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. 2022 Dec 15;10(12):2479. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10122479

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Flavonoid-mediated plant defense strategies against biotic stress caused by phytopathogen attacks. The attack by microbial phytopathogens induces plant defense responses (represented by the thunder symbol), including an enhanced flavonoid production and exudation. Flavonoids play numerous roles in plant defense against biotic stresses: they are quorum-sensing inhibitors, pro-oxidants and some of them are defined as phytoalexins and phytoanticipins defense compounds. These features confer flavonoids with antibacterial and antifungal activities that are mediated by a diverse array of mechanisms, some of which are reported in the figure. The down-oriented arrow (↓) represents an inhibitory effect, whereas the up-oriented arrow (↑) represents an induction effect.