Abstract
Background
Sandflies are insects important for the transmission cycles of the leishmaniases. Despite being studied since the 1960s in the State of Rondônia (Brazil), several gaps exist regarding our working knowledge of these insects. This study aimed to construct an up-to-date database of sandflies using complementary information from the speciesLink database and the scientific literature, as well as to elaborate integrated abundance maps. We identified 153,155 records of sandflies captured in Rondônia between 1965-2021; after exclusion, 147,258 reports (speciesLink - 3,408, Rondônia studies – 143,850) associated with 15 genera and 140 species were mapped. The most abundant species observed were Psychodopygusdavisi (Root, 1934) (43,818 records), Nyssomyiawhitmani (Antunes & Coutinho, 1939) (12,594), Psychodopyguscarrerai (Barretto, 1946) (11,840), Psychodopygushirsutus (Mangabeira, 1942) (9,676), Nyssomyiaantunesi (Coutinho, 1939) (8,847), Trichophoromyiaubiquitalis (Mangabeira, 1942) (5,505), Psychodopygusgeniculatus (Mangabeira, 1941) (4,644), Pintomyianevesi (Damasceno & Arouck, 1956) (4,140), Trichophoromyiaauraensis (Mangabeira, 1942) (3,579), Psychodopyguscomplexus (Mangabeira, 1941) (2,659), Nyssomyiafraihai (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1979) (2,504) and Bichromomyiaflaviscutellata (Mangabeira, 1942) (1,418). A total of 20 records of Leishmania detection corresponded to eight sand fly species. The present dataset provides updated information on the distribution of sandflies of Rondônia, including those considered potential vectors of Leishmania, which should prove useful to guide future studies.
New information
The present study provides an extensive dataset built from all studies reporting phlebotomine sandflies in the Brazilian State of Rondônia. Online distribution maps can aid scientists who wish to consult the updated list of sand fly species and view the distribution of these insects, as well as those considered potential vectors of Leishmania. The results of the present study can serve as the basis for future studies on sandflies conducted in the State.
Keywords: Phlebotominae, leishmaniasis, vectors, distribution, dataset
Introduction
Sand flies are small dipteran insects mainly known for their role as vectors in the cycle of leishmaniasis transmission (Bates et al. 2015). In light of this importance, efforts to learn more about these insects have led to increasing amounts of data on the diversity, ecology, biology and genetics of these insects (Bates et al. 2015, Costa et al. 2021b). Sandflies are a diverse species found worldwide, with approximately 1,050 species described; Brazil is home to the greatest number of species, with 286 classifications registered (Galati 2021). Most of the knowledge gained has resulted from specialised training, which has greatly contributed to the diversity of the accumulated data.
Many regions in Brazil possess unexplored knowledge about these insects and it is highly possible that significant diversity remains to be discovered. Expanding the existing body of knowledge on these insects is important considering the role that sandflies play in the transmission of pathogens (Bates et al. 2015). Therefore, a robust dataset on the composition of these fauna could contribute to our understanding of main species in specific locales, as well as to potential vectors in a given region, constituting the first step for specific studies to identify the biological characteristics of regional species.
The Brazilian State of Rondônia, located in the Amazon Basin, borders the States of Acre, Amazonas and Mato Grosso and shares an international frontier with Bolivia. The State has the third highest incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in northern Brazil, with approximately 15,000 cases registered between 2007 and 2020. According to the Brazilian Ministry of Health, this incidence rate results from intense zoonotic transmission associated with human occupation in transmission foci (Teles et al. 2013, DATASUS 2020, Almeida et al. 2021). Previous studies have demonstrated that the following Leishmania species are responsible for human cases of CL in Rondônia: Leishmaniaamazonensis Lainson & Shaw, 1972, Leishmaniabraziliensis Vianna, 1911, Leishmaniaguyanensis Floch, 1954, Leishmanialainsoni Silveira, Ishikawa, Souza & Lainson, 1987, Leishmanialindenbergi Silveira, Ishikawa & Sousa, 2002, Leishmanianaiffi Lainson & Shaw, 1989 and Leishmaniashawi Lainson, Braga, Souza, Póvoa & Ishikawa, 1989 (Cantanhêde et al. 2015, Fagundes-Silva et al. 2015, Cantanhêde et al. 2019). However, despite the high prevalence of CL, knowledge on specific regional characteristics of the disease, including Leishmania species, reservoirs and vector species, remains incipient.
The first studies on sandflies were conducted in Rondônia in the 1960s (Martins et al. 1965). While some have been published in later decades, only from the 2000s has there been a substantial increase in accumulated data on sandflies (Gil et al. 2003, Gil et al. 2009, Teles et al. 2013, Galardo et al. 2015, Ogawa et al. 2016, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Torchitte et al. 2020, Costa et al. 2021a, Silva et al. 2021). Nonetheless, studies describing vector distribution in the State are lacking. Accordingly, the present study aimed to build a database to provide an updated registry of sandflies and their potential vectors in Rondônia, in order to aid both specialists and non-specialists who work in the region.
Materials and methods
Study Area
Rondônia, located in the western part of the Amazon Basin, is third in terms of territorial extension amongst the States in the north of Brazil. The State covers an area of 237576 km2 and has a population of 1,815,278 inhabitants throughout its 52 municipalities; it shares borders with Bolivia and the neighbouring States of Acre, Amazonas and Mato Grosso. The local climate is tropical, with annual average temperatures varying between 19.2 and 26.6°C. The dominant vegetation is dense ombrophilous forest (Amazon tropical forest), yet Rondônia has experienced a decrease in vegetal cover over the last 40 years (Fearnside 2014). Moreover, an increasing incidence of CL cases has been associated with anthropogenic activities conducted in or near forest environments (Almeida et al. 2021b).
Data distribution
We analysed data produced by zoological collections, such as the Phlebotomine Collection - Fiocruz/COLFLEB and Invertebrates Collection/INPA. These data are freely available on speciesLink (splink.cria.org.br/), a distributed information system that combines primary data from scientific collections. We also searched the scientific literature for all studies containing taxonomic and geographic information on sand fly species collected in Rondônia. The collected information consisted of total specimens and accompanying location coordinates in decimal format (long., lat.) to construct regional maps.
