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Effects of SCFAs on suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulated with various pathogen strains in HIEC-6 cells; (A) ETEC, (B) S. enterica, (C) F. nucleatum, (D) P. gingivalis. Lowercase letters represent significant differences in the expression of each cytokine upon stimulation with pathogen alone and upon exposure to pathogen combined with probiotic strains (p < 0.05). The statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Mann–Whitney U test.
