Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the association between neutrophil levels and all-cause mortality in geriatric hip fractures.
Methods
Elderly patients with hip fractures were screened between January 2015 and September 2019. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients were collected. Linear and nonlinear multivariate Cox regression models were used to identify the association between neutrophil levels and mortality. Analyses were performed using Empower Stats and R software.
Results
A total of 2,589 patients were included in this study. The mean follow-up period was 38.95 months. During the study period, 875 (33.80%) patients died due to various causes. Linear multivariate Cox regression models showed that neutrophil levels were associated with mortality after adjusting for confounding factors, when neutrophil concentration increased by 1∗109/L, the mortality risk increased by 3% (HR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00–1.06, and P=0210). Neutrophil concentration was used as a categorical variable; we only found statistically significant differences when neutrophil levels were high (HR = 1.27, 95% CI:1.05–1.52, and P=0.0122). In addition, the results are stable in P for trend and propensity score matching sensitivity analysis.
Conclusions
Neutrophil levels are associated with mortality in geriatric hip fractures and could be considered a predictor of death risk in the long-term. This study is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) as number ChiCTR2200057323.
1. Introduction
Hip fractures are an important public health problem of global concern [1, 2]. With the advance of global aging and longer life expectancy, the incidence of geriatric hip fractures in many countries continues to rise dramatically [1, 3]. A systematic review of 63 countries showed that the rates (/100,000) of hip fracture in women were over 500 in four countries such as Denmark (574), Norway (563), Sweden (539), and Austria (501), with 25 regions having hip fracture rates higher than 300, and 21 regions having rates over 200 [4]. A previous study has estimated that hip fracture cases in China will increase six-fold, from 0.7 million cases in 2013 to 4.5 million cases in 2050 [5]. The main finding from China's seventh national population census was that an aging tsunami was coming [6]. In Japan, the lifetime risk of hip fracture in individuals aged 50 years was shown to be 5.6% for men and 20% for women [7]. Despite improvements in the treatment of geriatric patients with hip fractures, the mortality rate remains excessively high (25%–30% within 1 year and up to 40% within 3 years) [8–10]. In addition, 1.75 million disability-adjusted life years have been lost by hip fractures, representing 0.1% of the global disease burden [11]. Therefore, in the face of the increasing medical and health resources spent on hip fractures in the elderly, related research studies are highly necessary.
In worldwide practice, surgery is considered the treatment of choice for the majority of patients with hip fractures (>90%) [12–14]. At the same time, nonoperative management is associated with high mortality and complication rates, and recovery to pretrauma functioning is low [12]. Malnutrition was associated with an increase in mortality [15], and low scores in anthropometric indices (such as body mass index (BMI), weight loss, or albumin concentration) were associated with a higher prevalence of complications during hospitalization and worse functional recovery [8].
Neutrophils have traditionally been considered the simple frontline troops of the innate immune system, equipped with limited proinflammatory duties. In contrast, it is now known that neutrophils are complex cells capable of a significant array of specialized functions, and as effectors of the innate immune response, they exert a role in different processes such as acute injury and repair, cancer, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammation [16, 17]. In tissue injury, neutrophils contribute by amplifying the inflammatory response and directly releasing toxic effectors in order to restore tissue architecture and function [18–21]. According to some studies, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is positively associated with the severity of trauma [22] and is appropriate for monitoring mortality in patients with geriatric hip fracture [23–25].
However, the relationship between serum neutrophil levels and the prognosis of patients with hip fractures remains unclear. Therefore, this prospective cohort study aimed to assess the association of serum neutrophil levels with mortality in patients with hip fracture over a long-term follow-up period. We hypothesized that neutrophil levels and mortality would show either a linear or a nonlinear association.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
We recruited elderly patients who experienced a hip fracture between January 1, 2015, and September 30, 2019, at Northwest China's largest trauma facility.
This prospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Xi'an Honghui Hospital (No. 202201009). All procedures involving human participants were performed in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its amendments. The informed consent was oral by telephone.