Distribution maps, constructed using QGIS3.4, revealed the most abundant species across the municipalities in Rondônia, with species abundance distributed in up to five classes: (i) 1-100 individuals, (ii) 101-500 individuals, (iii) 501-1000 individuals, (iv) 1001-2000 individuals and (v) > 2001 individuals. Data on Leishmania infection in each sand fly species were also compiled to build occurrence maps of potential vectors in the State. Finally, we constructed a web server with python applications containing information on the distribution of all species recorded throughout the State’s municipalities: https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/.
Checklists
Updated list of sand flies from Rondônia State, Brazil
Bichromomyia flaviscutellata
(Mangabeira, 1942)
405CBE9C-A1DA-5866-9AC1-7AC6828815CA
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Bichromomyia inornata
(Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1965)
F31F508C-25EA-531E-B1C3-7E6C43087DC7
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Guajará-Mirim
Notes
Bichromomyia olmeca nociva
(Young & Arias, 1982)
3F3711BF-36CD-5513-804E-A6B8AE34F388
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Costa Marques, Machadinho d'Oeste, Porto Velho
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2018
Bichromomyia reducta
(Feliciangeli, Ramirez Pérez & Ramirez, 1988)
2CDC0806-F962-569E-ABF6-D24505610AA8
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Porto Velho
Notes
Brumptomyia avellari
(Costa Lima, 1932)
F4D95052-07CB-5475-B48E-656DEEADE047
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Monte Negro
Notes
Brumptomyia brumpti
(Larrousse, 1920)
AD51BF8A-E102-55D5-91C8-C5E9BA663267
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Vale do Anari
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Brumptomyia cunhai
(Mangabeira, 1942)
05F53284-4445-52FC-BC47-1281EA092BC1
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia
Notes
Brumptomyia mesai
Sherlock, 1962
7649AC44-A2C8-576F-8211-51EDD5AE2E53
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Nova Mamoré, São Francisco do Guaporé
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b
Brumptomyia pentacantha
(Barretto, 1947)
8798CACA-6611-5517-BFAA-3DD3FD8D50F9
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Guajará-Mirim, Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Gil et al. 2003, Martins et al. 1965, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Brumptomyia pintoi
(Costa Lima, 1932)
4E6DFFBD-C814-567B-BC62-66E358532997
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Gil et al. 2003, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b
Brumptomyia travassosi
(Mangabeira, 1942)
30295CDF-D672-5342-9008-43B7CC247A21
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Evandromyia andersoni
(Le Pont & Desjeux, 1988)
2D24181C-1983-542C-82E9-62BF45E32C8B
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Itapuã do Oeste
Notes
Evandromyia apurinan
Shimabukuro, Figueira & Silva, 2013
107CEB09-5954-574F-9AD5-544D3038B5BC
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Itapuã do Oeste, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho
Notes
Evandromyia bacula
(Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1965)
EF928838-E937-5685-85A4-45F5BCA1D765
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Evandromyia begonae
(Ortiz & Torrez, 1975)
011C5B19-3B8F-58AC-80D8-0317DE86050C
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Porto Velho
Notes
Evandromyia brachyphalla
(Mangabeira, 1941)
F87ABFBA-0B2D-59D5-AEC4-1CDB38FDA71D
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho
Notes
Evandromyia carmelinoi
(Ryan, Fraiha, Lainson & Shaw, 1986)
ADCC3193-70F1-59FD-9630-F398F64FA17E
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Pimenta Bueno
Notes
Evandromyia evandroi
(Costa Lima & Antunes, 1936)
F1C6EB4F-9655-5223-A41B-7D1A20790FE9
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Porto Velho
Notes
Evandromyia georgii
(Freitas & Barrett, 2002)
54266204-6689-5A2B-AC15-E3BBD92C393A
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Ogawa et al. 2016, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021
Evandromyia infraspinosa
(Mangabeira, 1941)
39639F5C-66F4-5430-A60B-07D308AB884B
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Teles et al. 2013
Evandromyia inpai
(Young & Arias, 1977)
DDF14B5E-B40B-5D57-B65B-FA22841F120D
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia
Notes
Evandromyia lenti
(Mangabeira, 1938)
BF1BAB37-8B43-5517-87F7-C846FC415F3E
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Ji-Paraná, Monte Negro, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Evandromyia monstruosa
(Floch & Abonnenc, 1944)
253037B3-695F-587B-8C76-45F5EDEBD432
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Evandromyia pinottii
(Damasceno & Arouck, 1956)
94C6C12A-430C-58C2-83B4-2F656EF4EC04
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Porto Velho
Notes
Evandromyia piperiformis
Godoy, Cunha & Galati, 2017
8E69CC85-CFB1-551F-A09E-D33D9CA111E6
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Costa Marques, Machadinho d'Oeste, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Silva et al. 2021
Evandromyia saulensis
(Floch & Abonnenc, 1944)
249761AD-FE1B-5038-A1C5-7D27C99D99AB
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Torchitte et al. 2020
Evandromyia sericea
(Floch & Abonnenc, 1944)
DD97DB37-ED5D-593E-86C6-A7ADE1A8D82E
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Itapuã do Oeste, Porto Velho
Notes
Evandromyia sp. de Baduel
(Floch & Abonnenc, 1945)
C9BE2C29-8DB5-53D6-9B5E-621AD761137A
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Guajará-Mirim
Notes
Evandromyia tarapacaensis
(Le Pont, Torrez-Espejo & Galati, 1997)
DC10DFD5-5F66-51F9-878C-0F6BD335DDBE
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho
Notes
Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Evandromyia termitophila
(Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1964)
347DDD1E-8092-5FA7-92EA-763EF8BF98AE
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2016
Evandromyia walkeri
