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. 2022 Oct 31;10:e93718. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.10.e93718

A checklist and areography of the longhorn beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) of Pirin Mountains, Bulgaria

Georgi Georgiev 1,✉, Vladimir Sakalian 2, Plamen Mirchev 1, Margarita Georgieva 1,✉, Sevdalin Belilov 1
PMCID: PMC9836600  PMID: 36761510

Abstract

Background

The longhorn beetles fauna of Pirin Mountains, Bulgaria, was studied, based on literature data and original material. As a result, 100 taxa from five subfamilies are listed for the area, as follows: Prioninae (7 taxa), Lepturinae (31 taxa), Spondylidinae (9 taxa), Cerambycinae (28 taxa) and Lamiinae (25 taxa).

New information

This study presents two new records for Pirin Mts. (Oxymiruscursor and Tetropiumfuscumfuscum) and new localities or additional information for 13 cerambycid taxa (species and subspecies). The 100 longhorn beetle taxa belong to 17 zoogeographical categories and eight complexes. The European complex occupies a dominant position (34%), followed by those from Palaearctic (17%), Eurosiberian (15%), Mediterranean (15%), European-Iranoturanian (9%), Balkan endemic (5%) and Holarctic (4%) complexes.

Keywords: Pirin Mountains, cerambycids, faunistics, chorology

Introduction

Pirin is the second highest mountain in Bulgaria. The highest peak of the mountain, Vihren (2914 m), occupies the third position on the Balkan Peninsula after Musala (2925 m) in Rila (Bulgaria) and Mytikas (2918 m) in Olympus (Greece). The average altitude of Pirin Mts. is 1033 m a.s.l. and the total area is 2585 km2.

The vegetation of Pirin Mts. is vertically divided into three altitude belts: forest, subalpine and alpine. The lower part of the forest belt is predominantly made up of broad-leaved species stands (Carpinusbetulus, Quercuspetraea, Fagussylvatica, Populustremula etc.) and the upper part is mainly occupied by conifers (Pinusnigra, P.sylvestris, P.peuce, P.heldreichii, P.mugo, Abiesalba and Piceaabies) (Stoyanov 1966).

The Bulgarian cerambycid fauna (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) is relatively well studied. Fragmentary data about findings of longhorn beetles in different mountains of the country, including Pirin, are available in many publications (Heyrovský 1931, Kantardjiewa-Minkova 1932, Kantardjiewa-Minkova 1934, Minkova 1957, Minkova 1961, Angelov 1967, Ganev 1984, Ganev 1985, Ganev 1986, Angelov 1995, Doychev and Georgiev 2004, Georgiev et al. 2005, Migliaccio et al. 2007, Rapuzzi and Georgiev 2007, etc.). Recently, fragmentary data have been summarised in separate lists for some Bulgarian mountains: Eastern Rhodopes (Georgiev et al. 2004), Western Rhodopes (Georgiev et al. 2006), West Balkan Range (Georgiev 2011), Vitosha (Topalov 2018), Strandzha (Georgiev et al. 2018), Belasitsa (Georgiev et al. 2019) and Rila (Georgiev et al. 2021). However, there is no checklist of cerambycid fauna of Pirin Mountains.

The aim of this study is to summarise the published data about longhorn beetles in the Pirin Mts., report new records and provide a chorological analysis of the cerambycid fauna of this mountain range.

Materials and methods

The longhorn beetles of Pirin Mts. were studied using literature data, our original records and unpublished materials from the entomological collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Sofia. The original material was collected on flowers, host plants and using an interception trap in a tree crown of Pinusheldreichii.

In this study, we followed the classification and nomenclature of longhorn beetles proposed by Sama (2002), Sama (2013), Biscaccianti (2007), Lobl and Smetana (2010), Miroshnikov (2016), Miroshnikov (2021), Zamoroka et al. (2022) and Danilevsky (2022), without indication of tribes and subgenera.

The zoogeographical characterisation of longhorn beetles was made on the basis of chorotypes (Vigna-Taglianti et al. 1999) and recent distribution of the taxa (Danilevsky 2022). According to Georgiev and Hubenov (2006) and Sakalian and Langourov (2007) conceptions, the established taxa are arranged in 18 chorotypes (areographic categories).

This paper provides a map with all known localities of the longhorn beetles recorded from Pirin Mts. It includes new localities from the current study and those already published. The records without a specific location, such as "Pirin Mt.", were not marked on the map.

Thecerambycid specimens collected in this study were deposited in the private entomological collection of Georgi Georgiev (mentioned with the abbreviation [GG]).

Checklists

Checklist

Ergates faber faber

(Linnaeus, 1760)

5DA871F4-E158-5C40-8177-A0E2C86E2413

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: G. Georgiev leg. [GG]; sex: 1 female; occurrenceID: 1F526295-081D-561F-BDE3-4224D3344C7B; Location: country: Bulgaria; locality: Sandanski; Event: verbatimEventDate: 13/07/2010

Distribution

West Palaearctic subspecies (Danilevsky 2022).

Mesoprionus besikanus

(Fairmaire, 1855)

BC0BAE2C-E754-5F6F-97A3-43CC11B4A976

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: G. Georgiev leg. [GG]; sex: 1 male; occurrenceID: 49971BE7-1E39-5A82-99ED-39D191D8CD72; Location: country: Bulgaria; locality: Peyo Yavorov hut; verbatimLocality: tree trap in Pinusheldreichii stand; verbatimElevation: 1886 m a.s.l.; verbatimLatitude: 41.825139; verbatimLongitude: 23.375639; Event: startDayOfYear: 03/08/2020; endDayOfYear: 30/10/2020

Distribution

East Mediterranean species (Danilevsky 2022).

