Table 1.
Associations between future early childhood caries case status and sociodemographic and behavioral measures, among pre-incident children from Appalachia
| ~2-month visita | ~12-month visita | ~24-month visita | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case, N = 991 | Control, N = 911 | p value2 | Case, N = 891 | Control, N = 811 | p value2 | Case, N = 731 | Control, N = 691 | p value2 | |
| Child's race | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.3 | ||||||
| Bi- or multi-racial | 10 (10%) | 10 (11%) | 8 (9.0%) | 8 (9.9%) | 5 (6.8%) | 8 (12%) | |||
| White | 89 (90%) | 81 (89%) | 81 (91%) | 73 (90%) | 68 (93%) | 61 (88%) | |||
| Child's sex | > 0.9 | > 0.9 | 0.7 | ||||||
| Female | 48 (48%) | 44 (48%) | 45 (51%) | 41 (51%) | 36 (49%) | 32 (46%) | |||
| Male | 51 (52%) | 47 (52%) | 44 (49%) | 40 (49%) | 37 (51%) | 37 (54%) | |||
| Site | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | ||||||
| Pennsylvania | 45 (45%) | 45 (49%) | 37 (42%) | 36 (44%) | 37 (50%) | 37 (54%) | |||
| West Virginia | 54 (55%) | 46 (51%) | 52 (58%) | 45 (56%) | 37 (50%) | 32 (46%) | |||
| Currently breastfed | 0.07 | 0.2 | > 0.9 | ||||||
| Currently breastfed | 49 (49%) | 57 (63%) | 21 (24%) | 27 (33%) | 4 (5.5%) | 4 (5.8%) | |||
| Not currently breastfed | 50 (51%) | 34 (37%) | 68 (76%) | 54 (67%) | 69 (95%) | 65 (94%) | |||
| Maternal report of child antibiotics within 3 months prior to visit | 8 (8.1%) | 8 (8.8%) | 0.9 | 24 (27%) | 18 (22%) | 0.5 | 20 (27%) | 23 (33%) | 0.4 |
| Count of primary teeth erupted | 0.0 (0.3) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.2 | 6.1 (3.0) | 6.1 (2.8) | 0.9 | 16.4 (1.9) | 16.0 (1.8) | 0.12 |
| Delivery | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.4 | ||||||
| C-section | 35 (36%) | 28 (31%) | 33 (38%) | 28 (35%) | 28 (39%) | 22 (32%) | |||
| Vaginal | 63 (64%) | 63 (69%) | 55 (62%) | 53 (65%) | 44 (61%) | 47 (68%) | |||
| Not reported | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||
| Maternal education reported at prenatal visit | < 0.001 | <0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Associates degree or higher | 33 (33%) | 57 (63%) | 28 (31%) | 51 (63%) | 30 (41%) | 48 (70%) | |||
| High school degree or less | 66 (67%) | 34 (37%) | 61 (69%) | 30 (37%) | 43 (59%) | 21 (30%) | |||
| In the past 7 days, about how often did your child drink fruit juice (juice composed of 100% fruit juice)? | 0.8 | 0.003 | 0.04 | ||||||
| Never or once | 64 (94%) | 47 (96%) | 32 (37%) | 53 (65%) | 12 (17%) | 21 (31%) | |||
| Every few days | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 21 (24%) | 10 (12%) | 13 (19%) | 20 (29%) | |||
| Once a day | 1 (1.5%) | 1 (2.0%) | 16 (18%) | 10 (12%) | 20 (29%) | 11 (16%) | |||
| Several times a day | 3 (4.4%) | 1 (2.0%) | 18 (21%) | 8 (10%) | 24 (35%) | 16 (24%) | |||
| Missing or not reported | 31 | 42 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | |||
| Child’s teeth brushed/wiped? | |||||||||
| No | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) | 8 (9.4%) | 12 (15%) | 0.3 | 1 (1.4%) | 1 (1.4%) | > 0.9 | |
| Yes, with toothpaste | 35 (41%) | 24 (30%) | 65 (94%) | 65 (94%) | |||||
| Yes, without toothpaste | 42 (49%) | 43 (54%) | 3 (4.3%) | 3 (4.3%) | |||||
| Missing or not reported | 98 | 90 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 0 | |||
1 Mean (SD); n (%)
2 Wilcoxon rank sum test; Fisher's exact test; Pearson’s chi-squared test
a Includes duplicate records for 1 child selected as a control at 36 months and a case at 60 months, and 1 child selected as a control for both 36 and 60 month risk sets. Excludes samples from children diagnosed as a case at that visit and their corresponding risk-set controls (N = 6 at 12 months, N = 37 at 24 months)