A high hematopoietic cell transplantation comorbidity Index (HCT-CI) does not impair outcomes after non-myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia patients 60 years or older

Abstract

For most acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers the highest chance of cure. The introduction of less toxic non-myeloablative conditioning (NMA) regimes enabled older and/or comorbid patients to be consolidated with an allogeneic HSCT. While the hematopoietic cell transplantation comorbidity index (HCT-CI) predicted outcomes in many younger patient cohorts its impact in older AML patients receiving NMA-HSCT remains unknown. Here we analyzed 289 AML patients 60 years or older (median age 66, range 60-77 years) undergoing NMA-HSCT (2 or 3 Gray total body irradiation and 3 days of fludarabine 30 mg/m²). HCT-CI risk was low, intermediate, or high in 36%, 31%, and 33% of patients, respectively. Non-relapse mortality (NRM), cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR), and overall survival (OS) did not differ between HCT-CI groups. The HCT-CI also did not impact outcomes when considering the European LeukemiaNet 2017 risk at diagnosis or the measurable residual disease (MRD) status at HSCT. Notably, MRD-negative older NMA-transplanted AML patients had a beneficial OS of 49% after 5 years. Since a higher HCT-CI did not impair outcomes, age or comorbidities per se should not impede NMA-HSCT, presenting a feasible consolidation option for this group of AML patients.

Introduction

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive, clonal myeloid disorder with heterogeneous disease courses [1, 2]. Treatment options comprise chemotherapy, targeted agents, and—representing the therapy with the highest chance of cure for most patients—allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) [3]. Since the median age at AML diagnosis is over 65 years [4, 5], patients are often affected by additional comorbidities. Age and comorbidities may restrict the use of an allogeneic HSCT due to toxic effects of the conditioning regimens and the possibility of significant graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) leading to increased non-relapse mortality (NRM). To render older and comorbid AML patients suitable for a consolidating allogeneic HSCT, non-myeloablative (NMA) conditioning regimens with very low toxicity were developed [6, 7].

However, selecting patients for a consolidating HSCT considering relapse risks as well as the transplant associated morbidity and mortality remains a complex challenge for the treating physician team. To help inform this decision the hematopoietic cell transplantation comorbidity index (HCT-CI) score was established to predict NRM following allogeneic HSCT, replacing the more unspecific Charlson Comorbidity Index [8]. The initial cohort to evaluate the HCT-CI included younger patients with a median age of 45 years with different lymphoid, myeloid, and non-malignant hematologic diseases and conditioning regimens of varying intensity [9]. The seventeen items of the score were selected and weighted based on hazard ratios for each analyzed comorbidity. Analyses of outcomes in other hematologic diseases subjected to reduced intensity (RIC) or NMA-HSCT confirmed the usability of the HCT-CI for NRM and overall survival (OS) prediction in patients with a median age under 60 years [10–12]. On the other hand some additional HSCT studies demonstrated only a limited ability for NRM and OS prediction of the score [13–20], and none of the studies analyzed older AML patients receiving low toxicity NMA-HSCT. Here we analyzed the impact of the commonly used HCT-CI score on NRM and OS, also in the context of newer prognostic factors, as the current European LeukemiaNet 2017 (ELN2017) risk stratification and the measurable residual disease (MRD) status at HSCT in older AML patients following NMA-HSCT.

Subjects and methods

Patients and treatment

We retrospectively analyzed 289 AML patients 60 years or older (median age at transplantation 66, range 60–76) subjected to NMA-HSCT between 1999 and 2018 at the University Hospital Leipzig and for whom full comorbidity assessment according to the HCT-CI score were available. CIR and NRM per timepoint of transplantation are displayed in Supplementary Fig. S1. The NMA conditioning regimen consisted of fludarabine 30 mg/m² for three consecutive days and 2 (n = 278) or 3 Gray (n = 6) total body irradiation (TBI), 5 patients received 2 Gray TBI alone. GvHD prophylaxis contained cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil (for details see Supplementary Information). Reasons to assign patients to NMA conditioning, according to institutional guidelines at that time, were age older than 55 years for related HSCT (n = 50) or older than 50 years for unrelated HSCT (n = 237) or performing a second allogeneic HSCT after HSCT for preceding myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS, n = 2). Median follow up after HSCT was 3.8 years. Further patients’ characteristics are shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Clinical, genetic, and HSCT-related characteristics of NMA-HSCT treated patients according to the HCT-CI risk score (n = 289).