(Newstead, 1914)
9826991D-83CB-59A8-BEE1-332CC8E435DB
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vale do Anari
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Evandromyia williamsi
(Damasceno, Causey & Arouck, 1945)
4B65FF2C-9A40-5C4F-B0B4-BFB72C5C0BDF
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Costa Marques, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Evandromyia wilsoni
(Damasceno & Causey, 1945)
B9CA8167-B897-510D-AAB8-40C3CCBF4EAE
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Lutzomyia caligata
Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1965
E3E5BD45-7939-5214-A4B1-F173B28A8503
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Guajará-Mirim
Notes
Lutzomyia carvalhoi
(Damasceno, Causey & Arouck, 1945)
4AC37A42-7398-545B-A47A-AC100D42DD7C
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Lutzomyia evangelistai
Martins & Fraiha, 1971
7167478B-A781-5C2F-81F2-4015D5BEFFCE
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Gil et al. 2003, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Lutzomyia falcata
Young, Morales & Ferro, 1994
2D926CF1-0ED7-5D16-8EAE-3F5A67FF3FE2
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Porto Velho
Notes
Lutzomyia flabellata
Martins & Silva, 1964
8DA6563F-EE2E-5EB5-AB5C-D05DFFB87119
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Itapuã do Oeste, Vale do Anari
Notes
Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2018
Lutzomyia gomezi
(Nitzulescu, 1931)
EAE2D441-9595-5E85-B331-FED66B6AD970
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Guajará-Mirim, Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Gil et al. 2003, Martins et al. 1965, Silva et al. 2021
Lutzomyia longipalpis
(Lutz & Neiva, 1912)
1A4D96D2-12BD-5B0B-8E38-CDD8D7732C29
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Monte Negro
Notes
Lutzomyia marinkellei
Young, 1979
0183103C-3963-57A5-BCD4-D5B6B77106DC
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Itapuã do Oeste
Notes
Lutzomyia sherlocki
Martins, Silva & Falcão, 1971
7A32D78F-8CFB-5655-870C-26CF681079E0
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Costa Marques, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Martinsmyia waltoni
(Arias, Freitas & Barrett, 1984)
65A3FB73-FA3B-51A0-B5E0-D56AFE0EA74C
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Monte Negro
Notes
Gil et al. 2003, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b
Micropygomyia acanthopharynx
(Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1962)
36E5095B-7AD1-5E3E-B9B2-1E038BC4AC2E
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Monte Negro
Notes
Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Teles et al. 2013
Micropygomyia cayennensis cayennensis
(Floch & Abonnenc, 1941)
B2AE6954-9345-53A9-BB1D-CFAB7588F7BF
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia
Notes
Micropygomyia echinatopharynx
Andrade Filho, Galati, Andrade & Facão, 2004
5E6F56D1-9D38-59E2-B207-F3056E13EAE4
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Costa Marques
Notes
Micropygomyia longipennis
(Barretto, 1946)
E651C9FC-6D8E-5A36-81D3-613AA8ED445D
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Micropygomyia micropyga
(Mangabeira, 1942)
792DEADF-E9BA-5AF7-BAFE-F01383709D89
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Martins et al. 1965, Resadore et al. 2018, Teles et al. 2013
Micropygomyia oswaldoi
(Mangabeira, 1942)
B3047ACA-F29A-5B13-8BE9-B0F5CC62F8B9
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Porto Velho
Notes
Micropygomyia peresi
(Mangabeira, 1942)
13C609E3-F325-587A-A873-F53FD1F3FE11
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Itapuã do Oeste
Notes
Micropygomyia pilosa
(Damasceno & Causey, 1944)
F0917988-8FCA-5C15-904C-E45477F8D082
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Gil et al. 2003, Ogawa et al. 2016, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b
Micropygomyia rorotaensis
(Floch & Abonnenc, 1944)
1AEB4FF5-4028-5B99-9288-B305C244509A
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Torchitte et al. 2020
Micropygomyia trinidadensis
(Newstead, 1922)
3A93E3B9-ED15-5F84-86DD-16FC0F2F8FB4
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2018
Micropygomyia villelai
(Mangabeira, 1942)
036BBD1F-6C23-5123-B427-D74744470C19
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Costa et al. 2021b, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Migonemyia cerqueirai
(Causey & Damasceno, 1945)
17F6E812-1715-5115-825D-83C85DDAA88F
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Guajará-Mirim
Notes
Migonemyia migonei
(França, 1920)
49033A29-A793-5BDB-92B4-5E170F0D1F0B
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho
Notes
Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Torchitte et al. 2020
Nyssomyia anduzei
(Rozeboom, 1942)
91D83CF8-ACAB-5CAF-87D8-8DB4408A301C
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Ogawa et al. 2016, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018
Nyssomyia antunesi
(Coutinho, 1939)
0BBE5BCC-2392-55B7-9E07-DC3F2E333E05
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Ogawa et al. 2016, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Nyssomyia delsionatali
Galati & Galvis, 2012
FB747CCA-ACE2-5DE5-B30C-BB760BB220BB
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacoal, Costa Marques, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Silva et al. 2021
Nyssomyia fraihai
(Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1979)
8099CBC4-F1FC-5AEF-8009-32BA2D4982C6
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Itapuã do Oeste, Machadinho d'Oeste, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Costa et al. 2021b, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Ogawa et al. 2016, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021
Nyssomyia richardwardi
(Ready & Fraiha, 1981)
694D18F4-9382-5007-A92F-CDF3ECAE0F91
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Costa et al. 2021b, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021
Nyssomyia shawi
(Fraiha, Ward & Ready, 1981)
BFB97742-682A-5DF5-8DE7-02DD508F62BC
