles (introduced through an endoscope). Allows retrieval of tissue samples from inaccessible places such as the renal pelvis.
  • closed b. one obtained without access through an open incision such as a laparotomy. An example is a percutaneous, fine needle aspirate.
  • cone b. biopsy in which an inverted cone of tissue is excised, as from the uterine cervix.
  • cytological b. specimen of cells by of a tubular organ obtained by various methods including irrigation.
  • b. dart an alternative to immobilization of large and wild animals; a dart that cuts a skin biopsy, then falls out. Useful for DNA sampling.
  • endoscopic b. tissue removed with appropriate instruments with the visual aid of an endoscope.
  • excisional b. biopsy of tissue removed from the body by surgical resection, usually of the entire lesion with a margin of normal tissue.
  • exploratory b. a combination of exploratory surgery and biopsy to determine size and location of a lesion.
  • fine needle b. see needle biopsy (below).
  • hepatic b. biospy taken of the liver which may be by transperitoneal incision, more commonly by percutaneous needle or trocar and cannula technique.
  • incisional b. biopsy of a selected portion of a lesion after surgical incision. The procedure usually only removes a portion of the mass.
  • needle b. biopsy in which the tissue sample is obtained by passing a fairly large bore, thin-walled needle into the tissue and detaching the sample by a combination of suction and rotation. A special needle is usually used; see Tru-Cut biopsy needle.
  • punch b. see punch biopsy, trephine.
  • Robson–Heggers b. a procedure for the collection of a piece of tissue from an infected wound in order to determine the extent and the nature of the infection.
  • sternal b. biopsy of bone marrow of the sternum removed by puncture or trephining. See also sternal puncture. Used most often in horses.
  • surface b. sample of cells scraped from the surface of a lesion or obtained by impression smears.
  • surgical b. one obtained during a surgical procedure, usually excisional.
  • synovial b. by a needle biopsy technique or through an arthrotomy incision using special forceps for a bite biopsy of the synovial lining of a joint.
  • total b. see excisional biopsy (above).
  • ultrasound-guided b. use of ultrasonography to guide the passage of a needle or biopsy instrument into an internal organ or lesion.
  • wedge b. one obtained during a surgical procedure in which a wedge-shaped piece of tissue is removed from the lesion, usually with the aid of a scalpel.

• bioptome [bi´op-tōm″] a cutting instrument for taking biopsy specimens.

• bioreactor a container in which living organisms carry out a biological reaction.

• bioreversible [bi″o-re-vur´sľ-b l] capable of being changed back to the original chemical form by processes within the organism; the term is used to describe some drugs.

• biorhythm [bi´o-rith- m] see biological rhythm.

• biosafety [bi″o-sāf´te] the safe handling of biological materials, particularly infectious agents, which are classified on the basis of degree of risk to humans working with them and includes definition of biosafety levels for handling such agents. Level 1, standard microbiological practices; Level 2, Level 1 plus laboratory coats, decontamination of waste, restricted access, gloves, biohazard warning signs; Level 3, Level 2 practices plus special clothing and controlled access; Level 4, Level 3 practices plus change room access where all street clothing and accessories are removed and replaced with laboratory clothing or special half or full suits with independent air supply; all waste is decontaminated and personnel shower on exit.

  

  B-26:

• bioscience [bi″o-si´ens] the study of biology wherein all the applicable sciences (physics, chemistry, etc.) are applied.

• biosecurity security from transmission or introduction of infectious diseases, parasites, and pests.

• biosphere [bi´o-sfēr] 1. that part of the universe in which living organisms are known to exist, comprising the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. 2. the sphere of action between an organism and its environment.

• biostatics [bi″o-stat´iks] the science of the structure of organisms in relation to their function.

• biostatistics [bi″o-st -tis´tiks] vital statistics.

• biosynthesis [bi″o-sin´th -sis] creation of a compound by physiological processes in a living organism.

• Biot’s respirations [byo] a type of respiration associated with spinal meningitis and other central nervous system disorders; respirations are faster and deeper than normal, interspersed with abrupt pauses in breathing.

• biota [bi-o´t ] all the living organisms of a particular area; the combined flora and fauna of a region.

• biotechnology [bi″o-tek-nol´ -je] the application for industrial purposes of scientific, biological principles. Examples include the use of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering to manufacture a wide variety of biologically useful substances such as vaccines and hormones by expression of cloned genes in various host cell systems including bacteria, yeast and insect cells.

• Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) provides government funding for basic and strategic research in the UK. Formed in 1994 by incorporation of the former Agricultural and Food Research Council with the biotechnology and biological sciences programs of the former Science and Engineering Research Council.

• biotelemetry [bi″o-t -lem´ -tre] the recording and measuring of certain vital phenomena occurring in living organisms that are at a distance from the recording device.

• biotic [bi-ot´ik] 1. pertaining to life or living organisms. 2. pertaining to the biota.

  • b. community the assemblage of living things, including animals, plants, and bacteria, which inhabit a specific biotope.
  • b. potential the theoretical reproductive potential of a population when unimpeded by the environment.
• biotin [bi´o-tin] a member of the vitamin B complex, required by or occurring in all forms of life tested; prosthetic group of carboxylase enzymes acetyl-CoA carboxylase I and II, pyruvate carboxylase, methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase. Called also vitamin H, coenzyme R.

  • b. nutritional deficiency natural animal diets are unlikely to be deficient in biotin. Experimental deficiency causes paralysis in calves. In pigs the syndrome includes alopecia, dermatitis, and cracking of the hooves. The vitamin may be an important factor in the maintenance of pig, cattle, and horse hoof health. See also porcine footrot. Deficiency in dogs and cats is associated with dry scurfy skin, alopecia, especially around the eyes, and a papulocrustaceous dermatitis. It can be caused by a diet with a very high content of uncooked egg whites. See also avidin.

• biotinylation [bi″o-tin″ -la´sh n] attachment of biotin to another molecule such as a protein.

• biotope an area of land surface that provides uniform conditions over its entire surface for animal and plant life.

• biotoxicology [bi″o-tok″sľ-kol´ -je] scientific study of poisons produced by living organisms, their cause, detection and effects, and treatment of conditions produced by them.

• biotoxin [bi´o-tok″sin] a poisonous substance produced by a living organism.

• biotransformation [bi″o-trans″for-ma´sh n] any series of chemical alterations of a compound (e.g., a drug) occurring within the body, by enzymatic or other biochemical activity. The metabolism of a drug may form products that have different effects to those of the parent drug. This biotransformation may differ markedly between animal species and affect the dose rate to be used, and even the usefulness and safety of the drug in different species.

  • neonatal b. is marked by a deficiency of some enzymes necessary for the biotransformation of drugs.
  • toxic b. enzymatic changes of nontoxic to toxic substances, usually in the liver.

• biotype [bi´o-tīp] a group of individuals having the same genotype. Breeds of animals are obvious biotypes. See also biovar.

• biovar [bi´o-vahr] a group of strains of a species of microorganisms having differentiable biochemical or physiological characteristics.

• biovular [bi-ov´u-l r] binovular.

• biparental [bi″p -ren´t l] derived from two parents, male and female.

• biparous [bip´-r s] producing two ova or offspring at one time.

• biped [bi´ped] having two feet, as in humans, most hominids, most birds and dinosaurs. See also quadruped, tetrapod.

• bipenniform [bi-pen´ľ-form] doubly feather-shaped; said of muscles whose fibers are arranged on each side of a tendon like barbs on a feather shaft.

• biphenyl [bi-fen´ l] polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls are widely used industrial chemicals, as flame retardants, heat transfer agents and electrical insulators.

  • b. poisoning these chemicals are not known to produce illness in the average environment, but they accumulate in fat and have a very slow rate of excretion and biodegradability. Experimental poisoning causes diarrhea, poor weight gain, growth retardation, and abortion.
• bipolar [bi-po´l r] 1. having two poles. 2. pertaining to both poles.

  • b. cell cell within the inner nuclear layer of the neurosensory retina.

• Bipolaris [bi-po-lar´is] 1. one genus of fungi that can elaborate a mycotoxin (sterigmatocystin) capable of producing hepatic carcinoma. Includes B. spicifera, a fungal cause of cutaneous chromomycosis in animals. 2. the asexual form of Cochliobolus spp. Previously known as Drechslera, Curvularia, and Helminthosporium spp.

• bipotentiality [bi″po-ten″she-al´ľ-te] ability to develop or act in either of two different ways.

• biproduct [bi´prod′ kt] by-product.

• BIPS barium impregnated polyethylene spheres.

• bipyridyl herbicides nonselective contact herbicides, see paraquat, diquat.

• bipyridines inhibit phosphodiesterase causing an increase in myocardial contractility and to some extent arteriolar dilation. Used in treatment of heart failure in dogs and cats. See also amrinone, milrinone, pimobendan.

• biramous [bi-ra´m s] having two branches.

• Birbeck granule a ‘tennis-racquet’ intracytoplasmic granules in Langerhans cells.

• birchwood a wood whose shavings are favored in Europe for the smoking of meats.

• bird any feathered vertebrate. See also feather, avian and under specific groupings such as companion animal, game, raptor, ratite birds, and waterfowl.

  • b. bug a number of bugs in the family Cimicidae (order Hemiptera) which infest birds. See Haematosiphon, Oeciacus vicarius.
  • b. dog a general reference to breeds that have been developed to hunt birds; includes the retrievers, setters, and pointers.
  • domesticated b. includes groups of birds brought under close control by humans, for purposes of communication (e.g., pigeons), clothing and furnishing (e.g., duck, peacock), sport (e.g. hawks), garden ornaments (e.g., peacock), companionship (e.g., canary), and food (e.g., commercial poultry, turkey, duck, goose used for meat and eggs).
  • b.-fancier’s lung a pulmonary disease in humans caused by an acquired inhalant hypersensitivity to birds usually kept as pets or commercially so that large numbers and high exposure is likely. The antigen is believed to be in the dander or droppings of pigeons, budgerigars, chickens, and turkey. Called also bird-breeder’s lung, pigeon-breeder’s lung. See also farmer’s lung.
  • b. malaria see Plasmodium.
  • b. of prey see raptor.
  • b. repellent materials used to repel birds and avoid losses to crops. Usually refers to chemicals that are mixed with grain. If mammals ingest the baits accidentally they may be poisoned. See also 4-aminopyridine.

• bird-flowerCrotalaria laburnifolia.

• bird-tongue see microglossia.

• Bird ventilator a brand of automatic or patient-triggered machine used to assist or control ventilation in veterinary anesthesia by interposing a bag-in-bottle; primarily of historical interest.

• Birdsville horse disease see Indigofera linnaei.

• birefractive [bi″re-frak´tiv] doubly refractive.

• birefringence [bi″re-frin´j ns] the quality of transmitting light unequally in different directions.

• Birman a longhaired breed of cat with blue eyes and a light body with darker points (ears, face, legs, and tail) in colors similar to the Siamese. The paws are white (‘gloves’). Called also Sacred Cat of Burma. The breed is affected by an inherited axonopathy.

• Birnaviridae [bur´n -vir″ľ-de] a family of nonenveloped, icosahedral viruses, containing a genome of two segments of double-stranded RNA. There are four genera, Aquabirnavirus, which causes infectious pancreatic necrosis in trout, Avibirnavirus, which causes infectious bursal disease in chickens, and Entomobirnavirus and Blosnavirus, which infect flies and snakes.

• birnavirus [bur´n -vi″r s] name given to a member of the family Birnaviridae.

• birth [b rth] a coming into being; the act or process of being born. See also parturition.

  • b. cohort see cohort.
  • b. control a term rarely used in dealing with animals. Instead see population control, contraception.
  • b. defects see congenital defects.
  • b. difficulties dystocia.
  • b. injury occurs to the fetus during birth. Includes rib fracture and meningeal hemorrhage.
  • b. interval the interval between succeeding parturitions. See also calving interval.
  • multiple b. the birth of two or more offspring produced in the same gestation period.
  • b. order the chronological order of births in a multiple birth. May have significance in causing stillbirths if the intervals between births are prolonged because of inertia.
  • premature b. expulsion of the fetus from the uterus before termination of the normal gestation period, but after independent existence has become a possibility.
  • b. process comprises maturation of the fetus, relaxation of the bony pelvis and associated ligaments, softening and relaxation of the cervix, vagina, vulva, and perineum, correct disposition of the fetus, contractions of the uterine myometrium and finally the only component under voluntary control, contraction of the abdominal muscles.
  • b. rate the number of births during one year for the total population (crude birth rate), for the female population (refined birth rate), or for the female population of reproductive age (true birth rate). Not a term much used with reference to animals. See calving, lambing rate.
  • b. size stature, including height at withers, crown to tail head length at birth.
  • b. weight the weight at birth. A significant determinant of survival in any species and of the occurrence of dystocia. See also prolonged gestation.

• birth-injured fetus injury sustained during birth process; includes peroneal nerve paralysis, sciatic nerve injury, hip or other joint traumatic dislocation, vertebral or rib fracture, intracranial or other internal hemorrhage, liver rupture, subcutaneous edema.

• birthwort Aristolochiaclematitis.

• bis in die [L.] twice a day; used in prescriptions and medical records to denote a treatment interval of twice a day, or every 12 hours; abbreviated b.i.d., BID, BD (for bis die), or q12h.

• bisacodyl [bis-ak´-dl, bis″ -ko´d l] a diphenylmethane stimulant of bowel motility and thus a cathartic agent.

• bisacromial [bis- -kro´me- l] pertaining to the two acromial processes.

• biscuit [bis´k t] in dogs, a grayish-yellow coat color.

• biscuit of hay [bis´k t] see hayflake.

• bisection [bi-sek´sh n] division into two parts by cutting.

• bisexual [bi-sek´shoo- l] 1. having gonads of both sexes. 2. hermaphrodite. 3. having both active and passive sexual interests or characteristics. 4. capable of the function of both sexes. 5. both heterosexual and homosexual. 6. a patient who is both heterosexual and homosexual. 7. of, relating to, or involving both sexes, as bisexual reproduction.

• bisexuality [bi-sek″shoo-al´ľ-te] 1. the condition of being bisexual or of being a bisexual. 2. hermaphroditism.

• bisferious [bis-fe´re- s] dicrotic; having two beats.

• bishoping altering the table of the incisor teeth in a horse so that the horse appears younger. A hollow is gouged and the lining burned with a hot iron or stained with silver nitrate to give the appearance of an infundibulum.

• bishop’s weed see Ammi majus.

• bishydroxycoumarin [bis″hi-drok″se-koo´m -rin] dicoumarol.

• N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine a genotoxic mutagen that initiates carcinogenesis in the lung, thyroid, pancreas, kidneys, and liver.

• bisiliac [bis-il´e-ak] pertaining to the two iliac bones or to any two corresponding points on them.

• bismuth (Bi) [biz´m th] a chemical element, atomic number 83, atomic weight 208.980. Several insoluble salts, including the subcarbonate and subnitrate, have been used in the management of inflammatory diseases of the stomach and intestines. Toxic doses cause kidney damage.

  • b. glycollylarsanilate see glycobiarsol.
  • b. subgallate used topically in wound powders and in the treatment of metritis.
  • b. subsalicylate, b. salicylate an insoluble salt, used orally in the treatment of diarrhea and as an antacid. There is liberation of salicylic acid which acts against prostaglandin synthetase.

• bismuthosis [biz″m -tho´sis] chronic bismuth poisoning, with anuria, stomatitis, dermatitis and diarrhea.

• bison bovids in the genus Bison with shaggy brown hair and characterized by massive development of forequarters with a large hump on the shoulders, and short, curved horns. The American bison (B. bison), is more often, but incorrectly, called a buffalo or the plains buffalo. Bison are susceptible to tuberculosis and brucellosis and are important in the epidemiology of those diseases in cattle populations. Sometimes bred with domestic cattle to produce beefalo.

  • European b.B. bonasus similar to the North American bison, but smaller and with other, minor anatomical differences. Only small numbers exist in eastern Europe; an endangered species. Called also wisent.
  • wood b. a subspecies of Bison bison (B. b. athabascae) native to the northern areas of Canada; larger than B. bison, it is an endangered species.

• bison-cattle hybrid see beefalo.

• 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, diphosphoglycerate [bis-fos″fo-glis´ r-āt] a product of glucose metabolism; binds strongly to deoxyhemoglobin. High concentrations are found in erythrocytes. Regulates oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin. Its concentration provides an indication of the metabolic activity in the erythrocyte.

  • b. mutase an enzyme in the Embden–Meyerhof pathway of glycolysis in erythrocytes that converts 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, an intermediate in glycolysis, to 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Inherited deficiency results in a hemolytic anemia. Called also diphosphoglycerate mutase.
  • b. pathway the sequence of reactions for the breakdown of glucose in erythrocytes in which the reaction catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase (the first ATP-generating step in glycolysis) is bypassed. Provides 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate for regulation of oxygen transport by hemoglobin, but there is no net yield of ATP. Called also Rapoport–Luebering cycle.

• bisphosphonates [bis-fos´f -nāts] calcium-regulating drugs that inhibit bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast activity and stimulating osteoblast activity; they may also have analgesic effects not directly related to bone metabolism. Used in the treatment of hypercalcemia in dogs and cats, and in horses for the treatment of navicular disease, pedal osteitis, disuse osteopenia, and osteoarthritis involving the distal tarsal joints (‘bone spavin’). Also called diphosphonates and biphosphonates.

• bistoury [bis′t $\stackrel{⌣}{o}$ $\stackrel{⌣}{o}$ -re] a long, narrow, straight or curved surgical knife used in opening sinuses and fistulae, incising abscesses, etc.

  • Udall’s teat b. designed for opening stenosed teat sphincters. The point is blunt and rounded, the cutting edge is inset from the true edge of the blade and is about 0.5 in long. The bistoury is inserted into the canal and withdrawn sharply so as to incise the scar tissue vertically. Three or four incisions are made in this way.

• bisulfate [bi-sul´fāt] an acid sulfate, a salt of sulfuric acid.

• bit 1. the detachable piercing piece of a drill. 2. the metal part of the bridle that goes into the horse’s mouth and over the tongue; used to restrain and direct the horse by exerting pressure on the attached reins. There are many patented designs, each with its devotees. The simplest is a plain bar but the common ones are jointed in the middle. The variations include side bars and curb chains which allow greater pressure to be put on the animal’s jaw.

  • circular b. encircles the lower jaw and is connected by a standing martingale to the girth. It prevents the horse throwing up its head and rearing. Used also in a head harness for leading an active stallion.
  • snaffle b. any bit jointed in the middle.
• bitch female dog. See also dog.

  • brood b. any female dog used for breeding; called also breeding bitch.
  • puppy b. a female dog from 6 to 12 months of age; used to define a group for competition in the showring.
• bite [bīt] 1. seizure with the teeth. 2. a wound or puncture made by a living organism. 3. the position of upper and lower teeth in relation to each other when the mouth is closed. See also crossbite, overbite.

  • animal b. (2) trauma caused by teeth and usually heavily contaminated with microorganisms. See rabies. See also cat-bite abscess, cat-scratch disease.
  • insect b. (2) depending on the nature of the insect and the site, the tissue response may be minimal to extensive, particularly when a hypersensitivity reaction is involved. Pruritus is also variable.
  • level b. (3) the upper and lower incisors meet edge-to-edge.
  • open b. (3) upper and lower teeth that normally should meet when the mouth is closed fail to do so.
  • overshot b. (3) see brachygnathism.
  • b. wound (2) either animal-animal or animal-human, these vary from simple puncture wounds to tearing and crushing of skin and underlying tissues; there may be parallel rake marks or a matching pair of wounds made by the upper and lower jaws of the biter. Secondary bacterial infection is a significant consideration in treatment.

• bitemporal [bi-tem´p -r l] pertaining to both temples or temporal bones.

• bithionol a bacteriostatic agent especially effective against gram-positive cocci; formerly used in the formulation of surgical soaps. Also has anthelmintic and fungicidal properties.

  • b. sulfoxide an effective cestocide. Also used as a fasciolicide, usually in combination with other compounds because of its poor efficiency against immature flukes. It is now superseded as an anthelmintic by other drugs.

• Bithynia [bľ-thin´e- ] a genus of snails that act as intermediate hosts for the miracidia of Opisthorchis spp., the bile duct flukes.

• biting [bī´ting] pertaining to the characteristic behavior of performing a bite.

  • b. pattern the pattern of distribution of bites, or of diseases transmitted by insect bites, which may suggest the identity of the biter.

• Bitis arietans [bi´tis] see puff adder.

• bitrochanteric [bi″tro-kan-ter´ik] pertaining to both greater trochanters.

• bitter [bit´ r] 1. an austere and unpalatable taste like that of quiNINE. 2. a medicinal and culinary agent used as a tonic, alterative, or appetizer.

• bitterbush, bitterbos see Chrysocoma ciliata.

• bitters [bit´ rz] reflex sialogogues, or agents that spontaneously stimulate saliva production. Includes gentian, quassia, nux vomica, and quinine.

• bittersweet [bit´ r-swēt] Solanum dulcamara. Called also climbing nightshade.

• bitterweed [bit´ r-wēd] see Hymenoxys odorata, Helenium.

• bitumen a series of natural and artificial dry petroleum products. When combined with pitch and used as a flooring it may contain sufficient phenol to cause poisoning in pigs fed on the floors.

• biuret [bi´u-r t] a urea derivative; its presence is detected after addition of sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate solutions by a pinkish-violet color (protein test) or a pink and finally a bluish color (urea test).

• bivalent [bi-va´l nt)] 1. having a valence of two. 2. denoting homologous chromosomes associated in pairs during the first meiotic prophase.

• bivalve [bi´valv] shellfish members of the Class Bivalvia. Molluscs enclosed between two shells that are hinged together. Includes oysters, clams, arkshells, mussels. Called also lamellibranch.

• bivariate statistic a numerical value that indicates the relationship between two individual variables, e.g., correlation between fiber intake and butterfat content of milk.

• biventral [bi-ven´tr l] 1. having two bellies. 2. digastric muscle.

• biventricular [bi″ven-trik´u-l r] pertaining to or affecting both ventricles of the heart.

• Bivitellobilharzia a genus of the family Schistosomatidae of blood flukes. Includes B. loxodontae and B. nairi (elephant; portal vein).

• bizygomatic [bi″zi-go-mat´ik] pertaining to the two most prominent points of the two zygomatic arches.

• Bk chemical symbol, berkelium.

• black [blak] 1. without color, at the opposite end of the spectrum to white; the color of soot. 2. a universally accepted coat color. In horses, solid black with no pattern in it, the muzzle is black, and there may be white markings on the lower limbs and the head.

• Black and tan coonhound a medium to large shorthaired, scent dog developed in the US for tracking and treeing raccoons. It has a black coat with tan markings on the face, legs, chest and toes; the ears are exceptionally large and pendulous, and the tail is long. The breed is affected by hip dysplasia, polyradiculoneuritis (coonhound paralysis) and hemophilia B.

• Black and tan terrier see English toy terrier.

• black baldy cattle with black body and a white face that results from breeding Hereford cows with Angus bulls. Considered to have excellent growth and carcass characteristics.

• Black Bengal see Bengal goat.

• black bindweed see Fallopia convolvulus.

• black blowfly see Phormia.

• black box warning prominent warning labels on packages for certain prescription medications in the US. These are typically the result of serious adverse reactions reported postmarketing or postapproval.

• black death see plague.

• black disease see infectious necrotic hepatitis.

• black-eyed Susan Rudbeckia.

• black fell terrier see Patterdale terrier.

• black fever see leishmaniasis.

• black gill disease nonspecific term for dark gills in shrimp; causes include fouling of the water with sediments, Fusarium solani infection, cadmium poisoning and ciliate (apostome) infection.

• black henbane see Hyoscyamus niger.

• black-legged tick see Ixodes.

• black livers see acquired melanosis.

• black locust see Robinia pseudoacacia.

• black mastitis see black mastitis.

• Blackmouth cur an early American mountain breed of dogs, noted as silent hunters. The coat is usually short and dense but can vary between individuals.

• black patch disease a fungus disease of legumes caused by Rhizoctonia leguminicola. Alkaloids (slaframine and swainsonine) produced by the fungus cause slobbers syndrome in animals grazing the legumes.

• black patch necrosis condition in Dover sole caused by Flexibacter spp. and characterized by darkening of skin between caudal and marginal fin rays. Affected skin swells then sloughs, followed by deep ulceration and death.

• black pith a butcher’s term for melanosis of the meninges.

• black pox see black spot.

• black puff-ball Sclerodermacitrinum.

• black death disease name given to a disease associated with high mortality in farmed shrimp caused by ascorbic acid deficiency. Juvenile shrimp develop large, black, necrotic foci in the gills, subcutis, walls of the stomach, and hindgut.

• black quarter see blackleg.

• black roly-poly Sclerolaenamuricata.

• Black Russian terrier a large, powerful dog working dog (up to 140lb) developed by the Russian military as guard dogs. The coarse, tousled coat is black. In the UK, called the Russian black terrier.

• black scour worm see Trichostrongylus.

• black scours see winter dysentery, swine dysentery.

• black soil blindness mycotoxicosis of cattle in northwestern Australia caused by grazing Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grasses) pasture in which the seed heads and other parts of the plants are parasitized by coral-like fungal bodies produced by Corallocytostroma ornicopreoides. Characterized by blindness, ruminoreticulitis, and liver and kidney damage and its restriction to high rainfall periods on the black soil plains on which the grass dominates the pasture.

• blacksoil blindness syndrome see Corallocytostroma ornicopreoides.

• black spot 1. lesions on the teats of cows and almost always confined to the tip and including the orifice of the teat sinus. They are deep ulcers containing granulation tissue and usually a black spot. Milk flow is impeded and the lesion is very painful. They are caused by excessive suction during milking, although Staphylococcus aureus is usually recoverable from the lesions. Called also black pox. 2. a fungal infection of chilled beef caused by Cladosporium herbarum and characterized by black spots on the surface of the meat.

  B-27:

  

  Black spot lesion on the teat of a cow.

• black spot disease see Posthodiplostomum cuticula.

• black thorn + Molopo spp. moth cocoon fiber Acaciamellifera.

• black vomit see hematemesis, see also gizzerosine.

• black walnut see Juglans nigra.

• black water see azoturia.

• blackboy see Xanthorrhoea.

• blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) black antelope, native to India, Nepal, and Pakistan, with long, spiral horns, white eyepatch and white underparts. Called also Indian antelope, it is a diurnal, medium-sized antelope.

• Blackfaced mountain sheep carpetwool English and Scottish sheep; black or mottled face and legs. The Perth type is large framed with medium to heavy wool and the Lanark type is of medium size with shorter wool. The Blackface is the most numerous sheep breed in Britain and utilizes hill and mountain grazing areas. Ewe lambs and old ewes hill grazing areas are moved to lower land farms and bred to a Bluefaced Leicester to produce the Scotch mule ewe, or a Border Leicester to produce the Greyface ewe.

• blackhead¹ [blak´hed] comedo; a plug of keratin and dried sebum within the dilated orifice of a hair follicle. The color of ‘blackheads’ is caused not by dirt but by the discoloring effect of air on the sebum in the clogged pore. Infection may cause the comedo to develop into a pustule or furuncle.

• blackhead² [blak´hed] a disease of birds especially turkeys caused by the protozoan parasite Histomonas meleagridis and characterized by necrotic lesions in the liver and inflammation and distention of the cecum. Earth worms are important transport hosts in the life cycle of the parasite.

• Blackhead Persian South African, hairy (woolless), fat-rumped, polled mutton sheep; origin of several other similar breeds.

• blackleaf 40 a commercially available concentrate of nicotine sulfate used as a parasiticide in horticulture and containing 40% of alkaloidal nicotine. Historically was used as an anthelmintic in sheep, prior to the advent of modern broad-spectrum anthelmintics.

• blackleg [blak´leg] an acute, infectious myositis principally of cattle, caused by Clostridium chauvoei. With cattle, disease occurs between 6 months to 2 years of age in rapidly growing animals on a high plane of nutrition and the lesion arises without the need for any external injury. Occurs in all ages of sheep with outbreaks predisposed by wounds from shearing, docking, castration, or dystocia. The animal is profoundly toxemic with a high fever, and usually a very swollen painful thigh. The skin is gangrenous, and emphysema can be palpated in the subcutis. Death occurs in 12 to 36 hours.

  • false b., pseudo-b. cellulitis and myositis caused by Clostridium septicum and C. novyi. More commonly called malignant edema. Characterized by high fever, severe toxemia and local swelling around a wound with subsequent local gangrene and a high mortality rate.
  • stable b. see malignant edema. Called also gas gangrene.

• blacktail condition name sometimes given for fish infected with a Myxosoma spp protozoan parasites (i.e., M. cerebralis) where the tail of the fish turns dark due to damage of the cartilage in the vertebral column, which results in increased pigmentation of the tail. see whirling disease.

• blacktongue [blak´tung″] a prominent feature of the severe stomatitis that occurs in dogs with niacin (vitamin B₃) nutritional deficiency. Recognition that this condition was responsive to niacin led to identification of the cause of the human disease pellagra.

• blackwater fever [blak´wah″t r] see babesiosis.

• blackwood Acaciamelanoxylon.

• BLAD bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency.

• bladder [blad´ r] a membranous sac serving as a receptacle. See gallbladder, urinary bladder.

• bladder worm see Cysticercus tenuicollis. Called also long-necked bladder worm.

• bladderpod Sesbaniavesicaria.

• blade [blād] scalpel or knife-like instrument used for cutting tissues.

  • b. method a method of castrating very young pigs in which the skin and fascia in the inguinal area are incised with a scalpel blade to gain access to the spermatic cord.

• Blakistonia one of the genera of trapdoor spiders.

• Blalock [bla´lok] Alfred Blalock, an American surgeon.

  • B. anastomosis a technique for repair of tetralogy of Fallot in which there is an end-to-side anastomosis of the subclavian and pulmonary arteries.
  • B. ligation a technique for placement of a ligature around the aorta to isolate the ductus arteriosus in the surgical repair of patent ductus arteriosus.

• Blanc de Hotot a French breed of large white rabbits distinguished by black rings around the eyes. There is also a dwarf version recognized as a separate breed.

• blanch to become pale.

• blanket 1. a large area of color, usually over the back, neck, and sides, in the coat of dogs. 2. area on an alpaca that begins at the shoulder and runs the full length of the back and down each side and contains the highest-quality fleece. It excludes the fiber on the neck, legs, belly and breech.

• blanket dry-period treatment treatment of all quarters in all cows in the herd; compare with selective dry period treatment. See also dry period treatment.

• Blaschenausschlag [Ger.] blister rash; see infectious pustular vulvovaginitis.

• blast [blast] 1. an immature stage in cellular development before appearance of the definitive characteristics of the cell; used also as a word termination, as in ameloblast, etc. 2. the wave of air pressure produced by the detonation of high-explosive bombs or shells or by other explosions; it causes pulmonary damage and hemorrhage (lung blast, blast chest), laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured eardrums, and effects in the central nervous system.

  • b. cells the precursor cells of bone marrow. See also myeloblast, monoblast, rubriblast, megakaryoblast.

• blast freezing [blast] a method of freezing poultry in which the carcasses are subjected to temperatures of –40°F in a blast tunnel for 2–3 hours.

• blast(o)- word element. [Gr.] a bud; budding, as by cells or germ tissues.

• blastema [blas-te´m ] 1. the primitive substance from which cells are formed. 2. a group of cells that will give rise to a new individual, in asexual reproduction, or to an organ or part, in either normal development or in regeneration (e.g., regeneration of a severed limb in lower vertebrates). Called also regeneration bud.

• blastocele [blas´to-sēl] blastocoele.

• blastocoele [blas´to-sēl] the fluid-filled central cavity of the blastula.

• blastoconidia [blas″to-ko-nid′e- ] the unit of asexual reproduction produced by budding; seen in yeasts such as Candida and Cryptococcus spp. Called also blastospore.

• blastocyst [blas´to-sist] the mammalian conceptus in the postmorula stage, consisting of the trophoblast, an inner cell mass, and a central, fluid-filled cavity.

• blastocyte [blas´to-sīt] blastomere; an undifferentiated embryonic cell.

• blastocytoma blastoma.

• blastoderm [blas´to-d rm] the layer of cells forming the wall of the blastula.

• blastodisc [blas´to-disk] the convex structure formed by the blastomeres at the animal pole of an ovum undergoing incomplete cleavage.

• blastogenesis [blas″to-jen´ -sis] 1. development of an individual from a blastema, i.e. by asexual reproduction. 2. transmission of inherited characters by the germ plasm. 3. morphological transformation of small lymphocytes into larger cells resembling blast cells on exposure to specific antigens or to nonspecific activators such as phytohemagglutinin.

• blastoid transformation neoplastic conversion of mature cells to immature cells with high proliferative activity. Commonly seen in lymphoma.

• blastoma [blas-to´m ] a neoplasm composed of embryonic cells derived from the blastema of an organ or tissue.

• blastomatosis [blas″to-m -to′sis] the formation of blastomas; tumor formation.

• blastomere [blas´to-mēr] one of the cells produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum.

• Blastomyces [blas″to-mi´sēz] a genus of pathogenic fungi growing as mycelial forms at room temperature and as yeastlike forms at body temperature; applied to the yeasts pathogenic for humans and animals.

  • B. brasiliensis former name for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.
  • B. coccidioides former name for Coccidioides immitis.
  • B. dermatitidis the species causing North American blastomycosis.
  • Endemic predominantly in eastern part of the continent. The sexual stage is Ajellomyces dermatitidis.
  • B. helicus a species causing blastomycosis in dogs, cats and humans in western North America.

• blastomycete [blas″to-mi´sēt] an organism in the genus Blastomyces; also, any yeast-like organism.

• blastomycin [blas″to-mi´sin] a sterile broth filtrate from cultures of Blastomyces dermatitidis, used intradermally as a diagnostic test for blastomycosis, but results in dogs are unreliable as the test may be negative in advanced cases and there can be cross-reaction with Histoplasma spp.