2.2. Participants
Demographic and clinical data about the patients were obtained from their original medical records. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) those aged ≥65 years; (2) those with a radiographic or computed tomography diagnosis of a femoral neck, intertrochanteric, or subtrochanteric fracture; (3) patients who were receiving surgical or conservative treatment in a hospital; (4) availability of clinical data in the hospital; and (5) patients who could be contacted by telephone. Patients who could not be contacted were excluded from this study.
2.3. Hospital Treatment
The patient's blood samples were collected on admission and after the operation or discharge. Patients were examined using blood tests taken as presurgical testing. Intertrochanteric fractures were generally managed with closed or open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using a proximal femoral nail antirotation implant. Femoral neck fractures were generally treated with hemiarthroplasty (HA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA), depending on the patient's age. Prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis was initiated on admission. Patients were asked to return monthly after discharge to assess fracture union or function.
2.4. Follow-Up
After discharge, the patients' family members were contacted by telephone from January to March 2022 to record data on survival, survival time, and activities of daily living. This follow-up was conducted by two medical professionals with two weeks of training and one year of experience. Patients who could not be contacted initially were referred two additional times. Whenever the family members of the patients did not respond, the recording and follow-up for the patient were stopped.
2.5. Endpoint Events
The endpoint event in this study was all-cause mortality. We defined all-cause mortality as deaths reported by the patients' family members.
2.6. Variables
The variables in our study were as follows: age, sex, occupation, history of allergy, injury mechanism, fracture classification, presence of hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease (CHD), arrhythmia, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, cancer, multiple injuries, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hepatitis and gastritis, age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (aCCI), time from injury to admission, time from admission to operation, neutrophil count, treatment strategy, operation time, blood loss, infusion, transfusion, length of hospital, and follow-up.
Neutrophil levels were measured on admission. The dependent variable was all-cause mortality, while the independent variable was the neutrophil level. The other variables were potentially confounding factors.
2.7. Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables were reported as mean ± standard deviation (Gaussian distribution) or median (range and skewed distribution). Categorical variables are presented as numbers with proportions. Chi-square (categorical variables), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA (normal distribution)), or the Kruskal–Wallis H test (for skewed distribution) were used to detect differences between different neutrophil levels. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models (three models) were used to test the association between neutrophil levels and mortality. The nonadjusted model was not adjusted for covariates. Model I was a minimally adjusted model with adjusted sociodemographic variables. Model II was fully adjusted for all covariates. To test the robustness of our results, we performed a sensitivity analysis. We converted the neutrophil level into a categorical variable, calculated the P for trend to verify the results of neutrophils as a continuous variable, and examined the possibility of nonlinearity. Because Cox proportional hazards regression model-based methods are often suspected to be unable to deal with nonlinear models, the nonlinearity between neutrophils and mortality was addressed by adding cubic spline functions and smooth curve fitting (penalized spline method) to the Cox proportional hazards regression model. If nonlinearity was detected, we first calculated the inflection point using a recursive algorithm and then constructed a two-piecewise Cox proportional hazards regression model on both sides of the inflection point. In addition, propensity score matching (PSM) was used for comparison between matched groups, and we adjusted for confounding factors in the PSM models.
All analyses were performed using the statistical software packages R (http://www.R-project.org, R Foundation) and Empower Stats (http://www.empowerstats.com, X&Y Solutions Inc., Boston, MA, USA). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 (two sided) and was considered statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics
From the initial 2,887 participants who had hip fractures between January 2015 and September 2019, 2,589 met the study criteria and were enrolled in our study. The mean follow-up was 38.95 ± 19.67 months. Two hundred ninety-eight patients were excluded because of a lack of follow-up. A total of 875 (33.80%) patients died due to all-cause mortality. We assessed the neutrophil levels in these patients and divided them into three groups according to their neutrophil levels (low, middle, and high). The flow chart is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Study flow diagram.
Table 1 lists the demographic and clinical characteristics of all 2589 patients including comorbidities, factors associated with injuries, and treatment. There were significant differences in these clinical parameters between the three groups, namely fracture classification, hypertension, cancer, hepatitis, treatment strategy, time to admission, operation time, and infusion.