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Ogawa et al. 2016, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Nyssomyia umbratilis
(Ward & Fraiha, 1977)
32859C7F-09F0-5910-BF61-480AC1A588D9
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Ogawa et al. 2016, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Nyssomyia urbinattii
Galati & Galvis, 2012
322A9682-FE2D-5653-8FC3-F716FB62C5BE
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Pimenta Bueno, São Francisco do Guaporé
Notes
Nyssomyia whitmani
(Antunes & Coutinho, 1939)
8DD1092A-A7A0-5E5D-AE30-679FF845F7D9
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Ogawa et al. 2016, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Nyssomyia yuilli pajoti
(Abonnenc, Léger& Fauran 1979)
1741F56A-5BC9-58ED-AF7C-573C2BEF18A1
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Porto Velho
Notes
Nyssomyia yuilli yuilli
(Young & Porter, 1972)
52A56F22-60F2-5778-A8CE-35AB724A1408
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Guajará-Mirim, Porto Velho
Notes
Pintomyia damascenoi
(Mangabeira, 1941)
2CD8696A-29BD-5E5E-AA93-798EF6D59B32
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Pintomyia duckei
Oliveira, Alencar & Freitas, 2018
B5783033-9E37-5E9F-90F1-F80CEB5B732B
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Itapuã do Oeste
Notes
Pintomyia fiocruzi
Pereira-Júnior, Pessoa, Marialva & Medeiros, 2019
65381241-87D2-525C-B2F2-67B6A4BC80BB
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Costa Marques, Itapuã do Oeste, Machadinho d'Oeste, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Silva et al. 2021
Pintomyia gruta
(Ryan, 1986)
927820B0-8AEE-5ADE-9B15-3E089ABF84C3
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Porto Velho
Notes
Pintomyia nevesi
(Damasceno & Arouck, 1956)
01949AE5-3574-58FA-9D90-863FABBB2C2C
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Gil et al. 2003, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Pintomyia odax
(Fairchild & Hertig, 1961)
195B4C37-A5ED-5D87-9847-29B841775AEC
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Guajará-Mirim, Porto Velho
Notes
Pintomyia pacae
(Floch & Abonnenc, 1943)
47B27F2A-0048-50D5-80CE-99196192855A
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia
Notes
Pintomyia serrana
(Damasceno & Arouck, 1949)
404D032E-87E6-5AA3-B22E-1F9174158B6F
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Pereira Júnior et al. 2015, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Pressatia calcarata
(Martins & Silva, 1964)
7FA98A32-7C9F-56D5-AEC4-1D614EE1BEF2
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Nova Mamoré
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b
Pressatia choti
(Floch & Abonnenc, 1941)
EAB998CD-D880-51EE-88EE-41707C986A4E
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Porto Velho
Notes
Pressatia triacantha
(Mangabeira, 1942)
05B928CD-85DB-5B73-9E4E-BB79258D0D67
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho
Notes
Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Pressatia trispinosa
(Mangabeira, 1942)
E8459618-B20A-595C-801B-0E1F4341DB9C
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Costa Marques
Notes
Psathyromyia abonnenci
(Floch & Chassignet, 1947)
CD1B8D87-0B45-5711-BC10-864E0FA73D45
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Resadore et al. 2018
Psathyromyia abunaensis
(Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1965)
C352C277-7D76-5793-9B07-881FF6F546CC
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Guajará-Mirim, Monte Negro, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho
Notes
Costa et al. 2021b, Gil et al. 2003, Martins et al. 1965, Ogawa et al. 2016, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Psathyromyia aragaoi
(Costa Lima, 1932)
A997D1E3-CD08-57A9-B9E0-E39EC4AEAB63
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Psathyromyia barrettoi barretoi
(Mangabeira, 1942)
E4061591-0596-5BF6-8493-252E33DBF4B0
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Gil et al. 2003, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Psathyromyia bigeniculata
(Floch & Abonnenc, 1941)
1B10823E-A073-5A07-A3FF-545F2E10565D
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Costa et al. 2021b, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2015, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Psathyromyia brasiliensis
(Costa Lima, 1932)
630D33DD-F7D3-5139-BF5C-B92CBC2A033F
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Porto Velho
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Resadore et al. 2017
Psathyromyia campbelli
(Damasceno, Causey & Arouck, 1945)
BEAABE13-EFB0-5B19-9381-253AA11D40F6
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Psathyromyia coutinhoi
(Mangabeira, 1942)
36978D8F-874F-5EFF-A755-2F809F0E1DC7
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Psathyromyia dasymera
(Fairchild & Hertig, 1961)
FC7B7FB4-49A0-5D86-A92B-FA12595032CA
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Porto Velho
Notes
Psathyromyia dendrophyla
(Mangabeira, 1942)
25CD9930-5B71-5E6B-B20D-26AAFBF14419
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Psathyromyia dreisbachi
(Causey & Damasceno, 1945)
1B22555E-302A-53A8-8DCE-88A4ADB5D194
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho
Notes
Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Silva et al. 2021
Psathyromyia elizabethdorvalae
Brilhante, Sábio & Galati, 2017
4BC9C80D-F57E-5C96-B5A6-55E13ABB3E39
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Costa Marques, Itapuã do Oeste, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Pereira Júnior et al. 2015, Silva et al. 2021
Psathyromyia hermanlenti
(Martins, Silva & Falcão, 1970)
6C5908A9-96EF-5F67-95C5-5DEEFC9C0715
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vilhena
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Torchitte et al. 2020
Psathyromyia inflata
(Floch & Abonnenc, 1944)
2FF7CA1F-E23D-5821-8B00-F9CA88434BF7
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Porto Velho
Notes
Psathyromyia lutziana
(Costa Lima, 1932)
61AD5EB3-8993-57DB-819B-89CBD216550B
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vale do Anari