Carilia virginea virginea

(Linnaeus, 1758)

6FE60E8B-6DB4-50CE-9F3B-77AE03B89ECD

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: G. Georgiev leg. [GG]; sex: 2 males, 1 female; occurrenceID: D9552788-FD98-51B6-B16F-AE57FA7CFAD0; Location: country: Bulgaria; locality: Peyo Yavorov hut; verbatimElevation: 1750 m a.s.l.; Event: verbatimEventDate: 03/08/2020

Distribution

West Eurosiberian species (Danilevsky 2022).

Oxymirus cursor

(Linnaeus, 1758)

6A1D96D8-2503-54E1-BA9B-83069E0E2FEC

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: G. Georgiev leg. [GG]; sex: 1 male; occurrenceID: A4716EEA-1076-5646-9EB9-969B76134037; Location: country: Bulgaria; locality: Above Bansko; Event: verbatimEventDate: 17/06/2006

Distribution

West Eurosiberian species (Danilevsky 2022).

Pachytodes erraticus

(Dalman, 1817)

66356D2D-4D78-509D-9AFE-8D4C42FD676D

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: N. Simov leg. [GG]; sex: 1 female; occurrenceID: 81A397FA-9725-5CF5-B4B7-C200E5E68367; Location: country: Bulgaria; locality: Kalimantsi vill.; Event: verbatimEventDate: 06/06/2006

Distribution

European-Iranian species (Danilevsky 2022).

Pedostrangalia verticalis

Germar, 1822

AA588F89-5589-5D05-A61F-27DC21E308E7

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: G. Georgiev leg. [GG]; sex: 1 male, 1 female; occurrenceID: 0FE1B1A0-C0DB-503A-9D14-0D076DCE9DDE; Location: country: Bulgaria; locality: Peyo Yavorov hut; verbatimElevation: 1750 m a.s.l.; verbatimLatitude: 41.824056; verbatimLongitude: 23.378472; Event: verbatimEventDate: 03/08/2020

Distribution

Northeast Mediterranean species (Danilevsky 2022).

Pseudovadonia livida livida

(Fabricius, 1777)

1EB21344-53B3-54B3-BC4D-FA2B9C1A38F6

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: N. Simov leg. [GG]; sex: 2 males; occurrenceID: 198F0B2A-AD84-5830-B29D-A74D95D5C9BD; Location: country: Bulgaria; locality: Kalimantsi vill.; Event: verbatimEventDate: 06/06/2006

Distribution

European subspecies (Danilevsky 2022).

Rutpela maculata maculata

(Poda von Neuhaus, 1761)

22DA44C2-731D-5199-9C46-5570B7513603

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: G. Georgiev leg. [GG]; sex: 1 male; occurrenceID: DFC61675-6F84-5C03-9A40-C41BC6B29417; Location: country: Bulgaria; locality: Peyo Yavorov hut; verbatimElevation: 1750 m a.s.l.; verbatimLatitude: 41.824056; verbatimLongitude: 23.378472; Event: verbatimEventDate: 03/08/2020

Distribution

European-Anatolian subspecies (Danilevsky 2022).

Rutpela nigra nigra

(Linnaeus, 1758)

4A8CEED5-AA5A-5C24-866D-94ADD89C9E4D

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: N. Simov leg. [GG]; sex: 1 female; occurrenceID: A35478D3-4611-542B-A9F5-364627A7E98B; Location: country: Bulgaria; locality: Koprivlen vill.; verbatimElevation: 600 m a.s.l.; Event: verbatimEventDate: 06/06/2006

  2. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: N. Simov leg. [GG]; sex: 1 female; occurrenceID: DEB958C5-8C51-5E08-A813-BC5922B35805; Location: country: Bulgaria; locality: Gorno Spantchevtsi vill.; verbatimElevation: 600 m a.s.l.; Event: verbatimEventDate: 06/06/2006

Distribution

European-Anatolian subspecies (Danilevsky 2022).

Stictoleptura scutellata scutellata

(Fabricius, 1781)

816D005E-5A52-5520-8C55-B767AC4EFB76

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: G. Georgiev leg. [GG]; sex: 1 female; occurrenceID: BDAAD8B2-BBB0-57E3-8EF9-F56100B594B5; Location: country: Bulgaria; locality: Peyo Yavorov hut; verbatimElevation: 1750 m a.s.l.; verbatimLatitude: 41.824056; verbatimLongitude: 23.378472; Event: verbatimEventDate: 03/08/2020

Distribution

European subspecies (Danilevsky 2022).

Tetropium fuscum fuscum

(Fabricius, 1787)

9A2B8414-42E2-5F0E-82EA-4A85BB71A8B4

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: G. Georgiev leg. [GG]; sex: 1 male; occurrenceID: 1CC6778F-5724-5186-874C-1315BDEA4920; Location: country: Bulgaria; locality: Bansko; verbatimElevation: 1180 m a.s.l.; verbatimLatitude: 41.809944; verbatimLongitude: 23.468361; Event: verbatimEventDate: 08/06/2019

Distribution

Transholarctic species (Danilevsky 2022).