• blastomycosis [blas″to-mi-ko´sis] a disseminated or localized infection with Blastomyces spp.

  • cutaneous b. the skin form of North American blastomycosis.
  • disseminated b. North American blastomycosis in which lesions are present in most internal parenchymatous organs.
  • equine b. see epizootic lymphangitis.
  • European b. see cryptococcosis.
  • keloidal b. a disease of bottlenosed dolphins and humans. Characterized by the presence of red, hard, smooth cutaneous nodules. Caused by infection with a fungus, Lacazia loboi. See also lobomycosis.
  • North American b. infection by B. dermatitidis that causes primary granulomatous or pyogranulomatous lesions in the lungs. Secondarily, lesions may occur in the skin, eyes, bone and elsewhere. A disease of dogs, cats, and humans. Food animals in the same environment are not reported to be affected. Although the disease was originally recorded in North America and is endemic in some areas of the US, it is now known to occur in Central and South America.
  • South American b. see paracoccidioidomycosis.

• blastopore [blas´to-por] the opening of the archenteron to the exterior of the embryo at the gastrula stage. Called also archistome, anus of Rusconi.

• blastospore [blas´to-spor] a spore formed by budding, as in yeast. Called also blastoconidia.

• blastula [blas´tu-l ] the usually spherical body produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum, consisting of a single layer of cells (blastoderm) surrounding a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoele); it follows the morula stage and precedes the gastrula stage.

• blastulation [blas″tu-la´sh n] conversion of the morula to the blastula by development of a blastocoele.

• blaze [blāz] a broad white stripe down the face, wider than the nasal bones and including the forehead and all or part of the muzzle. Used in the description of horses.

• bleach [blēch] common household bleach, often used for its antimicrobial properties, is usually a 3%–6% solution of sodium hypochlorite.

• bleaching powder [blēch´ing] calcium hypochlorite used as a bleaching and disinfectant agent. Called also chlorinated lime (chloride of lime) and used in error in whitewash. Causes skin and eye irritation and enteritis if ingested.

• bleb [bleb] a large flaccid vesicle, usually at least 0.5 inch in diameter, on a cutaneous, serosal or mucosal surface.

  • pulmonary b. small pocket of air under the visceral pleura; may be congenital or acquired.

• Blechnum a genus of toxic ferns in family Blechaceae; contains an unidentified toxin; causes diarrhea. Called also bungwall fern.

• bleed [blēd] see bleeding.

• bleeder [blēd´ r] 1. the popular term for an animal that bleeds readily, especially one suffering from a condition in which the blood fails to clot properly such as in hemophilia. In horses, the term means one that bleeds from the nostrils during or soon after a race. See exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage, epistaxis. 2. any large blood vessel cut during surgery.

• bleeding [blēd´ing] 1. the escape of blood, as from an injured vessel. See also hemorrhage. 2. the purposeful withdrawal of blood from a vessel of the body; venesection; phlebotomy. See also blood sampling.

  • acquired b. a tendency to bleed caused by factors other than inherited and congenital ones. Includes dicoumarol and warfarin poisonings, nutritional deficiency of vitamin K, liver disease, and autoimmune thrombocytopenias.
  • buccal mucosal b. time an instrument is used to produce a standardized shallow incision in buccal mucosa of the upper lip. The time duration of bleeding that follows is measured as a screening test of primary hemostasis.
  • b. calf syndrome see bovine neonatal pancytopenia.
  • b. disorders see hemorrhagic disease, coagulopathy.
  • incomplete b. the carcass of an animal slaughtered for meat that is incompletely bled out has a darker meat and more blood in vessels and the heart cavities than a properly slaughtered animal. This gives it an appearance resembling a fevered carcass.
  • occult b. escape of blood in such small quantity that it can be detected only by chemical tests or by microscopic or spectroscopic examination.
  • summer b. see Parafilaria multipapillosa.
• bleeding heart [blēd´ing] Dicentra spectabilis.

  • western b.h.Dicentra formosa.
  • wild b.h,.Dicentra eximia.

• bleeding-out an abattoir practice to confer pale color and good preservation of meat; the jugular vein of the already dead animal is severed and the carcass hung to give maximum opportunity for the venous system to be evacuated.

• blend price the price paid producers for market milk when classified pricing is used. An average of class prices weighted by the quantity of milk used in each class.

• blended rations all of the components of the ration, including roughage, concentrates and mineral and vitamin mix, are mixed together. Called also total mixed rations.

• Blenheim spaniel see English toy spaniel.

• blennadenitis [blen″ad- -ni´ti] inflammation of mucous glands.

• blenn(o)- word element. [Gr.] relationship to mucus.

• blennogenic [blen-o-jen´ik] producing mucus.

• blennoid [blen´oid] resembling mucus.

• blennorrhagia [blen″o-ra´j ] any excessive discharge of mucus; blenorrhea.

• blennorrhea [blen″o-re´ ] any free discharge of mucus.

• blennostasis [blen″o -sta´sis] suppression of an abnormal mucous discharge, or correction of an excessive one.

• blennothorax [blen″o-thor´aks] an accumulation of mucus in the chest.

• blennuria [blen-u´re- ] mucus in the urine.

• bleomycin [ble″o-mi´sin] a polypeptide antibiotic mixture having antineoplastic properties, obtained from cultures of Streptomyces verticillus. Has been used in dogs and cats in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma. Adverse effects include pulmonary toxicity.

• blepharadenitis [blef″ -rad″ -ni´tis] inflammation of the meibomian glands. See also meibomitis, chalazion, internal hordeolum.

• blepharectomy [blef″ -rek´t -me] partial or complete excision of an eyelid.

• blepharitis [blef″ -ri´tis] inflammation of the eyelids. May be an extension of skin disease elsewhere on the face or body producing a blepharitis with similar characteristics, e.g., seborrheic, ulcerative, mycotic, etc.

  B-28:

  

  Staphylococcal blepharitis in a Weimaraner.

  • marginal b. inflammation involving the margin of the eyelids.

• blephar(o)- word element. [Gr.] relationship to an eyelid.

• blepharoadenitis [blef″ -ro-ad″ -ni´tis] see blepharadenitis.

• blepharoatheroma [blef″ -ro-ath″ r-o´m ] an encysted tumor or sebaceous cyst of an eyelid.

• blepharoconjunctivitis [blef″ -ro-k n-junk″tľ-vi´tis] inflammation of the eyelids and conjunctiva.

• blepharodermatomycosis [blef″ -ro-dur″m -to-mi-ko′sis] fungal infection of the eyelids; mycotic blepharitis.

• blepharoedema [blef″ -ro--de′m] edema of the eyelids.

• blepharophimosis [blef″ -ro-fľ-mo´sis] contraction of the palpebral fissures. May be acquired or congenital, as in some dog breeds where it may be associated with microphthalmia. Entropion can result.

• blepharoplasty [blef´ -ro-plas″te] plastic surgery of an eyelid. Most often done to correct entropion or ectropion or for eyelid tumor removal.

  • Wharton–Jones b. a V to Y technique for the correction of broad-based cicatricial ectropion.
  • V to Y b. see Wharton-Jones blepharoplasty (above).
  • Y to V b. a technique for correction of mild central entropion.

• blepharoplegia [blef″ -ro-ple´j ] paralysis of an eyelid.

• blepharoptosis [blef″ -rop-to´sis] ptosis.

• blepharorrhaphy [blef″ -ror´ -fe] 1. suture of an eyelid. 2. tarsorrhaphy.

• blepharospasm [blef´-ro-spaz″ m] spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle causing eyelid closure. considered a sign of ocular pain.

• blepharostat [blef´ -ro-stat″] an ophthalmic speculum.

• blepharostenosis [blef″ -ro-st -no´sis] see blepharophimosis.

• blepharosynechia [blef″ -ro-sľ-nek´e- ] see ankyloblepharon.

• blepharotomy [blef″ -rot´ -me] surgical incision of an eyelid; tarsotomy.

• Bleu Du Maine French breed of sheep, large with slate blue/gray coloring in its head. Noted for litter size and lamb vigor.

• Bleue du Nord Central and Upper Belgian breed of cattle.

• blight [blīt] see infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.

• blind [blīnd] not having the sense of sight. See also blindness.

  • b. spot the area of the ocular fundus occupied by the optic nerve head and therefore without retinal photoreceptors; it is not sensitive to light.
  • b. side in flatfish refers to the side of the body without eyes; the other is the ocular side.
  • b. staggers see dummy.
  • b. study see blinding.
  • b. teat see blind teat.

• blind fouls [blīnd] footrot in cattle in which the infected tissue is fully contained without discharge to the exterior; causes severe pain. See also bovine footrot.

• blind grass see Stypandra glauca. Called also candyup poison.

• blind loop syndrome a profound toxemia caused by the proliferation of gram-negative bacteria in a bowel segment in which there is local stasis and recirculation of bowel contents. Called also stagnant loop syndrome.

• blind quarter a quarter of an udder that produces no milk while the other quarters are lactating, or one that has an obstruction in the teat preventing the removal of milk. A nonfunctional mammary gland. See also blind teat.

• blindfolding [blīnd´fōld-ing] covering a horse’s eyes with a blindfold as a means of restraint. When blindfolded, most horses can be persuaded to load onto trailers, which they refuse to do without the blindfold. Of some but more limited use in other species. A comparable device used in pigs, a bucket placed over the head, causes the pig to walk backward. Provided the rear of the pig is pointed in the correct direction, this is a worthwhile last try in getting a large pig to go where you want it to go.

• blinding [blīnd´ing] a condition imposed on a study which is intended to keep knowledge of the treatment assignment of individual patients from a specified set of observers. Used to reduce information bias. Single blind: the owner of the patient is unaware of the treatment assignment but the veterinarian is aware. Double blind: both the owner of the patient and the veterinarian are unaware of the treatment assignments of the patients. Triple blind: the owners of the patients, the veterinarian, and the person analyzing the results of the study are all unaware of the treatment assignments. Called also masking.

• blindness [blīnd´nis] lack or loss of ability to see. Tested clinically in an animal with the menace response or better, using behavioral testing such as failure to indicate awareness of a soundless and odorless moving object in the animal’s visual field, e.g., a falling cotton ball or feather, or a moving laser pointer.

  • Appaloosa night b. see congenital stationary night blindness (below).
  • bright b. toxic retinal and optic nerve degeneration in sheep chronically grazing bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum); characterized by blindness, dilated pupils, poor pupillary light reflex, retinal vascular attenuation, and tapetal hyperreflectivity.
  • central b. caused by lesions in the prosencephalon. In animals, most consistently diagnosed by demonstrating a lack of menace response or inability to negotiate obstacles in the face of intact pupillary light reflexes. Called also cortical blindness.
  • clear-eyed b. see bright blindness (above).
  • congenital stationary night b. an inherited retinopathy present at birth, but nonprogressive and producing nyctalopia. Described in Appaloosa and other breeds of horses. A form described in Briard dogs has been reclassified due to evidence that it is progressive and not stationary.
  • cortical b. see central blindness (above).
  • day b. defective vision in bright light. See also hemeralopia.
  • functional b. blindness in the absence of an ocular lesion, e.g., in nervous ketosis, pregnancy toxemia.
  • heather b. contagious ophthalmia of sheep.
  • moon b. a previous name for equine recurrent uveitis.
  • night b. nyctalopia; see night blindness.
  • peripheral b. blindness due to a lesion in the visual system peripheral to the optical cortex, including lesions in the optic chiasm, optic nerve or globe.

• blink the involuntary movement of one or both eyelids of both eyes simultaneously. The frequency varies between species. Cats blink the least, with the possible exception of owls. In birds and most reptiles, the lower eyelid moves up to meet the upper lid. In mammals the upper eyelid moves down to meet the lower lid. The blink is the observed result of the palpebral, corneal, conjunctival, and dazzle reflexes, as well as the menace response.

• blinkers 1. rigid pieces of leather fitted to a head harness at a point where they will obstruct the horse’s lateral vision. 2. a more sophisticated piece of harness worn by expensive horses consisting of a canvas head-covering with holes for the ears to protrude and two apertures for the eyes. These have saucer-shaped flaps which prevent the horse from seeing sideways. Called also winkers.

• blinking a normal function having the effect of physically protecting the globe, maintaining the tear film over the cornea, clearing debris and promoting clearance of tears into and through the nasolacrimal apparatus. Excessive blinking may be due to ocular irritation.

• blister [blis´t r] 1. a lesion of the skin; vesicle, especially a bulla. 2. a paste containing an irritant such as cantharides used to plaster onto a horse’s leg to produce counterirritation with the aim of inducing healing of a strained tendon or ligament. Archaic and inhumane treatment.

  • b. beetle see Epicauta vittata.
  • blood b. a vesicle having bloody contents, as may be caused by a pinch or bruise.
  • b. cell see prekeratocyte.
  • internal b. see sclerosing agents.
• bloat [blōt] 1. tympany of the rumen, abomasum, stomach or cecum. See also ruminal tympany. 2. enteritis in young rabbits accompanied by distention of the abdomen.

  • pasture b. primary ruminal tympany characterized by frothing of the ruminal contents; occurs in cattle on legume-rich pastures.
  • feedlot b. frothy bloat caused by the ingestion of large amounts of rapidly fermented cereal grain with production of excessive quantities of fermentation acids and bacterial mucopolysaccharides or slime which lower rumen pH and motility and increase the viscosity of rumen fluid. Influenced by the amount of roughage in the diet, the type of grain, feed change adaptive periods, and ionophores in the diet. Controlling feedlot bloat is a major concern in raising cattle in feedlots.
  • free gas b. see ruminal tympany.
  • frothy b. see ruminal tympany.
  • gastric b. see gastric dilatation colic, gastric dilatation–volvulus.
  • b. line a postmortem finding in animals that have died of bloat and of value in establishing that the ruminal distention occurred before death. It is present at the point at which the cervical esophagus becomes the thoracic. At this line, the engorged esophageal mucosa of the neck becomes the pallid mucosa of the thorax.
  • primary b. ruminal tympany caused by frothiness of the ruminal contents.
  • secondary b. ruminal tympany secondary to physical or functional obstruction of the esophagus.
  • b. whistle a device for temporarily relieving a cow with chronic bloat from dangerous overdistention. The bottom half of the device shaped as a flanged cannula is slipped into the rumen through a slit incision in the left flank. The small end of the cannula protrudes through the abdominal wall and is secured into place by slipping the top half of the device over it and screwing it tight.
• block [blok] 1. an obstruction or stoppage. 2. regional anesthesia. See also anesthesia.

  • alcohol nerve b. prolonged or permanent desensitization of a region produced by destroying the sensory nerve or nerves supplying the area by injecting isopropyl alcohol perineurally. Adverse effects are significant due to extended loss of sensation. Motor nerves can also be affected.
  • auriculopalpebral b. subcutaneous injection of local anesthetic near the auriculopalpebral nerve as it proceeds from the base of the ear over the zygomatic arch in cattle and horses. Used to immobilize the eyelids (it does not anesthetize them) for examination of the orbit including the conjunctival sac. Needs to be complemented with topical anesthetic for removal of foreign bodies.
  • brachial plexus b. regional anesthesia applied to the brachial plexus for the purpose of anesthetizing the forelimb.
  • bundle-branch b. a form of heart block involving lack of impulse transmission in one of the branches in the bundle of His.
  • cornual b. regional anesthesia applied to the base of the frontal horn core for the purpose of performing a painless cornuectomy in ruminants.
  • digital nerve b. local anesthesia of a digit by block lock of individual nerves.
  • epidural b. see epidural anesthesia.
  • field b. regional anesthesia obtained by blocking conduction in nerves with chemical or physical agents. See regional anesthesia.
  • heart b. see heart block.
  • incisional b. infiltration with local anesthetic into the site before an incision is made or into the edges of a wound before closure.
  • inferior alveolar nerve b. infiltration of the inferior alveolar nerve prior to its entry into the mandibular foramen; produces anesthesia of all lower teeth and adjacent bone and soft tissue on that side. Called also caudal mandibular block.
  • infraorbital b. can be used to desensitize the upper lip, nostrils, upper incisors, canines, and premolars. It requires locating the nerve where it emerges from the infraorbital foramen. Called also rostral maxillary block.
  • internal pudendal b. local nerve block primarily used for exteriorizing the bull’s penis for examination or treatment. The hypodermic needle is introduced through the ischiorectal fossa and directed to the nerve by a hand in the rectum.
  • intravenous digital nerve b. antiquated term for intravenous regional anesthesia. Local anesthesia produced by the intravenous administration of local anesthetic agents distal to a preplaced tourniquet on a limb. The limb distal to the tourniquet is desensitized (maximum of 2 hours). A preferred technique for cattle digital surgery.
  • inverted L-b. a pattern of local filtration anesthesia used in flank laparotomy in cattle and sheep. A horizontal line of infiltration is made just ventral to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae, a vertical one just caudal to the costal arch.
  • line b. a nerve block of local anesthesia produced by infiltrating the anesthetic along a line that the incision is to take.
  • mandibular b. an anesthetic agent is injected around the mandibular alveolar nerve where it enters the mandibular foramen on the medial aspect of the ramus of the mandible. Used for dental procedures on the lower jaw.
  • maxillary b. infiltration around the infraorbital and pterygopalatine nerves, branches of the maxillary nerve; anesthetizes the upper lip, upper teeth and surrounding tissues, as well as the palatine mucosa and bone. Called also caudal maxillary block.

    B-29:

    

    Location for blocking the infraorbital foramen in the dog. The infraorbital foramina are the sites for injection to provide nerve block to the maxilla.

  • median b. the anesthetic agent is injected in the medial aspect of the forelimb at the location of the medial nerve, distal to the elbow. An area encircling most of the fetlock and pastern is desensitized in the horse. In the dog, the medial aspect of the paw is desensitized.
  • mental b. infiltration of the inferior alveolar nerve just before it exits the middle mental foramen; produces anesthesia of the incisors, the canine tooth and premolars, with adjacent bone and soft tissue. Called also rostral mandibular block.
  • metabolic b. the blocking of a biosynthetic pathway due to a genetic enzyme defect or to inhibition of an enzyme by a drug or other substance.
  • nerve b. regional anesthesia secured by injection of an anesthetic in close proximity to the appropriate nerve.
  • paravertebral b. a local anesthetic agent is injected close to emerging spinal nerves between the transverse lumbar processes to produce regional analgesia of the flank for the purpose of conducting a laparotomy. The approach to the nerves may be dorsal, the Cambridge or Farquharson method, or lateral, the Magda method. Called also the Cakala or Cornell technique. Frequently used in cattle for standing surgery.
  • perineural b. regional anesthesia produced by injection of the anesthetic agent close to the nerve.
  • peroneal b. achieved by injection of a local anesthetic into the groove between the tendons of long and lateral digital extensors on the hindlimb, usually in a horse. Anesthesia occurs mainly over the craniolateral surface of the limb distal to this site and over the medial fetlock.
  • Peterson b. a regional nerve block of the orbit to facilitate optic surgery, especially ablation, in cows.
  • plantar b. nerve block of the medial and lateral plantar nerves to desensitize the digit in the horse. May be done at a high or low site. Called also palmar nerve block.
  • presacral b. anesthesia produced by injection of the local anesthetic into the sacral nerves on the anterior aspect of the sacrum.
  • pudendal b. anesthesia produced by blocking the pudendal nerves, accomplished by injection of the local anesthetic into the tuberosity of the ischium.
  • retrobulbar b. regional anesthesia of the eye by blocking the nerve supply as it emerges from the orbital fissure. There are two techniques, a four-point injection and the Peterson technique, used in cattle for enucleation of the eye.
  • ring b. regional anesthesia by the injection of local anesthetic in a complete circle around a limb of a horse, or the teat of a cow.
  • spinal b. anesthesia produced by injection of the local anesthetic into the subarachnoid space of the spinal canal.
  • saphenous nerve b. In small animals, achieved by ultrasound guided local infiltration of the nerve. In large animals, particularly the horse, achieved by injection of a local anesthetic in the region of the saphenous vein, proximal to the hock. Anesthesia is obtained mainly over the medial thigh and metatarsal region.
  • segmental dorsolumbar epidural b. injection of local anesthetic into the epidural space between the first two lumbar vertebrae produces anesthesia of both flanks. Used for standing abdominal surgery in horses or cattle.
  • sinus b. occurs when the sinuatrial node depolarizes and the conduction is blocked in the atrial tissue.
  • subarachnoid b. anesthesia produced by the injection of a local anesthetic into the subarachnoid space around the spinal cord. See also spinal anesthesia or spinal block (above).
  • supraorbital b. the anesthetic agent is injected into the supraorbital foramen. Sensory anesthesia is obtained in the middle of the upper eyelid.
  • tibial b. injection of an anesthetic agent above the tarsus, in the groove between the gastrocnemius tendon and the deep digital flexor tendon, produces anesthesia of the caudal, lateral and medial surfaces of the tarsus and metatarsus.
  • ulnar b. injection of a local anesthetic in the caudal aspect of the forelimb, proximal to the carpus, produces anesthesia on the anterolateral aspect of the metacarpus.
  • vagal b., vagus nerve b. blocking of vagal impulses by injection of a solution of local anesthetic into the vagus nerve at its exit from the skull.
• blockade [blok-ād´] 1. in pharmacology, the blocking of the effect of a neurotransmitter or hormone by a drug. 2. in histochemistry, a chemical reaction that modifies certain chemical groups and blocks a specific staining method.

  • adrenergic b. see adrenergic blockade.
  • cholinergic b. see cholinergic blockade.
  • narcotic b. inhibition of the euphoric effects of narcotic drugs by the use of other drugs, such as methadone, in the treatment of addiction.
  • sympathetic b. block of nerve impulse transmission between a preganglionic sympathetic fiber and the ganglion cell.

• blockage [blok´ j] of intestine, urethra, etc. See obstruction under anatomical location, e.g., intestinal, urethral.

• blocker [blok´ r] something that blocks or obstructs passage, activity, etc.

  • aα-b., alpha-b. a drug that induces adrenergic blockade at α-adrenergic receptors. Called also α-antagonist. See adrenergic blockade.
  • β-b., beta-b. a drug that induces adrenergic blockade at either β₁- or β₂-adrenergic receptors, or both. Called also beta-adrenergic antagonist. See also beta-blocker.
  • calcium channel b. a drug that selectively inhibits the influx of calcium ions through a specific ion channel of cardiac muscle and smooth muscle cells. See also calcium channel blocker.
  • H₂-receptor b. a drug that inhibits the histamine-mediated secretion of gastric acid by competitively binding to the cellular histamine type 2 (H₂) receptors responsible for stimulating gastric acid secretion; used in the treatment and prevention of gastric ulceration; examples include cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine.
• blocking [blok´ing] 1. interruption of an afferent nerve pathway (see block). 2. inhibition of an intracellular biosynthetic process; metabolic block.

  • b. agents see under alpha, adrenergic, blockade, blocker, ganglionic, muscarinic.

• Blonde D’Aquitaine a yellow or yellow-brown breed of meat and draft cattle bred in southern France and Spain.

• blood [blud] the red fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. It consists of a yellow, protein-rich fluid, the plasma, and the cellular elements including leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. It has a high viscosity and osmotic tension and clots on exposure to air and to damaged tissue. It has an essential role in the maintenance of fluid balance. In an emergency, blood cells and antibodies carried in the blood are brought to a point of infection, or blood-clotting substances are carried to a break in a blood vessel. The blood carries hormones from the endocrine glands to the organs they influence, and it helps in the regulation of body temperature by carrying excess heat from the interior of the body to the surface layers of the skin, where the heat is dissipated to the surrounding air. See also bloody.

  • arterial b. oxygenated blood in the arterial side of the circulation between the cardiac ventricles and the capillaries.
  • b. bank a place of storage for donated blood and blood products, available for distribution. Blood banks for veterinary purposes are often central locations, either laboratories or specialist practices, where blood donations are collected, blood products are prepared, and practices are able to purchase their requirements.
  • b. blister intracutaneous hematoma.
  • b. buffers substances that enable the blood to absorb much acidity without significant change in pH. The principal ones are the bicarbonate and hemoglobin buffers.
  • b. cells see erythrocyte, leukocyte, platelet.
  • central b. blood from the pulmonary venous system; sometimes applied to splanchnic blood, or blood obtained from chambers of the heart or from bone marrow.
  • central venous b. unoxygenated blood collected centrally from the right atrium or venae cavae.
  • citrated b. blood treated with sodium citrate to prevent its coagulation.
  • b. clotting cascade see coagulation cascade.
  • cord b. that contained in the umbilical vessels at the time of delivery of the fetus.

    B-30:

    

    Blonde D’Aquatine beef bull.

  • b. culture the collection of blood, using sterile equipment and technique, into a suitable culture medium, usually a broth, and its incubation prior to an appropriate bacteriological examination. Because the bacteremia in many cases is intermittent it is necessary to take a number of samples at intervals of several hours.
  • defibrinated b. whole blood from which fibrin has been separated during the clotting process.
  • b. donor the donor animal from which blood is collected for transfusion purposes or for extraction of blood products.
  • b. dyscrasia see dyscrasia.
  • extracorporeal b. flow see extracorporeal circulation.
  • b. in feces see melena.
  • b. film a thin layer of whole blood on a slide prepared for microscopic examination for assessment of red cell morphology and identification and counting of leukocytes and other cellular elements, such as tumor cells. Called also blood smear.
  • b. islet aggregates of splanchnic mesoderm on the surface of the yolk sac and allantois; the first blood cells in the embryo.
  • b. in milk appears as clots or as diffuse red tint. Common only in recently calved cows or after trauma. Of no disease significance but renders the milk unsuitable for sale.
  • occult b. that present in such small amounts as to be detectable only by chemical tests or by spectroscopic or microscopic examination. See also occult blood test.
  • b. osmolality see serum osmolality.
  • peripheral b. that obtained from the circulation remote from the heart; the blood in the systemic circulation.
  • selective b. agar see blood agar.
  • shunted b. blood which is not oxygenated in the lung because it passes through unaerated tissue.
  • sludged b. blood in which the red cells have become aggregated into clumps and is most marked where the flow rate is slowest, i.e., in the capillaries.
  • b. solutes see individual elements, metabolic products, hormones and the like.
  • stiff b. agar see blood agar.
  • b. substitutes synthetic substances that may be used in place of blood or its components include dextran, hydroxyethyl starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin and perfluorocarbon.
  • b. urea see blood urea nitrogen.
  • b. urea nitrogen (BUN) see urea nitrogen.
  • b. in urine see hematuria.
  • venous b. blood that has passed through the capillaries and discharged its oxygen load to tissues and relieved the tissue load of carbon dioxide by absorbing it, and is on its way to the lungs to reverse these processes; is dark red in color due to the high concentration of reduced hemoglobin.
  • b. volume expanders are used in the treatment of shock to restore tissue perfusion. Various fluids including whole blood, plasma, crystalloids and colloids may be used.
  • b. in vomitus see hematemesis.
  • whole b. that from which none of the elements have been removed, especially that drawn from a selected donor under aseptic conditions, containing citrate ion or heparin, and used as a blood replenisher.

• blood barriers [blud] see barrier, blood–brain barrier.

• blood–brain barrier (BBB) [blud brān] a semipermeable membrane composed of high-density cells separating the blood from the cerebrospinal fluid, and constituting a barrier to the passage of cells, particles, and large molecules. restricts passage much more than does the normal endothelium. water, some gases, and lipid-soluble molecules cross the BBB by passive diffusion, important in therapeutics as only some compounds readily cross the BBB. this barrier can be disrupted during diseases of the central nervous system, such as meningitis.

• blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier [blud ser″ -bro-spi′n l] see blood–CSF barrier.

• blood clot [blud klot] see clot.

• blood clotting [blud klot′ing] see clotting.

• blood collection tubes containers used to transport blood samples collected for laboratory analysis. These may contain various additives appropriate to the requirements of the test(s) being requested. There is general uniformity between commercial laboratories in color coding of tube markings and stoppers, indicating which ones are suitable for what tests. Red-topped tubes have no anticoagulant and are for tests done on serum, which includes blood chemistry, serologic testing and drug monitoring; some may be marked differently to indicate they have an added gel that facilitates separation of serum from cells; lavender- topped tubes contain EDTA anticoagulant and are used for general hematology; green-topped tubes contain lithium or sodium heparin anticoagulant and are used for avian and reptile samples, for some blood chemistry, and blood gas analysis; blue-topped tubes contain sodium citrate anticoagulant and are used for coagulation studies; gray-topped tubes contain sodium fluoride oxalate, which inhibits the glycolytic pathway and thereby extends the time for blood glucose determinations.

• blood count [blud kount] the number of blood cells in a given sample of blood, usually expressed as the number of cells per liter of blood (RBCs × 10¹²/L, WBCs and platelets 10⁹/L). A differential white cell count determines the number of various types of leukocytes in a sampling of blood. The cell count is useful in the diagnosis of various blood dyscrasias, infections or other abnormal conditions of the body and is one of the most common tests done on the blood.

  • quantitative b.c. (QBC) in automated analysis of blood, density-gradient centrifugation separates granulocytes, agranulocytes, and platelets, and fluorescence is used to differentiate cell layers on the basis of lipoprotein, RNA, and DNA contents.

• blood cysts [blud sists] an abattoir term describing freely bleeding cavernous hemangiomas in the skin of poultry carcasses.

• blood flow [blud flo] the movement of blood through the vessels. It is pulsatile in the large arteries, diminishing in amplitude as it approaches the capillaries. In the veins it is nonpulsatile. The flow in arteries is the result of ventricular ejection; in the veins, it is a result of a number of factors including respiratory movement, muscle compression and the small residuum of arterial pressure.

  • laminar b. f. blood flowing through a large blood vessel moves forward in a series of concentric laminae that slide over each other like a telescoping radio aerial. The central lamina moves fastest; the outer layer may be stationary.
  • turbulent b. f. created when blood flows through a small caliber orifice. Is the cause of murmurs in the heart and large arteries.

• blood-forming organs see bone marrow, lymphoid tissue.

• blood gas analysis laboratory study of arterial and venous blood for the purpose of measuring partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion concentration (pH). Analyses of blood gases provide the following information: P_ao₂–partial pressure (P) of oxygen (O₂) in the arterial blood (a); Sao₂–percentage of available hemoglobin that is saturated (Sa) with oxygen (O₂); P_aco₂–partial pressure (P) of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the arterial blood (a); pH–an expression of the extent to which the blood is alkaline or acidic; HCO₃ ⁻–the concentration of plasma bicarbonate, TCO₂, base excess, base deficit. These variables are important tools for assessment of a patient’s acid–base balance. They reflect the ability of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, the ability of the kidneys to control the retention or elimination of bicarbonate, and the effectiveness of the heart as a pump. Because the lungs and kidneys act as important regulators of the respiratory and metabolic acid–base balance, assessment of the status of a patient with any disorder of respiration and metabolism includes periodic blood gas measurements.

• blood group [blud] the phenotype of erythrocytes defined by one or more cellular antigenic structural groupings under the control of allelic genes. The identification of specific blood groups is little used in veterinary medicine, except for the identification of parents, usually in horses and farm animals, and for purposes of selecting blood donors. For blood transfusions the usual practice is to carry out direct matching tests to avoid problems created by incompatibility. For blood group systems, see Table 7.

• blood-horse see Thoroughbred.

• blood meal [blud mēl] 1. an epidemiological term meaning the stomach contents of a blood-sucking insect which can be used to study the spread of specific infections. 2. the dried and powdered blood of animals, used in animal feeds and as a nitrogen-rich fertilizer for plants. In animal feeds, it is used as a protein supplement containing 80–85% of protein. Is too unpalatable to constitute a large proportion of the diet.

• blood parasites [blud par′ -sīts] a term of little meaning. Includes those parasites that pass part of their life in the vascular system, e.g., Babesia, Theileria, Trypanosoma, Dirofilaria, and others.

• blood Pco₂ carbon dioxide partial pressure; see blood gas analysis.

• blood pH see blood gas analysis.

• blood poisoning [blud poi′z n-ing] the term used by lay persons to refer to the presence of infective agents (bacteria) or their toxins in the bloodstream, i.e., septic shock or septicemia. The condition is characterized by elevated body temperature, chills, and weakness. Small abscesses may form on the surface of the body and red and blue streaks become apparent along the pathway of surface blood vessels leading to and from the site of the primary infection. A blood culture confirms the diagnosis and helps identify the most effective anti-infective drug for therapy. Blood poisoning is a serious disease that must be treated promptly. Otherwise, the process of infection leads to circulatory collapse, profound shock and death.

• blood pressure [blud presh′ r] the pressure of the blood in the blood vessels. The term usually refers to the pressure of the blood within the arteries, or arterial blood pressure. This pressure is determined by cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. Other blood pressures reported are central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and pulmonary wedge pressure (an indicator of pulmonary vein pressure). Blood pressure in animals can be measured directly by intra-arterial needle puncture or, more commonly in veterinary medicine, indirectly with devices that use a compressive cuff and oscillometry, Doppler ultrasonography or oscillometric. There are numerous variables for determining normal values for the arterial systolic blood pressure, particularly the method of measurement. In dogs it is approximately 135–145±20 mmHg; in cats it is 120–140 mmHg. There are substantial breed differences with sighthounds (e.g., Greyhounds) being higher by approximately 10–20 mmHg. See also hypertension.

  • arterial b. p. pressure of blood in the arteries. reported as systolic, diastolic and mean pressures.
  • b. p. homeostasis the maintenance of a steady state of blood pressure. The mechanisms involved include the baroreceptor mechanism, the chemoreceptor mechanism, the ischemic response of the central nervous system (the Cushing response), the renin–angiotensin vasoconstrictor and the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, the capillary fluid-shift mechanism, the regulation of body fluid level by the kidney and the stress–relaxation mechanism of the arterial wall.
  • b. p. impedance the resistance to pulsatile flow, as in arteries.
  • pulmonary wedge b. p. see wedge pressure.
  • b. p. regulation the complex regulatory system that controls arterial blood pressure is dependent on sensory inputs related to cardiac output, peripheral resistance to blood flow at the arterioles, the viscosity of the blood, the volume of blood in the arterial system, the elasticity of the arterial walls. Changes in blood pressure are brought about by the control exerted on the same physiological mechanisms.
  • venous b. p. see central venous pressure.
• blood products [blud prod′ kts] by-products of the meat industry consisting largely of blood or its derivatives.