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Ogawa et al. 2016, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Psathyromyia pradobarrientosi
(Le Pont, Matias, Martinez & Dujardin, 2004)
68963436-2696-5950-89E5-B684970076D4
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacoal, Guajará-Mirim, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vilhena
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Silva et al. 2021, Torchitte et al. 2020
Psathyromyia punctigeniculata
(Floch & Abonnenc, 1944)
7D6B40BA-C75B-5E5A-8F77-E9E50F63ED5B
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2018, Teles et al. 2013
Psathyromyia scaffi
(Damasceno & Arouck, 1956)
15D7A8EE-A383-5269-9FFA-0DE9D651D540
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Ogawa et al. 2016, Silva et al. 2021
Psychodopygus amazonensis
(Root, 1934)
FA258B9C-36A3-5BCE-833E-944E71C7AE81
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Ogawa et al. 2016, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Psychodopygus ayrozai
(Barretto & Coutinho, 1940)
37647816-F2E8-576E-8D85-1066F6264D37
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Silva et al. 2021, Torchitte et al. 2020
Psychodopygus bispinosus
(Fairchild & Hertig, 1951)
7267C95C-5806-5AD6-A5C5-933055CEE870
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Itapuã do Oeste, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Costa et al. 2021b, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Silva et al. 2021
Psychodopygus carrerai
(Barretto, 1946)
F859558D-C61C-50F1-9763-C54914D37E49
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Candeias do Jamari, Costa Marques, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Grimaldi Júnior et al. 1991, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2015, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Psychodopygus chagasi
(Costa Lima, 1941)
6D51E3C3-8846-5AC4-B5AB-A63FFCFC6174
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2015, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Torchitte et al. 2020
Psychodopygus claustrei
(Abonnenc, Léger & Fauran, 1979)
8EA4B332-5BAF-546C-B509-89BA38BD04F5
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2015, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Psychodopygus complexus
(Mangabeira, 1941)
74CAF478-6D4B-538A-83A7-8F4CC748FEB9
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2015, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Psychodopygus corossoniensis
(Le Pont & Pajot, 1978)
EB92D4C8-B9BE-5822-A22B-290206CA8149
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Psychodopygus davisi
(Root, 1934)
E985DCCB-F761-5921-80E8-3414B38E258F
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Candeias do Jamari, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Grimaldi Júnior et al. 1991, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2015, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Psychodopygus francoisleponti
Zapata, Depaquit & León 2012
2608888B-2762-5477-8C93-BF57C09F46F9
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Porto Velho
Notes
Psychodopygus geniculatus
(Mangabeira,1941)
6324B87D-E329-5D4E-AB5B-119635CFE849
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vale do Anari
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Ogawa et al. 2016, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Psychodopygus guyanensis
(Floch & Abonnenc, 1941)
DBB7AE9E-29D6-582A-9CAA-F6A39F7BBFC7
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Ariquemes, Ji-Paraná, Porto Velho
Notes
Psychodopygus hirsutus
(Mangabeira, 1942)
13B39858-9A0E-5C71-97E1-B95FF82DB689
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2015, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Psychodopygus lainsoni
Fraiha & Ward, 1974
D2CDE555-0C1C-57F9-9D30-9829E2876CD4
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Azevedo et al. 1993, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2015, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Psychodopygus leonidasdeanei
Fraiha, Ryan, Ward, Lainson & Shaw, 1986
EA64067A-F836-5C3B-B459-61CD5D47DC5D
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Itapuã do Oeste, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Galardo et al. 2015, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Silva et al. 2021
Psychodopygus llanosmartinsi
Fraiha & Ward, 1980
61432812-EA3F-5EF6-AFE8-482CABD0DB27
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vale do Anari
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021
Psychodopygus paraensis
(Costa Lima, 1941)
720688B6-4E6B-51C3-A814-54A608CE501B
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Galardo et al. 2015, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021
Psychodopygus squamiventris
(Lutz & Neiva, 1912)
5AC22451-E1D6-514D-AC14-9CF2A69A7D1C
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Porto Velho
Notes
Psychodopygus yucumensis
(Le Pont, Caillard, Tibayrenc & Desjeux, 1986)
4D045A14-79EF-5AF1-980F-5157778828ED
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho
Notes
Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Silva et al. 2021
Sciopemyia fluviatilis
(Floch & Abonnenc, 1944)
C8B3E68C-ACF8-56B6-A7D3-62320CE3949E
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Costa Marques, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2018
Sciopemyia servulolimai
(Damasceno & Causey, 1945)
EAB094B5-EEB1-5B7A-AC86-CCF0DBE8C12F
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Ogawa et al. 2016, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Sciopemyia sordellii
(Shannon & Del Ponte,1927)
6F078D69-865F-53A3-9300-11307A82EDEA
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis Cacaulândia Cacoal, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé, Vale do Anari
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Ogawa et al. 2016, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Sciopemyia vattierae
(Le Pont & Desjeux, 1992)
07A8BD8B-3244-51CD-B966-309CA6052097
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Costa Marques, Machadinho d'Oeste, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, São Francisco do Guaporé