Callimus angulatus angulatus

(Schrank, 1789)

90292267-8A91-50DE-9EA0-33AA46810E6C

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: N. Simov leg. [GG]; sex: 1 male; occurrenceID: 91AE5D50-EF4F-5251-8CD6-A58CD70CE605; Location: country: Bulgaria; locality: Koprivlen vill.; verbatimElevation: 600 m a.s.l.; Event: verbatimEventDate: 06/06/2006

Distribution

Euromediterranean subspecies (Danilevsky 2022).

Clytus rhamni rhamni

Germar, 1817

D10CC22F-7AD0-598B-8FDA-14A6594951B4

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. Chobanov leg. [GG]; sex: 2 males; occurrenceID: A88ED3F7-C766-5689-8AE8-A2A411B111A6; Location: country: Bulgaria; locality: Kalimantsi vill.; verbatimLocality: Shirokata Burchina place; verbatimElevation: 350 m a.s.l.; Event: verbatimEventDate: 01/06/2002

  2. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: N. Simov leg. [GG]; sex: 1 male, 1 female; occurrenceID: D554C836-6D28-5408-85D1-12DAE85B6A61; Location: country: Bulgaria; locality: Kalimantsi vill.; Event: verbatimEventDate: 06/06/2006

Distribution

Northeast Mediterranean subspecies (Danilevsky 2022).

Agapanthia kirbyi kirbyi

(Gyllenhal, 1817)

3A82BAA1-C98B-5618-9383-C901449CCEB0

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: G. Georgiev leg. [GG]; sex: 1 female; occurrenceID: 46747924-CCCA-5F0C-A06C-58ABD5E728A1; Location: country: Bulgaria; locality: Oshtava vill.; Event: verbatimEventDate: 15/06/2008

Distribution

European-Iranian subspecies (Danilevsky 2022).

Phytoecia coerulescens coerulescens

(Scopoli, 1763)

71BA1C32-DAF7-507A-A61E-0C9A069755D1

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: N. Simov leg. [GG]; sex: 1 male; occurrenceID: E619F1FC-A2B1-5A87-BC9E-245749131A90; Location: country: Bulgaria; locality: Kalimantsi vill.; Event: verbatimEventDate: 06/06/2006

Distribution

West Palaearctic subspecies (Danilevsky 2022).

Analysis

According to the present study, 15 species are reported for Pirin Mountains. Of these, two species Oxymiruscursor and Tetropiumfuscumfuscum are new records and new localities or new specimens are given for 13 species. Summarising our data with the published one, 100 cerambycid taxa from 32 localities are recorded in Pirin Mts. (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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Localities of the collected cerambycids in Pirin Mts.: 1 – Sandanski; 2 – Peyo Yavorov hut; 3 – Koprivlen; 4 – Gorno Spantchevtsi; 5 – Bansko; 6 – Kalimantsi; 7 – Oshtava; 8 – Rozhen Monsarety; 9 – Vlahi; 10 – Tremoshnitsa River; 11 – Banderitsa hut; 12 – Popina laka; 13 – Kulinoto; 14 – Nova Lovcha; 15 – Oreliak; 16 – Sandanska Bistritsa River; 17 – Lilyanovo; 18 – Kresna; 19 – Vihren; 20 – Predela; 21 – Demyanitsa River; 22 – Pirin; 23 – Yane Sandanski hut; 24 – Ilindentsi; 25 – Eltepe; 26 – Bayuvi Dupki; 27 – Gotse Delchev; 28 – Stara Kresna; 29 – Katuntsi; 30 – Gotse Delchev hut; 31 – Melnik; 32 – Paril

The recorded cerambycid taxa belong to five subfamilies: Prioninae (7 taxa), Lepturinae (31 taxa), Spondylidinae (9 taxa), Cerambycinae (28 taxa) and Lamiinae (25 taxa) (Table 1).

Table 1.

Table 1. Localities and chorotypes of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the Pirin Mts.

