Table 2.

Effects of oleoylethanolamide (OEA) on signaling pathways, and types of immune cells studied.

General Effects	Specific Effects	Pathways	Cells	Reference
Anti-inflammatory	↑ SOD, GPx	Nrf2/HO-1	Hepatic cells	[92,94]
	↓ Macrophages activation	–	Macrophages	[94]
	↓ IL-6, TNFα, MCP1, IL-1β	NRLP3/caspase 1	Liver/plasma	[93,94]
	↑ IκB, IL-10 ↓ TLR4	PPARα	PBMCs	[89]
Apoptosis	↓ Bax, Bcl2	Caspase 3	Hepatic cells	[94]
Glycemic Metabolism	↓ IR	PPAR	Plasma	[95]
	↓ Food intake	–	–	[89]
Neuroprotection	↓ Alcohol damage	TLR4	Neurons	[96]
	↓ Pro-inflammatory Cytokines/oxidative/nitrosative stress	–	–	[97]
	↓ Neuronal damage, NF-κB, iNOS, COX2, NO, lipid peroxidation	PPAR	Frontal cortex cells	[98,99]