  • edible b. p. used as blood in a preparation of blood or black pudding. Or separated by centrifugation of citrated blood into plasma and cells. The cells are used in blood sausage, and the dried plasma as a binding agent in sausages.
  • inedible b. p. usually contains extraneous water or fat, making it unsuitable for freeze drying for human consumption because of hemolysis. Used in the manufacture of meat and blood meals.

• blood sampling [blud sam′pling] laboratory examination of samples of blood. These are usually collected from an appropriate vein, but arterial samples are required for some special techniques. Collection is by a closed method, either a hypodermic syringe or a vacuumized container. The site of collection varies with the species and the circumstances. The sample may be clotted, for serum estimations, or collected with an anticoagulant for examinations on plasma or whole blood. See also blood collection tubes.

  B-31:

  

  Veins accessible for collection of venous blood in dogs and cats.

• blood serum [blud sēr′ m] the residual fluid of blood after clotting has occurred. It is plasma after the fibrinogen and other clotting factors, including platelets, have been removed. It contains solutes of proteins, electrolytes, waste products, dissolved gases, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and water.

• blood sinus [blud si′n s] 1. any endothelial-lined, blood-filled cavity. 2. a cavity lying between the external sheath and the outer connective tissue capsule of the hair follicles associated with tactile hairs such as whiskers and vibrissae that are found on the muzzle, chin, and above the eyes in many species. See also tactile hair.

• blood splashes an abattoir term meaning large hemorrhages in muscles usually due to poor slaughtering technique.

• blood spots [blud spots] spots of blood found on the egg yolk caused by the rupture of a blood vessel on the yolk surface; an esthetic problem to the breakfast eater. They are of no disease significance and can be minimized by adequate concentrations of vitamins A and K in the diet, ensuring vitamin preservation during diet storage and avoiding vitamin K antagonists. There are families of birds that appear to have an inherited susceptibility to the defect. Eggs with blood spots usually detected and removed during candling.

• blood-stained milk see blood in milk.

• blood-stock horses bred and kept for racing. Includes Thoroughbreds, Standardbreds.

• blood supply the volume of blood supplied to an organ or part during a particular time period. Usually a subjective estimate by a surgeon in determining whether the blood supply is adequate to maintain viability. A retrospective assessment is a common exercise in pathology.

• blood transfusion [blud trans-fu′zh n] see transfusion.

  • b. transfusion reaction see transfusion reaction.

• blood type [blud tīp] 1. blood group. 2. the phenotype of an individual with respect to a blood group system.

• blood vessel [blud ves′ l] any of the vessels conveying the blood; an artery, arteriole, vein, venule, sinusoid or capillary.

  • b. v. calcification in animals usually part of a generalized calcification syndrome; see calcification, calcinosis.
  • b. v. congenital defect see arteriovenous aneurysm, portacaval anastomosis, patent ductus arteriosus, aortic coarctation.
  • coronary b. v. see coronary arteries.
  • b. v. disease includes arteritis, phlebitis, lymphangitis.
  • pulmonary b. v’s see Table 8 (arteries), Table 14 (veins).
  • shunt b. v. include naturally occurring arteriovenous anastomoses and those caused by accidental injury or by congenital defect.
  • b. v. stenosis narrowing of the lumen caused by fibrous tissue contraction in the walls, or compression by other adjoining tissues, or congenital defect.

• blood volume [blud vol′ūm] the total quantity of blood in the body. comprised of the sum of red blood cell volume and plasma volume (PV). called also total blood volume (TBV). In mammals TBV is approximately 8% of body weight. Measurement of blood volume is accomplished by the dilution technique using one or more dyes (such as Evan’s Blue dye) or radioactive markers (¹³¹I labelled albumin, ⁵¹Cr labelled red blood cells) to measure PV and red cell volume. Calculation is:

  BV={PV}/{1–HC}}

  • decreased b. v. caused by uncompensated blood loss, dehydration, water deprivation.

• blood warts [blud worts] see congenital melanoma of pigs.

• blood worms [blud werms] the large strongyles of horses. See Strongylus vulgaris, S. edentatus, S. equinus.

• Bloodhound a large, heavy bodied dog with loose skin folds around the face and head, and very long, pendulous ears. The coat is short and usually black and tan or red. The breed has a reputation as a scent hunter and is often used in the search for lost persons. Ectropion and entropion are common in the breed. Called also St. Hubert hound.

• bloodstream [blud´strēm] the blood flowing through the circulatory system in the living body.

  • b. cooling part of cardiopulmonary bypass procedures aimed at cooling the body and heart.

• bloodworm [blud´werm] a parasitic worm of cyprinid fish. Called also Philometra abdominalis.

• bloody, blood in pertaining to or deriving from blood.

  • b. feces see dysentery, melena, hematochezia.
  • b. guts see proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy.
  • b. milk see hemolactia.
  • b. urine see hematuria.
  • b. vomitus see hematemesis.

• blot analysis [blot] see blotting.

• blotting [blot´ing] a technique used for the detection of DNA, RNA or protein. See Northern blot, Southern blot, Western blot. Called also blot analysis.

• Blount staple [blunt] a Vitallium-braced surgical staple for epiphyseal fixation. See also epiphyseal staples.

• blow dart a syringe-like implement with dart overtones delivered from a gun and propelled by compressed air, or carbon dioxide or an explosive charge, or from a mouth operated blowgun. The dart-like tail helps to maintain direction in what is a very low-velocity flight. When the needle of the dart is driven into the skin of the target animal the piston is driven forward by the deceleration and discharges the contents of the syringe into the target’s tissues. Used primarily to immobilize wild fauna.

• blow-in a client who attends the veterinary clinic without an appointment when an appointment system is specified as the method of operation.

• blowaway grass Lachnagrostisfiliformis.

• blower can in the meat trade, a term meaning a can of preserved food that has undergone sufficient bacterial contamination to distend the can.

• blowfly [blo´fli] a member of the family Calliphoridae of insects.

  • b. strike invasion of skin or exposed mucosae by blowfly larvae. See also cutaneous myiasis.

• blowgun [blo´gun] blow dart.

• blowhole [blo´hōl] the anterior nares of whales and other cetaceans.

• blowing [blo´ing] 1. infestation of dead or living material with blowfly maggots. 2. subcutaneous inflation of a carcass of meat with compressed air in an attempt to facilitate skinning with least damage. Forbidden in most countries.

• blowing check [blo´ing] blowing down a stomach tube that has been passed into the cervical esophagus of a horse and checking that the tube is in the correct place by observing the passage of a large bubble of air. In cattle the check is to auscultate the rumen in order to hear a loud bubbling sound as an indication that the tube is in the esophagus.

• blown grass Lachnagrostisfiliformis.

• blowout with reference to hens, prolapse of the oviduct through the vent.

• blowpipe [blo´pīp] 1. a tube through which a current of air is forced upon a flame to concentrate and intensify the heat. 2. a long tube through which blow darts are launched in wildlife capture.

  • b. dart see blow dart.

• blows [blōz] the successive strips of wool removed by the shearing blades, e.g. in shearing competitions ‘beaten by a blow’.

• blue [bloo] a silver-gray coat color. A description often used in dogs and cats, and some breeds of cattle. Generally due to the effects of a dilution gene, in dogs shown to be the melanophilin gene, on a black coat color.

• Blue Andalusian a breed of chickens in which the typical blue color of the feathers occurs only in the heterozygotes; an example of co-dominant gene action.

• blue bitou see Castalis spectabilis.

• blue-black a color mid-way between blue and black.

  • b.-b. ink used to stain fungal elements in diagnostic specimens.

• blue Doberman syndrome see color dilution alopecia.

• blue dog disease see color dilution alopecia.

• blue ear disease see porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome.

• blue-eared pheasantCrossoptilon auritum. See pheasant.

• blue-eared pig disease see porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome.

• blue eye the common name given to corneal edema. Occasionally used more specifically in reference to the reaction that may occur in dogs convalescing from infectious canine hepatitis or that have recently been immunized with a modified live infectious hepatitis virus vaccine.

  • porcine b. e. disease a disease endemic in pigs in Mexico, caused by a Rubulavirus, also known as La Piedad Michoacan Virus, in the family Paramyxoviridae. It is characterized by encephalitis and respiratory disease in piglets, reproductive failure in adult pigs, orchitis, epididymitis and reduction in semen in boars, and occasional corneal opacity in all ages but mainly in suckling and stillborn piglets. Called porcine paramyxovirus encephalitis, blue eye disease, Mexican blue eye.

• blue ferret syndrome a lay term used to describe the rare occasion when a bluish discoloration of the abdominal skin appears in ferrets after clipping; it resolves as hair regrowth occurs.

• blue fur disease moist dermatitis infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa; causes blue-green pigmentation of the fur in rabbits and rodents.

• Blue-gray cattle a cross between a beef Shorthorn and either an Aberdeen Angus or a Galloway.

• blue-green algae name used to describe the photosynthetic cyanobacteria responsible for toxic water blooms; see algal poisoning.

  B-32:

  

  Blue-green algae bloom.

• Blue lacy a medium-sized (25–45 lb) working dog characterized by the short, smooth ‘blue’ coat, which may occur in various shades of gray, as well as red and tricolor. The official state dog of Texas, but not recognized as a breed by any major registration bodies.

• blue meat meat discolored by superficial contamination by Pseudomonas cyanogenus.

• Blue Picardy spaniel a French bird-hunting dog with a flat or slightly wavy, coat with feathering on the legs and tail. The coat is flecked gray or black, creating a bluish cast.

• blue pimpernel Anagallisarvensis var. caerulea.

• blue-point see points.

• Blue Rex see Rex.

• blue-roan see roan.

• blue sac disease a disease of hatchery-reared salmonid sac-fry characterized by accumulation of clear blue liquid surrounding the yolk sac; thought to be caused by accumulation of metabolic waste due to poor environmental conditions.

• blue shell syndrome a disorder of farmed panaeid shrimp, which is characterized by a pale blue coloration. It is associated with dietary deficiencies and is alleviated by supplementation with carotene or vitamin A.

• blue slime disease a disease manifested by a bluish film of tenacious mucus over the entire body of farmed brown trout and other salmonids; caused by a dietary deficiency of biotin and accompanied by hyperplastic goblet cells in the epidermis.

• blue breast(s) severe mastitis of rabbit with obvious cyanosis of the skin of the mammae. Called also caked udder.

• blue spot disease the name of the disease in northern pike characterized by grossly visible blue-white, flat, granular, epidermal lesions on the skin and fins. Disease is caused by a herpesvirus.

• blue tick see Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus.

• Blue V dye a blue dye used to color reject wheat that is unsuitable for human food consumption. If fed to chickens, it causes green gizzard syndrome–the color changes at the low pH.

• blue vitriol copper sulfate.

• blue wing disease gangrenous dermatitis of turkeys caused by Clostridium septicum, C. perfringens type A and Staphylococcus aureus, in combination or singly. Infection occurs subsequent to injury, trauma during mating, vaccination, blood sampling or artificial insemination Also a name for chicken anemia infection.

• bluebag [bloo´bag] gangrenous mastitis of ewes caused by Pasteurella multocida.

• bluebell [bloo´bel] Hyacinthoides non-scripta.

• bluebonnet or lupin; see Lupinus.

• bluebottle [bloo´bot″ l] 1. the stinging Portuguese man-of-war jellyfish (Physalia physalis). 2. bluebottle or blowfly. See Calliphoridae.

• bluebush [bloo´bush] Maireana brevifolia.

• bluecomb disease see turkey coronaviral enteritis.

• bluegrass [bloo´gras] see Poa.

• bluejack oak Quercusincana.

• bluenose [bloo´nōz] a name used in the UK for a photosensitive dermatitis of the horse’s face marked by a cyanotic appearance in the early stages of skin which later sloughs. The disease occurs in the spring and may be accompanied by such a severe edema that it resembles purpura hemorrhagica.

• bluesedge see Andropogon.

• bluestem [bloo´stem] see Andropogon.

• bluestone [bloo´stōn] copper sulfate.

• Bluetick coonhound [bloo´tik] a large (45–80 lb) scent hound with large ears and a short, dense dark blue coat, spotted or mottled (‘ticked’) with black, and some tan markings.

• bluetongue [bloo´tung″] an infectious, noncontagious disease of sheep and occasionally cattle, transmitted by Culicoides spp. Caused by an Orbivirus with at least 27 serotypes worldwide. Wild ruminant species and cattle are the reservoir and amplification hosts. Severe disease is restricted to fine wool and mutton breeds of sheep. Infection, but not disease, is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. Disease occurs in epidemic and incursive areas when climatic conditions allow the expansion of vector occurrence. Recently, this has occurred in northern Europe and England associated with global warming. Manifest with fever, catarrhal stomatitis, rhinitis, enteritis, and lameness due to a coronitis and myositis. High case fatality can occur in sheep, but there are differences between strains in virulence and clinical presentation. Congenital infections with wild or vaccine virus may result in defects in the nervous system, the type and severity depending on the stage of gestation. A disease notifiable to the OIE (see Table 20).

  B-33a:

  

  Erosive lesions of bluetongue with hyperemia and ulceration on the vulva of a ewe.

  B-33b:

  

  Erosive lesions on the tongue and lips in bluetongue.

  • b. virus (BTV) a member of the family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus. Causes bluetongue in sheep and other ruminants. Within the BTV serogroup, there at least 27 serotypes of BTV and considerable genetic and antigenic variability.
• blunt end [blunt] the end of a double-stranded DNA molecule in which both strands are paired to the end of the strand.

  • b. e. ligation the joining of two blunt end DNA molecules.

• BLUP best linear unbiased prediction.

• blur [bl r] lack of clarity in the radiograph caused by movement of the x-ray tube, subject or film during exposure.

• BLV bovine leukemia virus.

• BM abbreviation for bowel movement; used in medical records.

• BMBT buccal mucosal bleeding time.

• BMC bovine malignant catarrh; see malignant catarrhal fever.

• BMCC bulk milk cell counts. See bulk tank somatic cell count.

• BMI body mass index.

• BMR basal metabolic rate.

• BNF British National Formulary.

• BNP B-type natriuretic peptide; called also brain natriuretic peptide. See atrial natriuretic peptide.

• boa constrictor both the common name and the scientific binomial name (Boa constrictor) of several subspecies of large, nonvenomous snakes in the family Boidae. Found in Mexico, Central and South America, they can inflict a painful bite, but kill their prey by constriction. A common pet snake. Along with Burmese python is a major pest in southern Florida.

• boar a male pig more than 6 months old and destined for use as a sire.

  • b. effect boar exposure to gilts causes an earlier onset of puberty with some synchronization.
  • b. butt accumulation of feces in the recto-anal region of an entire geriatric male guinea pig. Desexing of male guinea pigs at an early age dramatically decreases likelihood of boar butt occurring at a later age.
  • b. shield a strong, oval layer of cartilage that develops over the shoulders of adult boars. Is a protective mechanism in boar fights. When cooked it becomes gelatinous.
  • b.–sow ratio the number of boars required to maintain a sow herd at full piglet-producing performance.
  • b. taint an odor specific to fresh boar meat, especially from adult boars, and said to resemble stale urine, is strongest immediately after slaughter, fades during storage, but returns on frying or boiling. Some diners prefer the redolent rashers.
  • wild b. (Sus scrofa) the most common wild pig; ancestor of the domestic pig. Shaped like a domestic pig but lean, long-legged, and mean. They can move very quickly and have formidable tusks in their bottom jaws. Their long, pointed snout enables the pigs to get through undergrowth better than any other animal.

• board spleen a meat inspection term for an enlarged firm spleen caused by chronic infection.

• boarding kennels a commercial establishment that provides accommodation, feeding, and general care for dogs and cats on a short term, usually weekly, basis. Well-run institutions cater only for healthy animals with a good vaccination record.

• bob [bob] see bonnet.

• bob veal calf calf 1–3 weeks old, sold for baby veal, often the male calves from dairy farms; ideal stated average weight 150 lb (68 kg), but this weight is unlikely in a calf of this age and commonly weigh much less.

• bobby calf a calf slaughtered while only a few days old.

• bobcat [bob´kat] (Lynx rufus) a medium-sized North American mammal in the family Felidae. They have a gray to brown coat with black spots and stripes, and tufts of black hair on the ears. Widespread in North America, with a range not limited by human populations, they are a source of plague infection and toxoplasmosis for humans.

  • b. fever see cytauxzoonosis.

• Bobgunnia madagascariensis African plant in the legume family fabaceae; an unidentified toxin in ripe pods causes red urine in cattle. Called also snake bean, Swartzia madagascariensis.

• bobtail [bob´tāl] a short tail, either natural or docked. Seen naturally in some species, e.g., bobcat, and some dog breeds, e.g., Schipperke and Old English sheepdog. A DNA test is available to identify the genotypes of phenotypically short-tailed dogs to determine whether they have been docked (surgically modified) or are genetically short tailed.

  • b. disease loss of the long hairs of the mane and tail in chronic selenium poisoning in horses. Other signs are emaciation, poor haircoat, and defects of hoof growth.

• Bocavirus a genus in the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae members of which may cause human respiratory disease; the name is derived from bovine and canine because of similarities to parvoviruses of these two species.

• BOD see biochemical oxygen demand.

• Bodansky unit [bo-dan´ske] a unit of measurement for alkaline phosphatase activity in the blood; no longer used.

• bodian classification a system of classification of neurons based on where the nerve cell is in relation to the axon proper and the dendritic and telodendritic zones of the typical axons.

• body [bod´e] 1. the trunk, or animal frame, with its organs. 2. the largest and most important part of any organ. 3. any mass or collection of material.

  • acetone b’s see ketone bodies.
  • b. cavity see cavity.
  • elementary b. 1. the constituent parts of inclusion bodies. Considered to be virus particles. See also inclusion body. 2. basic extracellular infectious unit of chlamydia.

    B-34:

    

    Bobcat (Lynx rufus).

  • ellipsoid b. formed in degenerating myelin sheaths. Each contains a fragment of myelin apparently undergoing enzymatic digestion around a fragment of degenerating axon.
  • fimbriate b. see corpus fimbriatum.
  • b. fluids see body fluids.
  • gelatinous b. a 3 to 5-mm glycogen-rich body in the dorsal surface of the lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord of birds.
  • geniculate b’s (lateral) two metathalamic eminences, one on each side just lateral to the medial geniculate bodies, marking the termination of the optic tract.
  • geniculate b’s (medial) two metathalamic eminences, one on each side, just lateral to the superior colliculi, concerned with hearing.
  • Heinz b., Heinz-Ehrlich b. a dark staining refractile body of erythrocytes, consisting of denatured hemoglobin, that is highlighted using New methylene blue stain. See also Heinz body anemia.
  • Howell’s b’s see Howell-Jolly bodies.
  • malpighian b. lymphoid follicles in the spleen.
  • mammillary b., mammilary b. either of the pair of small spherical masses in the interpeduncular fossa of the midbrain, forming part of the hypothalamus.
  • b. mass see body weight.
  • multilamellar b. any of the osmiophilic, lipid-rich, layered bodies found in the type II alveolar cells of the lung.
  • Negri b’s eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of neurones of animals dead of rabies.
  • Nissl b’s. see Nissl bodies.
  • olivary b. see olive (2).
  • Pappenheimer b. dark, basophilic, iron-containing granules seen in erythrocytes (siderocytes). Occur in hemolytic anemia.
  • para-aortic b’s enclaves of chromaffin cells near the sympathetic ganglia along the abdominal aorta, which secrete catecholamines during prenatal and early postnatal life, aiding the adrenal medulla. Tumors of these structures produce clinical signs similar to those of pheochromocytoma. Called also organ of Zuckerkandl.
  • paracloacal vascular b. a small patch of vascular tissue in the wall of the urodeum in birds.
  • phallic b. pair of bodies flanking the phallus of the male bird; participate in the insemination of the hen.
  • pituitary b. pituitary gland.
  • polar b’s. 1. the small cells consisting of a tiny bit of cytoplasm and a nucleus that result from unequal division of the primary oocyte (first polar body) and, if fertilization occurs, of the secondary oocyte (second polar body). 2. metachromatic granules located at the ends of bacteria.
  • quadrigeminal b’s see corpora quadrigemina.
  • striate b. see corpus striatum.
  • b. surface area (BSA) the total surface area of the body. A form of allometric scaling used to calculate drug dosages, particularly in the use of toxic drugs such as those used in cancer chemotherapy. This minimizes errors introduced by variations in distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug. Several equations can be used to express the area, based on body weight, but conversion tables are usually used. See Table 19.
  • trapezoid b. a ridge of transverse fibers crossing the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata, immediately caudal to the pons.
  • vitreous b. see vitreous body.
  • wolffian b. see mesonephros.

• body-brush [bod´e brush] a wide, flat grooming brush with a strap across the back and short vegetable fibers.

  B-35:

  

  New methylene blue–stained blood from a cat showing Heinz bodies projecting from red blood cells.

  B-36:

  

  Appearance of light breed horses at each body condition score (1–9).

• body condition score (BCS) a semi-quantitative method of assessing an animal’s body composition. In livestock, it considers the animal’s weight for age and weight for height ratios, and its relative proportions of muscle and fat. The assessment is made by eye, on the basis of amount of tissue cover between the points of the hip, over the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae, the cover over the ribs and the pin bones below the tail. Each animal is graded by comparison with animals pictured on the chart. The grading may be in a score of 5 or a score of 8. In dairy cows, the range is from 1 (thin) to 5 (fat). The optimal condition score is 3.5 with less than 1 condition score loss during early lactation. In dogs and cats, palpation of skeletal structure to assess overlying fat or muscle mass, and visible alterations to the body profile, both from the side and overhead, are used for the assessment. Various scoring systems, using 5, 7, or 9 point scales, are used with 1 equivalent to emaciation and higher numbers ranging up through ideal to overweight to the highest, which is obesity. undefined

• body-fold dermatitis [bod´e fold] see fold dermatitis, intertrigo.

• body language the expression of feelings by means of postures or gestures. Flamboyant body language is characteristic of primates but most animal species use gestures to demonstrate their attitudes to other animals and to the environment generally.

• body mass index (BMI) used in humans to assess body condition and nutritional status. Calculated as weight (kg) divided by height², or weight (lb) × 703, divided by height² (in²). Not directly applicable to animals, but similar formulae have been advanced. See also body condition score.

  • feline BMI formula based on body measurements to determine body fat content of a cat. The percentage body fat is calculated by measuring the rib cage circumference (cm) at the level of the ninth cranial rib and the distance between the patella and the calcaneus (leg index measurement in cm). These are used in the formula: % fat = 1.5 (ribcage measurement minus leg length) divided by 9.

• body-section technique see tomography.

• Boer a dual-purpose South African goat, the common goat of that country, with lop ears, of many colors.

• Boerboel a large mastiff-type dog from South Africa with a short, dense coat of brown, red or fawn with a black mask. The head is large, muzzle short, ears small and flat, neck thick, and the tail may be docked. Called also South African mastiff.

• bog asphodel Nartheciumossifragum.

• bog-crook, bog-lame see phosphorus nutritional deficiency.

• bog spavin see bog spavin.

• Bohemian terrier see Cesky terrier.

  B-37:

  

  Boer dual-purpose sheep.

• Bohr effect displacement of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, reflecting alterations in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, and caused by a change in carbon dioxide tension in blood. Important in effecting oxygen uptake by hemoglobin in the lungs and oxygen unloading and delivery to tissues.

• Bohr equation used to estimate the dead-space volume of the lungs.

• bohrium (Bh) a chemical element, atomic number 107, atomic weight 262.

• Boidae a family of nonvenomous snakes. Most species are ovoviviparous and lack premaxillary teeth or postfrontal bones that are found in the Pythonidae family. Commonly called boas.

• boids snakes, nonvenomous, in the Boidae family.

• Boiga a large genus of snakes in the Colubridae family; the tree snakes, mangrove snakes, and cat snakes. Primarily arboreal and nocturnal, these mildly venomous snakes are found mostly throughout Australia, India, and Asia.

• boil [boil] a painful nodule formed in the skin by circumscribed inflammation of the corium and subcutaneous tissue, enclosing a central slough or ‘core’. Slang for furuncle.

  • saddle b’s deep-seated subcutaneous abscesses under the saddle place. Associated usually with poor grooming technique.
  • shoe b. see elbow hygroma.
• boiling [boil´ing] bringing to the boil.

  • b. fowl a mature hen of about 2 years of age, suitable for eating but requires prolonged cooking.
  • b. test meat that has a taint or which is beginning to decompose can have its bad odor intensified, for the purpose of convincing the doubters, by boiling a sample of it.

• boldenone undecylenate a long-acting anabolic steroid; used in horses to increase appetite and to improve body condition and performance.

• Bollinger bodies [bol´in-g r] inclusion bodies in epithelial cells infected with the fowlpox virus.

• bologna bull said of a mature entire bull sold for meat. The market for such animals is good because of the high proportion of the carcass that is lean meat suitable for conversion into mince or bologna.

• Bolognese a small (9–11 lb) bichon-type Italian dog with a distinctive white coat that is long and flocked without curls. Called also Bichon Bolognese.

• bolometer [bo-lom´-t r] an instrument for measuring minute degrees of radiant heat.

• bolting 1. of a horse, escaping from restraint at full gallop. 2. of a horse, eating its food greedily and rapidly.

• bolus [bo´l s] 1. a rounded mass of food or pharmaceutical preparation ready to be swallowed, or such a mass passing through the gastrointestinal tract. In previous times most medication for horses was given by bolus. Called also ball. 2. a concentrated mass of pharmaceutical preparation, e.g., an opaque contrast medium, given intravenously. 3. a mass of scattering material, such as wax or paraffin, placed between the radiation source and the skin to achieve a precalculated isodose pattern in the tissue irradiated.

  • alimentary b. the mass of food, made ready by mastication, that enters the esophagus at one swallow.
  • controlled release b. see slow release bolus (below).
  • physic b. see physic (2).
  • purging b. an old-time treatment for equine colic. Usually contained aloes or istin.
  • slow release b. formulation of drugs in a bolus, administered by balling gun, that resides in the rumen or reticulum and is designed to slowly release the drug so as to provide a continuous intake of the medication over a period varying from days to months, depending on the product. Passive release systems use a dense matrix, such as iron oxide, silicate glass, or slowly biodegradable cellulose materials and small size formulations are called intraruminal pellets. Active release systems release the drug mechanically by a flexible membrane or plunger driven by osmotic force of a spring. Called also controlled release bolus or sustained release bolus.

• Bolz technique conservative technique for surgical retraction of an equine penis affected by paraphimosis.

• boma confinement confinement of the flock or herd, including captive wild animals being held for transport to zoos, to the boma (enclosure, corral), traditionally constructed of thorn bushes; contemporary facilities are made of conventional yard posts and rails.

• bomb calorimeter [bom] see calorimeter.

• Bombay [bom-ba´] an uncommon breed of cat, the result of crossing Burmese and black American Shorthairs. It has a short muzzle, short black hair and deep copper-colored eyes. Differs from the British Bombay cat that is essentially a Burmese in black and has copper to greenish eyes.

• bombesin [bom´b -sin] a tetradecapeptide originally isolated from the skin of the European fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina). mammalian homologs are neuromedin B (in brain) and gastrin-releasing peptide that stimulates G-cells to release gastrin.

• bona fide client a valid Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship exists.

• Bonamia a genus of protists of the phylum Haplosporidia that cause lethal infection of the hemocytes of certain oysters. Infections with B. ostreae and B. exitiosa are notifiable to the OIE (see Table 20). See also bonamiasis.

• bonamiasis important protozoan disease affecting hemocytes of flat oysters worldwide caused by Bonamia ostreae and B. exitiosa. A disease notifiable to the OIE (see Table 20).

• Bonasa umbellus see ruffed grouse.

• bond [bond] the linkage between atoms or radicals of a chemical compound, or the symbol representing this linkage and indicating the number and attachment of the valencies of an atom in constitutional formulas, e.g., H–O–H, H–C= C–H and can be represented by a pair of dots between atoms, e.g., H:O:H, H:C:::C:H.

  • coordinate covalent b. a covalent bond in which one of the bonded atoms furnishes both of the shared electrons.
  • covalent b. a chemical bond between two atoms or radicals formed by the sharing of a pair (single bond), two pairs (double bond) or three pairs of electrons (triple bond).
  • disulfide b. a strong covalent bond, –S–S–, important in linking polypeptide chains in proteins, the linkage arising as a result of the oxidation of the sulfhydryl (SH) groups of two molecules of cysteine.
  • high-energy phosphate b. an energy-rich phosphate linkage present in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phosphocreatine, and certain other biological molecules. On hydrolysis at pH 7, it yields about 8000 calories per mole, in contrast to the 3000 calories yielded by phosphate esters. The bond stores energy that is used to drive biochemical processes, such as the synthesis of macromolecules, contraction of muscles, and the production of the electrical potentials for nerve conduction.
  • high-energy sulfur b. an energy-rich sulfur linkage, the most important of which occurs when an acetyl or acyl group is linked to a CoA molecule or an acyl carrier protein causing the activation of fatty acids which enables them to be broken down by the β-oxidation pathway or synthesized by the fatty acid synthase complex.
  • human–animal b. the psychological interdependence between humans and companion animals.
  • hydrogen b. a weak, primarily electrostatic, bond between a hydrogen atom bound to a highly electronegative element (such as oxygen or nitrogen) in a given molecule, or part of a molecule, and a second highly electronegative atom in another molecule or in a different part of the same molecule.
  • ionic b. a chemical bond in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another so that one bears a positive and the other a negative charge, the attraction between these opposite charges forming the bond.
  • peptide b. the –CO–NH– linkage formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another; it is an amide linkage joining amino acids to form peptides.
  • phosphoanhydride b. a high-energy bond present in ATP.
  • phosphodiester b. covalent bond in which a phosphorus atom in a phosphate group is esterified with two other molecules. Phosphodiester bonds form the links between nucleotides in nucleic acids.
  • polar b. a covalent bond in which the electron pair is held unequally by two bonded atoms.
• bonding [bond´ing] 1. the development of a close emotional tie to a mate, offspring or parent, or between human and animal. See also human–animal bond. 2. structural uniting between physical materials.

  • dental b. in restorative dentistry, the important process of adhering material to the tooth surface.
  • mother–young b. established by the pair staying in close proximity to each other, by intuitive vocal calls, by physical licking by the dam, and sucking by the neonate.
• bone [bōn] 1. the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of most vertebrates, composed chiefly of an organic component of collagenous matrix and cells and a mineral component of calcium phosphate and other salts. 2. any distinct piece of the skeleton of the body. For a list of named bones, see Table 9. 3. describes conformation, substance, thickness, and quality of bone structure in an animal, e.g., an animal with good bone. See also osseous.

  • b. ash analysis of the degree of mineralization of bone is done by an ash analysis in which the bone is heated at 600°C until there is no further weight loss.
  • b. atrophy see osteoporosis.
  • brittle b’s see osteogenesis imperfecta.
  • b. callus see callus (2).
  • cancellated b., cancellous b. bone composed of thin intersecting spicules or trabeculae, usually found internal to compact bone. Called also spongy bone.
  • cartilage b. bone that develops within a cartilage model by a process called endochondral ossification.
  • b. cells see osteocyte, osteoclast, osteoblast.
  • cheek b. see zygomatic bone.
  • chevron b. the V-shaped hemal arches, such as occur ventral to the cranial few coccygeal vertebrae of the dog.
  • chondroid b. has histological characteristics of both cartilage and bone; may develop in response to tensions from frequently changing directions.
  • b. clamp strongly built, handheld, tong-like instrument with outcurving blades making a circle when closed for grasping a piece of bone shaft. The handles are ratcheted to give a firm grasp, and the faces of the blades have deep, crossways grooves.
  • compact b. bone substance that is dense and noncancellous.
  • cortical b. the compact bone of the shaft of a bone that surrounds the marrow cavity; it tends to be thicker near the middle of the shaft of a long bone, tapering toward the extremities where more cancellous bone is found.
  • b. cyst a discrete, grossly visible cavity, filled with fluid and often lined by a membrane. It may be located under cartilage (subchondral), be a single cavity (unicameral), filled with blood (aneurysmal) or contain epidermal cells (epidermoid). Seen radiographically as a radiolucency, with or without expansile change, within the bone.

    B-38:

    

    Aneurysmal bone cyst.

  • Aspinall, V., Cappello, M. Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology Textbook, 3rd Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2015.
  • decalcified b. a material for bone grafting. Prepared by treatment with hydrochloric acid, bone morphogenic protein is retained.
  • b. density the degree of mineralization. The greater the degree of mineralization the greater the radiopacity of the bone.
  • b. discoloration continuous intake of tetracycline colors bone of growing animals yellow; inherited or acquired porphyria discolors bone red-brown.
  • ectopic b. bone that develops in abnormal sites. Needs to be differentiated from ectopic ossification and ectopic mineralization.
  • endochondral b. bone formed by ossification within cartilage. The means of lengthening of long bones. See also enchondral ossification.
  • entoglossal b. the bone in a bird’s tongue.
  • b. file, b. rasp see bone rasp.
  • flat b. a bone whose thickness is slight, sometimes consisting of only a thin layer of compact bone, or of two layers with a limited intervening layer of cancellated bone and marrow; usually curved rather than flat as, for example, the scapula, the ilium, and the ribs.
  • b. flour finely ground bone used as a mineral supplement in animal feed to supply additional calcium and phosphorus. Needs to be properly sterilized.
  • b. fragility the ease with which bone fractures depends to a large extent on the density of its compact bone, that is its degree of mineralization, which in turn depends on a number of factors including age, nutritional adequacy, state of pregnancy and lactation, and exposure to weight bearing.
  • b. Gla protein see osteocalcin.
  • b. infection see osteitis, osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis.
  • intramembranous b. bone formed within membrane or under the deeper layer of the periosteum. Called also membrane bone.
  • jugal b. see zygomatic bone.
  • lamellar b. successive layers of calcified bone matrix, each some 2–8 μm thick formed by osteoblasts housed in lacunae between each lamina that result in successive waves of appositional growth (a) either within or just beneath the periosteum (outer circumferential laminae) or (b) by the endosteum around the medullary cavity (inner circumferential laminae) or (c) successively around the central canal of each osteon. Remodeling of bone often leaves many irregularly shaped groups of interstitial lamellae. Bones mainly grow in girth by the formation of successive layers of outer circumferential laminae.