Table 1.
The demographic and clinical characteristics (N = 2589).
| Neutrophil tertiles (∗109/L) | Low group (0.92–5.43) | Middle group (5.44–7.71) | High group (7.72–24.86) | P value | P value∗ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 871 | 848 | 870 | ||
| Age (years) | 79.43 ± 6.86 | 79.72 ± 6.88 | 79.61 ± 6.65 | 0.675 | 0.511 |
| Sex | 0.727 | — | |||
| Male | 278 (31.92%) | 286 (33.73%) | 285 (32.76%) | ||
| Female | 593 (68.08%) | 562 (66.27%) | 585 (67.24%) | ||
| Neutrophil (∗109/L) | 4.22 ± 0.89 | 6.54 ± 0.65 | 10.00 ± 2.26 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Occupation | 0.611 | — | |||
| Retirement | 485 (55.68%) | 488 (57.55%) | 516 (59.31%) | ||
| Farmer | 222 (25.49%) | 209 (24.65%) | 198 (22.76%) | ||
| Other | 164 (18.83%) | 151 (17.81%) | 156 (17.93%) | ||
| History of allergy | 39 (4.48%) | 31 (3.66%) | 31 (3.56%) | 0.556 | — |
| Injury mechanism | 0.27 | — | |||
| Falling | 840 (96.44%) | 818 (96.46%) | 843 (96.90%) | ||
| Accident | 20 (2.30%) | 26 (3.07%) | 22 (2.53%) | ||
| Other | 11 (1.26%) | 4 (0.47%) | 5 (0.57%) | ||
| Fracture classification | <0.001 | — | |||
| Intertrochanteric fracture | 585 (67.16%) | 627 (73.94%) | 675 (77.59%) | ||
| Femoral neck fracture | 263 (30.20%) | 203 (23.94%) | 169 (19.43%) | ||
| Subtrochanteric fracture | 23 (2.64%) | 18 (2.12%) | 26 (2.99%) | ||
| Hypertension | 377 (43.28%) | 425 (50.12%) | 456 (52.41%) | <0.001 | — |
| Diabetes | 160 (18.37%) | 171 (20.17%) | 185 (21.26%) | 0.312 | — |
| CHD | 445 (51.09%) | 441 (52.00%) | 491 (56.44%) | 0.058 | — |
| Arrhythmia | 301 (34.56%) | 273 (32.19%) | 298 (34.25%) | 0.531 | — |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | 26 (2.99%) | 15 (1.77%) | 16 (1.84%) | 0.153 | — |
| Ischemic stroke | 241 (27.67%) | 236 (27.83%) | 278 (31.95%) | 0.084 | — |
| Cancer | 36 (4.13%) | 20 (2.36%) | 19 (2.18%) | 0.028 | — |
| Multiple injuries | 58 (6.66%) | 58 (6.84%) | 65 (7.47%) | 0.784 | — |
| Dementia | 28 (3.21%) | 43 (5.07%) | 32 (3.68%) | 0.123 | — |
| COPD | 60 (6.89%) | 47 (5.54%) | 61 (7.01%) | 0.392 | — |
| Hepatitis | 41 (4.71%) | 20 (2.36%) | 20 (2.30%) | 0.005 | — |
| Gastritis | 20 (2.30%) | 15 (1.77%) | 11 (1.26%) | 0.265 | — |
| aCCI | 4.18 ± 1.06 | 4.21 ± 1.08 | 4.27 ± 1.10 | 0.234 | 0.169 |
| Treatment strategy | <0.001 | — | |||
| Conservation | 61 (7.00%) | 74 (8.73%) | 90 (10.34%) | ||
| ORIF | 542 (62.23%) | 583 (68.75%) | 618 (71.03%) | ||
| HA | 250 (28.70%) | 182 (21.46%) | 154 (17.70%) | ||
| THA | 18 (2.07%) | 9 (1.06%) | 8 (0.92%) | ||
| Time to admission (h) | 140.31 ± 378.47 | 57.58 ± 144.38 | 44.13 ± 119.43 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Time to operation (d) | 4.11 ± 2.46 | 4.46 ± 2.73 | 4.35 ± 2.53 | 0.024 | 0.019 |
| Operation time (mins) | 91.16 ± 34.44 | 92.97 ± 38.64 | 98.21 ± 38.05 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Blood loss (mL) | 248.18 ± 164.28 | 254.20 ± 181.75 | 234.18 ± 138.97 | 0.05 | 0.099 |
| Transfusion (U) | 1.15 ± 1.25 | 1.21 ± 1.32 | 1.11 ± 1.25 | 0.327 | 0.413 |
| Infusion (mL) | 1545.87 ± 376.84 | 1540.57 ± 387.42 | 1593.84 ± 398.42 | 0.013 | 0.024 |
| Follow-up (m) | 39.03 ± 19.17 | 39.71 ± 19.93 | 38.12 ± 19.88 | 0.242 | 0.225 |
| Mortality | 273 (31.34%) | 284 (33.49%) | 318 (36.55%) | 0.07 | — |
Mean + SD/N (%). P value∗: for continuous variables, we used the Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test and Fisher's exact probability test for count variables with a theoretical number <10.
