Virus-like Particles as Antiviral Vaccine: Mechanism, Design, and Application

Lei Zhang; Wen Xu; Xi Ma; XiaoJing Sun; JinBo Fan; Yang Wang

doi:10.1007/s12257-022-0107-8

. 2023 Jan 6;28(1):1–16. doi: 10.1007/s12257-022-0107-8

Virus-like Particles as Antiviral Vaccine: Mechanism, Design, and Application

Lei Zhang ¹, Wen Xu ¹, Xi Ma ¹, XiaoJing Sun ¹, JinBo Fan ¹, Yang Wang ^1,^✉

PMCID: PMC9817464 PMID: 36627930

Abstract

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are viral structural protein that are noninfectious as they do not contain viral genetic materials. They are safe and effective immune stimulators and play important roles in vaccine development because of their intrinsic immunogenicity to induce cellular and humoral immune responses. In the design of antiviral vaccine, VLPs based vaccines are appealing multifunctional candidates with the advantages such as self-assembling nanoscaled structures, repetitive surface epitopes, ease of genetic and chemical modifications, versatility as antigen presenting platforms, intrinsic immunogenicity, higher safety profile in comparison with live-attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of VLPs vaccine inducing cellular and humoral immune responses. We outline the impact of size, shape, surface charge, antigen presentation, genetic and chemical modification, and expression systems when constructing effective VLPs based vaccines. Recent applications of antiviral VLPs vaccines and their clinical trials are summarized.

Keywords: virus-like particles, viral infection, immune response, antiviral vaccine, antigen presentation

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 32070069 (Y.W.); Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology, grant number 2021JM-506 (L.Z.) and 2021JQ-781 (X.M.); Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education, grant number 20JS140 (L.Z.); Xi’an Medical University, grant number 2020DOC20 (L.Z.).

Author’s Contributions

Conceptualization, L.Z. and Y.W.; investigation, L.Z., X.M., JB.F., and XJ.S.; writing-original draft preparation, L.Z. and Y.W.; writing-review and editing, W.X. and Y.W.; final approval of the version to be submitted, Y.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Ethical Statements

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Neither ethical approval nor informed consent was required for this study.

Footnotes

Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Virus-like Particles as Antiviral Vaccine: Mechanism, Design, and Application

Lei Zhang

Wen Xu

Xi Ma

XiaoJing Sun

JinBo Fan

Yang Wang

Abstract

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PERMALINK

Virus-like Particles as Antiviral Vaccine: Mechanism, Design, and Application

Lei Zhang

Wen Xu

Xi Ma

XiaoJing Sun

JinBo Fan

Yang Wang

Abstract

Acknowledgements

Author’s Contributions

Ethical Statements

Footnotes

References

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