	HCT-CI 0 points (n = 104)	HCT-CI 1/2 points (n = 90)	HCT-CI  ≥ 3 points (n = 95)	P* (0 vs 1/2)	P* (1/2 vs 3)	P* (0 vs 3)
Clinical characteristics
Age at diagnosis, years
Median	63	66	66	0.28	0.41	0.06
Range	54–74	58–76	60–76
Age at transplant, years
Median	64	66	66	0.37	0.57	0.12
Range	60–75	60–76	60–76
Sex, n (%)
Male	54 (51.9)	59 (65.6)	45 (47.4)	0.06	0.02	0.57
Female	50 (48.1)	31 (34.4)	50 (52.6)
Disease origin, n (%)
Secondary AML	41 (39.4)	35 (38.9)	48 (50.5)	0.99	0.14	0.12
De novo AML	63 (60.6)	55 (61.1)	47 (49.5)
Hemoglobin at diagnosis, g/dl
Median	8.9	9.0	8.6	0.72	0.25	0.45
Range	4.3–13.4	4.5–12.7	5.3–15.3
Platelet count at diagnosis, x 109/L
Median	67	58	72	0.70	0.10	0.26
Range	3–950	2–192	9–501
WBC count at diagnosis, x 109/L
Median	4.5	8.5	3.2	0.12	0.01	0.42
Range	0.8–366	0.6–385	0.7–160
Blood blasts at diagnosis, %
Median	20	25	10	0.67	0.05	0.07
Range	0–97	0–97	0–98
BM blasts at diagnosis, %
Median	45	50	54	0.22	0.89	0.23
Range	3–93	18–95	16–95
BM CD34 + /CD38- cells at diagnosis, %				0.30	0.76	0.19
Median	0.5	0.5	1
Range	0–89	0–63	0–39
Genetic characteristics
ELN2017 genetic group, n (%)				0.70	0.14	0.27
Favorable	18 (17.3)	13 (14.4)	15 (16.7)
Intermediate	18 (17.3)	15 (16.7)	27 (28.4)
Adverse	32 (30.7)	33 (36.7)	26 (27.4)
Unknown	36 (34.6)	29 (32.2)	27 (28.4)
Complex karyotype, n (%)
Absent	78 (75)	72 (80.0)	70 (73.7)	0.62	0.24	0.51
Present	12 (11.5)	8 (8.9)	15 (15.8)
Unknown	14 (13.5)	10 (11.1)	10 (10.5)
Core Binding Factor AML, n (%)
Absent	87 (83.7)	80 (88.9)	88 (92.6)	0.61	0.61	0.99
Present	1 (1.0)	2 (2.2)	1 (1.1)
Unknown	16 (15.4)	8 (8.9)	6 (6.3)
NPM1 at diagnosis, n (%)
Wild-type	54 (51.9)	46 (51.1)	56 (58.9)	0.99	0.99	0.99
Mutated	17 (16.3)	15 (16.7)	18 (18.9)
Unknown	33 (31.7)	29 (32.2)	21 (22.1)
FLT3-ITD at diagnosis, n (%)
Absent	61 (58.7)	44 (48.9)	59 (62.1)	0.04	0.16	0.50
Present	10 (9.6)	19 (21.1)	14 (14.7)
Unknown	33 (31.7)	27 (30.0)	22 (23.2)
CEBPA at diagnosis, n (%)
Wild-type	56 (53.8)	44 (48.9)	57 (60.0)	0.82	0.60	0.35
Mutated	13 (12.5)	9 (10.0)	8 (8.4)
Unknown	35 (33.7)	37 (41.1)	30 (31.6)
FLT3-TKD at diagnosis, n (%)
Absent	60 (57.7)	55 (61.1)	65 (68.4)	0.34	0.99	0.21
Present	7 (6.7)	3 (3.3)	3 (3.2)
Unknown	37 (35.6)	32 (35.6)	27 (28.4)
RUNX1 at diagnosis, n (%)
Wild-type	31 (29.8)	18 (20.0)	23 (100.0)	0.99	0.10	0.07
Mutated	6 (5.8)	3 (3.0)	0 (0.0)
Unknown	67 (64.4)	69 (76.7)	72 (75.8)
ASXL1 at diagnosis, n (%)
Wild-type	33 (31.7)	18 (20.0)	20 (21.1)	0.70	0.99	0.99
Mutated	4 (3.8)	3 (3.0)	3 (3.2)
Unknown	67 (64.4)	69 (76.7)	72 (75.8)
TP53 at diagnosis, n (%)
Wild-type	32 (30.8)	18 (20.0)	20 (21.1)	0.99	0.99	0.99
Mutated	5 (4.8)	3 (3.0)	3 (3.2)
Unknown	67 (64.4)	69 (76.7)	72 (75.8)
IDH1 at diagnosis, n (%)
Wild-type	57 (54.8)	46 (51)	37 (38.9)	0.19	0.08	0.59
Mutated	8 (7.7)	2 (2.2)	7 (7.4)
Unknown	39 (37.5)	42 (46.7)	51 (53.7)
IDH2 at diagnosis, n (%)
Wild-type	54 (51.9)	42 (51.1)	36 (37.9)	0.80	0.43	0.62
Mutated	11 (10.6)	7 (2.2)	10 (10.5)
Unknown	39 (37.5)	42 (46.7)	49 (51.6)
HSCT-related characteristics
Disease status at HSCT, n (%)
CR1	63 (61)	51 (57)	58 (43)	0.66	0.55	0.99
CR2	16 (15)	18 (20)	12 (13)	0.45	0.23	0.68
CR3	1 (1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.99	0.99	0.99
CRi	14 (13)	10 (11)	18 (19)	0.66	0.15	0.34
Worse	10 (10)	11 (12)	7 (7)	0.65	0.33	0.62
Chemotherapy cycles prior to HSCT, n (%)
1	26 (35)	25 (28)	24 (25)
2	59 (57)	55 (61)	47 (49)	0.41	0.04	0.44
≥3	19 (18)	10 (11)	24 (25)
Donor match, n (%)
HLA antigen matched related	19 (18)	16 (18)	15 (16)
HLA antigen matched unrelated	54 (52)	54 (60)	59 (62)	0.44	0.96	0.33
HLA antigen mismatched	31 (30)	20 (22)	21 (22)
Donor sex, n (%)
All others	83 (80)	80 (90)	86 (91)	0.07	0.80	0.03
Female into male	21 (20)	9 (10)	8 (9)
Regeneration after HSCT
Platelets				0.53	0.79	0.32
Median day (range)	12 (0–28)	11 (0–21)	11 (0–27)
WBCs				0.95	0.63	0.54
Median day (range)	13 (0–31)	13 (0–23)	13 (0–25)

