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. 2022 Dec 19;12(12):1904. doi: 10.3390/biom12121904

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Oxidative stress causes direct damage to the cell membrane and DNA which leads to skin barrier defect. Furthermore, the activation of the NF-κB pathway leads to the release of IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, and IL-33. The defect of the skin barrier causes inflammation of the dermis and release of histamine and itching, leading in turn to an increased release of IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, and IL-33. All these mechanisms determine a further increase in the release of ROS, establishing a vicious circle that is self-maintaining. Created with BioRender.com.