Table 4.

DESs toxicity results using diffusion methods.

Entry	DES components	Organisms used for toxicity assay	Main results	Ref
1	MTPB:gly MTPB:EG MTPB:TEG	Gram(-): Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gram(+): Artemia salina, Bacillus subtilis, Stapylococcus aureus,	DES toxicity > components. DES showed anti-bacterial activity	[98]
2	ChCl with U, OA, Xyl and Sor B with Glc, MA: PRO, MA:Glc, CA with PRO, Glc:gly,	Gram(-): Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram(+): Staphylococcus aureus Candida albicans	No inhibition of bacteria with ChCl:Xyl, ChCl:Sor and B:Glc ChCl:U was effective only against E. coli C. albicans was only inhibited by ChCl:OA	[99]
3	CpA:LaA CpA:MyA CpA:SA	Gram(-): Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli Gram(+): Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Candida albicans	No inhibition against Gram-negative Misleading results for Gram-positive bacteria and yeast due to the diffusion ability of the compounds and incubation temperature CpA:LA promoted biofilm detachment/removal in all microorganisms	[101]
4	ChCl with amines, alcohols, sugars, and organic acids	Gram(+): Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes Gram-(-) Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis	Toxicity of DESs containing organic acids: ChCl:A ˃ChCl:Levulinic acid(LeA) ˃ChCl:CA ˃ChCl:MA ˃ChCl: Malic acid (MaA)˃ChCl: tartaric acid (TA) ˃ChCl/p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA).	[102]
5	BC:AcA BC:McA Polymer BC:AcA and BC:McA	Gram(+): Staphylococcus aureus Gram-(-) Escherichia coli Candida albicans	Toxicity of monomeric DESs higher than polymeric AcA > BC:AcA > BC:McA > BC > McA for S. Aureus and C. Albicans Similar toxicity for E. coli	[104]
6	Menthol:BA Menthol:PhA	Gram-(-) Escherichia coli Gram(+): Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis	Similar MIC values for THEDESs.	[105]
7	ChCl with gly, U, EG EAC with gly, U, EG, ZnCl2 and MA	Aspergillus niger Cyprinus carpio fish	MIC values EAC:ZnCl2<EAC:MA < ChCl:U <ChCl: EG < EACgly < ChCl:gly Dose-dependent results on Agar diffusion Same trend for fish toxicity	[68]
8	ChCl with gly, EG, DEG, TEG, Frc, Glc, MA, PTSA, ZnCl2 and U	Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Aspergillus niger, Lentinus tigrinus, Candida cylindracea Cyprinus carpio fish	ChCl with U, gly, Frc, and Glc showed no inhibition to all fungi Highest values of inhibition were found for C. cylindracea Only ChCl:ZnCl2 was toxic for fish	[109]