    B-39:

    

    Structure of a typical long bone.

  • laminar b. the formation of bone in layers within the periosteum, sometimes more than one layer at a time; the process is the main way that the diaphyseal part of the bone grows in girth. Is marked in farm animals and large dogs, and serves to accommodate the skeleton to the very rapid growth of the musculature.
  • lingual b. see hyoid bone.
  • long b. one whose length usually exceeds its breadth and thickness and that usually bears epiphyses at each extremity during growth.
  • malar b. see zygomatic bone.
  • marble b’s see osteopetrosis.
  • mastoid b. the posterior part of the petrous temporal bone; the mastoid process.
  • b. matrix the intercellular component of bone. It includes collagen and amorphous ground substance consisting mostly of mucopolysaccharides (chondroitin sulfate).
  • b. meal a product made from meatless bones which are crushed and sterilized. The bones are derived from boning plants and retail outlets. The bone meal is used as stock feed, fertilizer and in a number of industries. Care is needed in its preparation and in the selection of the bones because of the high risk of transmitting diseases including anthrax, salmonellosis, tuberculosis. A coarse grade of bone flour (see above). Prohibited from being used as a feed in many countries as part of programs to control or prevent bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
  • membranous b. see intramembranous bone (above).
  • metaplastic b. bone formed by connective tissue by redifferentiation of mesenchymal cells.
  • b. mineral principally calcium and phosphorus but includes also magnesium and, to a lesser extent, potassium and fluorine. Consisting mainly of hydrated calcium phosphate (apatite) and calcium carbonate.
  • b. modeling the sum of the activities of the endosteum and periosteum of bone to fashion bone in a new form.
  • b. neoplasm include cartilage-forming tumors (chondroma, osteochondroma, chondrosarcoma, multilobular tumor of bone) and bone-forming tumors (osteoma, osteosarcoma). Osteosarcoma is the most common tumor of bone in domestic animals. Less common bone tumors include fibrosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, histiocytic sarcoma, multiple myeloma, liposarcoma, and metastatic bone tumors.
  • pelvic b. hip bone.
  • perilacunar b. low-density bone around the lacunae of bone that contains much amorphous mineral. In this form the mineral is labile and therefore important in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis.
  • periosteal b. bone deposition by the periosteum in successive laminae; the bone formation in new bone and in a callus, beginning as fibrocellular tissue forming from the endosteum and periosteum, followed by calcification and bone formation.
  • b. pinning see pinning.
  • b. plate see plating.
  • pneumatic b. bone that contains air-filled spaces; normal in birds.
  • premaxillary b. see premaxilla.
  • pterygoid b. a small skull bone that articulates with the sphenoid.
  • b. remodeling unit osteoclasts, osteoblasts and their progenitors, the basal metabolic unit of bone.
  • b. sand remnants of bone trabeculae destroyed in osteomyelitis and sequestered in pus.
  • b. screws see screw.
  • b. sealant a composition of beeswax and isopropylpalmitate used to seal the cut end of bone and stop the oozing of blood.
  • shin b. a colloquial term for either the tibia of primates and carnivores or the cannon bone of ungulates.
  • short b. one of approximately equal length, width, and thickness, usually without epiphyses, such as most carpal and tarsal bones.
  • solid b. compact bone without marrow.
  • spongy b. cancellous bone.
  • sutural b’s variable and irregularly shaped bones within the sutures between the bones of the skull. Called also wormian bones.
  • b. tumor see bone neoplasm (above).
  • tympanic b. the part of the temporal bone surrounding the middle ear.
  • b. wax see bone sealant (above).
  • wormian b’s sutural bones.
  • woven b. primitive bone with coarse collagen bundles arranged in a disorderly fashion and replaced subsequently by lamellar bone.
• bone marrow [bōn mar´o] the soft, organic material in the cavities of bones, a network of blood vessels and special connective tissue fibers that hold together a composite of fat and blood-producing cells. Marrow also functions to strengthen bone by reducing the potential for buckling failure. The chief function of red bone marrow is to manufacture erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. These blood cells normally do not enter the bloodstream until they are fully developed, so that the bone marrow contains cells in all stages of development. If the body’s demand for white cells is increased because of infection, the bone marrow responds immediately by increasing production (myeloid hyperplasia). The same is true if more red blood cells are needed (erythroid hyperplasia), as in hemorrhage or hemolytic anemia. This type of marrow is most abundant in growing animals, especially the epiphyses, and also ribs, vertebral bodies, and flat bones. Yellow bone marrow is mainly composed of fat cells and normally has no blood-cell producing function. It gradually replaces the red marrow of maturing animals.

  • b. m. aplasia any of the three cell lines may be singularly aplastic but a pancytopenic abnormality is also possible. See also aplastic anemia.
  • b. m. aspiration see bone marrow biopsy.
  • b. m. dyscrasia abnormal cell production by the bone marrow. Occurs in some dog breeds, especially miniature Poodles, in which there are maturation abnormalities of erythrocytes with macrocytosis and hypersegmented neutrophils.
  • b. m.-derived lymphocytes see B lymphocyte.
  • b. m. spaces the cavities in cancellous bone that are usually filled with bone marrow.
  • b. m. suppression some drugs and infectious agents can cause reduced erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis, and megakaryocytopoiesis. See also anemia, pancytopenia.
  • toxic b. m. arrest see resurgence granulopoiesis.
  • b. m. transplantation the transfer of bone marrow from a normal, antigenically matched individual to another, usually for treatment of aplastic anemia, immunodeficiency or metabolic disorders.

• bonelet [bōn´l t] an ossicle or small bone.

• bong dok pu see Ligularia amplexicaulis.

• bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) a large reddish-brown African forest antelope with prominent white to yellow, transverse stripes on the body; both males and females have long, spiral horns.

• boning [bōn´ing] the preparation of meat for human consumption by removing the bones from the carcass.

• hot b. the boning process is carried out immediately, before the carcass has had time to cool and the meat to set.

• bonnet bonnet fleece on the head of an alpaca. Also called bob. To be true to type, alpacas should have abundant fiber on the head, but short of being ‘wool-blind’.

• bonobo (Pan paniscus) a primate in the subfamily Homininae. Native to central Africa, this terrestrial and arboreal omnivore is, together with the chimpanzee, a close relative to humans. An endangered species, previously called the pygmy chimpanzee. See also chimpanzee.

• Bonomiella columbae a species of pigeon louse.

• Bonsmara a red breed of beef cattle bred in South Africa from Africander, Shorthorn, and Hereford breeds.

• bont tick see Amblyomma hebraeum and A. variegatum (tropical bont tick).

• bony spiral lamina bony projection of the modiolus that supports the membranous subdivisions of the cochlea in the internal ear.

• boobialla see Myoporum.

• book a lay term for the omasum; so called because of the many muscular folds that fill the lumen; also called manypiles.

• booklice soft-bodied insects in the order Psocoptera, which live on vegetable matter of various sorts, including the paste in bookbindings, hence the name, and have no veterinary importance other than their ubiquity so that they are constantly suspected of causing disease.

• Boophane disticha African plant in the family Liliaceae (Amaryllidaceae); contains isoquinoline alkaloids that have been used as an arrow poison. Human poisoning is well known. Its toxicity for grazing animals is unknown. Called also candelabra flower, Cape poison bulb, gifbol.

• Boophilus [bo-of´ľ-l s] previously a genus of ticks in the family Ixodidae, but considered to be a subgenus of Rhipicephalus; designated Rhipicephalus (Boophilus).

• Booponus [bo-op´-n s] a genus of flies of the family Calliphoridae.

• B. intonsus the maggots of this fly cause myiasis and skin damage on the lower parts of the legs of ruminants. Called also foot maggot.

• Booroola Merino prolific strain of Merino sheep selected for high ovulation rate and prolificacy, also with the outstanding characteristic of freedom from pigmented wool; developed in Australia from a mutant strain.

• booster dose [´ r] see booster dose.

• boot 1. an encasement for the foot; a protective casing or sheath. 2. stage of growth of grain when the head is fully developed and can be easily seen and felt in the swollen section of the leaf sheath below the flag leaf. Stage at which cereal grains should be harvested for hay.

• bell b. see brush boot (below).

• brush b., brushing b. a rubber cover worn over the hoof by pacing and trotting horses to prevent damage to the inside of the opposite cannon bone. Called also bell boot.

• booted said of poultry with feathering on feet, hocks, and shanks.

• bootstrap [´strap] a method for estimating parameters by repeatedly drawing randomsamples, with replacement, from the collected observations.

• bopple nut tree see Macadamia.

• boracic acid boric acid.

• Boraginaceae a plant family that contains the poisonous plant genera Heliotropum, Echium, Borago, Buglossoides, Cynoglossum, Symphytum, Amsinckia, and Trichodesma. Common source of pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

• Boran a variety of Bos indicus milking cattle bred in central and northern Africa. Horned, white or gray, sometimes pied or red.

• Boneliota fungillae an obsolete term; see Avipoxvirus.

• borate [bor´āt] any salt or ester of boric acid. See also astringent (2), borax.

  B-40:

  

  Boran dairy cattle.

• borax [bor´aks] sodium borate. Poisoning occurs only in animals that eat relatively large amounts. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, and renal failure.

• borborygmus [bor″b -rig´m s] a rumbling noise caused by propulsion of gas through the intestines. See also bowel sounds.

• Bordeaux mixture a fungicide used on grape vines consisting of copper sulfate, calcium hydroxide, and water. It has also been used in the treatment of dermatophytosis (ringworm) in cattle. It can cause copper poisoning.

• border [bor´d r] a boundary line, edge or surface.

  • basal b. of the lung the tapered caudal border of the lung that encroaches on and invades the costodiaphragmatic pleural recess during normal breathing.
  • brush b. see brush border.
  • ruffled b. see brush border.
  • b. effacement in radiology, the loss of the ability to visualize the margins of an organ due to surrounding fluid or other soft tissue opacity. Most commonly seen on thoracic radiographes when the margins of the cardiac silhouette and diaphragm are obscured by pleural effusion.

• Border collie [bor´d r] a medium-sized (30–45 lb), working sheepdog with a moderately long double coat (rough variety). Usually black and white coat, but other colors occur. There is also a smooth-coated variety. The ears are erect or semi-erect. Used extensively as a working dog in the UK and Australia. The breed is subject to central progressive retinal atrophy and ceroid lipofuscinosis.

• border disease [bor´d r dľ-zēz′] an infectious disease of sheep originally described in the Anglo-Scottish border area of the UK, but subsequently reported from most of the major sheep-producing countries. Caused by a pestivirus (border disease virus) and manifest with abortion, stillbirths, barren ewes, and the birth of small weak lambs, some of which have an abnormally hairy birth coat, gross tremor of skeletal muscles, inferior growth, and a variable degree of skeletal deformity. The disease results from congenital infection and affected sheep are persistently infected. Called also hairy shaker disease.

  • b. d. virus (BDV) a pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae.

• Border fancy [bor´d r] a popular breed of canaries, originating from the Anglo-Scottish border area. They are semi-erect and close feathered.

• Border Leicester [bor´d r] see Leicester.

• Border terrier [bor´d r] a small (11–15 lb) terrier with a short, harsh red or tan, weather resistant coat; the head is broad with a short strong muzzle (‘like an otter’), small v-shaped ears are dropped and the tail is moderately short. Originating in the Border country of Scotland and England for hunting foxes and other vermin. Congenital ventricular septal defects are found in the breed.

• Bordet–Gengou phenomenon [bor-da´ zhahn-goo´] see complement fixation tests.

• Bordetella [bor″d -tel´] a genus of gram-negative bacteria that cause respiratory disease in a number of species.

  • B. avium the cause of turkey coryza. Previously called Alcaligenes fecalis.
  • B. bronchiseptica a small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in humans, dogs, and pigs, but also causes pneumonia, stillbirths, abortions, canine infectious tracheobronchitis (see kennel cough), and atrophic rhinitis in pigs.
  • B. hinzii an apathogenic species isolated from the respiratory tract of chickens
  • B. parapertussis implicated in pneumonia in sheep, in association with Mannheimia haemolytica.
  • B. pertussis the cause of whooping cough in humans.

• bordetellosis an inclusive name for diseases caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica. It includes chronic bronchitis and some case of suppurative bronchopneumonia in dogs, canine infectious tracheobronchitis, respiratory disease in cats, atrophic rhinitis, septicemia and suppurative bronchopneumonia in pigs.

  B-41:

  

  Columnar epithelium with dark-staining bacterial rods of Bordetella bronchiseptica tightly adhered to cilia.

• bore water water accumulated in aquifers below the earth’s surface but available for farm use by sinking a bore pipe into the aquifer. May discharge to the surface (artesian bore) or need to be pumped to the surface (subartesian bore).

• boredom state of mind caused by a lack of space in animal accommodation because there is insufficient room for young animals to play. If severe, animals may develop vices. See also tail biting, ear sucking, crib-biting, and pica.

  • b. barking an unsatisfactory habit of some dogs, usually those left alone while their owners are at work. Unnoticed by the owner, but very annoying to neighbors.

• boree see Acacia cana.

• Boreray primitive, endangered, small, horned colored breed of sheep. Originated on the island of St. Kilda, Scotland.

• boric acid [bor´ik] a weak acid combining boron and three hydroxyl groups, chemical formula B(OH)₃, which has bacteriostatic, fungistatic, and astringent activities; also used as a buffer in eye-drops. Used as an insecticide; it is applied to infested bedding, flooring, and soil to kill ectoparasites such as fleas.

• boring [bor´ing] 1. a gait in a horse in which the horse leans heavily on the bit. 2. in racing, movement of a horse to put lateral pressure on another horse racing beside it.

• borism poisoning by a boron compound.

• born [born] brought into existence by birth.

  • b. after the ban see BAB.

• Borna disease [bor´n ] a geographically restricted virus disease of horses and occasionally sheep, characterized by a uniformly fatal encephalomyelitis. Fatal infection also occurs rarely in dogs and cats. Clinically it is characterized by disorders of behavior, blindness, circling, head pressing, ataxia, pharyngeal paralysis, muscle tremor, lethargy, and flaccid paralysis. The causative virus is a nonsegmented, negative-stranded RNA virus with a nuclear site of replication and transcription of its genome and is the prototype of the family Bornaviridae, in the order Mononegavirales. It is neurotropic and establishes noncytolytic persistent infection in the central nervous system of some animals. Depending on the host species, the virus may provoke a T cell–mediated immunopathological reaction with high case fatality. Animals become infected by direct contact with infected nasal secretions of carrier animals or by exposure to contaminated food or water. Serologic evidence indicates that the host range of Borna disease virus or an antigenically related virus is wide and that its geographic distribution is worldwide. The virus has been linked to psychiatric illnesses in humans. Called also Near eastern equine encephalomyelitis.

• Bornavirus a member of the family Bornaviridae within the order Mononegavirales. Infections have been associated with neurological disease in mammals and snakes, and neurological and alimentary tract disease in birds. Extended periods of latency can precede disease. See proventricular dilatation disease, Borna disease.

• borogluconate a substance whose calcium salt is used in the treatment of bovine parturient hypocalcemia (milk fever) in cows, hypocalcemia in ewes and eclampsia in the bitch. It has the virtue of being nonirritant and can be administered subcutaneously and intravenously.

• boron (B) [bor´on] a chemical element, atomic number 5, atomic weight 10.811.

• Borrel bodies [bo-rel´] individual fowlpox virus particles visible under the light microscope.

• Borrelia [b -rel´e- ] a genus of gram-negative spirochaete bacteria transmitted by tick vectors.

  • B. anserina causes fowl spirochetosis.
  • B. burgdorferi causes Lyme disease in humans and animals. Now classified as Borreliella burgdorferi.
  • B. recurrentis causes relapsing fever in humans, and a subclinical disease in Virginia opossum, one of the major reservoirs of the disease.
  • B. suilla not an accredited species. Originally identified as a cause of ulcerative granuloma of swine.
  • B. theileri cause of cattle borreliosis.
• Borreliella genus of tick transmitted gram-negative spirochaete bacteria.

  • B. burgdorferi, B. afzelii, B. garinii causes of Lyme disease in humans and animals

• borreliosis [b -rel″e-o´sis] infection with Borrelia spp.; see also Lyme disease.

• Borzoi a tall (28–31 inches), thin hound with a long, silky flat coat of any color but usually predominantly white. A coursing sight hound, it was previously known as the Russian wolfhound.

• Bos [bos] a genus of cattle of the family Bovidae that includes buffalo, bison, and many other wild ruminants.

  • B. banteng (B. javanicus, B. sondaicus) a member of the wild cattle group of the family Bovidae. Brown or black with white stockings and rump patch.
  • B. gaurus a long-horned, dark-colored with light belly and stockings, wild cattle. Tall, 6 ft at shoulder, and unsuited to domestication.
  • B. indicus the zebu species. Called also Brahman (US), Afrikaner (Africa). They are much prized for their hardiness in hot climates and because of their resistance to tick infestation. They have been crossbred extensively to produce new breeds including Santa Gertrudis, Brangus, Droughtmaster, Braford.
  • B. mutus see yak.
  • B. taurindicus crossbred zebu and British breed cattle, usually as more or less fixed breeds with an official studbook.
  • B. taurus the common domestic cattle of Europe. Docile and productive they represent man’s most effective symbiosis with animals. They provide draft, meat, milk products, leather, and many by-products.

• BOSCC bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma.

• boss 1. a rounded eminence as at the base of a horn. 2. the dominant cow in a herd.

• bosselated [bos´-lāt- d] marked or covered with bosses.

• bossy [bos´ē] 1. in dog conformation, used to describe overdevelopment of the shoulder muscles. 2. vernacular pet name for a cow.

• Boston terrier [bos´t n] a small, shorthaired lively dog with a short nose, prominent eyes, erect ears, and a naturally short tapered or screw tail. It has a very short, smooth coat in brindle, seal or black, with white markings; sometimes called a ‘tuxedo’ coat. The breed originated in the US late in the 19th century. Predisposed to hyperadrenocorticism, mast cell tumors, heart base tumors, persistent right aortic arch, hemivertebrae, cataracts and sebaceous gland tumors. Called also the ‘American gentleman dog’. The official state dog of Massachusetts.

• botanical medicine see herbal medicine.

• bot fly [bot´fli] the flies that produce the maggots known as bots and the diseases referred to as gasterophilosis (in horses) and nasal bot fly infestation (in sheep and goats). Belong to the family Oestridae.

• bothria two longitudinal grooves or sucker-like expansions on the scolex of members of the cestode orders Bothriocephalidea, Diphyllidea, Diphyllobothriidea and Trypanorhyncha. Species of veterinary significance include Diphyllobothrium and Spirometra spp.

• Bothriocephalus [both″re-o-sef´-l s] a genus of tapeworms in the order Bothriocephalidea. Occur, but appear to have little pathogenicity, in many wild fish. Includes B. acheilognathi (carp, goldfish).

• botryoid [bot´re-oid] shaped like a bunch of grapes.

  • b. rhabdomyosarcoma see urinary bladder tumors.

• botryomycosis [bot″re-o-mi-ko´sis] chronic, deep staphylococcal infection in which the bacterial colonies become coated with dense eosinophilic radiating club-shaped deposits of degraded antigen-antibody complexes, the Splendore–Hoeppli phenomenon.

• Botrytis [bo-tri´tis] a common fungal cause of spoilage in stored meat.

• bots [bots] maggots (larval stages) of flies that infest animals, especially horses (Gasterophilus) and sheep (Oestrus). The term bot is also loosely used to include the invasive maggots, such as those of Cuterebra and Wohlfahrtia spp.

• sheep nasal b. see Oestrus ovis.

• BoTV bovine torovirus.

• bottle jaw [bot´ l] the accumulation of edema fluid in the intermandibular space, usually due to hypoproteinemia. Occurs more readily in animals grazing at pasture than in those feeding from mangers because of the effect of gravity in producing dependent edema.

• bottle rearing [bot´ l] the rearing of newborn animals by feeding natural milk or a prepared formula from a bottle equipped with a rubber nipple.

  B-42:

  

  Horse bots (Gasterophilus spp.) cemented to hair on the forelimb of a horse.

• bottle tree [bot´ l] see Brachychiton rupestris.

• botuliform [boch´u-lľ-form] sausage-shaped.

• botulin see botulinum toxin.

• botulinal [boch″u-li´n l] pertaining to Clostridium botulinum or to its toxin.

• botulinum toxin [boch´-lin- m] a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum; causes botulism. Eight antigenically distinct types are recognized: A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F, and G.

• botulism [boch´-liz- m] a highly fatal toxemia caused by the ingestion of toxin produced during vegetative growth of Clostridium botulinum in decomposing animal matter. C. botulinum types B, C, and D are associated with disease in animals, but the type prevalence varies geographically. In agricultural animals, ingestion of preformed toxin most commonly results from contamination during feed preparation or storage allows multiplication of the organism in the feed or allows contamination of feed with carrion containing toxin. Horses are particularly susceptible and risk factors allow outbreaks. In companion animals, it occurs as the result of feeding on carrion. Rare cases occur from toxin production from organisms in the intestine or wounds. The clinical picture includes the development of flaccid paralysis over a period of 1–3 days, the animal becoming recumbent and being unable to eat or drink, but being fully conscious. Death is caused by respiratory paralysis. Called also western duck disease, limberneck. See also grass sickness.

  • wound b. a form resulting from infection of a wound with Clostridium botulinum. Called also toxicoinfectious botulism.
  • toxicoinfectious b. growth and toxin production of the organism in the alimentary tract.
• bougie [boo-zhe´] a slender, flexible, hollow or solid, cylindrical instrument for introduction into the urethra or other tubular organ, usually for calibrating or dilating constricted areas.

  • filiform b. a bougie of very slender caliber.
  • soluble b. a bougie composed of a substance that becomes fluid in situ.

• bougienage [boo″zhe-nahzh´] passage of a bougie.

• bouhite see maedi. Called also la bouhite.

• Bouin’s fixative [boo-ă´] a tissue preservative composed of saturated picric acid, formaldehyde, and glacial acetic acid. Particularly suitable for trichrome connective tissue stains.

• bouncing bet see Saponaria.

• bound [bound] said of electrolytes and hormones circulating in the blood and attached by one or more of ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds to proteins or other blood components. Bound compounds can have altered physiologic activity. See also unbound.

• bounding [bound´ing] a gait in which the animal progresses in a series of bounds instead of a normal walking or running gait.

• bouquet [boo-ka´] a structure resembling a cluster of flowers.

• Bourdon pressure gauge see Bourdon flowmeter.

• Bourgelatia a genus of the nematode family Chabertiidae. Includes B. diducta (found in the large intestine of pigs).

• Boussingaultia baselloides see Anredera cordifolia. Called also B. gracilis var. pseudobaselloides.

• bouton [boo-tahn´] [Fr.] button.

  • b. terminal the swollen end of an axon that contributes to a synapse.

• boutonneuse fever see Mediterranean spotted fever.

• Bouvier des Flandres a medium to large working dog of compact build, with a coarse, fawn or gray double coat, cropped or uncropped ears, and a docked or naturally short tail. The coat forms a characteristic beard and mustache. The breed is affected by a hereditary laryngeal paralysis. Called also Belgian cattle dog.

  B-43:

  

  Bouvier des Flandres with uncropped ears.

• Bovicola a genus of lice of the superfamily Ischnocera. Also called Damalinia. Includes B. limbatus (syn. B. painei) and B. caprae (goat), B. ovis (sheep), and B. bovis (cattle).

• Bovidae a family of ruminants including cattle, buffalo, and bison.

• Bovimyces pleuropneumoniae see Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides.

• bovine [bo´vīn] pertaining to, characteristic of, or derived from the ox or cattle, members of the family Bovidae. See also cattle.

  • b. atypical interstitial pneumonia see atypical interstitial pneumonia.
  • b. bonkers see ammoniated forage poisoning.
  • epidemic b. abortion. see epizootic bovine abortion.
  • b. epizootic fever see ephemeral fever.
  • b. herpesviruses bovine herpesviruses 1, 2, 4, and 5. See Herpesviridae.
  • b. immunodeficiency virus a lentivirus that causes leukopenia followed by persistent leukocytosis when inoculated into calves. The prevalence and significance of natural infection are unknown.
  • b. leukocytic adhesion deficiency granulocytopathy of young Holstein calves inherited as an autosomal-recessive lethal trait, characterized by fever, persistent neutrophilia, recurrent pneumonia, ulcerative, and granulomatous stomatitis, periodontitis, delayed wound healing. Abbreviated BLAD.
  • b. leukosis see bovine viral leukosis (below).
  • b. lymphomatosis see bovine viral leukosis (below).
  • b. lymphosarcoma see bovine viral leukosis (below).
  • b. malignant catarrh see malignant catarrhal fever.
  • b. mucosal disease see bovine virus diarrhea (below).
  • b. petechial fever is caused by Ehrlichia ondiri and occurs in Kenya and possibly Tanzania in cattle grazing thick scrub land or indigenous forest areas to 1500- to 3000-meter altitudes. It is manifest by fever and submucosal and serosal hemorrhages. There may be epistaxis and other evidence of a bleeding tendency. Pregnant animals may abort and anemia may result in death 3–4 weeks after infection. The disease has a strong similarity to tickborne fever. The method of transmission is unknown. Called also Ondiri disease.
  • b. polyomavirus a virus not known to be pathogenic; up to 60% of cattle sera have antibody to the virus.
  • b. protozoal abortion see neosporosis.
  • b. pulmonary emphysema see atypical interstitial pneumonia.
  • b. respiratory disease complex a group of undifferentiated diseases of young cattle characterized by dyspnea, coughing, nasal discharge, evidence of pneumonia on auscultation of the lungs, and nonspecific signs as a result of the toxemia of infection and tissue destruction. Because of the complexity of the differential diagnosis of these diseases, it has become common practice to devise treatments and control programs which will deal satisfactorily with them as a group. Called also shipping fever.
  • b. respiratory syncytial virus a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Pneumovirus that causes one of the more virulent forms of enzootic calf pneumonia. Many calves in the group are affected; there is severe dyspnea and extensive involvement of the lungs. Outbreaks of disease also occur in adult cattle. The mortality rate in all ages can be high.
  • b. rhinitis virus associated with the bovine respiratory disease complex (see above). Bovine rhinitis A virus strains are common in cattle in the US and bovine rhinitis B virus occurs in Europe and Japan.
  • b. viral leukosis a highly fatal, systemic, malignant neoplasm of the reticuloendothelial system of cattle caused by an exogenous C-type oncovirus in the Retroviridae family. Infected animals are the only source of virus which is transmitted horizontally at parturition, by blood-sucking insects, contaminated surgical instruments, per-rectal palpation and by congenital infection in 4–8% of calves born to infected cows. Genetic makeup of the animal determines if it becomes infected and develops disease. Persistent infection is most common, followed by persistent lymphocytosis in 30% of infected animals, and less than 5% of infected animals develop lymphosarcoma. Clinical disease is most common in mature cattle and is characterized by tumors composed of aggregations of neoplastic lymphocytes in almost any organ with a great variety of clinical syndromes resulting. These include abomasal obstruction and ulcer, congestive heart failure, posterior paralysis, pharyngeal obstruction, protrusion of the eye, and a cutaneous form with multiple nodes and plaques in the skin. Economic loss is from decrease in milk production and early culling. It is not a zoonosis. There is also a sporadic occurrence in young cattle of a juvenile form in calves less than 6 months old and a thymic form in yearlings, but these diseases are not associated with the bovine leukosis virus. A disease notifiable to the OIE (see Table 20). Called also bovine lymphosarcoma, enzootic bovine leukosis.
  • b. viral diarrhea (BVD) of worldwide and major economic importance and associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a pestivirus with type 1 and type 2 genotypes, and cytopathic and non-cytopathic biotypes with mutation between both. Infection occurs after maternal immunity is lost and usually is manifest by fever and mild diarrhea and is clinically unapparent. The virus is immunosuppressive and may predispose to secondary disease such as respiratory disease. A disease notifiable to the OIE (see Table 20). The primary source of virus is the persistently infected cattle that occur when non-cytopathic virus infects the pregnant cow and its fetus in early gestation prior to the development of immune capacity in the calf. The calf is born persistently infected and immunotolerant to the infecting virus and remains so for life, excreting virus from mucosal surfaces. In addition, infection of susceptible cattle at the time of insemination through the mid fetal period can also result in conception failure, increased embryonic mortality, fetal mummification, abortion, premature births, stillbirths, congenital malformations, and the birth of stunted, weak calves. Some strains, particularly of noncytopathic type 2 BVDV, when introduced into susceptible herds, can produce peracute disease in cattle of all ages with high morbidity and case fatality resulting from severe diarrhea, fever, agalactia, thrombocytopenia and hemorrhagic disease.
    The identification and removal of persistently infected animal can result in herd freedom form the disease and bovine virus diarrhea is the subject of national eradication programs in some European countries. Called also bovine viral diarrhea. Mucosal disease occurs only in persistently infected cattle and is precipitated by a superinfection with a cytopathic strain of the virus occurring usually at 6–24 months of age or older. It is manifest with fever, diarrhea, oral erosions and very high case-fatality rate, and at postmortem examination, erosive stomatitis and gastroenteritis with widespread hemorrhage and depletion of Peyer’s patches. See also ear notch test.

• bovine leukemia virus see bovine viral leukosis.

• bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) [bo´vīn spun′jľ-form en-sef″ lop′ -the] a prion disease of cattle, also known, but mis-named, as mad cow disease. The disease has a long incubation period and occurs at a modal age of approximately 5 years with a clinical course of several weeks. Principal clinical signs are changes in sensorium and temperament and behavior, posture, and movement especially manifest by ataxia, and in dairy cattle, a fall in milk production. There is no antemortem diagnostic test. Most affected cattle are culled because of behavioral abnormalities before major clinical disease. The disease emerged in the mid-1980s in the UK, and epidemiological studies showed it was associated with the feeding of meat and bone meal to affected animals when they were calves. It is assumed that the meat and bone meal were contaminated by a scrapie strain capable of transmitting to cattle, possibly as a result of a change in the method of processing meat and bone meal that preceded the outbreak, but the origin of the BSE prion is not clear. Other animal species, including exotic zoo ungulates fed infected meat and bone meal and zoo cats fed culled cattle and domestic cats (but not dogs) fed canned food containing infected meat products developed a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). A small proportion of humans, relative to those that must have been exposed by consumption of infected material, developed a TSE called variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD). The outbreak of BSE in the UK peaked in the early 1990s following the ban of feeding meat and bone meal. International movement of cattle and meat and bone meal prior to the recognition of the disease in the UK, and illegal movement subsequently, resulted in the spread of this infection to many countries–mostly recognized in Europe and it has been reported in North America. The disease in cattle can be eliminated by a strict ban and control on the feeding of ruminant animal products to ruminants. The risk of disease in humans eventually can be obviated by imposing and enforcing the feeding ban to cattle (above) but also by avoiding consumption by humans of meat from cattle over 30 months of age. Several countries, for reasons of consumer confidence, test all cattle for BSE before releasing the carcass for consumption. The disease is notifiable to the OIE (see Table 20). See also scrapie.

  B-44:

  

  Acute stomatitis in bovine virus diarrhea/mucosal disease.

  • atypical BSE first diagnosed in 2003, the causative agents have different molecular weights in Western blot compared to classical BSE. Also, clinical presentations are different and affected cattle are usually older than eight years. Has occurred in several countries without any relationship with contaminated feeding.

• bovovaccine a vaccine consisting of live, virulent human tubercle bacilli once used to protect cattle against bovine tuberculosis. It was effective but was discontinued because it caused the excretion of live organisms in the milk.

• bowel [bou´ l] the intestine.

  • b. edema see edema disease.
  • b. entrapment see intestinal strangulation.
  • hemorrhagic b. syndrome occurs in well-nourished 3- to 6-month-old pigs, commonly being fed whey, and manifest by severe pain and abdominal distention preceding death and with a gas-filled intestine with intraluminal hemorrhage at postmortem. The proximal duodenum and stomach are not affected and most cases appear due to torsion at the mesenteric root occluding the mesenteric veins.
  • b. sounds relatively high-pitched abdominal sounds caused by the propulsion of the intestinal contents through the lower alimentary tract. Auscultation of bowel sounds is best accomplished by using a diaphragm-type stethoscope rather than a bell-shaped one. Normal bowel sounds are characterized by bubbling and gurgling noises that vary in frequency, intensity, and pitch. In the presence of distention from flatus, the sounds are hyperresonant and can be heard over the entire abdomen.
  • b. training see housetraining.

• Bowenia a genus of Australian cycads in the plant family Stangeriaceae; contain cycad glycoside causing a staggers syndrome and liver damage in cattle. Includes B. serrulata (Byfield ‘fern’), B. spectabilis (zamia ‘fern’); these are gymnosperms, not ferns.

• Bowen’s disease single to multiple cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in situ; uncommon in cats and rare in dogs. There are hyperkeratotic and often pigmented plaques in haired skin.