3.2. Univariate Analysis of Association between Variates and Mortality
To identify potential confounding factors and the relationship between these variables and mortality, we performed a univariate analysis (Table 2). According to the criteria of P < 0.1, the following variables were considered in the multivariate Cox regression: age, sex, injury mechanism, fracture classification, aCCI, hypertension, CHD, arrhythmia, ischemic stroke, cancer, dementia, COPD, hepatitis, time to admission and operation, treatment strategy, operation time, infusion, and neutrophil count.
Table 2.
Effects of factors on mortality measured by univariate analysis (N = 2589).
| Statistics | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 79.59 ± 6.80 | 1.08 (1.06, 1.09) | <0.0001 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 849 (32.79%) | 1 | |
| Female | 1740 (67.21%) | 0.74 (0.65, 0.85) | <0.0001 |
| Occupation | |||
| Retirement | 1489 (57.51%) | 1 | |
| Farmer | 629 (24.30%) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.07) | 0.2607 |
| Other | 471 (18.19%) | 0.84 (0.70, 1.01) | 0.0669 |
| History of allergy | 101 (3.90%) | 0.88 (0.61, 1.27) | 0.4854 |
| Injury mechanism | |||
| Falling | 2501 (96.60%) | 1 | |
| Accident | 68 (2.63%) | 0.25 (0.12, 0.54) | 0.0003 |
| Other | 20 (0.77%) | 1.61 (0.86, 2.99) | 0.1369 |
| Fracture classification | |||
| Intertrochanteric fracture | 1887 (72.89%) | 1 | |
| Femoral neck fracture | 635 (24.53%) | 0.85 (0.71, 1.01) | 0.0676 |
| Subtrochanteric fracture | 67 (2.59%) | 0.78 (0.50, 1.20) | 0.2584 |
| aCCI | 4.22 ± 1.08 | 1.51 (1.43, 1.61) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 1258 (48.59%) | 1.13 (0.99, 1.29) | 0.0643 |
| Diabetes | 516 (19.93%) | 1.01 (0.86, 1.20) | 0.882 |
| CHD | 1377 (53.19%) | 1.32 (1.15, 1.51) | <0.0001 |
| Arrhythmia | 872 (33.68%) | 1.32 (1.15, 1.51) | <0.0001 |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | 57 (2.20%) | 1.14 (0.74, 1.76) | 0.5501 |
| Ischemic stroke | 755 (29.16%) | 1.42 (1.24, 1.64) | <0.0001 |
| Cancer | 75 (2.90%) | 1.77 (1.28, 2.44) | 0.0005 |
| Multiple injuries | 181 (6.99%) | 0.99 (0.76, 1.28) | 0.9177 |
| Dementia | 103 (3.98%) | 2.62 (2.03, 3.38) | <0.0001 |
| COPD | 168 (6.49%) | 1.55 (1.23, 1.95) | 0.0002 |
| Hepatitis | 81 (3.13%) | 1.62 (1.17, 2.23) | 0.0033 |
| Gastritis | 46 (1.78%) | 0.95 (0.58, 1.57) | 0.8533 |
| Time to admission (h) | 80.89 ± 248.16 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.0531 |
| Time to operation (d) | 4.30 ± 2.58 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.05) | 0.0481 |
| Treatment strategy | |||
| Conservation | 225 (8.69%) | 1 | |
| ORIF | 1743 (67.32%) | 0.31 (0.26, 0.38) | <0.0001 |
| HA | 586 (22.63%) | 0.33 (0.26, 0.41) | <0.0001 |
| THA | 35 (1.35%) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.26) | 0.0001 |
| Operation time (mins) | 94.08 ± 37.16 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.0433 |
| Blood loss (mL) | 245.52 ± 162.69 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.4246 |
| Transfusion (U) | 1.16 ± 1.27 | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 0.1136 |
| Infusion (mL) | 1559.80 ± 388.06 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.0001 |
| Neutrophil (∗109/L) | 6.92 ± 2.79 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.05) | 0.0351 |