AML acute myeloid leukemia, ASXL1 additional Sex Combs-Like 1 gene, BM bone marrow, CEBPA CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha gene, CR complete remission, CRi complete remission with incomplete peripheral hematologic regeneration, ELN2017 European leukemia net classification 2017, FLT3-ITD internal tandem duplication of fms like tyrosine kinase 3 gene, FLT3-TKD tyrosine kinase domain of fms like tyrosine kinase 3 gene, HLA human leukocyte antigen, HSCT hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, IDH isocitrate dehydrogenase gene, NMA non-myeloablative, NPM1 nucleophosmin 1 gene, RUNX1 runt-related transcription factor 1 gene, TP53 tumor protein P53, WBC white blood cell count.

*P values are given for patients with data available.

Written informed consent for participation in these studies was obtained in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Data analyses were approved by the institutional review board of the University Hospital Leipzig.

Cytogenetics, molecular analyses, and immunophenotype

Cytogenetic analyses were performed using standard banding techniques. In cases where no metaphases could be obtained, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to screen for recurrent cytogenetic aberrations. Mutations in the genes CEBPA, NPM1, FLT3-ITD, FLT3-TKD, and ASXL1, as well as a next generation sequencing panel comprising 54 recurrently mutated genes in myeloid neoplasm were performed as previously described [21]. AML disease risk was assessed according to ELN2017 classification [1].

Measurable residual disease evaluation prior to HSCT

The MRD status up to 28 days prior to HSCT was assessed in patients transplanted in CR or CR with incomplete peripheral hematologic recovery (CRi) who had adequate material available (n = 190). MRD was based on NPM1 mutations [22], and BAALC/ABL1 [23], MN1/ABL1 [24], and WT1/ABL1 [25] expression levels using the previously published cut-offs. Patients with at least one positive MRD test were regarded as MRD-positive [26].

Calculation of the HCT-CI risk score

All patients were screened for relevant comorbidities up to 28 days prior to date of HSCT by anamnesis and at least by the following examinations: physical examination with neurological status, laboratory assessment (hemogram, electrolytes, glucose, liver function, renal function, inflammatory parameters, hemostasis), paranasal sinus, thoracic, and abdominal computed tomography, abdominal sonography, echocardiography, pulmonary function testing.