• bowie [bo´e] a disease of young lambs characterized by lateral curvature of the long bones of the front limbs. The lambs become so lame that they lose condition and are markedly deformed by the age of 8 weeks. The cause is unknown.

• bowleg [bo´leg] an outward curvature of one or both legs near the knee; genu varum.

• Bowman English surgeon, histologist, and anatomist, Sir William Bowman (1816–1892).

  • B’s capsule a two-layered cellular envelope enclosing the tuft of capillaries constituting the glomerulus of the kidney; called also glomerular capsule, malpighian capsule.
  • B’s disk one of flat, disk-like striations making up a striated muscle fiber.
  • B’s glands small mucous glands in the olfactory mucosa; called also olfactory glands.
  • B’s membrane see corneal laminae.
  • B’s space the cavity within the glomerular capsule in which glomerular filtrate collects.
• box [boks] 1. an ornamental shrub. See Buxus sempervirens. 2. accommodation for a single horse averaging 10 ft × 12 ft in dimensions. Called also loose box. 3. to mix groups of sheep (box them up). 4. a repeating sequence of nucleotides that forms a transcription or a regulatory signal.

  • CAT b. a sequence associated with transcription initiation, typically found about 100 bases upstream from a TATA box; abbreviated from CCAAT or CAAT.
  • Hogness b. see Pribnow box (below).
  • Pribnow b. the sequence of 5–10 bases in the promotor region of Escherichia coli genes. It is a variant of a basic sequence TATAATG. See also TATA box (below).
  • TATA b. a eukaryotic DNA sequence usually TATAAATA, similar to the Pribnow box of Escherichia coli, occurring in the promotor region 25–30 bases upstream from the transcriptional start site and required for mRNA chain initiation.

• box and whisker plot, boxplot [boks] a graphical method of displaying the distribution of a variable.

• box restraint [boks] see squeeze cage.

  B-45:

  

  Boxer.

• Boxador a hybrid name applied to dogs resulting from crossing Boxers and Labrador retrievers. See also designer dogs.

• Boxer a medium-sized, short-nosed dog with a short, fawn or brindle coat and white and black markings around the face, chest, and legs. It has a tail docked to a short length and, where practiced, the ears are cropped. The breed is predisposed to aortic and carotid body tumors, congenital heart defects, cardiomyopathy, gingival hyperplasia, skin tumors (particularly mastocytomas, melanomas and histiocytomas), brain tumors, corneal ulceration, histiocytic ulcerative colitis, and an inherited axonopathy.

  • B. ulcer see refractory ulcer.

• boxwood [boks´wood] see Buxus sempervirens.

• Boyden chamber an instrument initially developed for assessing the in vitro chemotactic activity of neutrophils. Adapted, it is also used to assess tumor cell invasion and cell motility.

• Boykin spaniel an American breed, originating in South Carolina as a wild turkey and waterfowl hunting dog. Medium-sized (30–38 lb), it has a wavy or curly, liver or chocolate colored coat with feathering on the ears, chest, legs, and belly. The tail is docked. Called also swamp poodle. The official state dog of South Carolina.

• Boyle’s law [boil] at a constant temperature and mass, the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure; that is, as increasing pressure is applied, the volume decreases. Conversely, as pressure is reduced, volume increases.

• Boynton tissue vaccine an obsolete term for an inactivated tissue vaccine used in pigs to prevent classical swine fever (hog cholera).

• BP 1. abbreviation for blood pressure; used in medical records. 2. boiling point. 3. British Pharmacopoeia.

• BP-6 a mixture of polybrominated biphenyls used as a flame retardant.

• bp base pair.

• bpm beats or breaths per minute.

• BPU benzoylphenyl urea.

• Bq becquerel, the SI unit of radioactivity.

• Br chemical symbol, bromine.

• Brabancon see Brussels griffon.

• Brabant disease trichlorethylene-extracted soybean meal poisoning. Called also Duren disease.

• Bracco Italiano a powerful, muscular, medium to large-sized (55–88 lb) Italian gun dog with pendulous upper lips and a fine, short coat in orange or chestnut with patches. Called also Italian pointer.

• brace [brās] 1. an orthopedic appliance or apparatus (orthosis), usually made of metal or leather, applied to the body, particularly the trunk and lower extremities. Has limitations in animals as compared to humans. Used mainly for support for the lower limbs of horses. 2. the stance from which a polo shot is played. 3. a pair of animals.

• bracelets [brās´lets] the rings of hair on the hind legs of Poodles.

• brachial [bra´ke- l] pertaining to the armor, sometimes, the whole forelimb.

  B-46:

  

  The brachial plexus. The ventral divisions of the spinal nerves (C6–T2) contributing to the plexus are at the top of the schema, the peripheral branches (N) supplying the forelimb at the bottom.

  • b. avulsion see brachial plexus avulsion.
  • b. paralysis injury to the brachial plexus causes paralysis and atrophy in the front limbs. See also brachial plexus avulsion.
  • b. plexus a nerve plexus originating from the ventral branches of the last four cervical and the first two thoracic spinal nerves. It gives off the principal nerves to the shoulder and forelimb.
  • b. plexus block see brachial plexus block.
  • b. plexus neuritis occurs rarely in dogs. Characterized by an acute onset of pain and weakness in the forelimbs. There is hyporeflexia, neurogenic atrophy and loss of sensation.

• brachialgia [bra″ke-al´j ] pain in the forelimb.

• brachialis tendon [bra″ke-al´lis] the tendon of insertion of the brachialis muscle. A surgical procedure transposes this or the biceps tendon to the olecranon as a treatment for paralysis from brachial avulsion, but only if the musculocutaneous nerve function is still present.

• Brachiaria a genus of the grass family Poaceae; contain steroidal saponins; manifested clinically by photosensitization. Includes B. brizantha (Urochloa brizantha) (signal grass, pallisade grass), B. decumbens (Urochloa decumbans) (deflexed brachiaria, signal grass), B. humidicola (Koronivia grass), B. radicans (tanner grass), B. ruziziensis. Unidentified species (called also Brazilian tanner grass) may cause nitrite poisoning.

  • B. mutica(Urochloa mutica) the grass is not normally poisonous but may contain enough calcium oxalate crystals to cause nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in horses grazing dense swards. Called also para grass.

• brachi(o)- word element. [L., Gr.] arm. In veterinary terms, taken to mean the forelimb.

• brachiocephalic [brak″e-o-s -fal´ik] pertaining to the forelimb and head.

• brachiocrural [brak″e-o-kroo´r l] pertaining to the forelimb and hindlimb.

• brachiocubital [brak″e-o-ku´bľ-t l] pertaining to the arm and elbow.

• Brachionus plicatilis euryhaline zooplanktonic species, 125–300 μm in size, used as live food for larval marine fish. Called also rotifer.

• brachium [bra´ke- m] pl. brachia [L.] 1. the forelimb; specifically from the shoulder to elbow. 2. any armlike process or structure.

  • b. colliculi caudalis fibers from the caudal colliculus that enter the medial geniculate body and form part of the auditory pathway.
  • b. colliculi caudalis et rostralis the bridging fibers between the colliculi and the geniculate bodies.
  • b. conjunctivum the rostral cerebellar peduncle. A fibrous band extending upward to each hemisphere of the cerebellum over the pons, the two joining to form the sides and part of the roof of the fourth ventricle.
  • b. pontis the brachium of the pons, the middle cerebellar peduncle.

• brachy- word element. [Gr.] short.

• Brachyachne genus of Australian grasses, members of the family Poaceae. Cause cyanide poisoning. Includes B. convergens (Gulf star or spider grass), B. tenella (slender native couch grass).

• brachybasia [brak″e-ba´zh ] a slow, shuffling, short-stepped gait.

• brachycardia [brak″e-kahr′de- ] see bradycardia.

• brachycephalic [brak″e-s -fal´ik] having a short wide head.

  • b. breeds those dog breeds with very short faces, e.g., Boxer, Bulldog, King Charles spaniel, Pekingese, Pug. Associated with this type of head, these breeds suffer from associated disorders including facial fold dermatitis and anomalies of the upper respiratory tract such as stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, and everted laryngeal saccules. They are also predisposed to neoplasms of chemoreceptor tissue. Brachycephalic cat breeds include the Persian, exotic shorthair, and Himalayan. They suffer similar skin and respiratory complications to brachycephalic dogs.
  • b. obstructive syndrome any of several upper airway abnormalities, prevalent in brachycephalic dogs, may lead to secondary changes including hypertrophy of pharyngeal muscle and tonsils, eversion of the tonsils or laryngeal saccules and laryngeal or tracheal collapse, further narrowing the air passages and increasing the work of breathing. Conditions that predispose include stenotic nares, a thickened and elongate soft palate, and tracheal hypoplasia. Characterized by stertor, snoring, and heat and exercise intolerance. In severe cases, dyspnea, cyanosis, collapse, and death can occur.

  B-47:

  

  Dorsolateral aspect of the skull of a brachycephalic breed of dog, demonstrating the foreshortened facial region and the malocclusion of the dental arcade.

• brachycephaly [brak″e-sef´ -le] the state of being brachycephalic.

• Brachycera a suborder of large flies of the order Diptera. Includes Tabanus spp. flies (family Tabanidae or tabanids).

• brachyceros a category of primitive cattle in the Balkans and Mediterranean regions that contains several breeds (Busha cattle of former Yugoslavia, Rhodope cattle of Eastern Bulgaria, Illyrian dwarf cattle in Albania, Prespa cattle in Albania). They are small with short horns and a deep forehead.

  • Brachyceros a Greek cattle breed derived from Bos taurus brachyceros; small, red, brown, or black with short horns and deep forehead.

• brachycheilia [brak″e-ki´le- ] abnormal shortness of the lip.

• Brachychiton Australian tree genus, members of the family Sterculiaceae. Valuable fodder trees in drought time but can poison sheep and cattle, the seeds being most poisonous. Toxin unidentified. Includes B. populneum (kurrajong tree).

  • B. rupestris the pulp of the trunk used as drought feed may rarely cause nitrate–nitrite poisoning. Called also bottle tree.

• Brachycladium spiciferum an obsolete name for Bipolaris spicifera.

• brachydactyly [brak″e-dak´t -le] abnormal shortness of the digits.

• brachygnathism abnormal shortness of the upper or lower jaw; requires the addition of maxillary or mandibular to determine which jaw is affected. See also prognathism.

• Brachylaemidae a family of trematodes that infest birds and mammals.

• brachymetacarpia [brak″e-met″ -kahr´pe- ] abnormal shortness of the metacarpal bones.

• brachymetatarsia [brak″e-met″ -tahr´se- ] abnormal shortness of the metatarsal bones.

• brachyodont see brachyodont teeth.

• brachyonychia shortness of nails or claws.

• brachyphalangia [brak″e-f -lan´j ] abnormal shortness of one of the phalanges.

• brachyspina shortening of the spine.

  • bovine b. syndrome an autosomal recessively inherited skeletal malformation in Holstein cattle. There is growth retardation with significant shortening of the spine and shortening of the limbs.
• Brachyspira [brak″e-spi´r ] a genus of anaerobic gram-negative intestinal bacteria in the order Spirochaetaceae. Formerly Serpulina. Some species were previously in the genus Treponema.

  • B. aalborgi infects primates, but its pathogenic significance is uncertain.
  • B. alvinipulli a cause of diarrhea in adult chickens.
  • B. hampsonii a strongly beta-hemolytic species able to cause swine dysentery
  • B. hyodysenteriae the classical cause of swine dysentery. Previously called Serpulina hyodysenteriae and Treponema hyodysenteriae.
  • B. intermedia a cause of diarrhea in adult chickens.
  • B. murdochii weakly pathogenic species capable of causing catarrhal colitis in pigs
  • B. pilosicoli causes intestinal or colonic spirochetosis, a mild colitis and diarrhea in weaner and grower pigs and of wet litter and reduced egg production in adult chickens.
  • B. suanatina a species capable of causing dysentery in pigs.

• brachytherapy [brak″e-ther´ -pe] a form of radiotherapy in which the source of radiation is applied in or on the patient in one prolonged dose, using surface applicators, needles, seeds or suspensions for use in serous cavities.

  B-48:

  

  Sinus bradycardia in a dog.

  • interstitial b. the radioactive source is implanted directly into the tissues. Called also curietherapy.
  • surface b. the radioactive source is applied to the surface of the tumor. Called also plesiotherapy.

• brachyury shortness of the tail, as in some Manx cats.

• bracken [brak´ n] see Pteridium.

• brackets [brak´ ts] in orthodontics, metal devices bonded onto teeth for attachment of elastic bands, elastic chains or orthodontic wires to move teeth.

• Bradford Count, Bradford System see wool quality.

• bradsot [brad´sot] see braxy.

• brady- word element. [Gr.] slow.

• bradyarrhythmia [brad″e -rith´me- ] bradycardia associated with arrhythmia. Includes sinoatrial block, atrial standstill, and atrioventricular heart block.

• Bradybaena [brad″e-be´n ] terrestrial snail, the intermediate host for the pancreatic flukes Eurytrema spp.

• bradycardia [brad″e-kahr´de- ] slowness of the heartbeat, in dogs and cats to less than 60 beats per minute.

  • sinus b. a slow sinus rhythm, characterized by normal electrocardiographic complexes in a normal rhythm or a sinus arrhythmia. A normal finding, most commonly seen in large breeds of dogs, athletic animals and animals at rest or under the influence of drugs that slow the rate of discharge of the sinoatrial node.
  • b.–tachycardia syndrome see sick sinus syndrome.

• bradykinesia [brad″e-kľ-ne´zh ] abnormal slowness of movement; sluggishness of physical and mental responses.

• bradykinin [brad″e-ki´nin] a nonapeptide kinin formed from a plasma protein, high-molecular-weight (HMW) kininogen, by the action of kallikrein; it is a potent vasodilator that increases capillary permeability and, in addition, constricts smooth muscle and stimulates pain receptors.

• bradyphagia [brad″ľ-fa´j ] abnormal slowness of eating.

• bradypnea [brad″e-ne´ , brad-ip´ne- ] respirations that are regular in rhythm but slower than normal in rate. This is normal during sleep; otherwise it is associated with disturbance in the brain’s respiratory control center, as when the center is affected by opiate narcotics, a tumor, a metabolic disorder or a respiratory decompensation mechanism.

• bradyspermatism [brad″e-spur´m -tiz- m] abnormally slow ejaculation of semen.

• bradysphygmia [brad″e-sfig´me- ] abnormal slowness of the pulse.

• bradystalsis [brad″e-stawl′sis] abnormal slowness of peristalsis.

• bradytachycardia [brad″e-tak″ľ-kahr´de- ] alternating episodes of bradycardia and tachycardia.

• bradytocia [brad″e-to´se- ] slow parturition.

• bradyuria [brad″e-u´re- ] slow discharge of urine.

• bradyzoite [brad″e-zo´īt] small comma-shaped form of Toxoplasma gondii and other apicomplexan parasites found in tissues enclosed in a pseudocyst; a stage that replicates slowly.

• Braford a white-faced breed of red beef cattle produced by crossbreeding between Hereford and Brahman breeds.

• Brahma heavy Asiatic breed of poultry with black or white body plumage, silver-gray head and neck, yellow beak and legs, heavy leg feather.

  B-49:

  

  Transverse section of feline skeletal muscle showing bradyzoite of Toxoplasma gondii.

  

  B-50:

• Brahman silver-gray, humped cattle created as a breed in the southern US from cattle imported from India at the beginning of the 20th century. As a breed, they may have had minor infusions of blood from the British breeds. Called also Brahma.

• brailing a technique for temporarily preventing flight in game birds by the use of leather straps.

• brain [brān] encephalon; that part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, and developed from the embryonic neural tube. It is connected at its base with the spinal cord. The brain is a mass of soft, pinkish gray nerve tissue. For specific brain diseases, see headings relating to etiology and lesion.

  • b. abscess common signs caused by an abscess in the brain are circling, rotation of the head, abnormal reflexes in one eye. The cerebrospinal fluid may show evidence of infection.
  • b. aneurysm see berry aneurysm.
  • b. anoxia acute or chronic insufficiency of the blood supply to the brain causes anoxia that causes clinical signs that vary with the severity of the deprivation. Acute anoxia causes muscle tremor, recumbency, convulsions, and death or recovery if the anoxia is relieved soon enough. Chronic anoxia causes lethargy, weakness, blindness and sometimes convulsions. In either case, there may be permanent damage.
  • b. case the cranium.
  • b. cestodal cyst see coenurosis.
  • b. coup lesion a derivation from contrecoup.
  • b. dead irreversible coma with apnea, loss of all brainstem reflexes and absence of activity on an electroencephalogram.
  • b. decompression relieving the pressure within the cranial vault. This may be done surgically by opening the cranium, or medically by administering hypertonic solutions of slowly metabolized materials, such as mannitol, intravenously.
  • b. edema an important part of a number of acute diseases, e.g., lead poisoning, encephalitis, salt poisoning in swine, polioencephalomalacia of ruminants and hypoxia due to any cause. Clinically manifested by blindness, opisthotonos, nystagmus, recumbency, and tonic convulsions.
  • Inherited in polled and horned Herefords; calves are recumbent at birth and are never able to stand but consciousness is normal. See also neuraxial edema.
  • b. hematoma may occur with trauma, in extradural, subdural or intraparenchymal locations. They can cause progressive increase in intracranial pressure and eventually death.
  • b. hemorrhage intracranial hemorrhage affecting the brain usually follows traumatic injury but spontaneous hemorrhage may result from an intrinsic vascular lesion. Can occur following ingestion of toxic amounts of anticoagulant rodenticides. Loss of consciousness is a common sign followed by residual signs depending on the locality and size of the hemorrhage. Ataxia and convulsions are common sequelae.
  • b. herniation displacement of brain tissue from one compartment within the skull to another. Types of herniation include transfalcine (under the falx cerebri), transtentorial (under the tentorium cerebelli) and cerebellar herniation (through the foramen nagnum). The usual causes are brain edema or hemorrhage with resulting differential increases in intracranial pressure in one or more compartments within the cranial vault.
  • b. hypoxia see brain anoxia (above).
  • b. infarction see cerebrovascular accident.
  • b. inflammation see encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, meningoencephalitis.
  • b. ischemia see brain anoxia (above).
  • b. laceration occurs in cranial trauma that fractures the skull, causes severe acceleration or deceleration, or penetrates the skull and brain tissue.
  • b. necrosis see encephalomalacia.
  • b. pigmentation occurs in Phalaris spp. poisoning; a characteristic greenish brown color grossly of the gray matter in brainstem nuclei and spinal cord, caused by a suspected lysosomal storage of granules of pigment material; usually associated with some degree of Wallerian degeneration within spinal cord tracts.
  • b. sand see acervuli.
  • b. scanning a computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or nuclear medical procedure for the assessment of the brain. Used for detection of brain tumors, abscesses, hematomas and other intracranial lesions.
  • b. spongy degeneration see bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).
  • b. staggers see dummy.
  • b. trauma traumatic injury to the brain resulting from a combination of shear forces, tissue laceration, and vascular events such as hemorrhage and infarction. These primary events, which cannot be altered, may also set up a complicated sequence of metabolic and biochemical secondary events which further compromise the brain function, but which may be influenced by intervention on the part of the clinician.
  • b. tumors cause signs suggestive of local space-occupying lesion in the cranial cavity, including the increased intracranial pressure syndrome, blindness with disturbance of ocular reflexes, head rotation, circling, and jacksonian seizures.
  • b. ventricles see third, fourth, and lateral ventricles.
  • wet b. brain edema.

• brain–allergy axis the observation that stress and conditioned reflexes can affect immune responsiveness and histamine release; postulated as a factor in allergic disease.

• brain–blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier see blood–CSF barrier.

• brainstem [brān´stem] the stemlike portion of the brain connecting the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord, and comprising the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain; considered by some to include the diencephalon. See also reticular¹ activating system, thalamus.

  • auditory b. response (ABR) see brainstem auditory evoked response.
  • b. auditory evoked response (BAER) see brainstem auditory evoked response.
  • b. hemorrhage results from cranial trauma and characteristically causes unconsciousness with varying types and degrees of motor paralysis and irregularities of respiration, depending on the site.
  • b. reticular formation see reticular¹ activating system.

• Brambell Committee a technical committee set up by HM Government in the UK to Inquire into the Welfare of Animals Kept Under Intensive Livestock Husbandry Systems. The common usage name of the committee derived from its chairman Professor F.W.R. Brambell. Its report was published in 1965 and was the formal beginning of the age of animal welfare.

• bran [bran] the outer layers of cereal grain seeds plus the inner, protein-rich aleurone layer. A bulky, slightly laxative food, highly prized as a supplementary feed for horses and cattle, and a basic feed for poultry. It has a high concentration of phosphorus but is low in calcium.

  • b. disease see osteodystrophia fibrosa, hyperparathyroidism.
  • b. mash an important item in the traditional mystique of nursing sick horses. Two double handfuls of bran and a tablespoon of salt are quickly mixed with sufficient boiling water to make a crumbly mash. This is covered with a sack for 15 minutes and then fed. The aroma is delicious.

• bran-like epithelial scales, resembling flakes of bran, dusted over the surface of the skin.

• Braque D’Auvergne, Braque du Bourbonnais, Braque Francais pointer-type French gundogs with varying characteristics: Braque D’Auvergne is large, with a short coat of white with black mottig that gives a blue impression; a breed recognized by the Kennel Club UK. Braque du Bourbonnais has a short white coat ticked with liver or fawn and a naturally short of absent tail; called also short-tail pointer. Braque Francais is medium sized with a short brown and white coat, long legs, and drop ears. There are two versions: Gascogne and Pyrenean.

• branch [branch] 1. ramus; a division or offshoot from a main stem, especially of blood vessels, nerves or lymphatics. 2. the bearing surface of the horseshoe that supports the wall of the hoof. There is a lateral and a medial branch.

  • bundle b. a branch of the atrioventricular bundle of His.
  • communicating gray b. postganglionic nerve fibers coursing between the sympathetic ganglia and the spinal nerves; destined for skin glands and blood vessels.
  • communicating white b. preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system that originate in the lateral columns of the spinal cord and after passing first to the spinal nerves then proceed, via communicating white fibers, to the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk.

• branched-chain ketoaciduria [brancht chān] see maple syrup urine disease.

• branchia [brang´ke- ] gills of fish and their homologs in other vertebrate embryos.

• branchial [brang´ke- l] pertaining to, or resembling, gills of a fish or derivatives of homologous parts in higher forms.

  • b. arches paired arched columns that bear the gills in lower aquatic vertebrates and which, in embryos of higher vertebrates, become modified into structures of the face, mandible, ear, and neck.
  • b. clefts the clefts between the branchial arches of the embryo, formed by rupture of the membrane separating corresponding entodermal pouch and ectodermal groove.
  • b. cyst a cyst formed deep within the neck from an incompletely closed branchial cleft, usually located between the second and third branchial arches. The branchial arches develop during early embryonic life and are separated by four clefts. As the fetus develops, these arches grow to form structures within the head and neck. Two of the arches grow together and enclose the cervical sinus, a cavity in the neck. A branchial cyst may develop within the cervical sinus. Called also branchiogenic or branchiogenous cyst. Seen rarely in dogs as a slowly developing swelling in the pharyngeal area, filled with saliva.
  • b. groove an external furrow lined with ectoderm, occurring in the embryo between two branchial arches.

• branchiogenic [brang″ke-o-jen´ik] forming a gill or branchial arch.

• branchiogenous [brang″ke-oj´-n s] formed from a branchial arch or cleft.

• branchiomerism [brang″ke-om´r-iz- m] the segmental arrangement of the branchial arches.

• Branchiomyces genus of several fungi that cause necrosis of gill tissue in fish at warm water temperatures.

• brand [brand] a mark put on the skin of animals as a means of identification. In livestock several, methods are used. Fire-branding with a hot iron is the traditional method for horses and cattle but is being supplanted by the much superior freeze branding. For sheep the branding of the surface of the fleece with tar or paint has been used for a long time but may have very damaging effects on the fleece and has been replaced by special branding formulations. See also tattooing.

  • b. cancer a mass of granulation tissue at the site of a fire-brand. Is usually chronic inflammatory tissue.
  • b. inspector inspects livestock for brands and ownership; In the US, required for a change of ownership and to legally cross state lines. Inspectors are required to take up and issue Title Certificates during a change of ownership.
  • b. register a list of brands and owners maintained by a statutory authority to facilitate legal identification of animals.

• Brangus a polled, black breed of beef cattle produced by crossbreeding of Brahman and Angus cattle. The breed retains many of the characteristics of its parents, including persistent frenulum and a resulting difficulty in mating.

• Branhamella [bran″h -mel´] a genus of aerobic, nonmotile, non–spore-forming coccoid bacteria. Several species are found in the upper respiratory tract and conjunctiva of humans and many animal species.

  B-51:

  

  Freeze branding. The number 99 on the rump of the cow is the result of freeze branding, which results in the depigmentation of pigmented skin.

• Branham’s sign, Branham test, Branham reflex bradycardia produced by closure of an artery proximal to an arteriovenous fistula.

• Brassica [bras´ľ-k ] a genus of plants of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) family containing a large number of cultivated plants eaten by humans and food animals. Poisoning with them is rare but under particular growing conditions and if the diet consists almost entirely of the one plant outbreaks of poisoning can occur. Poisoning syndromes attributed to Brassica spp. include hemolytic anemia (kale anemia) caused by SMCO, goiter from glucosinolates, nitrate/nitrite, photosensitization, blindness (polioencephalomalacia), respiratory distress and rumen stasis.

  • B. alba(Synapsis alba) annual weed; the seed is used, together with that of B. nigra, to make commercial mustard. The seed, stubble or plant in pod can cause gastroenteritis with signs of abdominal pain, salivation, and diarrhea. The toxin is a mixture of isothiocyanates called mustard oil. The enzyme myrosinase is needed to activate the oil and produce irritant effect. Oil cake containing the oil may be nontoxic because myrosinase is inactivated but can become toxic if animal has access to alternative source of the enzyme simultaneously.
  • B. napobrassica swede turnip, rutabaga.
  • B. napus rape, oilseed rape, cole, coleseed, canola.
  • B. nigra seeds are used in mixtures with B. alba in the manufacture of commercial mustard powder. Can cause poisoning as for B. alba (see above).

• Braunvieh group of gray-brown, dual-purpose cattle breeds including Brown Swiss, Austrian brown, German brown etc Called also Brown mountain.

• braxy [brak´se] an infectious disease of sheep caused by Clostridium septicum and characterized by a profound toxemia resulting from invasion of the abomasal wall by the clostridia. The lesion in the wall of the abomasum is thought to derive from damage by frosted grass, the disease being restricted in its occurrence to times of heavy frost.

• Brazilian groundnut poisoning see aflatoxicosis.

• Brazilian pepper tree see Schinus terabinthifolius.

• BRD bovine respiratory disease.

• bread and butter pericarditis a pericarditis lesion in which the visceral and parietal epicardia are adherent and when drawn apart leave a felted, shaggy appearance on both surfaces. Common with traumatic pericarditis in cattle. Called also cor villosum, shaggy heart.

• break [brāk] 1. a discontinuity, e.g., the change in coat color from puppies to adults. 2. in wool, horizontal bands of weakness in wool or haircoats may result in a ‘break’ in the wool and loss of the fleece, or a significant downgrading of its value. The weakness is usually the result of a period of disturbed metabolism, e.g., a severe attack of disease, or of poor nutrition.

  B-52:

  

  Wool break. Fever and illness caused by bluetongue in the recent past caused weakness of fiber produced at that time. Subsequent wool growth after recovery is normal (A) but the wool produced (B) before the illness is falling off because of the weakness in fiber (C).

• breakdown [brāk´doun] 1. sudden appearance of disease in an individual or herd/flock in which immunity had previously appeared adequate. The term is used especially in relation to breakdowns after vaccination, e.g., classical swine fever (hog cholera), infectious avian laryngotracheitis, erysipelas. Also in individual animals that harbor inactive lesions that suddenly break down or metastasize and cause widespread lesions, e.g., in tuberculosis, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. 2. acute onset of lameness in a racing horse.

• breaking-in the training of a horse to be bridled, saddled, ridden and, in some horses, to be harnessed to vehicles and draw loads. Called also schooling.

• breast [brest] in horses and birds used only in the singular and refers to the anterior parts of the pectoral region. Used synonymously with brisket in ruminants. See also mammary gland, udder.

  • b. blisters a disease of commercial, housed poultry and turkeys comprising abscesses in the area of the carina of the sternum. They may contain pus or clear to blood-stained fluid. Usually relatable to environmental trauma.
  • blue b. mastitis in domestic rabbits caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus or Pasteurella spp. The mammary glands are hot, hard, and swollen, and there is a severe systemic illness. The glands develop a blue color due to local cyanosis.
  • b. boil deep abscesses in the anterior parts of the pectoral muscles in the horse. See also pectoral abscess. Called also equine sternal granuloma.
  • b. buttons see focal ulcerative dermatitis.
  • b. muscles well-developed muscles for wing movement of birds composed mostly of the pectoral (for depression of the wing) and supracoracoid (for elevation) muscles.

• breastplate [brest´plāt] 1. for use with a saddle, a strap attached to the girth at its lowest point, which then passes between the forelimbs, passes upward and divides to pass on either side of the neck and to meet at the withers after attaching to the front edge of the saddle. Designed to prevent the girth of saddle slipping backward especially in a herring-gutted horse. 2. in harness, a broad strap, usually padded, which runs horizontally across the chest just below the neck. Behind the shoulders, it is attached to the backstrap, which prevents it from falling down, and to the breeching which goes around the thighs of the horse. The breastplate keeps the harness from sliding back along the horse.

• breath [breth] the air taken in and expelled by the expansion and contraction of the thorax.

  • bad b. see breath odor (below).
  • b. odor characteristic for a species, reflecting their diet. Abnormal or unpleasant odors may be caused by diseased or necrotic tissue in the respiratory or upper gastrointestinal tracts, including mouth and nasal cavity. Diseased teeth are a common cause in dogs and cats. In addition, certain metabolic diseases may produce distinctive breath odor, e.g., ketoacidosis, uremia.
  • hydrogen b. test detects the concentration of hydrogen in expired air as an indication of intestinal bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates. Used to assess carbohydrate malabsorption and orocecal transit time.
  • b. sounds can be heard with a stethoscope on the chest wall and trachea. The sounds are normally very faint vesicular murmurs and louder, tubular sounding bronchial tones. They are made by the air passing through the tubes of the bronchi. Adventitious (abnormal) sounds are the rale, rhonchus, grunt, friction rub, laryngeal stertor, wheeze and peristaltic sounds. Bronchovesicular sounds are intermediate between the two in character and site of origin. The vesicular sounds and the bronchial tones may be increased to the point of being an abnormality. Abnormal sounds are caused by narrowing of the tubes, collection of exudate in them or inflammation of the pleural surfaces.
  • b. stacking in artificial respiration, incomplete expiration can result in residual air adding to the volume of the next inspiration with eventual over inflation of the lungs.
  • b. volume may be assessed by observation of degree of chest movement and volume of expired air as felt by the hand. A respirometer is more accurate but is not available nor satisfactory for clinical use with animals unless the subject is trained to use one or an endotracheal tube is in place.
• breathing [brēth´ing] the alternate inspiration and expiration of air into and out of the lungs (see also respiration).

  • costal b. see costal respiration.
  • intermittent positive-pressure b. (IPPB) the active inflation of the lungs during inspiration under positive pressure from a cycling valve.
  • periodic b. alternating periods of apnea and hyperventilation. See also Biot’s respirations, Cheyne–Stokes respiration.
  • rescue b. artificial ventilation.

• breathlessness see dyspnea, hyperpnea, tachypnea.

• Breda virus see Torovirus.

• breech, britch [brēch] the buttocks of an animal; the backs of the thighs.

• b. presentation during parturition, posterior presentation of buttocks of the fetus with bilateral hip flexion. See also presentation.

• breeching [brēch´ing] 1. part of a set of cart harness. A broad strap running horizontally across the backs of the thighs and attached in front to the shafts. Essential in the backing of the vehicle. 2. the longer hair at the caudal thighs of dogs.

• breed [brēd] a group of related animals which are genotypically and phenotypically sufficiently similar to produce physically similar offspring when they are mated with each other. In most countries, each breed is managed by a breed society that maintains a register of the animals that are members of the breed, and which animals shall be admitted to the register. The breed society also sets the standards for physical appearance that must be attained. See specific breed name for further descriptions and under species for list of breeds.

  • b. class averages the average production performance for all animals in the breed, arranged in groups according to age and sex.
  • commercial b. the breed is at the level where commercial herds are breeding them for the sale market, for example, as egg-layers or wool producers, rather than as foundation stock to produce the sale article.
  • b. comparisons comparisons of productivity between populations each of which consists entirely of members of one breed.
  • b. complementation the practice of combining breeds in a breeding program so as to maximize the genetic merit of offspring for total productivity; implies use of breeds that tend to cancel out the undesirable elements in their genetic makeup.
  • b. multiplier second echelon in the breeding industry; the stud breeder producing usually sires and, to a lesser extent, dams of superior merit for commercial flocks or herds.
  • b. nucleus a stud producing its own male and female herd replacements, without the introduction of outside blood; supplies the multiplier.
  • b. preservation when superior breeds appear the superseded breeds are often in danger of extinction; preservation of genes which may be desirable at a later time dictates that the superseded breed be maintained in its pure state.
  • b. structure see next entry.
  • traditional b. pyramid the supply structure of three echelons, each larger than the one before, within each breed; shape like a pyramid with the breed nucleus at the top, supplying to the second echelon, the multiplier, in turn supplying sires to commercial herds.
  • b. true to produce offspring that are very similar to the parent(s); refers to homozygotes.
• breeder 1. a person with an animal enterprise involving the multiplication of the herd, flock or group. 2. a female animal used basically for the production of saleable young.