3.3. Multivariate Analysis between Neutrophil and Mortality
We used three models (Table 3) to correlate neutrophil levels with mortality. When neutrophil level was a continuous variable, linear regression was observed. The fully adjusted model (Model II) showed a mortality risk increase of 3% (HR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00–1.06, P=0.0210) when the neutrophil concentration increased by 1∗109/L after controlling for confounding factors. When neutrophil concentration was used as a categorical variable, we found statistically significant differences between the high and low neutrophil level groups. This instability indicates the possibility of a nonlinear correlation.
Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate results by Cox regression (N = 2589).
| Exposure | Nonadjusted | Model I | Model II |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutrophil (∗109/L) | 1.03 (1.00, 1.05) 0.0351 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.05) 0.0315 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) 0.0210 |
| Neutrophil tertiles | |||
| Low (0.92–5.43) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Middle (5.44–7.71) | 1.05 (0.89, 1.24) 0.5465 | 1.05 (0.89, 1.24) 0.5807 | 1.05 (0.87, 1.27) 0.5914 |
| High (7.72–24.86) | 1.19 (1.01, 1.40) 0.0343 | 1.21 (1.03, 1.42) 0.0236 | 1.27 (1.05, 1.52) 0.0122 |
| P for trend | 0.0334 | 0.0228 | 0.0119 |
Data in table: HR (95%CI) P value. Outcome variable: mortality. Exposed variables: neutrophil. Model I adjusted for: age and sex. Model II adjusted for age, sex, injury mechanism, fracture classification, aCCI, hypertension, CHD, arrhythmia, ischemic stroke, cancer, dementia, COPD, hepatitis, time to admission and surgery, treatment strategy, operation time, and infusion.
However, the P for trend also showed a linear correlation in these three models (P < 0.0001).
3.4. Curve Fitting and Analysis of Inflection Point
As shown in Figure 2, there was a curved association between neutrophil count and mortality after adjusting for confounding factors. We compared two fitting models to explain this association (Table 4). Unfortunately, we did not observe an inflection point for the saturation or threshold effect.
Figure 2.
Curve fitting between neutrophil and mortality. Adjusted for age, sex, injury mechanism, fracture classification, aCCI, hypertension, CHD, arrhythmia, ischemic stroke, cancer, dementia, COPD, hepatitis, time to admission and operation, treatment strategy, operation time, and infusion.
Table 4.
Nonlinearity of neutrophil (∗109/L) versus mortality (N = 2589).
| Outcome | HR (95%CI) P value |
|---|---|
| Fitting model by stand linear regression | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) 0.0210 |
| Fitting model by two-piecewise linear regression | |
| Inflection point | 5.27 |
| <5.27 | 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) 0.8471 |
| >5.27 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) 0.0193 |
| P for log-likelihood ratio test | 0.462 |
Adjusted for age, sex, injury mechanism, fracture classification, aCCI, hypertension, CHD, arrhythmia, ischemic stroke, cancer, dementia, COPD, hepatitis, time to admission and operation, treatment strategy, operation time, and infusion.