N Taxon Locality (N – see Fig. 1) Reference Chorotype
Subfamily Prioninae Latreille, 1802
1 Aegosomascabricorne (Scopoli, 1763) Sandanski (1) Minkova (1957), Ganev (1985), Ganev (1986), Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007), Georgiev (2020) European-Iranian
Rozhen Monsarety (8)
Kalimantsi vill. (6)		 Gradinarov et al. (2020)
2 Prinobiusmyardislamorum Danilevsky, 2012 Vlahi vill. (9) Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007), Migliaccio et al. (2007) Pontomediterranean
3 Rhaesusserricollis Motschulsky, 1838 Tremoshtitsa River (10) Ganev (1986) East European-Iranian
4 Tragosomadepsarium (Linnaeus, 1767) Banderitsa hut (11) Dimitrov (1963) Eurosiberian
5 Mesoprionusbesikanus (Fairmaire, 1855) Tremoshtnitsa River (10) Ganev (1986) East Mediterranean
Pirin Mt. Angelov (1995)
Peyo Yavorov hut (2) New locality record
6 Prionuscoriarius (Linnaeus, 1758) Bansko (5) Ganev (1984) West Palaearctic
Popina laka (12), Tremoshtitsa River (10) Ganev (1986)
Pirin Mt. Angelov (1995)
Kulinoto loc., Razlog (13) Georgiev (2020)
Paril vill. Georgiev (2020)
Gradinarov et al. (2020)
7 Ergatesfaberfaber (Linnaeus, 1760) Nova Lovcha vill. (14) Gradinarov et al. (2020) West Palaearctic
Sandanski (1) New locality record
Subfamily Lepturinae Latreille, 1802
8 Alosternatabacicolortabacicolor (DeGeer, 1775) Bansko (5), Kalimantsi vill. (6) Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007) West Eurosiberian
Kalimantsi vill. (6) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
9 Anastrangaliadubiadubia (Scopoli, 1763) Banderitsa (11) Heyrovský (1931), Kantardjiewa-Minkova (1932) Euromediterranean
Pirin Mt. Angelov (1995)
10 Anastrangaliasanguinolenta (Linnaeus, 1760) Oreliak Reserve (15) Georgiev et al. (2005) West Eurosiberian
Sandanska Bistritsa River (16) Georgiev (2020)
Bansko (5) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
11 Etorofuspubescens (Fabricius, 1787) Pirin Mt. Bringmann (1996) European-Anatolian
12 Grammopteraruficornisruficornis (Fabricius, 1781) Kalimantsi vill. (6) Gradinarov et al. (2020) European-Anatolian
13 Pachytodescerambyciformis (Schrank, 1781) Banderitsa hut (11) Angelov (1967) European
14 Pachytodeserraticus (Dalman, 1817) Lilyanovo vill. (17), Kresna (18) Angelov (1967) European-Iranian
Banderitsa Chalet - Vihren Peak (19) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
Kalimantsi vill. (6) New locality record
15 Lepturaaurulenta Fabricius, 1793 Popina laka loc. (12) Ganev (1986) Euromediterranean
16 Lepturaquadrifasciataquadrifasciata Linnaeus, 1758 Bansko (5)
Pirin Mt.		 Heyrovský (1931), Kantardjiewa-Minkova (1932) Transpalaearctic
17 Paracorymbiafulva (DeGeer, 1775) Lilyanovo vill. (17), Kresna (18) Angelov (1967) European-Anatolian
Bansko (5) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
18 Paracorymbiapallens (Brullé, 1832) Vlahi vill. (9) Gradinarov et al. (2020) Northeast Mediterranean
19 Pedostrangaliaverticalis Germar, 1822 Kalimantsi vill. (6) Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007) Northeast Mediterranean
Vlahi vill. (9) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
Peyo Yavorov hut (2) New locality record
20 Pedostrangaliarevestita (Linnaeus, 1767) Sandanski (1) Migliaccio et al. (2007) European
21 Pseudovadonialividalivida (Fabricius, 1777) Bansko (5) Kantardjiewa-Minkova (1932) European
Lilyanovo vill. (17) Angelov (1967)
Kalimantsi vill. (6) New locality record
22 Rutpelamaculatamaculata (Poda von Neuhaus, 1761) Peyo Yavorov hut (2) Georgiev (2020) European-Anatolian
Peyo Yavorov hut (2) Record in this study
23 Rutpelanigranigra (Linnaeus, 1758) Kalimantsi vill. (6) Gradinarov et al. (2020) European-Anatolian
Koprivlen vill. (6)
Gorno Spantchevtsi vill. (4)		 New locality record
New locality record
24 Rutpelaseptempunctataseptempunctata (Fabricius, 1793) Bansko (5) Kantardjiewa-Minkova (1932) European
Banderitsa Chalet - Vihren Peak (19) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
25 Stenurellabifasciataintermedia Holzschuh, 2006 Bansko (5) Heyrovský (1931) Balkan endemic
Kresna gorge (18) Danilevsky (2011)
Kalimantsi vill. (6) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
26 Stenurellamelanuramelanura (Linnaeus, 1758) Kalimantsi vill. (6) Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007) Gradinarov et al. (2020) Transpalaearctic
Predela loc. (20) Georgiev (2020)
27 Stictolepturacordigeracordigera (Füsslins, 1775) Popina laka (12) Ganev (1986) European-Iranian
28 Stictolepturarubrarubra (Linnaeus, 1758) Demyanitsa River (21) Kantardjiewa-Minkova (1932) Eurosiberian
29 Stictolepturascutellatascutellata (Fabricius, 1781) Popina laka (12) Ganev (1986) European
Pirin vill. (22) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
Peyo Yavorov hut (2) New locality record
30 Vadoniadojranensismahri Holzschuh, 1986 Kalimantsi vill. (6) Minkova (1961) Balkan endemic
31 Oxymiruscursor (Linnaeus, 1758) Bansko (5) First record for Pirin Mts. West Eurosiberian
32 Cariliavirgineavirginea (Linnaeus, 1758) Pirin Mt. Kantardjiewa-Minkova (1932), Minkova (1957) West Eurosiberian