  • b. bull a bull sold specifically as a sire with an implied guarantee of fertility. Such bulls are usually replaced free of charge with a comparable animal by the vendor if the bull is not a fertile calf getter.
  • b. flock a flock of hens producing fertile eggs for hatching purposes.
  • seedstock b. producer of breeding stock for purebred and commercial breeders.
• breeding [brēd´ing] 1. pedigree. 2. the physical act of mating. 3. capable of being used for reproduction. 4. controlled propagation of animals or plants.

  • artificial b. see artificial insemination.
  • b. bulls bulls used for paddock mating.
  • close b. see inbreeding.
  • controlled b. 1. the animals are mated in such a way that the offspring can be guaranteed to be the progeny of the animals concerned, the number of matings can be counted and the use of the animals for breeding is tightly controlled. See also hand mating. 2. controlled mating in that the occurrence of the estrus cycle, the probability of ovulation and fertilization and the termination are controlled by manipulation of the dam’s internal hormonal environment.
  • b. display behavior likely to attract an animal of the opposite sex to mate. Used almost exclusively in relation to birds.
  • early b. 1. in seasonal breeding management systems, it is customary to commence mating on a specific day in the expectation that the offspring will be born at a time to take most advantage of a seasonal peak of pasture. Early mating, before the recommended day, may be because of an expected poor level of fertility or similar overriding factor. Beef heifers may be mated early to allow concentration of observation at the time of calving for possible dystocia. 2. mating before the recommended age for that particular class or breed of stock; usually to maximize the productive life of the individual animal.
  • b. examination postpartum examination of cow to ascertain readiness for next mating; includes transrectal examination of the uterus and ovaries, vaginoscopic examination, possibly sample of cervical mucus for laboratory examination; in bulls the examination is for breeding soundness, see below.
  • b. herds herds used for breeding in contrast to fattening herds.
  • b. history lifetime history of all events in a female’s reproductive history, including postpartum and premating examinations.
  • b. injuries incurred during mating and as a result of it. Examples are penile hematoma and vaginal rupture.
  • line b. breeding of animals with the same blood lines but not closely related. Used in an attempt to concentrate the inheritance of an ancestor or a line of ancestors. There is a risk of concentrating the risk for genetic disease.
  • optimal b. time the time during the estral period when a mating is most likely to be fertile.
  • b. organizations bodies that advise on and assist in breeding programs, e.g. artificial insemination and embryo transfer centers, cow evaluation and mating advisory services, breed society classification programs, dairy herd improvement programs, and the like.
  • outcross b. mating individuals that are less closely related than the average of the breed.
  • pasture b. the males are turned into the pasture with a group of females. Called also paddock mating.
  • b. problems see abortion, mummification, stillbirth, no visible estrus, failure to conceive.
  • b. programs arrangement of matings on a farm to produce the desired effect in terms of cows in milk at a particular season, lambs being born when the weather is most clement, lowering the micron count of the wool by mating ewes with a low micron ram, and so on.
  • pyramid b. system see pyramid breed structure.
  • b. record see breeding history.
  • b. season those parts of the year in which animals mate. This may be artificially arranged by humans. In animals that are not controlled, there are periods of the year when they are more sexually active.
  • b. soundness the ability of the animal to mate and to initiate reproduction. In agricultural animals where the objective is to limit the number of sires, breeding soundness also embraces the ability to mate effectively on a large number of occasions over a brief period of time.
  • b. soundness examination conducted on behalf of intending vendors and purchasers, before a limited breeding season in which high reproductive efficiency is desired, or during investigation of a fertility problem. Should include perusal of results of previous reproductive performance, physical examination of the animal, especially of the genitalia, collection, and examination of samples where these are an integral part of an examination for specific diseases of reproduction, e.g. blood test for brucellosis, preputial or vaginal swab examination for campylobacteriosis, and in the male a collection and examination of semen and a serving capacity test. The latter has not received universal acceptance, at least not in the form in which it is presently performed.
  • b. stock livestock used for breeding.
  • b. wheel a system of recording reproductive events on a disk that rotates once each year. The relationship between the expected calvings, the number of infertile matings and the required milk flow and feed need is readily understood from the overall pattern on the disk.
• breeding value [brēd´ing] the sum of gene effects of a breeding animal as measured by the performance of its progeny.

  • aggregate b. v. see true breeding value (below).
  • estimated b. v. an estimate of the ability of an individual to produce superior offspring; based on one or more measurements of performance, using phenotypic values, taken on the animal itself or, more commonly, on a number of its relatives.
  • true b. v. genetic merit of an individual that can be conceptually defined as twice the average deviation of its offspring from the population mean when mated randomly to an infinite population.
  • true overall b. v. the true, overall breeding value arrived at by the addition of the true breeding values for each selection objective with each true breeding value multiplied by the relevant net economic value.

• Breed’s direct smear method a method of counting the total bacterial population of a sample, most commonly milk.

• bremsstrahlung [brem´strah-loong] braking radiation; x-radiation produced by the electrons being decelerated by atoms within the target of the x-ray tube. These rays of mixed wavelengths form the heterogeneous part of the x-ray beam.

• Breton horse heavy French draft or meat horse.

• bretylium [br -til´e- m] a Class III antiarrhythmic drug; an adrenergic neuronal-blocking agent used as a ventricular antiarrhythmic and a chemical defibrillator in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

• brevicollis [brev″ľ-kol´is] shortness of the neck.

• brewer’s grains [broo´ r] the residue of the cereal grains after most of the starch has been fermented away. It is a highly palatable and nutritious feed much sought after for dairy cows because of its high protein content. It may be fed dried or wet, but wet grains must be fed fresh. If allowed to ferment it may develop sufficient lactic acid to cause lactic acidosis. Clinical signs are dehydration, rumen stasis, smelly diarrhea.

• brewer’s yeast [broo´ r] a by-product of brewing. The yeast bodies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are harvested and dried. It is an excellent source of vitamin B₁ (thiamine), protein, and vitamin B₁₂. Often fed as a dietary supplement, but it is not effective in repelling fleas on dogs and cats, as often claimed.

• Breynia oblongifolia member of plant family Euphorbiaceae; can cause cyanide poisoning. Called also coffee bush.

• Briard a large (75 lb), muscular herding dog with medium-length, slightly wavy, black, tawny or gray coat that covers the face and forms a beard and mustache. Where practiced, the ears may be cropped. There are supposed to be double dewclaws on the hindfeet. The breed is predisposed to a progressive retinal atrophy. Called also Berger de Brie.

• brick [brik] feed compacted into a solid mass weighing up to 2 lb. Bricks provide an alternative to pellets and have the advantage that they have to be eaten slowly.

• brickworks a possible source of fluorine emitted in smoke and a health hazard for animals grazing local pastures.

• Bridelia trees in a genus of the family Euphorbiaceae. Can cause cyanide poisoning. Includes B. ovata (B. exalta), B. leichhardtii (scrub ironbark).

• bridge [brij] 1. pons. 2. a protoplasmic structure uniting adjacent elements of a cell, similar in plants and animals. 3. fixed partial denture used to replace a missing or lost tooth by joining permanently to adjacent teeth or implants.

  • disulfide b. covalent bond formed by the linking of two thiol groups. Called also a disulfide bridge or S-S bond.
  • β-γ bridging one of the dysproteinemias in which there is no clear separation electrophoretically between the β₂ and γ globulins. The likely cause is an increase in immunoglobulins (IgM, IgA, or both); may be seen in animals with hepatic disease, but has also been reported to occur with nonhepatic diseases (e.g., infectious disease, cancer).

• bridle injury [bri´d l] chafing caused by a too tight or badly made bridle.

• bright [brīt] term used to describe wool that is free from discoloration.

• bright-blindness see bright blindness.

• brightness said of a fleece of wool, a desirable characteristic found in superior fleeces. Consists of a white color and good light reflection.

• brilliant green an antiseptic dye used topically.

• brim [brim] the anterior edge of the pubic bones, notable for the attachment of the linea alba, as the prepubic tendon, and the ventral abdominal muscles. Called also pecten pubis, pelvic brim.

• brindle a pattern of coat pigmentation in which darker hairs form bands on a lighter background. A common coat color in Great Danes and Boston terriers.

• brine a salt solution used in the curing of meat. Standard ingredients are sodium chloride (15–30%) and sodium nitrate (0.15–1.50%) but many other ingredients may be added for special effects.

  • b. shrimp common name for species belonging to the genus Artemia. Common source of food for larval fishes and crustaceans in aquaculture.
  • b. staining caused by leaky pipes carrying coolant in meat storage cold rooms. The coolant is usually calcium chloride and the stain is a pale green.

• brisement [brēz-maw´] [Fr.] a crushing, especially the breaking up of an ankylosis.

• brisket [bris´k t] the mass of connective tissue, muscle and fat that covers the anterior part of the chest in ruminants. Lies at the most ventral part of the neck, between the front legs and covering the anterior end of the sternum.

  • b. disease see altitude sickness.
  • b. edema an important indication of generalized edema due to congestive heart failure or hypoproteinemia. Also caused by local venous obstruction, e.g., due to thymic lymphosarcoma or injury due to sharp edges or too high fronts on feed troughs.

• bristle 1. the thick strong animal fibers collected at commercial abattoirs for use in brushes. 2. the sharp serrated awns of grass and some cereal seeds that confer a capacity to penetrate normal skin and mucosa and to cause ulcerative stomatitis, grass seed abscess, and the like.

• bristle grass Setaria²lutescens.

• bristling see hackles.

• Britannia petite a breed of dwarf rabbits with a short head and short ears that touch over each other; popular as pets. Known in the UK as Polish.

• britch vernacular for breech.

• British Alpine British milking goat, black with white facial stripes and light points. May be horned or polled.

• British AntiLewisite BAL; see dimercaprol.

• British Approved Name (BAN) the official nonproprietary name given to pharmaceuticals listed in the British Pharmacopoeia (BP), as determined by the British Pharmacopoeia Commission. Harmonization within the European Union has required that many of these names are replaced by those recognized as International Nonproprietary Names (INN).

• British black see Large black.

• British bulldog see Bulldog.

• British dog tick see Ixodes canisuga.

• British Friesian cattle similar to and originating from Dutch Friesians.

• British longwool see English longwool.

• British mandrakeBryonia dioica.

• British National Formulary (BNF) a pharmaceutical reference book published by the British Medical Association and the Royal pharmaceutical Society.

• British Pharmacopoeia (BP) a publication of the General Medical Council (UK) describing and establishing standards for medicines, preparations, materials, and articles used in the practice of medicine, surgery and midwifery in the UK.

• British saddleback pig black meat pig with white belt behind the shoulders; produced by crossing Essex and Wessex saddleback.

• British shorthair a type of shorthaired cat with a large, round head and stocky body; includes many different varieties based on color of haircoat. It is contrasted with the ‘foreign’ shorthair type, with a slim body, and almond-shaped, slanted eyes, that includes the Russian blue, Abyssinian and Somali breeds. The breed is affected by neonatal erythrolysis and hemophilia B.

• British Small Animal Veterinary Association (BSAVA) a professional organization of veterinary surgeons, nurses, and students. It publishes the Journal of Small Animal Practice.

• British thermal unit (BTU) a unit of heat being the amount necessary to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water from 39 to 40°F, generally considered the equivalent of 252 calories.

• British Veterinary Association (BVA) a national representative body for the veterinary profession in the UK. Together with the Kennel Club, it provides health screening programs for hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, hereditary eye disease, and Chiari-malformation/syringomyelia.

• British Veterinary Codex pharmaceutical guide book for veterinarians published by the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain; contains information relating to substances and preparations of veterinary importance contained in the British Pharmacopoeia.

• British white a dairy and beef breed of cattle, polled, white with black points, produced in the UK by crossing Wild white and Swedish mountain breeds.

• Brittany bassett see Basset Fauve de Bretagne.

• Brittany a compact, medium-sized (35–40 lb) dog with a flat or wavy, usually orange or liver with white coat, pendulous ears, and may have a docked or naturally short tail or be tailless. Although a spaniel, it points game like a setter. The breed suffers from an inherited complement deficiency and a spinal muscular atrophy. Called also Brittany Spaniel, Epagneul Breton.

• brivudine a halogenated thymidine, similar to acyclovir but with lower toxicity and increased activity against herpesvirus infections. Called also bromovinyl deoxyuridine.

• broad side of wool in a fleece that is coarser than normal for the class of sheep.

• broad ligament see broad ligament.

• Brock procedure a surgical technique for correction of pulmonic stenosis in which there is excision of the fibromuscular obstruction in the right ventricle using a rongeur inserted through the wall of the right ventricle.

• brodifacoum [bro´dľ-f -] a second-generation derivative of dicumarol, used as an anticoagulant rodenticide. It is more potent, with longer lasting effects, than warfarin. Poisoning in dogs requires treatment with vitamin K₁ for at least 3 weeks. In many countries, use is restricted to licensed applicators.

• Brodmann’s areas [brod´mahn] see Brodmann’s areas.

• Broholmer a large (>100 lb) mastiff-type Danish dog with a massive head and a short, harsh yellow, golden red, or black coat. Called also Danish mastiff.

• broiler a young (35–50 days) male or female chicken weighing 4–7 lb processed.

• broken back a lay term for a focal alopecia located in the center of the back of guinea pigs; associated with stress or pregnancy.

• broken colored coat color in a horse, usually piebald or skewbald but includes any other mixture of large patches of contrasting colors.

• broken head see Hydrotoea irritans.

• broken mouth the dentition in a sheep when some of the incisors have been lost or badly worn and irregular so that they are unlikely to be able to graze effectively. Caused usually by old age and hard grazing conditions.

• broken-up face in dog conformation, a very short nose, deep stop with wrinkle, and an undershot jaw; seen in Pekingese and Bulldogs.

• broken wind see equine asthma, pulmonary emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

• bromacil a methyluracil herbicide.

• bromadiolone a second-generation derivative of dicoumarol, with greater potency and longer activity, used as an anticoagulant rodenticide; a common cause of poisoning in dogs. In many countries, use is restricted to licensed applicators.

• bromegrass Bromusinermis.

• bromelains [bro´m -lānz] a group of proteolytic and milk-clotting enzymes derived from the pineapple plant, Ananas sativus. They are used as anti-inflammatory agents and digestive enzymes.

• bromethalin a nonanticoagulant rodenticide that acts by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in cerebral and spinal cord edema. It is very toxic to nontarget species such as dogs and cats and is manifest by neurologic signs and sudden death.

• bromhexine [brom-hek´sēn] an expectorant and mucolytic.

• bromhidrosis [bro″mľ-dro´sis] the secretion of foul-smelling perspiration.

• bromide [bro´mīd] any binary compound of bromine. Bromides produce depression of the central nervous system and were once widely used for their sedative effect. Potassium and sodium bromide are commonly used anticonvulsants in the treatment of epilepsy in dogs. See also brominism.

• bromidrosis [bro″mľ-dro´sis] bromhidrosis.

• bromine (Br) [bro´mēn] a chemical element, atomic number 35, atomic weight 79.909.

• brominism [bro´min-iz- m] poisoning by excessive use of bromine or its compounds. This condition occurs when the bromine concentration in the body fluids is high enough to have a toxic and depressant action on the central nervous system.

• bromism [bro´miz- m] see brominism.

• bromocresol green used as an indicator in the dye test for determination of serum albumin.

• bromocriptine [bro″mo-krip´tēn] a dopamine agonist; a derivative of ergot alkaloids, it is a luteolytic and abortifacient which suppresses prolactin secretion and lowers plasma ACTH concentrations. Used as an abortifacient and in the treatment of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, although its use for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses (equine Cushing’s disease) has largely been replaced by pergolide.

• bromocyclen, bromociclen a halogenated hydrocarbon used as an acaricide. Causes vomiting and convulsions if taken orally. Now obsolete.

• bromoethane see methyl bromide.

• bromophenophos, bromofenofos an organophosphorus compound used to treat Fasciola hepatica infections in cattle.

• bromophos-ethyl an organophosphate insecticide used principally as an acaricide.

• bromosulfothalein see sulfobromophthalein.

• bromovinyl deosyuridine see brivudine.

• brompheniramine [brōm″f n-ir´ -mēn] a histamine type 1 (H₁) receptor antagonist used in the treatment of hypersensitivity reactions and allergic skin diseases.

• bromsalans biphenolic compounds used as fasciolicides; includes dibromsalan and tribromsalan. They are very effective against juvenile flukes.

• Bromus a genus of valuable fodder grasses in the family Poaceae, including B. inermis (smooth bromegrass), B. riparius (meadow brome), but also weedy, invasive, and undesirable species such as B. alopecuros (weedy brome), B. diandrus (ripgut brome), B. tectorum (cheat grass).

• bronch- word element. [Gr.] meaning bronchus.

• bronchadenitis [brongk″ad- -ni´tis] inflammation of the bronchial glands.

• bronchi [brong´ki] plural of bronchus.

• bronchial [brong´ke- l] pertaining to or affecting one or more bronchi.

  • b. calculus a hard concretion formed in a bronchus by accretion about an inorganic nucleus or from calcified portions of lung tissue or adjacent lymph nodes.
  • b. edema mucosal edema occurs in response to irritation and inflammation of tracheobronchial epithelium. Contributes to increased airway resistance.
  • feline b. disease a syndrome in cats characterized by acute episodes of coughing and dyspnea with expiratory wheeze. Commonly idiopathic, recurrent and progressive. Known causes include infectious, allergic, and irritant triggers. Also called feline asthma.
  • b. hypoplasia swollen spongy tissue or cystic, lobulated tissue replaces lobes of normal lung tissue because of the impediment to air flow caused by dilated or collapsed hypoplastic bronchi; probably the basic defect in adenomatoid hamartoma or congenital adenomatoid malformation.
  • b. pattern bronchi become more prominent on radiographs and computed tomography (CT). Caused by peribronchial infiltration, fluid within the bronchus and calcification of the bronchial cartilage. Seen in infectious diseases, chronic bronchitis, neoplasia, and bronchiectasis.
  • b. spasm bronchospasm.
  • b. tones are the sounds made by the respired air as it passes through the larger air passages of normal lungs. They are best heard over the bifurcation of the trachea. They are harsher and louder than the vesicular murmur, the normal sounds produced in the parenchyma of the lung.
  • b. tree the trachea, bronchi, and their successive branching subdivisions.
  • b. tumors see pulmonary neoplasm.

• bronchiarctia bronchostenosis.

• bronchidesmus ligaments that attach the pessulus of the avian syrinx to the esophagus and pericardium.

• bronchiectasis [brong″ke-ek´t -sis] irreversible, chronic dilatation of the large cartilaginous airways, often with secondary infection and accumulation of secretions, usually involving the dependent parts of the lung. The condition may occur as a congenital malformation of the alveoli with resultant dilatation of the terminal bronchi. Most often it is an acquired disease secondary to partial obstruction of the bronchi with necrotizing infection. Primary diseases leading to bronchiectasis include chronic bronchitis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, neoplasia or aspirated foreign body.

• bronchiloquy [brong-kil´ -kwe] high-pitched pectoriloquy due to lung consolidation.

• broken hock in racing Greyhounds, most commonly a fracture of the right central or fourth tarsal bones.

• bronchiocele [brong´ke-o-sēl] dilatation or swelling of a bronchiole.

• bronchiogenic [brong″ke-o-jen´ik] bronchogenic.

• bronchiol- word element. [Gr.] pertaining to bronchiole.

• bronchiolar pertaining to or emanating from the bronchioles.

  • b. microlithiasis see microlithiasis.
  • b. tumors see pulmonary neoplasm.
• bronchiole [brong´ke-ōl] one of the successively smaller channels (1 mm or less) into which the bronchi divide; usually distinguished from bronchi by an absence of cartilage support and the absence of mucous glands.

  • respiratory b. the final branch of a bronchiole, communicating directly with the alveolar ducts; a subdivision of a terminal bronchiole, it has alveolar outcroppings and itself divides into several alveolar ducts.

• bronchiolectasis [brong″ke-o-lek´t -sis] dilatation of the bronchioles. See also bronchiectasis.

• bronchiolitis [brong″ke-o-li´tis] inflammation of the bronchioles; bronchopneumonia. See also equine asthma.

  • catarrhal b. acute, mild irritation of the mucosa with excess mucus production, necrosis of epithelial cells, and transient exudation of leukocytes into the lumen.
  • chronic b.–emphysema complex, horses see equine asthma.
  • b. fibrosa obliterans see obliterative bronchiolitis (below).
  • obliterative b. response to necrosis of the lining epithelium at the bronchiolar–alveolar junction and subsequent fibroblastic organization of the fibrin exudation, obliterating the bronchiolar lumen.
  • purulent b. more severe than catarrhal; a viscid exudate characterized by a predominance of neutrophils, with mucus and sloughed epithelial cells.

    B-53:

    

    Severe bronchiectasis with chronic bronchopneumonia in the right lung of a calf. The lumens of affected bronchi are filled with purulent exudate. From McGavin, M.D., Zachary, J., Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 4th Edition. Mosby, 2007.

  • ulcerative b. inflammation characterized by the loss of large areas of epithelium with exposure of the underlying tissue and the development of ulcers.
  • vesicular b. bronchopneumonia.

• bronchioloalveolar portals points that mark the transition from cuboidal bronchiolar epithelium to squamous alveolar lining cells in the respiratory bronchioles.

• bronchiolus [brong-ki´o-l s] pl. bronchioli [L.] bronchiole.

• bronchiospasm [brong´ke-o-spaz″ m] bronchospasm.

• bronchiostenosis [brong″ke-o-st -no´sis] bronchostenosis.

• bronchitis [brong-ki´tis] inflammation of one or more bronchi. Signs of acute bronchitis include fever and an irritating cough. Bronchitis may be either an acute or chronic disorder and frequently involves the trachea as well as the bronchi (tracheobronchitis). The acute stage of the disease often is an extension of an upper respiratory infection which is usually viral in origin. Causes other than infectious agents are physical and chemical irritants that are inhaled in air polluted by dust, industrial fumes and powdered feeds.

  • avian infectious b. caused by coronavirus. There are many serotypes. Causes gasping and rales, heavy mortality, and rapid spread in young birds up to 4 weeks of age. A disease notifiable to the OIE (see Table 20). Called also gasping disease.
  • infectious equine b. see equine influenza.
  • parasitic b. see lungworm.

• bronchoalveolar [brong″ko-al-ve´-l r] pertaining to alveoli and bronchi.

• bronchocandidiasis [brong″ko-kan″dľ-di´ -sis] candidiasis of the respiratory tree.

• bronchocavernous [brong″ko-kav´r-n s] both bronchial and cavitary.

• bronchocele [brong´ko-sēl] segment of bronchus, usually dilated, that is filled with mucus and completely enclosed so the mucus cannot drain out. Called also bronchial mucocele.

• bronchoconstriction [bron″ko-k n-strik´sh n] bronchostenosis.

• bronchoconstrictor [brong″ko-k n-strik´t r] narrowing the lumina of the air passages of the lungs. An agent that causes the bronchial smooth muscle to contract, narrowing the diameter of the bronchi and bronchioles, and thus increasing respiratory effort. Drugs that exert this effect are primarily used in research of respiratory diseases and therapeutics. Bronchoconstriction is a feature of airway hyper-reactivity (asthma) in dogs, cats, and horses.

• bronchodilatation [brong″ko-di-l -ta´sh n] a dilated state of a bronchus, or the site at which a bronchus is dilated.

• bronchodilator [brong″ko-di´la-t r] 1. expanding the lumina of the air passages of the lungs. 2. an agent that causes the bronchial smooth muscle to relax, increasing the diameter of the bronchi and bronchioles, and thus decreasing resistance to airflow and respiratory effort, in patients with bronchoconstriction. Bronchodilators do not appreciably improve respiratory function in healthy animals, so they offer no aerobic advantage in athletes. Epinephrine is one of the most potent bronchodilators; it can be administered by injection or by aerosol. Other drugs used as bronchodilators include the β₂-adrenergic agonists (e.g., albuterol, clenbuterol, terbutaline), anticholinergics (e.g., tiotropium, ipratropium), and theophylline.

  • b.–antitussive combination see antitussive–bronchodilator combination.

• bronchoesophageal [brong″ko- -sof″ -je´ l] pertaining to or communicating with a bronchus and the esophagus.

• bronchoesophagology [brong″ko- -sof″ -gol´ -je] the branch of medicine concerned with the air passages (bronchi) and esophagus.

• bronchoesophagoscope [brong″ko- -sof′ -go-skōp] an endoscope used in the examination of the lumens of the bronchi and esophagus.

• bronchoesophagoscopy [brong″ko- -sof″ -gos´k -pe] endoscopic examination of the lumens of the bronchi and esophagus.

• bronchofiberoscopy examination of the bronchi using a fiberoptic endoscope.

• bronchofiberscope [brong″ko-fi´b r-skōp] a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.

• bronchogenic, bronchogenous [brong-ko-jen´ik] originating in the bronchi.

  • b. abscess occasional cases in most species, many caused by Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes; clinical cases show chronic cough, wasting, rarely cause erosion of blood vessel and fatal intrapulmonary hemorrhage and nasal bleeding.
  • b. tumors see pulmonary neoplasm.
• bronchogram [brong´ko-gram] the image obtained by bronchography.

  • air b. air-filled bronchi seen as radiolucent, branching bands within soft tissue pulmonary opacities. Indicates involvement of lung parenchyma. The presence of air bronchograms indicates an alveolar pattern.

  B-55:

  

  Severe subacute bronchopneumonia in a puppy.

• bronchography [brong-kog´r -fe] radiography of the lungs after instillation of an opaque medium in the bronchi.

• broncholith [brong´ko-lith] a bronchial calculus.

• broncholithiasis [brong″ko-lľ-thi´ -sis] a condition in which calculi are present within the lumen of the tracheobronchial tree.

• bronchology [brong-kol´ -je] the study and treatment of diseases of the tracheobronchial tree.

• bronchomalacia [brong″ko-m -la´sh ] a deficiency in the cartilaginous wall of the trachea or a bronchus that may lead to atelectasis or obstructive emphysema.

• bronchomoniliasis [brong″ko-mon-ľ-li′ -sis] see bronchocandidiasis.

• bronchomotor [brong″ko-mo´t r] affecting the caliber of the bronchi.

• b. tone tone of the bronchial muscles as in bronchospasm.

• bronchomucotropic [brong″ko-mu″ko-tro´pik] an agent that stimulates mucus secretion by the respiratory mucosa.

• bronchopathy [brong-kop´ -the] any disease of the bronchi.

• bronchoplasty [brong´ko-plas″te] plastic surgery of a bronchus; surgical closure of a bronchial fistula.

• bronchoplegia [brong″ko-ple´j ] paralysis of the muscles of the walls of the bronchial tubes.

• bronchopleural [brong″ko-ploor´ l] pertaining to a bronchus and the pleura, or communicating with a bronchus and the pleural cavity, e.g., by a bronchopleural fistula.

• bronchopneumonia [brong″ko-n $\stackrel{⌣}{o}$ $\stackrel{⌣}{o}$ -mo′ne- ] inflammation of the bronchi and lungs, usually beginning in the terminal bronchioles. Predominantly the result of aerogenous infection. Marked by a patchy and variegated appearance of gross lesions and involvement of the ventral parts of anterior lobes of the lungs. Called also lobular pneumonia. See also pneumonia.

• bronchopneumopathy [brong″ko-n $\stackrel{⌣}{o}$ $\stackrel{⌣}{o}$ -mop′ -the] disease of the bronchi and lung tissue.

  • eosinophilic b. may be associated with lungworm, heartworm or fungal infections; larval migration, neoplasia or hypereosinophilic syndrome but is often of unknown cause. A hypersensitivity to aeroallergens is suspected in such cases. Characterized by cough, dyspnea, reduced exercise tolerance, bronchointerstitial to alveolar or nodular pulmonary infiltration by eosinophils and peripheral eosinophilia. Called also PIE (pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophils) syndrome.
• bronchopulmonary [brong″ko-pool´m -nar″e] pertaining to the bronchi and lungs.

  • congenital b. foregut malformation accessory lungs that communicate with the intestine.
  • b. segment one of the smaller divisions of the lobe of a lung, separated from others by a connective tissue septum and supplied by its own branch of the bronchus leading to the particular lobule.

• bronchorrhagia [brong″ko-ra´j ] hemorrhage from the bronchi.

• bronchorrhaphy [brong-kor´ -fe] suture of a bronchus.

• bronchorrhea [brong-ko-re´] excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi.

• bronchoscope [brong´ko-skōp] an endoscope specially designed for passage through the larynx to permit inspection of the interior of the tracheobronchial tree and to perform endobronchial diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, such as collecting specimens for culture and biopsy and removing foreign bodies.

  • fiberoptic b. bronchofiberscope.

• bronchoscopy [brong-kos´k -pe] inspection of the interior of the tracheobronchial tree using a bronchoscope. Bronchoscopy is used diagnostically and therapeutically. As an aid to diagnosis, the bronchoscope allows examination of the bronchial mucosa and removal of tissue for biopsy. Bronchial washings and collection of secretions may also be performed during bronchoscopy to obtain samples for culture and cytological examination. Therapeutically, bronchoscopy permits removal of foreign bodies that have been aspirated into the bronchial tree.

• bronchospasm [brong´ko-spaz″ m] bronchial spasm; spasmodic contraction of the muscular coat of the smaller divisions of the bronchi, such as occurs in asthma.

• bronchospirography [brong″ko-spi-rog´r -fe] the recording of bronchospirometry results.

• bronchospirometry [brong″ko-spi-rom´ -tre] determination of vital capacity, oxygen intake and carbon dioxide excretion of a single lung, or simultaneous measurements of the function of each lung separately.

• differential b. measurement of the function of each lung separately.

• bronchostaxis [brong″ko-stak´sis] bleeding from the bronchial wall.

• bronchostenosis [brong″ko-st -no´sis] stricture or cicatricial diminution of the caliber of a bronchial tube.

• spasmodic b. a spasmodic contraction of the walls of the bronchi.

• bronchostomy [brong-kos´t -me] surgical creation of an opening through the thoracic wall into the bronchus.

• Bronchostrongylus [brong″ko-stron′j -l s] see Troglostrongylus.

• bronchotomy [brong-kot´ -me] incision of a bronchus.

• bronchotracheal [brong″ko-tra´ke- l] pertaining to the bronchi and trachea.

• bronchovesicular [brong″ko-vě-sik´u-l r] pertaining to the bronchi and alveoli.

  • b. breath sounds see breath sounds.
• bronchus [brong´k s] pl. bronchi [L.] any of the larger passages conveying air to the lungs, beginning with the right or left principal bronchi followed by lobar bronchi within the lungs and then successively smaller subdivisions from segmental bronchi. See also respiration, bronchial.

  • b. clamp similar to a bowel clamp but with solid straight blades. Has ratcheted handles to allow occlusion of the bronchus without crushing.
  • tracheal b. a lobar bronchus originating directly from the trachea in pigs and cattle and that aerates the cranial lobe of the right lung.

• bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) see bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue.

• bronopol a preservative used in milk samples intended for butter fat estimation; if in reject milk fed to calves causes erosive abomasitis and death due to peritonitis.

• Bronzewing standard domestic turkey; black with bronzing on neck and back, and bronze barring on tail, which has a wide, white end-stripe. The female has white end-stripes on breast, back and wing bows, and secondary bows. Shanks are blackish-pink. Called also Australian bronze, American bronze.

• bronzing syndrome a term applied to the localized coat color change that Dalmatians sometimes develop in areas of superficial bacterial folliculitis.

• brood offspring or pertaining to offspring.

  • b. mare a mare dedicated to the production of foals.

• brood capsule 1. a capsule containing a number of protoscoleces which float freely in fluid within an Echinococcus granulosus cyst. 2. clusters of chondrocytes that are undergoing proliferation in cartilage.

• brooder stage 2 of the usual bird rearing sequence. After hatching the baby birds are put into a brooder house, usually with a heat source attached, for rearing. Also used as a management strategy for baby pigs which are weaned early, at 3 weeks.

  • b. pneumonia respiratory tract infection of young birds with the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Called also aspergillosis.

• broodfish mature fish used for the production of eggs or sperm. Called also spawners.

• broodiness the desire to sit on eggs and hatch them. Often accompanied by behavioral and physiological changes such as reduced or absent appetite, plucking of feathers from the ventral abdomen, and the development of brood patches. Is very strong in birds at the beginning of a new egg laying season. Broodiness is undesireabl for the commercial egg producer because egg laying ceases. Temporary measures are available to discourage brooding hens, however modern egg laying strains of birds are selected against broodiness.

• brooding patches, brood patches patches of the skin on the undersurface of the body of hen birds that become highly vascular during brooding; this facilitates the transfer of heat from the hen to the eggs.

• broody see broodiness.

• Brooklynella an ectoparasitic ciliated protozoan that causes severe lesions on the gills of marine fish kept in aquaria, as well as aquaculture systems.

• brooklynellosis disease of marine fish caused by infestation with Brooklynella spp., a unicellular ciliate. Characterized by hyperplasia of the gill epithelium and clinically by respiratory distress.

• broom common names for bushy plants with long stiff stems. Includes Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom), Spartium junceum (Spanish broom), Senecio spartioides (broom groundsel), Sorghum bicolor (broom millet), Gutierrezia sarothrae (broom snakeweed).

  • Spanish b.Spartium junceum.
• broomweed Gutierreziamicrocephala.

  • perennial b.Gutierrezia microcephala.
• broth [broth] liquid media for culturing microorganisms.

  • cooked meat b. a medium useful for culturing anaerobic bacteria.
  • enrichment b. one modified to permit only growth by specific bacteria. An example is selenite broth, which is selective for salmonellae.

• brother-brother Gastrolobiumtetragonophyllum.

• brow [brou] the forehead, or either lateral half of it.

  • b. suspension a surgical procedure to correct the redundant facial skin folds with ptosis and entropion of the upper eyelid that occurs in some dog breeds, especially the Shar-pei and Bloodhound.
  • b. tine the first tine or branch of an antler that projects over and protects the eye during rutting duels. In reindeer, only one side of the antler pair bears a well-developed brow tine. Sometimes called the shovel.