The HCT-CI score was calculated using the available worksheet from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) and Medical College of Wisconsin in accordance with the well-defined comorbidities from the guidelines made by Sorror [27, 28]. Patients were grouped in three risk groups as previously published [9]. Prevalence of the comorbidities included in the HCT-CI score are shown in Table 2. For details of tumor prevalence, see Supplementary Information (Table S1 and Fig. S2).

Table 2.

Prevalence of the comorbidities included in the HCT-CI score as defined in the worksheet from the CIBMTR (n = 289).

Parameter	Score value	n (%)
Arrhythmia	1	37 (13)
Cardiovascular	1	57 (20)
Inflammatory bowel disease	1	1 (<1)
Diabetes	1	37 (13)
Cerebrovascular	1	16 (6)
Depression/Anxiety	1	3 (1)
Hepatic
Mild	1	1 (<1)
Moderate/severe	3	0 (0)
Obesity	1	8 (3)
Infection	1	90 (31)
Rheumatologic	2	4 (1)
Peptic ulcer	2	4 (1)
Renal	2	0 (0)
Pulmonary
Moderate	2	63 (22)
Severe	3	93 (32)
Heart valve disease	3	5 (2)
Prior solid malignancy	3	68 (24)

Endpoints and statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using the R statistical software platform (version 4.3.2) [29]. CR was defined as described in the Supplementary Information. OS was calculated from HSCT to death from any cause using the Kaplan-Meier method and groups were compared using the log-rank test [30]. CIR was calculated from HSCT to relapse considering the competing risk NRM using the Fine and Gray model [31]. Associations with baseline clinical, demographic, and molecular features were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Fisher’s exact test for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.

Results

Patients’ characteristics within the three HCT-CI risk groups

Age, sex, blood counts, ELN2017 genetic risk groups at diagnosis, the remission and MRD status prior to HSCT, as well as donor and recipient match were well balanced between the three HCT-CI groups. Further details are shown in Table 1.

Incidences of comorbidities

Compared to the initial evaluation by Sorror et al. [9], most included comorbidities were significantly more frequent in our patient set: infection (31% vs. 4%, with P < 0.01), severe pulmonary function disturbances (32% vs. 9%, P < 0.01), cardiovascular disease (20% vs. 5%, P < 0.01), arrhythmia (13% vs. 5%, P < 0.01), cerebrovascular disease (6% vs. <1%, P < 0.01), diabetes (13% vs. 3%, P < 0.01) and prior solid tumor (24% vs. 2%, P < 0.01). However, we did not find as many psychiatric disorders and mild hepatic impairments (1% vs. 9%, P < 0.01, and 0.3% vs. 16%, P < 0.01).

Outcomes of the whole patient cohort

97% of the patients (n = 281) engrafted. 5-year-OS of the whole cohort was 41% (95% Confidence interval [CI] 36-49%, Supplementary Fig. S3A).

Overall, 36% of patients had a low risk HCT-CI score (0 points, n = 104), 31% an intermediate (1–2 points, 60 patients had 1 point and 30 patients had two points), and 33% a high risk (≥3 points, 63 patients had 3 points, 23 patients had 4 points, 5 patients had 5 points, 3 patients had 6 points and 1 patient had 7 points). Evaluating the HCT-CI as continuous variable the score was not significantly associated with NRM (P = 0.63) or OS (P = 0.29). Additionally, we observed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.50 for predicting NRM, and of 0.50 for predicting OS (Supplementary Fig. S4). CIR (P = 0.88), NRM (P = 0.56) and OS (P = 0.70) did not differ significantly between the three HCT-CI risk groups (0 vs 1/2 vs ≥ 3 points, Fig. 1a–c). After 5 years, CIR was 46%, 45%, and 43%, in the HCT-CI low, intermediate, and high risk group, respectively. NRM after 5 years was 24%, 20%, and 27%, respectively, and OS was 40%, 44%, and 41%, respectively. For incidences of limited and extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), see Supplementary Table S2.

Fig. 1. Outcome according to the HCT-CI.

Non-Relapse Mortality (a), Cumulative Incidence of Relapse (b), and Overall Survival (c) after non-myeloablative hematopoietic stemm cell transplantation (NMA-HSCT) according to the three hematopoietic cell transplantation comorbidity index (HCT-CI) risk groups (n = 289).