Notes
Trichophoromyia auraensis
(Mangabeira, 1942)
446DBCA5-76F3-5FDB-814F-B691006C6816
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho
Notes
Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Ogawa et al. 2016, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Trichophoromyia brachypyga
(Mangabeira, 1942)
34204F95-9DD0-507B-B4FE-8A42529227C9
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo, Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Trichophoromyia castanheirai
(Damasceno, Causey & Arouck, 1945)
4C72FFD0-A690-5A75-A300-B17DABE9C865
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Porto Velho
Notes
Trichophoromyia clitella
(Young & Pérez, 1994)
60AC51DA-D065-52A1-A9ED-E4C5F03D5A11
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013, Torchitte et al. 2020
Trichophoromyia eurypyga
(Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1963)
DBC8048A-61C8-5272-AD7E-5ABE07382992
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Porto Velho
Notes
Trichophoromyia flochi
(Abonnenc & Chassignet, 1948)
592B5144-58FF-585E-B2D4-1B699AE67E7B
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Silva et al. 2021
Trichophoromyia ininii
(Floch & Abonnenc, 1943)
DAEE1F83-FD02-5A30-83A8-1F865EB09A50
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Guajará-Mirim
Notes
Trichophoromyia loretonensis
(Llanos, 1964)
0BC5A18D-3D66-5DAA-932D-DBF313459C4F
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Itapuã do Oeste
Notes
Trichophoromyia melloi
(Causey & Damasceno, 1945)
9AE6570C-ACD5-5868-939B-062DC747F4FA
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Monte Negro, Porto Velho
Notes
Trichophoromyia octavioi
(Vargas, 1949)
AB3542B8-7BC5-520C-983E-78AF31508277
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Monte Negro, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho
Notes
Ogawa et al. 2016, Resadore et al. 2017, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Trichophoromyia readyi
(Ryan, 1986)
EED8B15D-72D8-5043-B4F0-EDDE8F055FEB
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Itapuã do Oeste, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho
Notes
Galardo et al. 2015, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b
Trichophoromyia ruii
(Arias & Young, 1982)
F7965B06-EFCC-5398-BCC0-E096166EAF8C
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Porto Velho
Notes
Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis
(Mangabeira, 1942)
0D85BF0B-3A6A-52A7-9DEF-FFCFC2A79088
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Costa Marques, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Ji-Paraná, Machadinho d'Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Ogawa et al. 2016, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Trichopygomyia dasypodogeton
(Castro, 1939)
A3CB4590-B5FF-5546-8D44-5B1753B3EA97
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Itapuã do Oeste, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021
Trichopygomyia longispina
(Mangabeira, 1942)
9A314B45-3FD2-5771-B0C4-4EDFECD7A51F
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Itapuã do Oeste
Notes
Trichopygomyia rondoniensis
(Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1965)
484597B1-FBBE-5864-BC41-668D6BDBCF3F
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Porto Velho, Vilhena
Notes
Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021
Trichopygomyia trichopyga
(Floch & Abonnenc, 1945)
517A03A5-EFE8-51E3-9A96-DD4E6103CAA5
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Cacaulândia, Porto Velho
Notes
Trichopygomyia wagleyi
(Causey & Damasceno, 1945)
B054D87E-50F0-5E47-8B40-77AFE4A256F2
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Itapuã do Oeste
Notes
Viannamyia furcata
(Mangabeira, 1941)
830381B2-BB67-5A4F-93FD-AF271CAEFA9F
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Buritis, Cacaulândia, Cacoal, Campo Novo, Guajará-Mirim, Itapuã do Oeste, Monte Negro, Nova Mamoré, Pimenta Bueno, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Costa et al. 2021a, Galardo et al. 2015, Gil et al. 2003, Leão et al. 2020, Martins et al. 1965, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021, Teles et al. 2013
Viannamyia tuberculata
(Mangabeira, 1941)
4C658B3A-12A0-5F00-82CF-5B31708BF04A
https://sandfliesdb.herokuapp.com/
Distribution
Itapuã do Oeste, Nova Mamoré, Porto Velho, Vale do Anari, Vilhena
Notes
Galardo et al. 2015, Leão et al. 2020, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Silva et al. 2021
Analysis
A total of 153,155 records of sandflies captured in Rondônia were identified between 1965 and 2021, of which 147,258 were suitable for mapping (species link: 3,408, studies conducted in Rondônia: 143,850). In all, 5,887 reports were discarded mainly due to a lack of geographic coordinates. The remaining 147,258 records were distributed into four subtribes, 15 genera and 140 sand fly species. The subtribe with the most records was Psychodopygina Galati, 1995 with 132,138 records and 68 species, followed by Lutzomyiina Abonnenc & Leger, 1976 (12,534 records – 54 species), Sergentomyiina Galati, 2003 (2,296 records - 11 species) and Brumptomyiina Galati, 2003 (290 records - 7 species) (Table 1).
Table 1.
Records of sandflies in Rondônia state obtained from scientific literature and speciesLink.
| Brumptomyiina Galati, 2003 (7 species) | N | Brumptomyiina Galati, 2003 (7 species) | N |
| Brumptomyiaavellari (Costa Lima, 1932) | 39 | Brumptomyiamesai Sherlock, 1962 | 2 |
| Brumptomyiabrumpti (Larrousse, 1920) | 97 | Brumptomyiapentacantha (Barretto, 1947) | 8 |
| Brumptomyiacunhai (Mangabeira, 1942) | 4 | Brumptomyiapintoi (Costa Lima, 1932) | 18 |
| Brumptomyiatravassosi (Mangabeira, 1942) | 122 | ||
| Lutzomyiina Abonnenc & Leger, 1976 (54 species) | N | Lutzomyiina Abonnenc & Leger, 1976 (54 species) | N |
| Evandromyiaandersoni (Le Pont & Desjeux, 1988) | 1 | Lutzomyiagomezi (Nitzulescu, 1931) | 459 |
| Evandromyiaapurinan Shimabukuro, Figueira & Silva, 2013 | 12 | Lutzomyialongipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) | 47 |