• brown [broun] a coat color in many species; in horses, a brown coat with a tan muzzle; a few hairs of another color may be scattered through the coat creating a brown roan (white admixture), brown chestnut (admixture of chestnut), etc. A brown-ticked gray is a gray horse with wheat grain–sized patches of brown hairs scattered through the coat; in cattle a rich creamy brown as in Brown Swiss and many other indigenous breeds.

• Brown–Adson forceps [broun´ ad´s n] standard tissue forceps with the opposing blade surfaces covered with long, needle-like teeth.

• Brown Atlas cattle [broun] brown, brachyceros type, multipurpose cattle from North Africa.

• brown atrophy see xanthosis.

• brown blood disease brown discoloration of normally red blood and gill tissues due to the formation of methemoglobin in nitrite poisoning in cultured fish. See also nitrite poisoning.

• brown dog gut see intestinal lipofuscinosis.

• brown dog tick see Rhipicephalus sanguineus.

• brown ear tick see Rhipicephalus appendiculatus.

• brown fat see brown adipose tissue.

• Brown forceps long-handled tissue forceps with the opposing blade surfaces in the form of two longitudinal rows of fine teeth. Similar to Adson–Brown forceps. Designed for handling thoracic tissues.

• brown hypertrophy of the cere a condition in birds, especially budgerigars, less commonly other psittacines, characterized by hyperplasia, cornification, and keratinization of the cere. It may occlude the nares and cause beak breathing. Associated with estrogenic activity in female budgerigars, and sometimes due to Sertoli cell tumors in male budgerigars.

• brown lick stain seen on the upper lip of dogs, caused by continuous licking, often of preputial or vulvar discharge.

• Brown mountain cattle see Braunvieh.

• brown nose a form of photosensitive dermatitis in cattle, with the most obvious lesion on the muzzle.

• brown pigmentation of all tissues. See xanthosis.

• Brown–Séquard’s syndrome [´-sa-kahr´] paralysis and loss of discriminatory and joint sensation on one side of the body and of pain and temperature sensation on the other, due to a lesion involving one side of the spinal cord. Seen in primates but not so evident in domestic animals because of bilateral spinal sensory afferent pathways.

• brown stomach worm Ostertagiaostertagi and Teladorsagia circumcincta.

  B-56:

  

  Brown Swiss dual-purpose bull.

• Brown Swiss cattle a café-au-lait colored, heavy boned, heavyweight and heavy milking breed of dairy cattle. The breed is affected by inherited neurological conditions: epilepsy, progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy (called also ‘weaver syndrome’), a syndrome of arachnomelia and arthrogryposis (called also ‘spiderleg’), and spinal dysmyelination. A derived breed is the American brown Swiss.

• brown winter tick see Dermacentor nigrolineatus.

• browse 1. bushes and shrubs that goats and many wild herbivores eat in preference to grass and clover; they are said to browse instead of graze. 2. the bushy plants that goats eat; the counterpart of pasture.

• browser animal species that eat browse rather than grass and herbs.

• BRSV bovine respiratory syncytial virus.

• Bruce County Project a Canadian developmental project that shipped feeder calves from the west to small farm feedlots in eastern Canada for fattening and sale in the eastern market. There was only one throughput of calves per year. A successful feeding and disease prevention program was developed.

• Bruce effect the manipulation of pregnancy by pheromones; specifically termination of pregnancy in a recently bred rodents (and some other species) mediated by exposure to a strange male.

• Brucella [broo-sel´] a genus of gram-negative rods in seven species and several biotypes. The cause of many serious diseases in animals, including brucellosis. Many species are zoonotic.

  • B. abortus a short rod or coccobacillus that causes brucellosis in cattle and horses, and is a serious zoonosis. Two strains of reduced virulence used for vaccination in cattle are Strain 19 and Strain 45/20.
  • B. canis a similar organism to the other brucellae except that it is inhibited in growth by a 10% concentration of CO₂, a cultural enhancement for the other species. Causes brucellosis in dogs.
  • B. ceti causes disease in cetaceans but infection often asymptomatic.
  • B. melitensis a rod so short that it is easily mistaken for a coccus that has the same characteristics as the other brucellae. Causes brucellosis in goats and Malta fever in humans, a serious zoonosis. Rev1 strains are used for vaccination but have zoonotic risk.
  • B. neotomae found only in the desert wood rat in the US.
  • B. ovis has staining and cultural characteristics similar to the other brucellae. Causes brucellosis in rams.
  • B. pinnipedialis causes disease in pinnipeds but infection often asymptomatic.
  • B. suis a typical brucella in morphology and cultural and staining characteristics. Causes brucellosis in pigs and is a significant zoonosis. Also an occasional cause of brucellosis in dogs consuming uncooked meat from wild pigs.

• Brucellergen trademark for a solution of nucleoproteins derived from Brucella; used in a skin test for brucella infection.

• brucellosis [broo″s -lo´sis] infection by Brucella spp. It causes different syndromes in each animal species. (1) Bovine brucellosis, caused by B. abortus, is characterized by abortion in late pregnancy and subsequent infertility. (2) Ovine brucellosis, caused by B. ovis, is characterized by epididymitis in rams and resulting infertility. (3) Brucellosis in pigs, caused by B. suis, is a chronic disease manifested by infertility and abortion in sows, orchitis in boars and heavy piglet mortality. It is a disease notifiable to the OIE (see Table 20). (4) Caprine brucellosis, caused by B. melitensis, is manifested principally by abortion although other signs including loss of weight, mastitis, lameness and orchitis are also reported. (5) There is no specific brucella organism in horses but B. abortus occurs not infrequently as a bursitis in fistulous withers and poll evil. (6) In dogs, B. canis causes early and late abortions in bitches, and infertility and scrotal dermatitis in males, and uveitis and spinal arthritis. Infections caused by B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis are notifiable to OIE (see Table 20).

  • b. testing the eradication of bovine and porcine brucellosis has been a target for human public health and veterinary authorities for 50 years and has reached a stage of virtual eradication in most developed countries. During that time the veterinary profession has been involved in testing many millions of individual animals so that a test and slaughter eradication program could be implemented. The standard test has been the tube agglutination test with some assistance from screening tests such as the ABR or milk ring test and the card agglutination test.

• Bruch’s membrane [brook] a pentalaminar (in nontapetal animals) or trilaminar (in tapetal animals) junctional region between the choriocapillaris endothelium and the retinal pigment epithelium.

• brucine [broo´sēn] an indole alkaloid contained in nux vomica and Strychnos spp. plants; has similar effects to strychnine.

• Brücke’s muscle [bre´k ] posteriormost of the striated ciliary body muscles of birds. Acts to deform lens and effect accommodation. Very well developed in many raptors where it is sometimes divided into Brücke’s and Müller’s muscles. See also muscle of Crampton.

• Brugia [broo´je- ] a genus of the family Onchocercidae of nematodes. Includes B. celonensis, B. malayi, B. pahangi, B. patei, B. timori and others. In tropical countries Brugia spp. are parasitic in the lymphatics of primates, carnivores, and insectivores; parasitized animals may act as reservoirs for human infection. Transmission is via mosquitoes.

• Brugmansia South American plant genus in the family Solanaceae, included in Datura by some authorities. Includes shrubby species B. arborea, B. × candida, B. sanguinea, and B. suaveolens in garden cultivation. Contain tropane alkaloids, neurotoxic hallucinogens. Called also angel’s trumpet.

• bruise superficial discoloration due to hemorrhage into the tissues from ruptured blood vessels beneath the skin surface, without the skin itself being broken; called also contusion.

• bruised sole traumatic injury to the laminae of the horse’s foot resulting in lameness.

• bruising [´ing] discoloration and actual hemorrhage at the site of injury, and a serious disadvantage in the meat trade. In the first 12 hours after injury the bruise is bright red, at 24 hours it is dark red, at 24–36 hours it loses its firm consistency and becomes watery, and at 3 or more days it is an orange-red color and has a soapy feel.

• bruit [brū-ē′] [Fr.] a sound or murmur, especially an abnormal one heard over blood vessels.

  • aneurysmal b. a blowing sound heard over an aneurysm.
  • cardiac b. see heart murmur.

• brumation a period of dormancy in reptiles in which they are less active and have reduced food intake; similar to hibernation but different metabolic processes are involved and is usually triggered by decreasing temperatures and changes in photoperiod.

• brumby Australian feral horse, usually of poor quality physically and in temperament. Any color, up to 15 hands high. Descendants of escaped domestic horses.

• Brumptia bicanda intestinal trematode in the rhinoceros.

• Brun bone curette the standard equipment for curetting bone. Shaped like a miniature ice cream scoop with very sharp and durable edges, and an ergonomic bulbous handle.

• Brunfelsia genus in the alkaloid-rich Solanaceae family. Native to South and Central America and the West Indies but introduced as ornamental plants in southern gardens in US and as potted plants elsewhere. Compact evergreen shrubs 1.5–6 ft in height and diameter with showy flowers. All parts of the plants are toxic to cattle and companion animals with signs referable to the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. Nonspecific necropsy findings. Dogs appear particularly attracted to the berries. Includes B. calycina var. floribunda, B. uciflora, B. australis, B. bonodora. Called also morning-noon-and-night plant and yesterday-today- and-tomorrow plant.

• Brunner’s glands glands in the submucosa of the duodenum, opening into the small intestine; called also duodenal glands.

• Brunn’s nest [broon] groups of proliferating epithelial cells in the submucosa of the urinary tract. They are a reaction to injury and may lead to the development of cystic ureteritis, pyelitis or cystitis.

• Brunsfelsia South American plant genus in the family Solanaceae; contain an unidentified toxin, possibly the pyrrole alkaloid brunfelsamidine (pyrrole-3-carbamidine); cause a syndrome of tremor, convulsions and gastroenteritis in dogs eating the plant’s fruits or cattle eating leaves. Includes B. australis (B. bonodora, B. hopeana), B. boliviana, B. grandiflora, B. latifolia (B. maritima), B. pauciflora (B. calycina, B. exima). Called also francisia, yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, morning-noon-night.

• Brunus edwardii the urban, companion animal bear, much admired for its low food requirements and excellent house training, and complete freedom from disease. Called also Ursus theodorus (US) and Pooh, Paddington Brideshead bear (UK), and teddy bear (universally).

• brush [brush] a bushy tail in dogs.

• brush border [brush] a specialization of the free surface of a cell, consisting of minute cylindrical processes (microvilli) that greatly increase the surface area. Called also ruffled border.

  • b. b. enzymes include maltase, lactase, α-dextrinase, and peptidases. Deficiencies of these enzymes may be primary or, more often, secondary to other intestinal disease.

• brushfire injury injuries sustained by animals in brushfires have special characteristics compared with fires in buildings. Depending on the nature of the material that burns, there can be injuries chiefly of the feet, limbs, and underline, for example in a grass fire or in a hardwood forest fire where litter on the forest floor is the prime source of flame. Alternatively, there can be burning of the entire body in a softwood forest fire. For similar reasons, there might be few survivors or many survivors with either superficial or severe injuries. The excessive heat can cause rupture of the eyeball and fractured limbs and paralysis result from accidental trauma during the frenzied attempts at escape. Native wildlife is particularly affected, not only by burns but the stress of injury and later handling for treatment is often fatal. Called also forest fire injury, grass fire injury.

• brushing [brush´ing] striking of the medial aspect of the fetlock and coronet of the horse by the hoof of the opposite limb of a pair. See also cutting.

  • b. boot see brush boot.

• Brussels griffon a small (5–15 lb) dog with a large head, very short nose, prominent chin, and erect, folded-over ears, or they may be cropped. The haircoat is short, usually wiry, and red, belge (black and reddish brown), black or black and tan. The tail is docked. Called also ‘Griff’. A smooth-coated variety is called the Petite Brabancon. See also Griffon Bruxellois.

• Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia [broo´t n] see Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia.

• bruxism [bruk´siz- m] gnashing, grinding or clenching the teeth. Repeated and continuous grinding of the teeth over a long period of time can wear down and loosen teeth and cause bone loss. It is a sign of subacute abdominal pain and encephalopathy, including hepatic encephalopathy. Also occurs as a vice in horses.

• brydiofin toxic protein isolated from ripe fruits of Bryonia dioica.

• bryonetin a glycoside in Bryonia dioica that may be the cause of the plant’s drastic purgative action.

• Bryonia dioica [bri-o´ne- ] a plant of the family Cucurbitaceae. Contains toxic cucurbitacins as the glycosides bryonoside, bryoside, bryodulcoside, bryoamaride, and brydiosides. Causes diarrhea in cattle and purgation or constipation, sweating, diuresis, and convulsions in horses. Called also B. cretica subsp. dioica, white bryony.

• bryonidin, bryonin [bri-o´nľ-din] one of the glycosides in Bryonia dioica and possibly the cause of the plant’s purgative effect.

• Bryonopsis laciniosa see Diplocyclos palmatus.

• bryony common name for plants in the genus Bryonia for the plant Tamus communis (black bryony).

• Bryophyllum (Kalanchoe) genus of African and Madagascan plants in the family Crassulaceae; naturalized in Australia. Contain bufadienolide cardiac glycosides; cause dyspnea, diarrhea, cardiomyopathy, usually in ruminants. Includes B. daigremontium, B. fedtschenkoi, B. proliferum.

  • B. delagoenseB. tubiflorum, Kalanchoe delagoensis. Called also motherof-millions, chandelier plant.
  • B. x houghtoniiB. daigremontium × B. delagoense. Called also hybrid mother-of-millions.
  • B. pinnatumB. calycinum, Kalanchoe pinnata, Cotyledon pinnata. Called also live-leaf, resurrection plant, cathedral bells.

• BSA body surface area; see Table 19.

• BSAVA British Small Animal Veterinary Association.

• BS, BSc Bachelor of Science.

• BSE 1. bovine spongiform encephalopathy. 2. breeding soundness examination.

• BSP Bromsulphalein, a dye used in the study of liver function. See also sulfobromophthalein clearance test.

• BST bovine somatotropin.

• BT-PABA test a test that assesses chymotrypsin activity in the small intestine. Oral administration of the synthetic peptide bentiromide is followed by measurement of free p-aminobenzoic acid in the urine or blood. Infrequently used as other, easier to perform and more reliable, tests are available for diagnosing exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.

• BTU British thermal unit.

• BTV bluetongue virus.

• bubble form region of a double-strand DNA that separates earlier than others, to form ‘bubbles’ when the heat is increased, because of lower G and C content.

• bubble vaporizer see bubble vaporizer.

• bubo [bu´bo] an enlarged and inflamed lymph node, particularly in the axilla or groin, resulting from absorption of infective material and occurring in various diseases, e.g., tuberculosis. In humans, associated with bubonic plague.

  • indolent b. a hard, nearly painless bubo that shows no tendency to break.
• bubonic [bu-bon´ik] characterized by or pertaining to buboes.

  • b. plague a highly contagious and severe disease caused by the bacillus Yersinia pestis carried in infected rats and transmitted to humans by fleas. See also plague.

• bubonocele [bu-bon´o-sēl] inguinal or femoral hernia forming a swelling in the groin.

• bucardia [bu-kahr′de- ] extreme enlargement of the heart as in cor bovinum.

• bucca [buk´] pl. buccae [L.] the cheek.

• buccal [buk´ l] pertaining to or directed toward the cheek.

  • b. administration drugs may be absorbed across buccal mucosa, directly into the venous circulation. Called also sublingual administration.
  • b. cavity strictly, the space bounded by the cheeks, but usually regarded as synonymous with the mouth.
  • b. horsepox see horsepox.
  • b. mucosa bleeding time (BMBT) see bleeding time.
  • b. surface of a tooth, the side that faces the lips; called also labial, vestibular.
  • b. vestibule the space between the cheeks and the cheek teeth.

• bucc(o)- word element. [L.] relating to the cheek.

• buccopharyngeal [buk″o-f -rin´je- l] pertaining to or emanating from the mouth and pharynx. Called also oropharyngeal.

  • imperforate b. membrane a congenital defect of imperforation of the buccopharyngeal membrane. It prevents the animal from breathing through the nostrils and is incompatible with life. Seen in birds, particularly African grey parrots. Called also choanal atresia.
  • b. membrane a membrane present in fetal life that separates the nasal cavities from the pharynx.

• buccostomy [buk-os´t -me] surgical creation of fistulae from the buccal cavity as a prophylactic against crib-biting. Unlikely to be acceptable to today’s public because of mutilatory overtones.

• buccotomy an incision through the cheek to gain access to the oral cavity for an intraoral surgical procedure. Usually performed in herbivores.

• buccoversion a dental malocclusion in which a premolar or molar tooth is in its anatomically correct position in the dental arch, but is abnormally angled in a buccal direction.

• Bucephalus [bu-sef´-l s] trematode parasite of fish; the larval stages cause parasitic castration of clams and scallops.

• buchu dried leaves of Agathosma (formerly Barosma) spp. plants; contains disophenol and diosmin. Traditionally used as a diuretic and urinary antiseptic.

• buck [buk] 1. adult male goat. Unlikely to be kept for any purpose other than an active breeding life, and then only at a distance. 2. breeding male of most small, wild ruminant species, including roe, fallow, muntjac, and Chinese water deer. In larger deer species is called bull. 3. the violent actions performed by a horse attempting to dislodge a rider. In rodeo contests, steers and bulls may also be engaged in riding-bucking contests with human riders.

  • b. rag rag rubbed on a mature buck’s forehead until odoriferous, placed in bag and used to test if does are in estrus.

• buck knees [buk] a condition in which the carpus appears to be overextended when viewed from the side.

• buckbush [buk´bush] Gyrostemon australasicus, Salsola kali.

  • false b.Gyrostemon australasicus.

• bucked shins see dorsal metacarpal periostitis.

• bucket-fed see pail-fed.

• bucket handle a term used to describe a form of injury, e.g., meniscal tears, or surgical technique that creates and utilizes a band of tissue, e.g., repair of eyelid defects and covering of corneal lesions.

  • b. h. flap see cross-lid flap.

• buckeye [buk´i] common name for several tree species in the genus Aesculus. Includes California buckeye (A. californica), Ohio buckeye (A. glabra), red buckeye (A. pavia), sweet buckeye (A. octandra). Also a nickname associated with the state of Ohio, including athletic teams and a local breed of chickens.

• buckjump riding contests at rodeos in which riders attempt to sit out bucks by horses or cattle. Usually a timed event.

• buckling [buk´ling] the process or an instance of becoming crumpled or warped.

  • scleral b. a technique for repair of detachment of the retina, in which indentations or infoldings of the sclera are made over the tears in the retina so as to promote adherence of the retina to the choroid.

• buckskin body coat color in horses, varies from yellow to almost brown; the points, including mane, tail, lower limbs are brown to black.

• buckthorn [buk´thorn] see Karwinskia humboldtiana, Rhamnus.

• buckwheat [buk´hwēt] see Fagopyrum esculentum.

• Bucky band a compression band strapped across the animal’s abdomen and tightened to reduce the thickness of tissue and to check respiratory movement during a radiographic procedure.

  B-57:

  

  Budyonny horse.

• Bucky grid a grid used in radiography moved mechanically during the exposure to prevent the scattered radiation reaching the film, thus improving image contrast. The movement of the grid decreases the visualization of the grid lines on the resultant image. Called also Potter–Bucky grid.

• Bucky tray a sliding metal tray under the radiographic table which holds the grid and the cassette. Called also Potter–Bucky tray.

• bud [bud] a structure resembling the bud of a plant, especially a protuberance in the embryo from which an organ or part develops.

  • end b. the remnant of the embryonic primitive knot, from which arises the tail and caudal part of the trunk.
  • horn b. bilateral cranial protuberances, destined to develop to a fighting horn or antler stage.
  • limb b. one of the four lateral swellings appearing in vertebrate embryos, which develop into the two pairs of limbs.
  • tail b. 1. the primordium of the caudal appendage. 2. end bud.
  • taste b’s end organs of the gustatory nerve containing the receptor surfaces for the sense of taste.
  • ureteric b. an outgrowth of the mesonephric duct giving rise to all but the nephrons of the permanent kidney.
  • b. of urethra bulb of urethra.

• Budd–Chiari-like syndrome [bud´ ke-ah´re] clinical signs deriving from any obstruction of venous blood flow from the liver.

• budding [bud´ing] gemmation; asexual reproduction in which a portion of the cell body is thrust out and then becomes separated, forming a new individual.

  • b. virions viruses that acquire their envelope by budding through modified regions of host cell membranes.

• budesonide [bu-des´ -nīd] a potent, locally active glucocorticosteroid; has been used orally in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and as an inhalant in inflammatory airway disease in dogs and cats.

• budgerigar, budgie [buj´ r-ľ-gahr″] see Melopsittacus undulatus.

  • b. fledgling disease a polyomavirus infection of young psittacines that causes failure of feather growth (French molt), hepatic and renal necrosis, and sometimes death. Can cause heavy losses in large aviaries; a vaccine is available.

• Budyonny horse chestnut or bay Russian light horse.

• bubonalgia pain in the groin.

• bufadienolide group of toxic cardiac glycosides found mainly in members of the plant family Crassulaceae, e.g., Cotyledon, Tylecodon, Kalanchoe, Bryophyllum spp. Found also in skin and skin glands of toads, e.g., Bufo marinus. Those in Cotyledon, Tylecodon, and some Kalanchoe are cumulative and produce krimpsiekte (cotyledonosis).

• buffalo a common name given to a number of different species and subspecies of bovids, many of which are domesticated breeds; most are variations of Bubalus bubalis. An exception is the animal known in the US as a buffalo, which is really a bison (Bison bison). See also Anoa.

  • African b. (Syncerus caffer) a very large member of the subfamily Bovinae, that travels in large herds; they have few natural predators. Their large horns that spread outward and downward, joined by a prominent boss in the males, subject them to trophy hunters. They are susceptible to many of the diseases and parasites affecting cattle and may be carriers or involved in transmission to domestic animals, particularly foot and mouth disease. Called also Cape buffalo.
  • American b. see bison.
  • Anatolian b. dairy and draft Turkish buffalo, dark gray to black often with white on head and tail, sickle or crescentic horns.
  • Egyptian b. an Indian buffalo breed, gray-black in color, used for milk and draft. Has short curved horns.
  • European b. includes many breeds and varieties of Bubalus bubalus used for milk, meat, and draft. Called also Asiatic water buffalo.

    B-58:

    

    The Bufo spp. toads produce a powerful, potentially toxic secretion from the parotid glands.

  • water b. (Bubalus bubalis) a large member of the subfamily Bovinae, native to South and Southeast Asia where it is largely domesticated; important as a draft animal as well as a source of meat and milk. A large feral population is found in Northern Australia. They have very large horns, similar to those of the African buffalo, but without the connecting boss. See also carabao.

• buffalo gnat see black fly.

• buffalopox a disease caused by a virus which is antigenically identical to cowpox virus; it is clinically the same as cowpox.

• buffel grass see Pennisetum ciliare (Cenchrus ciliaris).

• buffer¹ [buf´ r] a substance that, by its presence in solution, increases the amount of acid or alkali necessary to produce a unit change in pH.

  • isohydric b. systems all of the buffer systems in the extracellular fluid act in unison so that when e.g., extra acid is added all of the buffer systems will buffer some of the additional hydrogen ions. This is the isohydric principle and the buffer systems involved are the isohydric buffers.
  • b. pairs the pairs of compounds that, in themselves, serve as a buffer system. There are a number of such pairs in the blood and the sum of the blood’s buffering capacity is the sum of these individual pairs.
  • radiology b. a chemical constituent of developer and fixer to keep the pH constant.
  • b. salt see buffer salt.
  • b. systems a system consists of a weak acid and a conjugate base, e.g., a mixture of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions. When one is present the addition of more acid or base will raise or lower the pH much less than if no buffer were present. The principal buffer systems are the bicarbonate, plasma protein, phosphate, and hemoglobin buffers. See also Henderson–Hasselbalch equation.
  • b. titration curve mathematical calculations used to predict buffering capacity and bicarbonate concentration under various values of carbon dioxide tension.

• buffer² a double-ended horse shoeing implement designed to be hit with a shoeing hammer. At one end is a broad-bladed chisel face for opening clinches. At the other end is a pointed punch for driving through the shoe nailholes.

• buffering [buf´ r-ing] the action produced by a buffer.

  • b. agents among other uses these substances play a part in dairy cattle nutrition by helping to prevent damaging ruminal acidity on high grain rations. Sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide are the preparations commonly used. See also acid-base balance.
• buffing [buf´ing] striking the posteromedial aspect of a front hoof with the opposite hoof of the pair. A perfect situation for applying a buffing boot.

  • b. boot see brush boot.

• buffy coat [buf´e] a pale layer consisting mainly of white blood cells overlayed by an indistinguishable thin layer of platelets, observed on top of the column of packed red cells in centrifuged blood. The thickness of this layer provides a rough estimate of the white cell count.

• Bufo [bu´fo] a large genus of toads of the family Bufonidae; these amphibians carry toxins in parotid glands in their skin. There are a number of toxins depending on the species, including the cardiotoxic bufogenins, bufotoxin, bufotenins, catecholamines, and serotonin. The toxicity of each species depends on the mix and concentration of toxins. Species include B. exsul (black toad), B. marinus (cane toad), B. regularis (African toad), B. bufo (common toad).

• bufodienolide a toad toxin. Called also bufogenin.

• bufogenin a toad toxin. Inhibits Na-K-ATPase activity in myocardial cell membranes. Called also bufadeniolide.

• bufotalin [bu″fo-tal´in] a toxin causing vomiting and cardiac arrest. Present in the skin and saliva of Bufo vulgaris.

• bufotenine a toad toxin. A specific basic pressor principle used as a hallucinogen in experimental medicine.

• bufotoxin [bu´fo-tok″sin] any toxin isolated from the skin of a toad.

• bug [bug] a member of the family Cimicidae in the order Hemiptera and includes the blood-sucking bugs. See Haematosiphon and Oeciacus vicarius.

• Buglosoides arvensis see Lithospermum arvense.

• Buhner method a method for retaining and preventing recurrence of prolapsed vagina. A deep circumferential suture is placed around the vestibulum as close as possible to the vestibulovaginal junction, by means of suture bites entering and exiting at incisions dorsal and ventral to the vulva. Requires a special (Gerlach) needle with the eye in the point, and a special braided tubular suture.

• buiatrics [bu″e-at´riks] the study of cattle and their diseases.

• bulb [bulb] 1. a rounded mass or enlargement. 2. medulla oblongata.

  • aortic b. the enlargement of the aorta at its point of origin from the heart. See also aortic sinuses.
  • auditory b. the membranous labyrinth and cochlea.
  • eye b. the eye.
  • gustatory b’s taste buds.
  • hair b. the bulbous expansion at the proximal end of a hair embedded within the dermis, in which the hair shaft is generated.
  • heel b. the swollen part of the hoof wall and adjacent soft tissue at the back (posterior) of the hoof characterized by an expansion of the periople which is wider here than at any other part of the hoof.
  • Krause’s b’s see bulboid corpuscle.
  • olfactory b. the most rostral part of the rhinencephalon that largely occupies the rostral cranial fossa and which gives off a tuft of olfactory nerves that escape through the cribriform plate.
  • penile b. see penile bulb.
  • taste b’s taste buds.
  • urethral b. the enlarged proximal part of the corpus spongiosum found near the root of the penis.
  • vestibular b., vestibulovaginal b. paired masses of erectile tissue, situated one on either side of the vaginal orifice.
• bulbar [bul´b r] pertaining to a bulb; pertaining to or involving the medulla oblongata, as bulbar paralysis.

  • infectious b. necrosis one of the several forms taken by foot abscess in sheep. See also foot abscess.
  • infectious b. paralysis see Aujeszky’s disease.
  • b. paralysis originates from the medulla oblongata. The pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts pass from the midbrain through the medulla and are susceptible to damage by agents that operate in the area. Paralysis of this type has the characteristics of an upper motor lesion with muscle tone and local tendon reflexes retained. Cranial nerve deficits involving cranial nerves IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII may also be seen.

• bulbiform [bul´bľ-form] bulb-shaped.

• Bulbine plant genus in the Liliaceae family; some contain an unidentified toxin; causes vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain. Includes B. bulbosa (native leek), B. semibarbata.

• Bulbinella ornithogaloides Ornithogalumornithogaloides.

• bulbitis [bul-bi´tis] inflammation of the bulb of the urethra.

• bulbocapnine [bul″bo-kap´nin] isoquinoline alkaloid found in Corydalis flavula, Dicentra spectabilis. Causes a transient syndrome of frenzy, convulsions, tremor, opisthotonos, salivation, vomiting.

• bulbocavernous glands [bul″bo-kav´r-n s] relating to the bulb of the penis.

  • b. glands see bulbourethral glands.
  • b. muscle see Table 12.

• bulbogastrone [bul″bo-gas´trōn] a gastrointestinal enterogastrone hormone secreted by duodenal cells when the ingesta is acidified; it inhibits gastric acid secretion in dogs.

• bulboid corpuscle [bul´boid] small encapsulated nerve endings occurring in the mucous membrane and skin. Called also Krause’s bulbs.

• bulbospongiosus reflex [bul″bo-spon″je-o´s s] see bulbourethral reflex.

• bulbourethral [bul″bo-u-re´thr l] pertaining to the bulb of the urethra.

  • b. glands two glands on either side of the male pelvic urethra. Absent from the dog, and large in the boar. Called also bulbocavernous glands and Cowper’s glands.
  • b. reflex mild pressure on the glans penis in a male dog causes contraction of the external anal sphincter. It tests function of the pudendal nerve and the S1–S3 spinal cord segments. Called also bulbospongiosus reflex.

• bulbous [bul´b s] having the form or nature of a bulb; bearing or arising from a bulb.

• bulboventricle [bul″bo-ven′trľ-k l] middle region of the embryonic tubular heart between the aorta and the atrium.

• bulbus [bul´b s] pl. bulbi [L.] bulb.

  • b. aortae the swollen, first part of the aorta, between the atria; swollen because of the sinuses above each of the three cusps of the aortic valves.
  • b. cordis the outflow tract of the embryonic heart between the primitive ventricle and the aorta. Called also bulbus arteriosus.
  • b. glandis the bulb of the dog’s penis; the proximal portion that enlarges greatly during erection and is the part responsible for preventing withdrawal during ejaculation.
  • b. oculi the eye.
  • b. pili see hair bulb.
  • b. rectricum a well-organized fibroadipose mass in a muscular envelope into which the rectrices (tail feathers of birds) are embedded. It occupies a trough-shaped socket bounded by the caudal vertebrae and the intrinsic tail muscles.

• Bulgarian brown cattle brown, dual-purpose, Bulgarian cattle.

• bulging eye disease see uitpeuloog.

• bulimia [b $\stackrel{⌣}{o}$ $\stackrel{⌣}{o}$ -le′me- ] abnormal increase in the sensation of hunger. Because of its subjectivity, the diagnosis could only be assumed in an animal, where the more common, objective clinical observation would be ravenous appetite.

• Bulinus [bu-li´n s] water snail, intermediate host for paramphistomes and other trematodes.

• bulk flow the process by which some abundant secretory proteins travel to and from different cellular compartments. These proteins lack sorting signals targeting them to a specific destination, unlike proteins with sorting signals that are actively concentrated into vesicles for transport to an acceptor compartment, they enter the vesicles at the same concentration as they are found in the donor compartment.

• bulk forming agents [bulk] see bulk laxative.

• bulk laxative [bulk] see laxative.

• bulk tank [bulk] a refrigerated storage tank for milk collection from a farm.

  • b. t. somatic cell counts herd somatic cell counts (SCC); used to monitor the herd prevalence of subclinical mastitis. Milk processing plants use automatic electronic somatic cell counters. Counts of over 300,000 cells/ml suggest a level of infection that warrants examination of individual cows. There is a maximal allowable somatic cell count for milk to be sold as Grade A milk in most countries, from 400,000 cells/ml or higher depending on the country. Bulk tank somatic cell counts also influence the price paid to the dairyman and premium or penalty payments are usually calculated on the basis of a 3-month geometric mean of weekly bulk milk tank SCC measurements. See also somatic cell count.
  • rolling b. t. somatic cell counts monthly data averaged for the preceding 3 months.
• bull 1. a male bovine animal of breeding age, usually over 1 year of age. Until recent times the use classification for such an animal would be breeding. The present acceptance of bull beef by consumers adds this use to what was previously a limited range of life styles. See also breeder bull. See Table 15. 2. adult male of most wild ruminants except for small deer in which the male is called buck. Includes wapiti, moose, elk, reindeer. 3. adult male cetaceans and pinnipeds. See Table 15.

  • b. battery rarely used term for the total serving capacity of the bulls in a herd. Is the number of bulls multiplied by the length of the breeding season.
  • b. beef from entire males instead of the fatter steer or bullock.
  • b. calf male young entire bovine animal up to stage of yearling.
  • catch-up b. in dairy herds that use artificial insemination (AI), one that is run with cows in mid-lactation to breed those cattle that have not held to AI or that have early embryonic death.
  • b.–cow ratio usually refers to paddock mating of beef cattle and reflects the desire of the farmer to achieve high fertility and over what period the breeding program can be allowed to continue. The proportion of bulls needed will also depend on their age, testicular size and serving capacity.
  • b. leader a pole about 6 ft (2 m) long with a spring clip on the end to snare the bull’s nose ring. Enables the handler to keep the bull moving forward without any risk that the bull can come too close.

    B-59:

    

    Bulldog calf.

  • proven b. one whose progeny have achieved the production target set as desirable by the registering breed authority.
  • b. rotation changing the bull out of a group of cows and replacing him with a different bull at short intervals. The objective is to ensure a high mating rate or to mark the calves by using a bull of a different breed.
  • b. test station an establishment run by government or cooperative farmer organization that houses young bulls and measures rate of body weight gain under standard conditions of feeding and housing. A good rate of gain under these conditions does not guarantee a similar performance at pasture.