3.5. PSM Sensitivity Analysis
To test the robustness of our results, we performed sensitivity analysis using PSM, as shown in Figure 3 and Tables 5–7. A total of 1,400 patients were successfully matched (Figure 3; Table 5). Age and aCCI did not match between the two groups (Table 6). In the multivariate Cox regression results under the PSM and PSM-adjusted models, the results were stable (Table 7).
Figure 3.
The PSM of two groups under propensity score based on Cox model.
Table 5.
Propensity score parameter list.
| The variables used in calculating the propensity score | Age, sex, injury mechanism, fracture classification, aCCI, hypertension, CHD, arrhythmia, ischemic stroke, cancer, dementia, COPD, hepatitis, time to admission and operation, treatment strategy, operation time, and infusion |
|---|---|
| Propensity score algorithm | Cox regression model |
| C-statistical | 0.7044 |
| Matching method | Greedy matching within specified caliper distances |
| Metric distances | 0.05 |
| Matching ratio | 1 : 1 |
| Use of replacement | With replacement |
|
| |
| Matching sample size | No. of death = 1 : 700 cases |
| No. of alive = 1 : 700 cases | |
| Total 1400 cases | |
Table 6.
The balance test of PSM (N = 1400).
| Variables | Mortality: alive (N = 700) | Mortality: dead (N = 700) | Standardized diff. | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 83.33 ± 4.65 | 81.89 ± 6.39 | 0.258 | <0.0001∗ |
| Sex | 0.0356 | 0.5419 | ||
| Male | 251 (35.9) | 263 (37.6) | ||
| Female | 449 (64.1) | 437 (62.4) | ||
| Hypertension | 0.04 | 0.487 | ||
| No | 335 (47.9) | 349 (49.9) | ||
| Yes | 365 (52.1) | 351 (50.1) | ||
| CHD | 0.0058 | 0.9571 | ||
| No | 310 (44.3) | 312 (44.6) | ||
| Yes | 390 (55.7) | 388 (55.4) | ||
| aCCI | <0.0001∗ | |||
| 2 | 0 (0) | 8 (1.1) | 0.1521 | |
| 3 | 23 (3.3) | 78 (11.1) | 0.3073 | |
| 4 | 316 (45.1) | 301 (43) | 0.0432 | |
| 5 | 252 (36) | 204 (29.1) | 0.1467 | |
| 6 | 89 (12.7) | 81 (11.6) | 0.035 | |
| 7 | 18 (2.6) | 22 (3.1) | 0.0343 | |
| 8 | 2 (0.3) | 6 (0.9) | 0.0759 | |
| Arrhythmia | 0.0298 | 0.6157 | ||
| No | 455 (65) | 445 (63.6) | ||
| Yes | 245 (35) | 255 (36.4) | ||
| Ischemic stroke | 0.0031 | 1 | ||
| No | 473 (67.6) | 474 (67.7) | ||
| Yes | 227 (32.4) | 226 (32.3) | ||
| Cancer | 0.0374 | 0.5754 | ||
| No | 676 (96.6) | 671 (95.9) | ||
| Yes | 24 (3.4) | 29 (4.1) | ||
| Dementia | 0.0805 | 0.1646 | ||
| No | 667 (95.3) | 654 (93.4) | ||
| Yes | 33 (4.7) | 46 (6.6) | ||
| COPD | 0.0218 | 0.7598 | ||
| No | 650 (92.9) | 646 (92.3) | ||
| Yes | 50 (7.1) | 54 (7.7) | ||
| Hepatitis | 0.0217 | 0.7868 | ||
| No | 673 (96.1) | 670 (95.7) | ||
| Yes | 27 (3.9) | 30 (4.3) | ||
| Treatment strategy | 0.082 | |||
| ORIF | 510 (72.9) | 544 (77.7) | 0.1128 | |
| HA | 189 (27) | 154 (22) | 0.1165 | |
| THA | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.3) | 0.0309 | |
| Time to admission (h) | 97.42 ± 317.35 | 90.07 ± 222.51 | 0.0268 | 0.6157 |
| Time to operation (d) | 4.38 ± 2.70 | 4.54 ± 2.90 | 0.0591 | 0.2688 |
| Operation time (mins) | 90.69 ± 33.37 | 91.41 ± 33.05 | 0.0217 | 0.6845 |
| Infusion (mL) | 1499.36 ± 340.34 | 1504.63 ± 374.00 | 0.0147 | 0.7827 |
∗ Variables were not successfully matched.