Peyo Yavorov hut (2) New locality record
33 Cortoderafemorata (Fabricius, 1787) Bansko (5) Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007) West Eurosiberian
34 Cortoderahumeralishumeralis (Schaller, 1783) Kalimantsi vill. (6) Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007) European-Anatolian
35 Pachytaquadrimaculata (Linnaeus, 1758) Pirin Mt. Angelov (1995) Migliaccio et al. (2007) Transpalaearctic
Tremoshtnitsa River (10) Ganev (1986)
36 Rhagiumbifasciatum Fabricius, 1775 Pirin Mt. Kantardjiewa-Minkova (1932) European-Iranian
Yane Sandanski hut (23) Angelov (1967)
Pirin vill. (22) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
37 Rhagiuminquisitorinquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758) Yane Sandanski hut (23) Angelov (1967) Eurosiberian
Popina laka (12) Ganev (1986)
Ilindentsi vill. (24) Doychev et al. (2019)
Eltepe shelter (25) Georgiev (2020)
Bansko (5), Vichren peak (19) Georgiev and Simov (2006)
38 Xylosteusbartoni Obenberger & Mařan, 1933 Banderitsa hut (11), Vihren (19) Georgiev and Simov (2006) Balkan endemic
Vihren (19), Bayuvi Dupki - Dzhindhiritsa Reserve (26) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
Subfamily Spondylidinae Audinet-Serville, 1832
39 Alocerusmoesiacus (Frivaldszky von Frivald, 1837) Kalimantsi hut (6) Gradinarov et al. (2020) Transmediterranean
40 Archopalusferus (Mulsant, 1839) Tremoshnitsa River (10) Ganev (1986) Transpalaearctic
Pirin Mt. Angelov (1995)
41 Archopalusrusticusrusticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Bansko (5) Ganev (1984) Transpalaearctic
Tremoshnitsa River (10) Ganev (1986)
Predela loc. (20) Georgiev (2020)
Ilindentsi vill. (24), reared from Pinusnigra Doychev et al. (2017)
42 Asemumstriatum (Linnaeus, 1758) Demjanitsa hut (21) Angelov (1967) Transholarctic
43 Nothorhinapunctata (Fabricius, 1798) Yane Sandanski hut (23) Migliaccio et al. (2007) Transpalaearctic
44 Tetropiumcastaneum (Linnaeus, 1758) Bansko (5) Kantardjiewa-Minkova (1932) Transpalaearctic
45 Tetropiumfuscumfuscum (Fabricius, 1787) Bansko (5) First record for Pirin Mts. Transholarctic
46 Saphanuspiceusganglbaueri Brancsik, 1886 Pirin Mt. Minkova (1957), Angelov (1995) European
Kalimantsi vill. (6) Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007)
Peyo Yavorov hut (2) Georgiev (2020)
47 Spondylisbuprestoides (Linnaeus, 1758) Pirin Mt. Kantardjiewa-Minkova (1932) Transpalaearctic
Subfamily Cerambycinae Latreille, 1802
48 Icosiumtomentosumatticum Ganglbauer, 1882 Kalimantsi vill. (6) Gradinarov and Sivilov (2020) Northeast Mediterranean
49 Anaglyptusmysticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Gotse Delchev (27) Georgiev (2020) European-Anatolian
50 Phymatodesglabratus (Charpentier, 1825) Ilindentsi vill. (24), reared from Cupressussempervirens Doychev and Georgiev (2006), Doychev et al. (2017) European-Anatolian
51 Phymatodeslividus (Rossi, 1794) Kalimantsi vill. (6) Migliaccio et al. (2007), Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007) Euromediterranean
52 Phymatodestestaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) Kalimantsi vill. (6) Gradinarov et al. (2020) Transholarctic
53 Cerambyxmiles Bonelli, 1812 Kalimantsi vill. (6) Gradinarov et al. (2020) European-Anatolian
54 Cerambyxscopoliiscopolii Fuessly, 1775 Bayuvi dupki loc. (26) Georgiev (2020) European-Anatolian
55 Chlorophorusfiguratus (Scopoli, 1763) Pirin Mt. Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007) West Eurosiberian
Kalimantsi vill. (6) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
56 Chlorophorusherbstii (Brahm, 1790) Bansko (5) Angelov (1967) Eurosiberian
57 Chlorophorusvariusvarius (O. F. Müller, 1766) Sandanski (1) Angelov (1967) West Eurosiberian
Tremoshnitsa River (10) Ganev (1986)
58 Chlorophorussartor (O. F. Müller, 1766) Gotse Delchev (27) Georgiev (2020) West Palaearctic
Banderitsa loc. (11), Sheitan Dere River, Stara Kresna vill. (28) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
59 Clytusrhamnirhamni Germar, 1817 Gotse Delchev (27) Georgiev (2020) Northeast Mediterranean
Kalimantsi vill. (6) New locality record
60 Echinocerusfloralisaulicus (Laicharting, 1784) Sandanski (1) Angelov (1967) Transpalaearctic
Bayuvi Dupki loc. (26) Georgiev (2020)
61 Neoplagionotusbobelayeibobelayei (Brullé, 1832) Vlahi vill. (9) Ganev (1985) East European-Iranian
62 Xylotrechusarvicolaarvicola (Olivier, 1795) Predela (20) Georgiev (2020) Euromediterranean
63 Xylotrechusstebbingi Gahan, 1906 Lilyanovo vill. (17) Gradinarov and Sivilov (2020) Subcosmopolitan
64 Rosalia alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) Banderitsa hut (11) Angelov (1967) European-Anatolian
Popina laka loc. (12) Ganev (1986)
65 Axinopalpisgracilisgracilis (Krynicki, 1832) Kalimantsi vill. (6), Ilindentsi vill. (24), Lilyanovo vill. (17) Gradinarov et al. (2020) European-Iranian
66 Stromatiumauratum (Böber, 1793) Sandanski (1) Kovacs et al. (1998) Transmediterranean
67 Molorchusminorminor (Linnaeus, 1758) Bansko (5) Georgiev et al. (2005) Transpalaearctic