• Bull and terrier dog an early name for the Staffordshire terrier.

• Bull Arab a type of dog developed in Australia for hunting feral pigs. A muscular, short-haired, medium- to large-sized dog, derived from crossing various breeds of large, strong dogs, most commonly including Bull terriers, Great Danes, Mastiffs, and Greyhounds.

• bull-bred herd a herd in which the cows are mated to bulls; compare with artificially bred. Called also naturally bred.

• bull-dogging the rodeo sport of jumping from the back of a running horse and catching a running calf or steer around the neck and wrestling it to the ground by grasping the horns and twisting the head.

• bull’s-eye lesion a dark necrotic center encircled by pale ischemic and erythematous rings; seen in spider bites. See also target lesion.

• Bull terrier a medium-sized (50–60 lb), very solidly built dog with narrow, deeply sunken triangular eyes, thick neck; the face has a distinctive flat profile without a stop (‘egg-shaped’). The dog was originally bred for pit fighting. The coat is very short; there are two varieties, all-white or colored, which is any other than white, including spotted. In some countries, the Miniature bull terrier is recognized as a separate breed. The breed is subject to an inherited renal disease, lethal acrodermatitis, and the white variety may be affected by congenital deafnesss. Called also ‘bully’.

  • B. t. hereditary nephritis an autosomal dominant trait, manifested by proteinuria and ultrastructural abnormalities in the glomerular basement membrane leading to renal failure and death at a variable age. An animal model of Alport syndrome of humans.
• bulla [bul´] pl. bullae [L.] a blister; a circumscribed, fluid-containing, elevated lesion of the skin, usually more than 5 mm in diameter.

  • emphysematous b. spherical air-filled cavities in the interlobular spaces and under the pleura, often in large numbers, as part of a general state of pulmonary emphysema.
  • lacrimal b. a large extension of the thin bony wall of the maxillary sinus in the ox, which bulges into the ventral part of the orbit. There is a small lacrimal bulla also in the pig.
  • osseous b. see tympanic bulla (below).
  • tympanic b. a thin-walled bony capsule that houses an extension of the cavity of the middle ear, the tympanic cavity.
• Bulldog a medium-sized (40–55 lb), thickset dog with very characteristic build and appearance. The head, with a very short face, neck and forequarters, is massive in proportion to the rest of the body and the legs are relatively short. The tail is naturally short. The breed is predisposed to cleft lip and palate, hemivertebra, hydrocephalus, congenital heart defects, spina bifida and upper respiratory structural abnormalities. Called also British bulldog or English bulldog. See also French bulldog.

  • American b. a larger dog with longer legs and longer nose than the (British) bulldog. It is said to resemble more closely the earlier version of that breed, as it was when brought to the Americas in colonial times. The breed is affected by inherited neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.

• bulldog see nose lead.

• bulldog calves calves that are characterized by short limbs and neck and a swollen cranium with a short, depressed face, with a protruding tongue and cleft palate. There is severe chondrodystrophy and hydrocephalus. The condition is inherited in several breeds of cattle but is very common in Dexters. Called also chondrodystrophic dwarfism with hydrocephalus.

• bulldog clamp spring-loaded crossover clamps used in surgery to clamp off small arteries. They open when squeezed and the serrated-face clamp blades shut when the squeeze is relaxed. See also Glover bulldog clamp.

• buller pen pen in which buller steers are kept in a large feedlot; they usually do not mount each other.

• buller steer in groups of feedlot steers, a steer that submits to mounting by the others. Results in skin trauma, subcutaneous hematomas that may become infected, and other traumatic injury. Of unknown etiology but believed to be sometimes due to estrogen implants.

• bullet 1. projectile for a humane killer that uses a conventional or free bullet. 2. a metallic, bullet-shaped mass given orally so as to lodge in the reticulum and discharge its critical component over a long period. Bullets containing cobalt, selenium or magnesium are in use. Called also reticular retention bullets.

  • magnesium reticular b. heavy pellets delivering about 1 g magnesium daily administered orally to cattle as a prevention against hypomagnesemia; the ‘bullets’ lodge in the reticulum and are retained there until they dissolve completely.

• bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) largest of the true frogs. Native to the US and Canada; introduced to many other countries and regarded as an invasive species in some. They are hunted or farmed commercially to produce frog meat, mainly for the legs, for human consumption; also used in biology dissection classes; sometimes kept as pets. Known also as American bullfrog.

• bullhead common name for black bullhead catfish Ameiurus melas.

• bulling acting like a bull. Said of cows when they mount other cows that are in standing estrus. The buller may be a cow with adrenal virilism that always acts in this manner or it may be a cow about to come into estrus. Said also of steers in a feedlot.

• bullmask a mask made of leather or aluminum, which is tied across the bull’s face. It has downward looking, horizontal slits, like fixed Venetian blinds, which prevent the bull looking forward to attack but permits looking down to graze.

• Bullmastiff a large (100–130 lb), powerfully built dog with a large, square head, short muzzle, thick neck, deep chest, and tapered tail. The brindle, fawn or red coat is very short. The breed was developed from the Mastiff and the Bulldog. It is affected by a familial ataxia, progressive retinal atrophy and entropion.

• bullnose [bool´nōz] see necrotic rhinitis.

• bullock a mature castrated male cattle destined for meat production or draft.

• bullosis [bul-o´sis] the production of, or a condition characterized by, bullous lesions.

• bullous [bul´ s] pertaining to or characterized by bullae.

  • b. emphysema pulmonary emphysema characterized by the presence of subpleural and interlobular bullae.
  • b. epidermolysis see epidermolysis bullosa.
  • b. pemphigoid see bullous pemphigoid.

• bullroutNotesthes robusta; a venomous fish in the family Scorpaenidae (scorpionfishes).

• bully board plywood or plexiglass shields, similar to those used by riot police, used in the handling and management of animals which are difficult to catch and restrain, e.g., pigs, ostriches, deer.

• Bulnesia sarmientii South American plant in the family Zygophyllaceae; toxin thought to be a saponin, causes enteritis, convulsions, pruritus. Called also Palo santo tree, guaiac.

• bulrush Ornithogalumconicum subsp. conicum, Typha spp.

• bumblefoot [bum´b l-foot] inflammation of the feet, typically the plantar aspect, usually referring to birds, guinea pigs, and rabbits. Also called pododermatitis, ulcerative dermatitis, sore hocks.

• bumetanide [bu-met´ -nīd] a potent loop diuretic, with actions similar to furosemide.

• bumps [bumps] a lay term used to describe a variety of papulonodular dermatoses in horses, including ‘heat bumps’, ‘feed bumps’, ‘protein bumps’, ‘wheat bumps’, and others. No specific disease or etiology has been assigned to the term.

• BUN blood urea nitrogen. See urea nitrogen.

  • BUN:creatinine ratio see creatinine: blood urea nitrogen ratio.

• bunamidine [bu-nam´ľ-dēn] a cestocide used extensively for the treatment of tapeworms in dogs and cats. Used usually as the hydrochloride in dogs and cats and as the hydroxynaphthoate in sheep and goats.

• bunch group of deer hinds.

• bunchflower Melanthiumvirginicum.

• Bundaberg disease old name for epizootic ulcerative syndrome.

• bundle [bun´d l] a collection of fibers or strands; with muscle fibers, or specialized conduction tissue in the heart, or a fasciculus or band of nerve fibers; in a wool or other fleece, fibers that group together to form bundles which, in turn, group together to form a staple.

  • accessory b. of Kent abnormal atrioventricular bundle.
  • atrioventricular b. a subendocardial band of atypical cardiac muscle fibers, specialized for rapid conduction of electrical impulses that originates in the atrioventricular node in the interatrial septum and passes through the right atrioventricular fibrous ring; once in the ventricles, the bundle divides into right and left branches that ultimately spread to convey impulses throughout both ventricles. Called also bundle of His.
  • Bachmann b. a disputed large muscle bundle between the right and left atria, thought to serve as a specialized conduction pathway.
  • b. branch see bundle branch.
  • fundamental b. that part of the white matter of the spinal cord bordering the gray matter and containing fibers that travel for a distance of only a few segments of the cord. Called also ground bundle, fasciculi proprii.
  • b. of His see atrioventricular bundle (above).
  • His b. degeneration associated with sudden unexpected death or periods of viciousness; most common in Doberman and German shepherd dogs.
  • His b. stenosis inherited in Pug dogs; associated with syncope and sudden death.
  • Keith’s b. see atrioventricular bundle (above).
  • medial forebrain b. a group of nerve fibers connecting the midbrain tegmentum and elements of the limbic system.
  • b. of Vicq d’Azyr a band of fibers from the mammillary body to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus.

• Bungner’s bands [bēng´n r] proliferating Schwann cells in nervous tissue may appear as bands of spindle-shaped cells resembling fibroblasts.

• buninalike body inclusion body in degenerating nerve cells in horses with some of the pathological characteristics of Bunina bodies in humans.

• bunk, bunker large storage bin; a term more commonly used in feedlots. See feedbunk.

  • b. forage forage, usually ensilage stored in a large storage bunk and made available to cattle or other livestock along a face of the storage in small farms or, in larger operations, removed by a front end loader or a silage face grinding machine to a feed mixing truck for incorporation into a total mixed ration.
  • b. management the determination of the amount of feed to offer and how it is fed.
  • b. reading looking at the bunk contents to decide how much feed should be fed and when it should be fed for each pen of cattle; conducted by a bunk reader.

• Bunnell suture pattern [b -nel´] one designed for tendon repair. Most of the path of the suture is intratendinous, and it crosses the defect through the cut surfaces on either side and the ends are tied within the defect. See also tendon suture.

• bunny hopping an abnormal gait in which dogs use their hindlegs simultaneously and symmetrically, rather than advancing one at a time and the legs tend to be greatly extended behind the body before being moved forward. A clinical feature of several disorders including spinal dysraphism and cerebellar disorders.

• bunodont [bu´no-dont] having teeth, usually molars, with rounded tubercles on the occlusal surface; mammals with mixed diet, such as swine and humans.

• bunostomiasis [bu″no-st -mi´ -sis] infestation with the hookworms Bunostomum phlebotomum in cattle and B. trigonocephalum in sheep causing anemia and anasarca due to blood loss, together with poor growth. Called also hookworm disease.

• Bunostomum [bu″no-sto´m m] a genus of hookworms of the family of Ancylostomatidae. Includes B. phlebotomum (Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle) and B. trigonocephalum (sheep, goat, deer).

  B-60:

  

  Burdizzo emasculatome.

• bunting [bunt´ing] a behavior of cats in which they rub or push their face against objects, probably depositing pheromones; a form of olfactory communication.

  • b. order the equivalent to peck order of birds in the species that assert themselves by bunting with the head. It is the form of behavior by which Felidae establish themselves in the hierarchy of their social group.

• Bunyavirales [bun″y -vir´ľ-de] an order with the families Bunyavirales, that contains Akabane orthobunyavirus and California encephalitis orthobunyavirus; Nairoviridae that contains Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus, and Main Drain orthobunyavirus; Phenuiviridae that contains Rift Valley fever phlebovirus; and Hantaviridae that contains hantaviruses that infect rodents and causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in humans.

• bunyavirus [bun´y -vi″r s] a term for a virus in the order Bunyavirales.

• bunyip a mythical animal denizen of Australian swamps. Its ogreish reputation makes it a threatening figure to children. Also a term for an imposter or fake.

• buphanine a toxic alkaloid in the plant Boophane disticha, which has been used as an arrow poison.

• buphthalmia [būf-thal´me- ] pathologic enlargement of the globe due to chronically and notably elevated intraocular pressure; pathognomonic change in glaucoma. Inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in New Zealand white rabbits and used as an animal model of glaucoma. Especially notable in young animals because of the relative distensibility of their sclera. See buphthalmos, hydrophthalmos.

• buphthalmos [būf-thal´mos] pathologic enlargement of the globe; see buphthalmia, hydrophthalmos.

• bupivacaine [bu-piv´ -kān] a long-acting amide local anesthetic used for peripheral nerve block, infiltration, and sympathetic, caudal, or epidural block.

• buprenorphine [bu″pr -nor´fēn] opiate with mixed agonist-antagonist activity. Classified as a partial mu agonist and kappa antagonist. Its analgesic effect is considered less than morphine but of longer duration.

• buquinolate a quinolone cocciostat used in poultry.

• bur [b r] a surgical instrument used to ream out the lining of a cavity, for example, the lateral ventricle of horses in the operation for roaring, or to debride bone or teeth. A long stem with a round or oval head carrying rasp-like teeth. See also burr.

• dental b. the variety of hard metal alloy bits for attachment to power driven dental handpieces, or drills, to cut hard dental tissue, mainly during restorative dentistry.

• Burdizzo emasculatome an instrument designed for bloodless emasculation in all species but most adaptable to ruminants because of the extended scrotal neck in these species. The spermatic cord is crushed percutaneously by a double actioned forcing together of blunt blades that also have rounded edges so that the skin is not damaged. The instrument works because of the different strengths of the cord and the skin.

• burdock common name for plants in the genus Arctium.

  B-61:

  

  Second- and third-degree burns sustained during a barn fire.

  B-62:

  

  Scrotal lesions of mycotic dermatitis initiated by seed burrs (arrow).

  • greater b.Arctium lappa.

• buret, burette [bu-ret´] a glass tube with a capacity of the order of 25–100 ml and graduation intervals of 0.05–0.1 ml, with stopcock attachment, used to deliver an accurately measured quantity of liquid.

• burial see carcass disposal.

• Burkholderia [burk″hol-dēr´e- ] a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria.

  • B. mallei the causative agent of glanders, a disease of horses that is communicable to humans. Previously called Malleomyces mallei and Pseudomonas mallei.
  • B. pseudomallei the causative agent of melioidosis. An environmental saprophytic organism occasionally causing disease in domestic animal species and humans. Occasionally zoonotic. Formerly called Pseudomonas pseudomallei.

• Burkitt’s lymphoma, Burkitt’s tumor [bur´kit] a form of undifferentiated malignant lymphoma in humans and other primates, especially marmosets and some gibbons. Usually found in central Africa, but also reported from other areas, and manifested most often as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass; called also African lymphoma. The Epstein–Barr virus (EB virus), a member of the order Herpesvirales, subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae in then genus Lymphocryptovirus, isolated from human Burkitt’s lymphoma cells and is considered the causative agent. The same virus causes the relatively benign, though debilitating, disease, infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) of humans, particularly young adults.

• Burmese a medium-sized, shorthaired breed of cats known in two types (‘American’ or ‘contemporary’, which is described here, and the ‘European’ or ‘British’ traditional), which are recognized as separate breeds in some places. It has a rounded head, short muzzle, and a compact, muscular body. The colors recognized are sable, champagne, blue and platinum, all with yellow to gold eyes. The breed is affected by primary endocardial fibroelastosis, meningoencephalocele and lethal midfacial malformations (‘head defect’). See also European Burmese.

• Burmilla a breed of cats developed in the UK from crossing Chinchillas and Lilac Burmese. It has the body of the Burmese, usually with a short, close-lying coat in many colors, but there is also a longhair variety.

• burn [b rn] injury to tissues caused by contact with dry heat (fire), moist heat (steam or liquid), chemicals, electricity, lightning or radiation. Burns can be classified by the depth of tissue damage. First-degree burns involve only the epidermis; second-degree burns include damage to the dermis; third-degree burns are full thickness, extending through all layers of the skin. Fourth-degree burns involve deeper structures such as fascia, muscle and bone. In addition, damage done by a burn includes shock due to the tissue damage, severe dehydration due to the loss of the protective effect of the skin, infection of the burn site, damage to lungs and eyes by exposure to high temperatures and smoke and debris, damage to external somatic addenda including vulva, teats, prepuce, scrotum. See also brushfire injury.

  • friction b. the skin is damaged by the heat created by friction as by a rope burn, or when a dog is dragged by its lead behind a car.
  • full thickness b. involves all of the epidermis and the dermis and may include underlying structures, as well. In alternative classification, it is equivalent to third- and fourth-degree burns.
  • partial thickness b. involves part or all of the epidermis. Generally, equivalent to first- and second-degree burns.
  • solar b. sunburn is noticeable mainly in white pigs, white cats, and dogs with little or no pigmentation on the nose (areas not protected by haircoat) or following close clipping. Of little importance in pigs, other than esthetic importance, but in dogs and cats causes actinic dermatitis, which occasionally precedes the development of squamous cell carcinoma. See also solar dermatitis, photosensitive dermatitis.
  • sole b. damage caused to the sensitive laminae of the feet by the prolonged application of an overheated horseshoe during a shoeing session. The horse is very lame and part of the hoof may subsequently slough.

• burning bush see Kochia scoparia.

• Burow [boo´rov] pertaining to Karl August Burow, a German surgeon (1809-1874).

  • B’s. solution a preparation of aluminum subacetate, glacial acetic acid and water; used topically on the skin as an astringent, and as a topical antiseptic and antipruritic in various skin disorders. Called also aluminum acetate solution.
  • B’s. triangle excision of a piece of skin to eliminate a dog ear, or to facilitate an advancement flap. Called also Burow’s operation.
• burr [b r] 1. a plant seed capsule carrying many hooked spines that catch in animal coats thus promoting dissemination of the plant. The word is also used as a collective name for plants that carry burrs, e.g., Noogoora burr, Buffalo burr, burr medic, burr trefoil. 2. a surgical instrument. See bur. 3. the irregular cartilage formation seen inside a dog’s ear. 4. the irregular bony excrescences that project from the coronet at the base of a mature antler.

  • Bathurst b. (1) Xanthiumspinosum.
  • buffalo b. (1) Solanumrostratum.
  • Californian b. (1) Xanthiumstrumarium complex.
  • catshead, catshead b. (1) Tribulusterrestris.
  • b. cell can refer to any of several types of erythrocytes with spicules, including acanthocyte, echinocyte.
  • copper b. (1) Sclerolaenacalcarata.
  • Hunter b. (1) Xanthiumitalicum.
  • Italian cockle b. (1) Xanthiumstrumarium.
  • Narrawa b. (1) Solanumcinereum.
  • needle b. (1) Amaranthusspinosus.
  • Noogoora b. (1) Xanthiumstrumarium (X. pungens, X. occidentale).
  • red b. (1) Bassiahyssopifolia, Sclerolaenacalcarata.
  • South American b. (1) Xanthiumcavanillesii.
  • star b. (1) Acanthospermumhispidum.
  • yellow b. (1) Centaureasolstitialis.

• burrawang see Macrozamia.

• burrhole the hole made surgically in bone to allow access to tissues below. Connecting a series of holes facilitates removal of a bone flap.

• burro the Spanish word for donkey; commonly used in North and South America.

• burrow weed Haplopappusheterophyllus.

• burrowing spiders spiders of the family Theraphosidae.

• burry said of wool when it contains plant burrs, the adherent seed pods, usually of Medicago polymorpha.

  • bursa [bur´s ] pl. bursae, bursas [L.] a small fluid-filled sac or sac-like cavity lined with synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid situated in places in tissues where friction would otherwise occur. Bursae function to facilitate the gliding of skin, muscles or tendons over bony or ligamentous surfaces. They are numerous and are found throughout the body, the most important being located around the large limb joints. Inflammation of a bursa is known as bursitis. See also bursal.
  • atlantal b. lies between the ligamentum nuchae and the dorsal arch of the atlas. Called also cranial nuchal subligamental bursa. bursa subligamentosa nuchalis cranialis.
  • axial b. under the ligamentum nuchae and over the axis. Called also the caudal nuchal subligamental bursa, bursa subligamentosa nuchalis caudalis.
  • bicipital b. intertuberal bursa. See bicipital bursa.
  • calcanean b. large bursa on the summit of the calcaneus where the superficial digital flexor muscle tendon is partly inserted as it passes distally to the foot; in the horse there may be an additional small subcutaneous bursa over the tendon at this site; its inflammation causes ‘capped hock’. Called also bursa tendinis calcanei.
  • cloacal b. bursa of Fabricius.
  • copulatory b. embraces the female nematode during copulation; the structure is useful for the identification of some species of nematodes.
  • cranial nuchal subligamental b. see atlantal bursa (above).
  • b.-dependent lymphocytes see B lymphocyte.
  • b. equivalent tissue an unidentified component of the lymphoid system, analogous to the bursa of Fabricius in birds, which is considered to be the primary site of the origin of B lymphocytes.
  • b. of Fabricius an epithelial outgrowth of the cloaca in birds, which develops in a manner similar to that of the thymus, atrophying after 5 or 6 months and persisting as a fibrous remnant in sexually mature birds. It contains lymphoid follicles, and before involution is a site of formation of B lymphocytes associated with humoral or antibody immunity. May be very large in young chickens and compress the cloaca dorsally. It opens into the proctodeum, the most caudal of the three chambers of the cloaca.
  • false b. see hygroma.
  • infracardiac b. a small, serous membrane lined pouch ventral to the aorta and to the right of the esophagus and within the caudal mediastinum.
  • infraspinatus b. beneath the superficial tendon of the infraspinatus muscle as it crosses the greater tubercle of the humerus.
  • intertuberal b. lies between the tendon of the biceps brachialis muscle and the brachial groove of the humerus. Called also bicipital bursa.
  • intertubercular b. over the intertubercular groove of the humerus and beneath the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle, in horses and cattle.
  • b. mucosa, synovial b. a closed synovial sac interposed between surfaces that glide upon each other; it may be subcutaneous, submuscular, subfascial or subtendinous in location.
  • navicular b. lies between the navicular bone and the insertion of the deep digital flexor muscle tendon. Called also bursa podotrochlearis manus/pes.
  • nuchal b. see atlantal bursa (above).
  • omental b. the potential cavity contained within the greater omentum. It communicates with the rest of the peritoneal cavity through the epiploic foramen (of Winslow).
  • ovarian b. see ovarian bursa.
  • b. podotrochlearis manus see navicular bursa (above).
  • subcutaneous b. bursae that develop in subcutaneous sites over any bony prominence, e.g., coxal tuber, olecranon.
  • supraspinous b. between the funicular and lamellar parts of the ligamentum nuchae and over the spine of the second thoracic vertebra of horses. Called also bursa subligamentosa supraspinalis.
  • synovial b. see bursa mucosa (above).
  • testicular b. the space between the body of the epididymis and the testis created by the partly free body of the epididymis relative to its close attachment to the testis.
  • triceps b. beneath the tendon of the triceps brachii muscle as it passes over the summit of the olecranon. Called also tricipital bursa, bursa subtendinea m. tricipitis brachii.
  • tricipital b. see triceps bursa (above).
  • trochanteric b. any of the bursae associated with the greater trochanter either between the skin and the trochanter or between any of the gluteal muscles and the greater trochanter.
• bursal [bur´s l] emanating from or pertaining to bursa.

  • infectious b. disease (IBD) a disease of young chickens caused by Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) in the family Birnaviridae that primarily and selectively destroys B lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius resulting in a secondary immunodeficiency. Clinical signs are variable and include diarrhea, feather ruffling and droopiness. Death is often a consequence of septicemia associated with normally nonpathogenic strains of bacteria such as Escherichia coli or Salmonella spp. The morbidity in an initial outbreak will be 100% and the mortality up to 30%. A disease notifiable to the OIE (see Table 20). Called also Gumboro disease, infectious avian nephrosis.

• bursatti, bursattee, bursati [b r-sah´te] 1. see swamp cancer. 2. see equine phycomycosis.

• bursectomy [b r-sek´t -me] excision of a bursa.

  • neonatal b. an experimental procedure that removes the bursa of Fabricius, either surgically, hormonally or through infection with the virus of infectious bursal disease. The resulting immunodeficient chick is useful in immunological studies because of the loss of B lymphocytes.
• bursitis [b r-si´tis] inflammation of a bursa. Acute bursitis comes on suddenly; severe pain and limitation of motion of the affected joint are the principal signs. See also hygroma, intra-abdominal abscess. Chronic bursitis may follow the acute attacks. There is continued pain and limitation of motion around the joint.

  • atlantal b. see poll evil.
  • carpal b. see carpal hygroma.
  • mesenteric b. inflammation or infection of the mesenteric bursa, often resulting in abscessation.
  • trochanteric b. inflammation, in the horse, of the bursa between the tendon of the middle gluteal muscle and the major trochanter of the femur or its cartilage. Causes lameness and atrophy of muscles in long-standing cases. Called also whirlbone lameness.

• bursography imaging using a contrast medium injected into a bursa.

• bursolith [bur´so-lith] a calculus in a bursa.

• bursopathy [b r-sop´ -the] any disease of a bursa.

• bursotomy [b r-sot´ -me] incision of a bursa.

• burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) see burst forming unit-erythroid.

• Burttia prunoides a poisonous African shrub in the plant family Connaraceae; contains an unidentified toxin; causes sudden death in ruminants. Signs include bloat, salivation, running in circles, abdominal pain, convulsions and death.

• buserelin a gonadotropin releasing hormone analog used to improve fertility in cows.

• bushite crystals calcium phosphate crystals.

• bush-foot see porcine footrot.

• bush sickness see cobalt nutritional deficiency.

• bushbaby small, nocturnal, arboreal prosimian in the family Galagidae. They have very large eyes and a long bushy tail.

• bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) a widely distributed African antelope; it has been incriminated as a reservoir for Ehrlichia ondiri, which causes bovine petechial fever.

• bushman’s poison see Acokanthera.

• bushmeat meat of wild animals killed in the wild for human consumption. Called also wild meat, game meat.

• bushpig (Potamochoerus larvatus) an animal similar to wild boar with a long snout, pointed ears, big bristles, and a mane. Native to East and Southern Africa. They may be carriers of important livestock diseases. The name is also applied to the red river hog ¹ (P. porcus).

• Bushy Creek fever leptospirosis.

• buspirone [bu-spi´rōn] a nonsedating antianxiety drug used in dogs and cats.

• buss disease [bus] see sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis.

• Busse–Buschke disease [boo´s boosh´k ] see cryptococcosis.

• bustard large terrestrial, but not flightless, birds in the family Otididae. They are ostrich-like with a heavy body, broad wingspan, and a long neck. The Australian bustard (Ardeotis australis) is commonly called bush turkey or plains turkey. The great bustard (Otis tarda) is probably the heaviest flying animal with males weighing 20–40 pounds.

• busulfan [bu-sul´fan] an alkylating antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and polycythemia.

• butacaine [bu´t -kān″] an ester local anesthetic; the sulfate salt is used as a topical anesthetic in the eye and on mucous membranes, in solution or ointment.

• butalbital [bu-tal´bľ-t l] an intermediate-acting barbiturate used as a sedative and hypnotic.

• butamben [bu-tam´b n] an ester local anesthetic used topically for the treatment of painful skin conditions.

• butamisole [bu-tam´ľ-sōl] an anthelmintic used as the hydrochloride. Administered by injection in dogs for the treatment of Trichuris vulpis and Ancylostoma caninum.

• butane [bu´tān] an aliphatic hydrocarbon, C₄H₁₀, from petroleum.

• butcher’s dog disease nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism.

• butcher’s jelly lumps of hemorrhagic edema around sites damaged by larvae of Hypoderma spp.

• butcher’s joints the joints (integrated masses of similar kinds of meat from adjoining muscle masses and still in one piece) as prepared by the meat trade. Carcass meat is sold with the bone in or boned out and in primal cuts of fore- and hindquarters. The retail butcher reduces these to subprimal cuts from which standardized joints or cuts are prepared ready for sale to the consumer.

• butenyl isothiocyanate a substance found in some samples of rapeseed and once thought to be involved in causing the sudden deaths associated with feeding this rapeseed.

• Butler gag a gag similar to the Hauptner mouth gag except that it can be fitted only so that the handle of the screw is below the bottom jaw. In the Hauptner, the body of the appliance fits over the maxilla and the handle points upward.

• butoconazole [bu″to-kon´ -zōl] an imidazole antifungal drug used topically, effective particularly against Candida.

• butopyronoxyl an insect repellent effective against ticks.

• butorphanol a synthetic opioid classified as a kappa agonist and mu antagonist. It has mild analgesic, as well as antitussive and antiemetic effects.

• butt [but] 1. recognized pack for presentation of wool for sale; similar to but smaller than the standard bale; usually an incompletely filled bale. 2. see butting.

• butter yellow [but´ r] p-dimethylaminoazobenzene. Used as a laboratory agent. It is a carcinogen and is the type poison for causing hyperplasia of bile ducts involving the smaller interlobular bile ducts and the intralobular cholangioles.

• buttercup usually plants in the genus Ranunculus.

• Bermuda b.Oxalis pes-caprae.

• buttercup comb the kind of comb on a domestic chicken that is split longitudinally.

• butterfat [but´ r-fat″] globules in the milk of all species. It can be separated to make butter. The nutritional value and the price of milk are judged on, among other things, the butterfat content of the milk. A dramatic drop in the content in milk of butterfat may be caused by a too low fiber content of the diet.

• butterfly dog [but´ r-fli] see Papillon.

• butterfly fragment [but´ r-fli] in comminuted fractures, a fragment resulting from two oblique fracture lines.

• buttermilk residual fluid after removal of fat from milk in butter manufacture; a protein-rich supplement fed to pigs.

• butting a form of fighting that is characteristic of ruminants in which the antagonists rush at each other at speed with heads lowered and attempt to meet squarely at the poll or forehead. The victor holds his ground. Sometimes an act of aggression against humans.

• buttock [but´ k] either of the two fleshy prominences formed by the gluteal muscles on either side of the tail. Called also nates.

  • point of b. the prominence caused by the ischial tuberosity.
• button [but´ n] 1. a knoblike elevation or structure. 2. an appliance used in surgical anastomosis of the intestine (Murphy’s button).

  • b. tumor see canine cutaneous histiocytoma.
  • b. ulcer craterous mucosal defects, the edges of which are raised above the surrounding mucosa. The original necrotic center of the lesion is shed leaving a deep ulcer. They are seen in the large bowel of pigs in subacute Salmonella choleraesuis infection and classical swine fever. The lesions are usually few in number, small, and deep.
• buttress a projecting support or reinforcement; usually pertaining to a wall or structure.

  • b. foot a thickening of the sole of a horse’s hoof between the frog and the posterior end of the bar. See pyramidal disease.
  • medial b. palpable enlargement of the medial stifle indicative of cranial cruciate ligament injury in dogs; caused by osteophyte formation on the trochlear ridges and fibrous tissue on the medial condyle and proximal tibia.
• butyl [bu´t l] a hydrocarbon radical, C₄H₉.

  • b. aminobenzoate see butamben.
  • b. chloride has been used as an anthelmintic but causes poisoning similar to that caused by carbon tetrachloride.

• n-butyl chloride a superseded anthelmintic with activity against ascarids, hookworms, and whipworms in dogs.

• T-butylaminoethanol a previously used coccidiostat, synergistic with sulfaquinoxaline, may induce a choline deficiency leading to depressed growth in chickens.

• butynorate has been recommended for the treatment of avian coccidiosis.

• Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens one of the common bacteria in the rumen.

• butyroid, butyrous [bu´t -roid] resembling butter.

• butyraceous [bu″t -ra´sh s] of a buttery consistency.

• butyric acid [bu-tēr´ik as´id] a saturated 4-carbon fatty acid found in butter. One of the principal acids formed in the rumen by fermentation.

• butyrophenone [bu″t -ro-fe´nōn] a chemical class of major tranquilizers which includes droperidol and azaperone.

• butyryl CoA [bu´t -r l] co-enzyme A-activated form of butyric acid.

• butyrylcholinesterase the cholinesterase of plasma (a pseudocholinesterase), which is different from the cholinesterase of the myoneural junctions (acetylcholinesterase).

• buxine one of the toxic alkaloids in Buxus sempervirens.

• buxinidine one of the toxic alkaloids in Buxus sempervirens.

• Buxus sempervirens an ornamental and hedge shrub in the family Buxaceae; causes severe pain, dysentery, convulsions, and death from asphyxia in horses. Pigs and cattle develop hemorrhagic enteritis. Called also box.

• BVA British Veterinary Association.

• 1,3-butanediol an alkydiol with affinity for liver alcohol dehydrogenase, used in the treatment of ethylene glycol toxicity.

• BVC British Veterinary Codex.

• BVD see bovine virus diarrhea.

• BVD/MD bovine virus diarrhea/mucosal disease. See bovine virus diarrhea.

• BVDV bovine viral diarrhea virus.

• BVL bovine viral leukosis.

• BVP bovine viral papillomatosis.

• BW abbreviation for body weight; used in medical records.

• BWD bacillary white diarrhea. See pullorum disease.

• bx abbreviation for biopsy.

• by-products [by´prod´ kts] materials generated incidentally to the production of a principal product in an industry or industrial enterprise. In the meat industry by-products include blood, bone, fat, bristle, hair, wool, hide, skin, hoof, horn, and offal products prepared in various ways for use as human or animal food, for pharmaceutical and cosmetics, and so on.

  • animal b. all the animal tissues from the livestock industry that are not for direct use as human food and are rendered to meat and bone meal, blood meal, tallow, and animal fats.
• Byelorussian having some association with Byelorussia.

  • B. harness horse multiuse horse, including milk and meat, light draft, coach-horse.
  • B. red cattle red, dairy cattle from Byelorussia.

• Byfield ’fern’Bowenia serrulata.

• bypass [bi´pas] an auxiliary flow; a shunt; a surgically created pathway circumventing the normal anatomical pathway, as an intestinal bypass.

  • cardiopulmonary b. (CPB) diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly into the aorta, usually via a pump oxygenator, avoiding both the heart and the lungs; a form of extracorporeal circulation to allow surgical manipulation of the heart.
  • b. protein see protected protein

• Byssochlamys nivea a fungus capable of producing the mycotoxin patulin.

• bystander phenomenon [bi´stan-d r] seen in secondary hepatic dysfunction caused by extrahepatic inflammatory disease.