| Evandromyiabacula (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1965) | 307 | Lutzomyiamarinkellei Young, 1979 | 7 |
| Evandromyiabegonae (Ortiz & Torrez, 1975) | 12 | Lutzomyiasherlocki Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1971 | 729 |
| Evandromyiabrachyphalla (Mangabeira, 1941) | 9 | Migonemyiacerqueirai (Causey & Damasceno, 1945) | 2 |
| Evandromyiacarmelinoi (Ryan, Lainson, Fraiha & Shaw, 1986) | 1 | Migonemyiamigonei (França, 1920) | 331 |
| Evandromyiaevandroi (Costa Lima & Antunes, 1936) | 19 | Pintomyiadamascenoi (Mangabeira, 1941) | 23 |
| Evandromyiageorgii Freitas & Barrett, 2002 | 286 | Pintomyiaduckei Oliveira, Alencar & Freitas, 2018 | 8 |
| Evandromyiainfraspinosa (Mangabeira, 1941) | 263 | Pintomyiafiocruzi Pereira Júnior, Pessoa, Marialva & Medeiros, 2019 | 34 |
| Evandromyiainpai (Young & Arias, 1977) | 2 | Pintomyiagruta (Ryan, 1986) | 12 |
| Evandromyialenti (Mangabeira, 1938) | 11 | Pintomyianevesi (Damasceno & Arouck, 1956) | 4140 |
| Evandromyiamonstruosa (Floch & Abonnenc, 1944) | 42 | Pintomyiaodax (Fairchild & Hertig, 1961) | 1 |
| Evandromyiapinottii (Damasceno & Arouck, 1956) | 4 | Pintomyiapacae (Floch & Abonnenc, 1943) | 1 |
| Evandromyiapiperiformis Godoy, Cunha & Galati, 2017 | 21 | Pintomyiaserrana (Damasceno & Arouck, 1949) | 308 |
| Evandromyiasaulensis (Floch & Abonnenc, 1944) | 467 | Pressatiacalcarata (Martins & Silva, 1964) | 15 |
| Evandromyiasericea (Floch & Abonnenc, 1944) | 8 | Pressatiachoti (Floch & Abonnenc, 1941) | 89 |
| Evandromyia sp. de Baduel (Floch & Abonnenc, 1945) | 1 | Pressatiatriacantha (Mangabeira, 1942) | 984 |
| Evandromyiatarapacaensis (Le Pont, Torrez-Espejo & Galati, 1997) | 373 | Pressatiatrispinosa (Mangabeira, 1942) | 80 |
| Evandromyiatermitophila (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1964) | 102 | Sciopemyiafluviatilis (Flochi & Abonnenc, 1944) | 69 |
| Evandromyiawalkeri (Newstead, 1914) | 194 | Sciopemyiaservulolimai (Damasceno & Causey, 1945) | 123 |
| Evandromyiawilliamsi (Damasceno, Causey & Arouck, 1945) | 22 | Sciopemyiasordellii (Shannon & Del Ponte, 1927) | 1349 |
| Evandromyiawilsoni (Damasceno & Causey, 1945) | 461 | Sciopemyiavattierae (Le Pont & Desjeux, 1992) | 21 |
| Lutzomyiacaligata (Martins,Falcão & Silva, 1965) | 2 | Trichopygomyiadasypodogeton (Castro, 1939) | 569 |
| Lutzomyiacarvalhoi (Damasceno, Causey & Arouck, 1945) | 23 | Trichopygomyialongispina (Mangabeira, 1942) | 4 |
| Lutzomyiaevangelistai Martins & Fraiha, 1971 | 235 | Trichopygomyiarondoniensis (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1965) | 121 |
| Lutzomyiafalcata Young & Morales, 1994 | 2 | Trichopygomyiatrichopyga (Floch & Abonnenc, 1945) | 73 |
| Lutzomyiaflabellata Martins & Silva, 1964 | 11 | Trichopygomyiawagleyi (Causey & Damasceno, 1945) | 45 |
| Psychodopygina Galati, 1995 (68 species) | N | Psychodopygina Galati, 1995 (68 species) | N |
| Bichromomyiaflaviscutellata (Mangabeira, 1942) | 1418 | Psychodopygusamazonensis (Root, 1934) | 562 |
| Bichromomyiainornata (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1965) | 2 | Psychodopygusayrozai (Barretto & Coutinho, 1940) | 2308 |
| Bichromomyiaolmecanociva (Young & Arias, 1982) | 14 | Psychodopygusbispinosus (Fairchild & Hertig, 1951) | 352 |
| Bichromomyiareducta (Feliciangeli, Ramirez Pérez & Ramirez, 1988) | 15 | Psychodopyguscarrerai (Barretto, 1946) | 11840 |
| Martinsmyiawaltoni (Arias, Freitas & Barrett, 1984) | 28 | Psychodopyguschagasi (Costa Lima, 1941) | 1436 |
| Nyssomyiaanduzei (Rozeboom, 1942) | 219 | Psychodopygusclaustrei (Abonnenc, Léger & Fauran, 1979) | 1827 |
| Nyssomyiaantunesi (Coutinho, 1939) | 8847 | Psychodopyguscomplexus (Mangabeira, 1941) | 2659 |
| Nyssomyiadelsionatali Galati & Galvis, 2012 | 36 | Psychodopyguscorossoniensis (Le Pont & Desjeux, 1978) | 652 |
| Nyssomyiafraihai (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1979) | 2504 | Psychodopygusdavisi (Root, 1934) | 43818 |
| Nyssomyiarichardwardi (Ready & Fraiha, 1981) | 1241 | Psychodopygusfrancoisleponti (Zapata, Depaquit & León, 2012) | 1 |
| Nyssomyiashawi (Fraiha, Ward & Ready, 1981) | 3400 | Psychodopygusgeniculatus (Mangabeira, 1941) | 4644 |
| Nyssomyiaurbinattii Galati & Galvis, 2012 | 64 | Psychodopygusguyanensis (Floch & Abonnenc, 1941) | 3 |
| Nyssomyiawhitmani Antunes & Coutinho, 1939 | 12594 | Psychodopygushirsutus (Mangabeira, 1942) | 9676 |
| Nyssomyiayullipajoti (Abonnenc, Léger & Fauran, 1979) | 2 | Psychodopyguslainsoni Fraiha & Ward, 1974 | 1117 |
| Nyssomyiayulliyuilli (Young & Porter, 1972) | 876 | Psychodopygusleonidasdeanei Fraiha, Ryan, Ward, Lainson & Shaw, 1986 | 474 |
| Nyssomyiaumbratilis (Ward & Fraiha, 1977) | 1782 | Psychodopygusllanosmartinsi Fraiha & Ward, 1980 | 428 |
| Psathyromyiaabonnenci (Floch & Chassignet, 1947) | 40 | Psychodopygusparaensis (Costa Lima, 1941) | 111 |
| Psathyromyiaabunaensis (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1965) | 12 | Psychodopygussquamiventris (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) | 30 |
| Psathyromyiaaragaoi (Costa Lima, 1932) | 351 | Psychodopygusyucumensis (Le Pont, Caillard, Tibayrenc & Desjeux, 1986) | 58 |
| Psathyromyiabarrettoi (Mangabeira, 1942) | 41 | Trichophoromyiaauraensis (Mangabeira, 1942) | 3579 |
| Psathyromyiabigeniculata (Floch & Abonnenc, 1941) | 494 | Trichophoromyiabrachypyga (Mangabeira, 1942) | 57 |
| Psathyromyiabrasiliensis (Costa Lima, 1932) | 14 | Trichophoromyiacastanheirai (Damasceno, Causey & Arouck, 1945) | 167 |
| Psathyromyiacampbelli (Damasceno, Causey & Arouck, 1945) | 142 | Trichophoromyiaclitella (Young & Pérez, 1994) | 292 |
| Psathyromyiacoutinhoi (Mangabeira, 1942) | 13 | Trichophoromyiaeurypyga (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1963) | 138 |
| Psathyromyiadasymera (Fairchild & Hertig, 1961) | 1 | Trichophoromyiaflochi (Abonnenc & Chassigneti, 1948) | 594 |
| Psathyromyiadendrophyla (Mangabeira, 1942) | 1903 | Trichophoromyiaininii (Floch & Abonnenc, 1943) | 9 |
| Psathyromyiadreisbachi (Causey & Damasceno, 1945) | 97 | Trichophoromyialoretonensis (Llanos, 1964) | 8 |
| Psathyromyiaelizabethdorvalae Brilhante, Sábio & Galati, 2017 | 21 | Trichophoromyiamelloi (Causey & Damasceno, 1945) | 762 |