Causes of death

Overall, 56% of AML patients deceased during the follow-up time. There was no difference regarding the causes of death between the three HCT-CI risk groups (P = 0.39, P = 0.56, P = 0.49 respectively). In patients with low, intermediate, or high risk according to the HCT-CI risk, 53%, 59%, and 55% died after relapse, 17%, 20%, and 27% died due to GvHD without suffering relapse, 22%, 10%, and 14% died from infection without suffering relapse or GvHD, and 7%, 10%, and 4% died due to other reasons (low risk HCT-CI: two patients from secondary malignancy and two patients from cardiovascular events, intermediate risk HCT-CI: one patient from secondary malignancy and four patients from cardiovascular events, and high risk HCT-CI: one patient from secondary malignancy and one patient from cardiovascular events). For details see Supplementary Table S1 and S2).

Subgroup analysis within the ELN2017 and MRD risk groups

The HCT-CI also did not significantly influence outcomes in separate analyses within the three ELN2017 risk groups (ELN20117 favorable: NRM, P = 0.91 and OS, P = 0.20, ELN2017 intermediate: NRM, P = 0.49 and OS, P = 0.30, ELN2017 adverse, NRM, P = 0.58 and OS, P = 0.70, Fig. 2a–f), or in separate analyses for patients with secondary AML (NRM, P = 0.16, OS, P = 0.10, Supplementary Fig. S5A,B), and de novo AML (NRM, P = 0.94, OS, P = 0.80, Supplementary Fig. S5C, D). Similarly, the HCT-CI did not impact outcomes in patients with a positive (NRM, P = 0.30 and OS, P = 0.99) or negative MRD status (NRM, P = 0.70 and OS, P = 0.30) at HSCT (Fig. 3a–d).

Fig. 2. Outcome according to the HCT-CI in ELN2017 risk groups.

Subanalyses of the impact of the hematopoietic cell transplantation comorbidity index (HCT-CI) score on outcome in ELN2017 classification risk groups (favorable n = 46, intermediate n = 60, adverse n = 91). Cumulative incidence of non-relapse mortality (CIR) (a) and overall survival (OS) (b) in ELN2017 favorable risk group, CIR (c) and OS (d) in ELN2017 intermediate risk group, CIR (e) and OS (f) in ELN2017 adverse risk group.

Fig. 3. Outcome according to the HCT-CI dependent on the MRD status.

Subanalyses of the impact of the hematopoietic cell transplantation comorbidity index (HCT-CI) score on outcome depending on the measurable residual disease (MRD) status at non-myeloablative hematopoietic stemm cell transplantation (NMA-HSCT) (MRD positive n = 83, MRD negative n = 107). Cumulative incidence of non-relapse mortality (CIR) (a) and overall survival (OS) (b) in MRD-negative patients at HSCT. CIR (c) and OS (d) in MRD-positive patients at HSCT.

Noteworthy, in the subgroup of patients achieving a negative MRD status at NMA-HSCT, the median OS was beneficial and reached 49% at 5 years after HSCT (95% CI 39–61%), and was similar with respect to the assigned HCT-CI risk score (OS at 5 years: HCT-CI low risk 42%, intermediate risk 53%, and high risk 53%, Supplementary Fig. S3B).

Discussion

For most AML patients a consolidating HSCT presents a curative therapy option. Today conditioning regimens with low toxicity enable also older and/or comorbid individuals to receive an allogeneic HSCT [32]. However, the question whether an AML patient is eligible for an allogeneic HSCT remains challenging. To aid informing such decisions, clinicians rely on tools such as the HCT-CI score, which today is widely adopted.

Here we evaluated the clinical relevance of the HCT-CI score in older (≥60 years) AML patients consolidated by NMA-HSCT. Overall outcomes of our older and comorbid AML patient cohort stand in line with previously published studies reported on similar cohorts [15, 33–35]. As expected, a significant portion of our patient cohort harbored comorbidities, which—apart from psychiatric disorders and mild hepatic impairment—were more frequent in our patient set compared to the initial evaluation by Sorror et al. [9].

However, prevalences of comorbidities in our study are similar to those shown by others [35, 36], including the relatively high prevalence of moderate to severe pulmonary function which was also reported by Barba et al. in a study of patients who received RIC-HSCT [37].

