Table 1.
Antimicrobial activity of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of probiotics against pathogens.
| Probiotics | S . enterica | ETEC | F . nucleatum | P . gingivalis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antimicrobial activity by agar diffusion method (mean ± SD in mm) | ||||
| SD1 | 12.5 ± 0.0 c,B | 12.5 ± 0.4 c,A | 15.0 ± 0.4 b,A | 17.0 ± 0.4 a,A |
| SD4 | 9.0 ± 0.0 c,C | 10.0 ± 1.1 c,B | 12.0 ± 0.4 b,C | 14.0 ± 0.0 a,C |
| SD11 | 12.3 ± 0.0 c,A | 12.0 ± 0.4 c,A | 15.0 ± 0.7 b,A | 17.0 ± 0.4 a,A |
| LGG | 10.6 ± 1.1 c,B | 10.0 ± 0.0 c,B | 13.0 ± 0.4 b,B | 15.5 ± 0.4 a,B |
| MIC by broth microdilution method (mean ± SD in µg/mL) | ||||
| SD1 | 517.3 ± 0.0 a,B | 517.3 ± 0.0 a,B | 358.6 ± 0.0 b,B | 358.6 ± 0.0 b,B |
| SD4 | 537.6 ± 0.0 a,A | 537.6 ± 0.0 a,A | 368.8 ± 0.0 b,A | 368.8 ± 0.0 b,A |
| SD11 | 517.3 ± 0.0 a,B | 517.3 ± 0.0 a,B | 358.6 ± 0.0 b,B | 358.6 ± 0.0 b,B |
| FIC index | ||||
| L. paracasei SD1 + L. rhamnosus SD4 | 1.0 (258.7/268.8) | 1.0 (258.7/268.8) | 0.5 (89.7/92.2) | 0.5 (89.7/92.2) |
| L. paracasei SD1+ L. rhamnosus SD11 | 1.0 (258.7/258.7) | 1.0 (258.7/258.7) | 0.5 (89.7/89.7) | 0.5 (89.7/89.7) |
| L. rhamnosus SD4+ L. rhamnosus SD11 | 1.0 (268.8/258.7) | 1.0 (268.8/258.7) | 0.5 (92.2/89.7) | 0.5 (92.2/89.7) |
FIC index ≤ 0.5, synergy; FIC index > 0.5 to 4, indifference; FIC index > 4, antagonism. Lowercase letters indicate a significant difference in the same row (p < 0.05), as per the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Mann–Whitney U test. Uppercase letters indicate a significant difference in the same column (p < 0.05), as per the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Mann–Whitney U test.