Vihren peak (19) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
68 Obriumbrunneum (Fabricius, 1793) Bansko (5) Angelov (1988) European-Anatolian
Pirin Mt. Angelov (1995)
Banderitsa chalet (11) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
69 Stenhomalusbicolorbicolor (Kraatz, 1862) Pirin Mt. Heyrovský (1931) Northeast Mediterranean
70 Purpuricenusbudensis (Götz, 1783) Pirin vill. (22), Stara Kresna vill. (28) Georgiev (2020) West Palaearctic
71 Purpuricenuskaehlerirossicus Danilevsky, 2019 Popina laka (12) Ganev (1986) East European
Gotse Delchev – Katuntsi (29) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
72 Callimusangulatusangulatus (Schrank, 1789) Koprivlen vill. (3) Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007) Euromediterranean
Kalimantsi vill. (6), Pirin vill. (22) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
Koprivlen vill. (3) Record in this study
73 Callimusfemoratus (Germar, 1824) Katuntsi vill. (29) Gradinarov et al. (2020) East European-Iranian
74 Stenopterusflavicornis Küster, 1846 Vlahi vill. (9) Ganev (1985) Northeast Mediterranean
Gotse Delchev (27) Georgiev (2020)
75 Stenopterusrufusrufus (Linnaeus, 1767) Gotse Delchev (27) Georgiev (2020) European
Subfamily Lamiinae Latreille, 1825
76 Acanthocinusaedilis (Linnaeus, 1758) Banderitsa hut (11) Dimitrov (1963) Transpalaearctic
Sandanski (1) Angelov (1967)
Gotse Delchev hut (30) Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007)
77 Aegomorphusclavipes (Schrank, 1781) Pirin Mt. Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007) European
Kalimantsi vill. (6) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
78 Aegomorphuskrueperi (Kraatz, 1859) Kulinoto loc. near Razlog (13) Georgiev (2020) Balkan endemic
79 Agapanthiacardui (Linnaeus, 1767) Yane Sandanski hut (23) Angelov (1967) European
80 Agapanthiavillosoviridescens (De Geer, 1775) Yane Sandanski hut (23) Angelov (1967) Eurosiberian
81 Agapanthiaviolacea (Fabricius, 1775) Pirin Mt. Bringmann (1995) European-Anatolian
Melnik (31) Georgiev (2020)
82 Agapanthiakirbyikirbyi (Gyllenhal, 1817) Gotse Delchev hut (30) Georgiev (2020) European-Iranian
Kalimantsi vill. (6) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
Oshtava vill. (7) New locality record
83 Anaesthetistestaceatestacea (Fabricius, 1781) Gotse Delchev (27), Predela loc. (20) Georgiev (2020) European-Anatolian
Paril vill. (32) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
84 Dorcadionseptemlineatumseptemlineatum Waltl, 1838 Sandanski (1) Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007) Balkan endemic
85 Neodorcadionbilineatum (Germar, 1823) Bansko (5), Kalimantsi vill. (6) Gradinarov et al. (2020) Northeast Mediterranean
86 Exocentrusadspersus Mulsant, 1846 Pirin Mt. Heyrovský (1931), Kantardjiewa-Minkova (1934) European-Anatolian
Lilyanovo vill. (17) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
87 Exocentruspunctipennispunctipennis Mulsant & Guillebeau, 1856 Kalimantsi vill. (6) Gradinarov et al. (2020) European
88 Morimusasperfunereus Mulsant, 1862 Pirin Mt. Bringmann (1997) Northeast Mediterranean
Bayuvi Dupki loc. (26) Georgiev (2020)
89 Monochamusgalloprovincialispistor (Germar, 1818) Banderitsa hut (11) Dimitrov (1963) West Eurosiberian
Pirin Mt. Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007)
90 Monochamussutorsutor (Linnaeus, 1758) Peyo Yavorov hut (2) Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007) West Eurosiberian
Pirin Mt. Georgiev (2020)
91 Phytoeciaaffinisaffinis (Harrer, 1784) Yane Sandanski hut (23) Bringmann (1998) European-Anatolian
92 Phytoeciacoerulescenscoerulescens (Scopoli, 1763) Kalimantsi vill. (6) Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007) West Palaearctic
Sandanska Bistritsa River (16) Georgiev (2020)
Banderitsa Chalet - Vihren Peak (19) Gradinarov et al. (2020)
Kalimantsi vill. (6) Record in this study
93 Phytoeciavittipennisvittipennis Reiche, 1877 Melnik (31) Rapuzzi and Georgiev (2007) Northeast Mediterranean
94 Phytoeciaalbovittigera Heyden, 1863 Vlahi vill. (9) Gradinarov et al. (2020) Northeast Mediterranean
95 Phytoeciahirsutulahirsutula (Frölich, 1793) Kalimantsi vill. (6) Gradinarov et al. (2020) West Eurosiberian
96 Pogonocherusfasciculatusfasciculatus DeGeer, 1775 Sandanski, Melnik (31) Bringmann and Döring (2001) Transpalaearctic
Banderitsa hut (11) Doychev and Georgiev (2004)
Ilindentsi vill. (24), reared from Pinusnigra Doychev et al. (2017)
97 Pogonocherusperroudiperroudi Mulsant, 1839 Rhozhen Monastery (8) Bringmann and Döring (2001), Migliaccio et al. (2007) Transmediterranean
98 Saperdapopulnea (Linnaeus, 1758) Sandanski (1) Angelov (1967) Transholarctic
99 Saperdapunctata (Linnaeus, 1767) Lilyanovo vill. (17) Gradinarov et al. (2020) Euromediterranean
100 Saperdascalarisscalaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Pirin vill. Gradinarov et al. (2020) Euromediterranean
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The established cerambycid taxa belong to 17 areographical categories separated in eight complexes (Table 2).