Although the prevalence of comorbidities was high, in our older AML patient set NRM following NMA-HSCT was relatively low. We did not find significant differences in CIR, NRM, or OS according to the three HCT-CI risk groups, which we relate to the low toxic conditioning regimen as compared to more intensive RIC or myeloablative (MA) procedures. Noteworthy, in these patients the HCT-CI also did not modify the outcome impact of the ELN2017 risk stratification at diagnosis, de novo and secondary AML patients, or the MRD status at transplantation. These results were also seen when we regraded the HCT-CI score as a continuous variable (Supplementary Table S3; and Supplementary Figs S6–S8).

In line with these observations Veeraputhiran et al. showed according to the HCT-CI score no different NRM one year after NMA-HSCT (conditioning with total lymphoid irradiation and antithymocyte globulin) of patients with AML, MDS and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) [35]. Furthermore, McClune et al. reported lower NRM in NMA-HSCT compared to RIC-HSCT (P = 0.05) in 1080 AML and MDS patients, but the study did not report comorbidity data [38].

In contrast, a prospective study of Sorror et al. found significant different OS and NRM in the HCT-CI risk groups for 372 older patients (age 60–75) transplanted after NMA-conditioning. However, the exclusion of patients with low cardiac ejection fraction and low pulmonary diffusion capacity, the high use of related donors and the inclusion of different hematologic diseases render a comparison with our results difficult [39]. Muffly et al. showed a significant higher hazard for death in patients with hematologic malignancies older 70 years with a HCT-CI score of 3 or more points. This effect was especially seen in patients with advanced or active disease at HSCT after RIC or NMA regimens [32].

Noteworthy, some studies also described no significant different NRM or OS between HCT-CI risk groups in patients conditioned with more intensive MA or RIC regimens [15–17, 40, 41]. However, of these only Castagna et al. analyzed patients with a median age older than 60 years. Given these variable results, the ability of the HCT-CI to predict clinically meaningful NRM or OS differences seems to be modified by the underlying disease, age at HSCT and the applied conditioning intensity.

In our cohort of 289 NMA-conditioned older AML patients the HCT-CI score did not significantly predict transplant outcomes, also irrespective of the disease aggressiveness or origin. Thus, alternative factors to predict NRM in this situation may be more clinically meaningful. As an example, Muffly et al. applied geriatric assessment to better describe comorbid conditions in an analysis that included MA and NMA conditioning regimens. In this evaluation limitations in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), slow walk speed and—as indicator for reduced mental health—low “Short Form-36 health-related quality of life” questionnaire (SF-36-MCS), were significantly associated with higher NRM [42]. Moreover, recently we and others could demonstrate that some factors not charted by the HCT-CI score, including the red cell distribution width (RDW) at AML diagnosis [43], and weight loss during AML chemotherapy before HSCT, are relevant for OS following HSCT, which was also seen in the here presented patient set (Supplementary Fig. S9) [44, 45]. With the latter being modifiable, the control of the nutritional status from diagnosis to HSCT is an important element to lower NRM in AML patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT. Furthermore, with respect to outcomes following HSCT the improvement of quality of life by reducing the rates of extended chronic GvHD e.g., by modifying immunosuppressive therapy combinations or new treatment options of opportunistic viral infections may benefit NRM [46–48].

In conclusion, this study is the first to focus on the impact of the commonly assessed HCT-CI risk score on outcomes of older AML patients after NMA-HSCT. The HCT-CI score did not significantly influence outcomes of older AML patients following NMA-HSCT in general or in any of the analyzed subgroups. Therefore, the HCT-CI score may not be the best tool to inform decisions towards an allogeneic HSCT in this group of AML patients. However, due to restrictions in patient numbers we could not analyze patients with very high HCT-CI scores separately, which may have a more severe impact on outcomes. Additional clinical or laboratory parameters may improve NRM prediction and should be explored for this purpose. Further limitations of our study are the retrospective data and analysis of patients who responded to chemotherapy prior HSCT, surviving pretreatment. Independent of comorbidities, older AML patients achieving a negative MRD status at NMA-HSCT had a median OS of 49% at 5 years. Thus, age or comorbidities (with the exception of very high HCT-CI scores) per se should not restrict NMA-HSCT, which represents a feasible consolidation option for this group of AML patients.

Author contributions

DBa, MJ, and SSch contributed to the design and analysis of this study and the writing of the manuscript, and all authors agreed on the final version. DBa, MJ, RP, DBr, and LB collected data and carried out the laboratory-based research; MJ and SSch performed statistical analyses; and VV, GNF, UP, DN, and SSch provided administrative support.

Funding

Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

Data availability

For data sharing/original data please contact: Sebastian.Schwind@medizin.uni-leipzig.de

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Supplementary information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41409-022-01833-0.