Table 7.
Multivariate results by Cox regression (N = 1400).
| Exposure | PSM model | PSM-adjusted model |
|---|---|---|
| Neutrophil | 1.03 (1.00, 1.05) 0.0476 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) 0.0361 |
| Neutrophil tertiles (∗109/L) | ||
| PSM low group (1.20–5.38) | 1 | 1 |
| PSM middle group (5.40–7.70) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.25) 0.6886 | 1.05 (0.87, 1.27) 0.5957 |
| PSM high group (7.71–24.29) | 1.20 (1.00, 1.44) 0.0492 | 1.20 (1.00, 1.44) 0.0505 |
| P for trend | 0.0482 | 0.0498 |
Data in table: HR (95% CI) P value. Outcome variable: mortality. Exposed variables: neutrophil. Adjust variables in PSM-adjusted model: age, aCCI.
4. Discussion
We found that there was a linear association between neutrophil levels and all-cause mortality in geriatric hip fractures, higher neutrophil levels were associated with higher mortality (HR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00–1.06; P = 0.0210). This finding indicated that for every 110^9/L additional neutrophils, the fatality rate increased by 3%. Compared with the low group, the fatality rate did not increase in the middle group (HR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.87–1.27; P=0.5914); however, it was significantly higher in the high group (HR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.05–1.52; P=0.0122). In addition, the results are stable in P for trend and PSM sensitivity analysis. Neutrophil levels can be considered a predictor of the risk of mortality in geriatric hip fractures in clinical practice.
Neutrophils are generally regarded as being beneficial to the host during infection, as neutropenic patients are at a high risk of infection-related mortality [19]. Human neutrophils have been shown to contribute to bone regeneration by rapidly infiltrating the hematoma associated with bone fractures and synthesizing fibronectin extracellular matrix within 48 h after injury (before stromal cells are present) [26]. However, locally increased neutrophil numbers have been shown to impair bone repair after severe trauma [27]. Interestingly, neutrophil depletion also impairs the fracture healing outcome [28]; therefore, an optimal neutrophil number is important for successful bone repair. To date, there are insufficient studies on the association of neutrophils with hip fracture prognosis, and most studies have rather focused on the relationship between hip fracture prognosis and the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes. A prospective study indicated that age, sex, and the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes were predictors of mortality in elderly patients during the first postoperative year following surgery for hip fracture [23]. In addition, Temiz's retrospective case-control study showed that the admission ratio of neutrophil and lymphocyte values of patients in the dead group was significantly higher than that of patients in the control group [25]. However, the effect of neutrophil levels on hip fracture fatality has not been explored separately.
In addition to the linear relationship, we speculated on a curvilinear relationship through subgroup analysis and curve fitting. However, we did not find an inflection point on the curve in this study. For this reason, the linear relationship is more appropriate to explain the relationship between neutrophil levels and geriatric hip fracture mortality. Similar to Fisher's findings, the ratio of neutrophil and lymphocyte values before surgery shows a linear correlation with geriatric hip fracture prognosis [29].
Neutrophils play an important role in bone homeostasis by expressing and secreting inflammatory mediators that can directly or indirectly affect mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts [30]. Neutrophils are part of the innate immune system, the first line of defense against microbial pathogens [31], and affect their functions, including aging [32]. Immunosenescence upon aging may be a major contributor to a decline in immune functions in both innate and adaptive immune systems, leading to an increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections [33–35]. In fact, neutrophils from healthy elderly individuals display reduced chemotactic and phagocytic activities [36, 37], whereas neutrophils from hip fracture patients have higher chemotactic and phagocytic activities [38]. Most older people who fracture a hip are frail, have comorbidities, and show functional deterioration typical of geriatric patients [39]. After a fracture, both short-term and long-term outcomes for patients are generally poor [40]. Therefore, age may be an important factor in the relationship between neutrophils and the risk of death in geriatric hip fractures, and the neutrophil level may likely have a predicting value.