Table 2.

Areogeographic characterisation of cerambycids in Pirin Mts.

Areographic categories and complexes Number Percentage
Cosmopolitan complex 1 1.0
Subcosmopolitan 1 1.0
Holarctic complex 4 4.0
Transholarctic 4 4.0
Palaearctic complex 17 17.0
Transpalaearctic 12 12.0
West Palaearctic 5 5.0
Eurosiberian complex 15 15.0
Eurosiberian 5 5.0
West Eurosiberian 10 10.0
European-Iranoturanian complex 9 9.0
European-Iranian 6 6.0
East European-Iranian 3 3.0
European complex 34 34.0
Euromediterranean 7 7.0
European-Anatolian 16 16.0
European 10 10.0
East European 1 1.0
Mediterranean complex 15 15.0
Transmediterranean 3 3.0
East Mediterranean 1 1.0
Northeast Mediterranean 10 10.0
Pontomediterranean 1 1.0
Balkan endemic complex 5 5.0
Balkan endemics 5 5.0
Total 100 100.0
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The taxa from the European complex are dominant in Pirin Mts. (34%) followed by those from Palaearctic (17%), Eurosiberian (15%) and Mediterranean (15%) complexes (Fig. 2).

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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Arealographic complexes of the longhorn beetles in Pirin Mts.

Discussion

The number of cerambycid taxa found in Pirin Mts. (100 species and subspecies) is closest to the West Balkan Range (107 taxa) (Georgiev 2011, Gradinarov and Petrova 2019), Belasitsa Mt. (110 taxa) (Georgiev et al. 2019), Vitosha Mt. (122 taxa) (Topalov 2018) and Rila Mt. (126 taxa) (Georgiev et al. 2021). It is also comparable to the number of cerambycids in other Bulgarian mountains studied: Strandzha (154 taxa) (Georgiev et al. 2018) and Western Rhodopes (161 taxa) (Georgiev et al. 2006).

In this study, taxa of the European complex occupy a dominant position (34%). They are connected with deciduous forests, which cover the largest parts of the lower territories of Pirin Mts. The second place is taken by the species and subspecies belonging to the Palaearctic complex (17%). These more eurybiont taxa are normally better represented in the high mountains, because of the harsh climatic conditions. Eurosiberian and Mediterranean complexes with equal value (15%) occupy the third place. This pattern differentiates Pirin from the rest of the studied high mountains - Vitosha (Topalov 2018) and Rila (Georgiev et al. 2021), where the third place is taken by Eurosiberian taxa. The difference is due not only to the more southerly location of the Pirin Mts., but also to the presence of the large valleys of Struma and Mesta Rivers, which allows the penetration of Mediterranean taxa.

The high territories mostly covered by coniferous trees and shrubs are favourable for distribution of the Eurosiberian taxa (fourth place). The refugial character of the region is underlined by the presence of five (5.0%) Balkan endemic cerambycids.

Concerning the other two studied mountains in Bulgaria - Strandzha (Georgiev et al. 2018) and Belasitsa (Georgiev et al. 2019), domination of European cerambycids were also established (33.1% and 38.2%, respectively), but the Mediterranean taxa have a greater share in both mountains (27.3% and 19.1%, respectively). In addition, European-Iranoturanian taxa are mostly represented in Strandzha Mt. (13.6%) compared to other mountains (7.2–11.1%). The level of Balkan and Bulgarian endemics is higher in Belasitsa Mt. – 9 taxa (8.2%), followed by Pirin 5 taxa (5.1 %), Rila Mt. – 5 (4.0%), Strandzha Mt. – 5 (3.3%) and Vitosha Mt. – 2 taxa (1.7%). Evidently, the conditions in Belasitsa Mt. and especially the distribution of relict forests of Castaneasativa is the most suitable for occurrence of endemics there.

In future investigations, the cerambycid fauna of Pirin Mt. will undoubtedly be enriched with species trophically associated with coniferous trees in the the mountains of Bulgaria, such as: Lepturoboscavirens (Linnaeus, 1758), Acmaeopsseptentrionis Thomson, 1866, Acmaeopspratensis (Laicharting, 1784), Evodinellusclathratus (Fabricius, 1793), Molorchusmarmottanimarmottani Brisout de Barneville, 1863, Pachytalamed (Linnaeus, 1758), Paracorymbiamaculicornis (De Geer, 1775), Pidonialurida (Fabricius, 1793), Semanotusundatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Acanthocinusgriseus (Fabricius, 1793), Acanthocinusreticulatus Razoumowsky, 1789 and Monochamussartor (Fabricius, 1787) (Georgiev and Hubenov 2006).

It is expected that longhorn beetles with Eurosiberian, Palearctic and European distribution associated with coniferous, broadleaved and grass vegetation in other mountains in south-western Bulgaria – Rila, Western Rhodopes and Belasitsa (Georgiev et al. 2006, Georgiev et al. 2019, Georgiev et al. 2021) will be also recorded: Prionuscoriarius (Linnaeus, 1758), Anoploderasexguttata (Fabricius, 1775), Anoploderarufipesrufipes (Schaller, 1783), Dinopteracollaris (Linnaeus, 1758), Rhagiummordax (DeGeer, 1775), Rhagiumsycophanta (Schrank, 1781), Strangaliaattenuata (Linnaeus, 1758), Necydalismajor Linnaeus, 1758, Clytuslama Mulsant, 1847, Ropalopusungaricusinsubricus (Germar, 1823), Stenocorusmeridianus (Linnaeus, 1758), Aromiamoschatamoschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Callidiumviolaceum (Linnaeus, 1758), Callidiumaeneumaeneum (De Deer, 1775), Callidiumcoriaceum Paykull, 1800, Plagionotusarcuatusarcuatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Pyrrhidiumsanguineum (Linnaeus, 1758), Xylotrechusrusticus (Linnaeus, 1758), Agapanthiadahlidahli (C. F. W. Richter, 1820), Dorcadionfulvumerythropterum Fischer von Waldheim, 1823, Dorcadiontauricumtauricum Waltl, 1838, Lamiatextor (Linnaeus, 1758), Leiopuslinnei Wallin, Nylander & Kvamme, 2009, Obereaerythrocephalaerythrocephala (Schrank, 1776), Phytoeciacylindrica (Linnaeus, 1758), Phytoeciaicterica (Schaller, 1783), Phytoecianigricornis (Fabricius, 1782), Phytoeciavirgulavirgula (Charpentier, 1825), Pogonocherushispidulus (Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783), Saperdacarcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) and Tetropspraeustuspraeustus (Linnaeus, 1758).