C-reaction protein [41], interleukin-6 [42], and tumor necrosis factor-α [42] are all inflammation biomarkers that have been shown to predict mortality events in hip fracture patients. Norring–Agerskov et al. reported that an elevated level of C-reaction protein was associated with 30-day mortality after a hip fracture [41]. Bermejo–Bescos et al. reported that IL-6 was associated with a higher risk of 1-year mortality, but not tumor necrosis factor-α [42]. On the one hand, the neutrophil level was more convenient than these biomarkers of inflammation because the surgeon would not have a specialized serological test for these inflammatory indicators. On the other hand, the association between neutrophils and mortality was long-lasting. Our study showed that the neutrophil level was associated with long-term mortality in 38.95 months of follow-up. Thus, we believed that the neutrophil level was more suitable for predicting mortality. In clinical practice, we suggest the neutrophil level as a usual predictor of the long-term risk of death and consider neutrophils as an essential candidate in the predictive models and nomograms for elderly hip fractures.
In order to obtain a reliable conclusion, we identified possible confounding factors as well as neutrophil levels. As reported in previous studies, age, sex, fracture type, comorbidities, coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, tumor, dementia, time from injury to surgery, and treatment strategy are risk prognostic factors for hip fracture [12–14, 30, 43]. In addition, in the univariate analysis, we also found some factors with P < 0.1, including injury mechanism, ischemic stroke, operation time, and infusion volume. Considering the factors affecting neutrophil levels, we also included others such as COPD [44, 45] and tumor [46, 47]. Therefore, we controlled for a vast majority of confounding factors.
This study has some limitations. First, follow-up loss is unavoidable in a prospective cohort study, and this study is no exception. Therefore, we called several other contact numbers to reach those patients who could not be contacted initially in order to obtain their outcomes. Second, this study was unable to determine the causal relationship between neutrophils and prognosis, which should be confirmed in future studies. Third, our study population was derived from Western China; therefore, the conclusions have geographical and ethnic limitations. Fourth, in this study, we only focused on the neutrophil level on admission, not the dynamic changes of neutrophils. Therefore, this conclusion should be used cautiously by people in other regions.
In summary, neutrophil level was associated with mortality in geriatric hip fractures and could be considered a predictor of the risk of death in the long-term.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Foundation of Xi'an Municipal Health Commission (Grant Number: 2021ms09).
Contributor Information
Bin-Fei Zhang, Email: zhangbf07@gmail.com.
Juan Chen, Email: 106008300@qq.com.
Yu-Min Zhang, Email: zym2666@126.com.
Data Availability
The data are provided by Xi'an Honghui Hospital. According to relevant regulations, the data cannot be shared, but could be requested from the corresponding authors.
Ethical Approval
The Ethics Committee of the Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University approved this study (No. 202201009).
Consent
No written consent was obtained.
Disclosure
This study is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) as number ChiCTR2200057323. According to the definition given by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), the authors listed qualify for authorship based on making one or more substantial contributions to the intellectual content of the work.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Authors' Contributions
Rui Liu and Yan-Ning Zhang contributed equally to this work. The study was conceived and designed by Bin-Fei Zhang, Juan Chen, and Yu-Min Zhang. The study was performed by Bin-Fei Zhang, Xu-Jing Fei, Jing-Ya Wang, Rong-Li Hua, Ying-Na Tong, Kun Li, Wen-Wen Cao, Shao-Hua Chen, and Yu-Min Zhang. The data was analyzed by Bin-Fei Zhang. The manuscript was written by Rui Liu and Yan-Ning Zhang.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data are provided by Xi'an Honghui Hospital. According to relevant regulations, the data cannot be shared, but could be requested from the corresponding authors.