Due to the specific location of Pirin in south-eastern Europe and the penetration of Mediterranean influence along the valleys of the Struma and Mesta Rivers, it is very likely that species with European-Iranian and Mediterranean distribution reported for Rila and Belasitsa (Georgiev et al. 2019, Georgiev et al. 2021) may also be reported, for example: Grammopteraabdominalis (Stephens, 1831), Xylosteusspinolae Frivaldszky von Frivald, 1837, Cerambyxnodulosusnodulosus Germar, 1817, Lioderinalinearis (Hampe, 1871), Molorchusumbellatarumumbellatarum (Schreber, 1759), Ropalopus clavipes (Fabricius, 1775), Agapanthiacynaraecynarae (Germar, 1817), Mesosacurculionoides (Linnaeus, 1760) and Stenideageneigenei (Aragona, 1830).

Regarding the endemic complex, in future research, it is likely that other species reported for neighbouring Rila and Belasitsa Mts. may also be found: Agapanthiaschurmanni Sama, 1979, Dorcadionaethiopsstrumense Danilevsky, 2014, Dorcadionaxillare Küster, 1847, Dorcadionsturmii Frivaldszky von Frivald, 1837 and Phytoeciageniculataorientalis Kraatz, 1871 (Georgiev et al. 2019, Georgiev et al. 2021).

Only three cerambycids were recorded in trophic associations with tree and shrub species in the Pirin Mts.: Arhopalusrusticusrusticus and Pogonocherusfasciculatusfasciculatus were reared from stems and branches of Pinusnigra (Doychev et al. 2017) and Phymatodesglabratus from a stem of Cupressussempervirens (Doychev and Georgiev 2006).

In conclusion, finding of 100 taxa (approximately 35% of longhorn beetles in Bulgaria) indicates that this taxonomic group is not yet well-studied and about 70–80 taxa are expected to be recorded in future investigations in the Pirin Mts.

Supplementary Material

XML Treatment for Ergates faber faber
XML Treatment for Mesoprionus besikanus
XML Treatment for Carilia virginea virginea
XML Treatment for Oxymirus cursor
XML Treatment for Pachytodes erraticus
XML Treatment for Pedostrangalia verticalis
XML Treatment for Pseudovadonia livida livida
XML Treatment for Rutpela maculata maculata
XML Treatment for Rutpela nigra nigra
XML Treatment for Stictoleptura scutellata scutellata
XML Treatment for Tetropium fuscum fuscum
XML Treatment for Callimus angulatus angulatus
XML Treatment for Clytus rhamni rhamni
XML Treatment for Agapanthia kirbyi kirbyi
XML Treatment for Phytoecia coerulescens coerulescens

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the project 'Structural and functional characteristics and perspectives for the use of endemic relict coniferous communities in the changing climate in Bulgaria' funded by the National Science Fund of Bulgaria (Grant no. KP-06-NP36/13/17.12.2019).

Contributor Information

Georgi Georgiev, Email: ggeorgiev.fri@gmail.com.

Margarita Georgieva, Email: margaritageorgiev@gmail.com.

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Supplementary Materials

XML Treatment for Ergates faber faber
BDJ.10.e93718-treatment1.xml (3.7KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Mesoprionus besikanus
BDJ.10.e93718-treatment2.xml (4.7KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Carilia virginea virginea
BDJ.10.e93718-treatment3.xml (3.9KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Oxymirus cursor
BDJ.10.e93718-treatment4.xml (3.7KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Pachytodes erraticus
BDJ.10.e93718-treatment5.xml (3.7KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Pedostrangalia verticalis
BDJ.10.e93718-treatment6.xml (4.2KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Pseudovadonia livida livida
BDJ.10.e93718-treatment7.xml (3.7KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Rutpela maculata maculata
BDJ.10.e93718-treatment8.xml (4.2KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Rutpela nigra nigra
BDJ.10.e93718-treatment9.xml (5.2KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Stictoleptura scutellata scutellata
BDJ.10.e93718-treatment10.xml (4.2KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Tetropium fuscum fuscum
BDJ.10.e93718-treatment11.xml (4.2KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Callimus angulatus angulatus
BDJ.10.e93718-treatment12.xml (3.9KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Clytus rhamni rhamni
BDJ.10.e93718-treatment13.xml (5.2KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Agapanthia kirbyi kirbyi
BDJ.10.e93718-treatment14.xml (3.8KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Phytoecia coerulescens coerulescens
BDJ.10.e93718-treatment15.xml (3.8KB, xml)

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