| Psathyromyiahermanlenti (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1970) | 233 | Trichophoromyiaoctavioi (Vargas, 1949) | 487 |
| Psathyromyiainflata (Floch & Abonnenc, 1944) | 16 | Trichophoromyiareadyi (Ryan, 1986) | 29 |
| Psathyromyialutziana (Costa Lima, 1932) | 268 | Trichophoromyiaruii (Arias & Young, 1982) | 1 |
| Psathyromyiapradobarrientosi (Le Pont, Matias, Martinez & Dujardin, 2004) | 100 | Trichophoromyiaubiquitalis (Mangabeira, 1942) | 5505 |
| Psathyromyiapunctigeniculata (Floch & Abonnenc, 1944) | 11 | Viannamyiafurcata (Mangabeira, 1941) | 1310 |
| Psathyromyiascaffi (Damasceno & Arouck, 1956) | 38 | Viannamyiatuberculata (Mangabeira, 1941) | 367 |
| Sergentomyiina Galati, 2003 (11 species) | N | Sergentomyiina Galati, 2003 (11 species) | N |
| Micropygomyiaacanthopharynx (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1962) | 679 | Micropygomyiaperesi (Mangabeira, 1942) | 3 |
| Micropygomyiacayennensiscayennensis (Floch & Abonnenc, 1941) | 2 | Micropygomyiapilosa (Damasceno & Causey, 1944) | 9 |
| Micropygomyiaechinathopharynx Andrade Filho, Galati, Andrade & Falcão, 2004 | 1 | Micropygomyiarorotaensis (Floch & Abonnenc, 1944) | 160 |
| Micropygomyialongipennis (Barretto, 1946) | 28 | Micropygomyiatrinidadensis (Newstead, 1922) | 1133 |
| Micropygomyiamicropyga (Mangabeira, 1942) | 76 | Micropygomyiavillelai (Mangabeira, 1942) | 202 |
| Micropygomyiaoswaldoi (Mangabeira, 1942) | 3 |
Sand fly studies were conducted in 17 of the State’s 52 municipalities, with Porto Velho being the municipality with the most collection events. Considering all of the evaluated studies, the most abundant species observed were: Psychodopygusdavisi (Root, 1934) (43,818 records), Nyssomyiawhitmani (Antunes & Coutinho, 1939) (12,594), Psychodopyguscarrerai (Barretto, 1946) (11,840), Psychodopygushirsutus (Mangabeira, 1942) (9,676), Nyssomyiaantunesi (Coutinho, 1939) (8,847), Trichophoromyiaubiquitalis (Mangabeira, 1942) (5,505), Psychodopygusgeniculatus (Mangabeira, 1941) (4,644), Pintomyianevesi (Damasceno & Arouck, 1956) (4,140), Trichophoromyiaauraensis (Mangabeira, 1942) (3,579), Nyssomyiashawi (Ward, Fraiha & Ready, 1981) (3400), Psychodopyguscomplexus (Mangabeira, 1941) (2,659), Nyssomyiafraihai (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1979) (2,504) and Bichromomyiaflaviscutellata (Mangabeira, 1942) (1,418). These species were most commonly distributed amongst the municipalities as follows: N.whitmani (17/17), P.davisi and N.antunesi (16/17), B.flaviscutellata, P.hirsutus and T.ubiquitalis (15/17), P.nevesi, P.carrerai (13/17), N.umbratilis and P.complexus (12/17), T.auraensis (11/17), P.ayrozai (9/17) and N.fraihai (7/17) (Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
Figure 1.
Distribution maps of sand fly species with high abundance in the State of Rondônia (Brazil). A) Municipalities (green) in which sandflies were reported; B) Bichromomyiaflaviscutellata; C) Nyssomyiaantunesi; D) Nyssomyiafraihai.
Figure 2.
Distribution maps of sand fly species with high abundance in the State of Rondônia (Brazil). A) Municipalities (green) in which sandflies were reported; B) Nyssomyiashawi; C) Nyssomyia umbratilis; D) Nyssomyiawhitmani.
Figure 3.
Distribution maps of sand fly species with high abundance in the State of Rondônia (Brazil). A) Municipalities (green) in which sandflies were reported; B) Pintomyianevesi; C) Psychodopygusayrozai; D) Psychodopyguscarrerai.
Figure 4.
Distribution maps of sand fly species with high abundance in the State of Rondônia (Brazil). A) Municipalities (green) in which sandflies were reported; B) Psychodopyguscomplexus; C) Psychodopygusdavisi; D) Psychodopygusgeniculatus.
Figure 5.
Distribution maps of sand fly species with high abundance in the State of Rondônia (Brazil). A) Municipalities (green) in which sandflies were reported; B) Psychodopygushirsutus; C) Trichophoromyiaauraensis; D) Trichophoromyiaubiquitalis.
We identified 20 records of Leishmania infection in eight sand fly species: N.antunesi, N.shawi, P.amazonensis, P.carrerai, P.chagasi, P.davisi, P.hirsutus and S.sordellii (Fig. 6). Leishmaniaamazonensis (n = 1) was recorded in one species in Itapuã do Oeste. Leishmaniabraziliensis (n = 9) was detected in five sand fly species, reported in Costa Marques, Candeias do Jamari, Itapuã do Oeste and Monte Negro. Leishmanianaiffi (n = 11) was observed in five sand fly species, reported in Cacaulândia, Itapuã do Oeste and Porto Velho.
Figure 6.
Reports of natural infection by Leishmania spp. in sand fly species; the blue asterisk represents Leishmaniaamazonensis; yellow squares represent Leishmaniabraziliensis and red crosses indicate Leishmanianaiffi. A) Municipalities with reports of sandflies infected with the following Leishmania spp.; B) Nyssomyiaantunesi; C) Nyssomyiashawi; D) Psychodopygusamazonensis; E) Psychodopyguscarrerai; F) Psychodopyguschagasi; G) Psychodopygusdavisi; H) Psychodopygushirsutus; I) Sciopemyiasordellii.
Discussion
This study demonstrates the high diversity and distribution of sandflies, which are found in abundance in the Amazon rainforest. Although Rondônia has experienced a decrease in vegetal cover over the last 40 years (Fearnside 2014), the State still contains many conservation areas that maintain the conditions necessary to maintain assemblages, including forest fragments in which a high diversity of sandflies can be found. Considering the possibility that continued deforestation may increase the risk for increases in CL cases or even contribute to the extinction of rare species, there is a great need to explore new collection areas, mainly those not sampled, as well as to preserve areas highly impacted by deforestation.
We observed a wide species distribution amongst the evaluated municipalities, including those with Leishmania vector potential. Interestingly, L.braziliensis has been reported as the most prevalent agent in human cases recently reported in Rondônia (Cantanhêde et al. 2015, Almeida et al. 2021). Our analysis of species distribution amongst potential vectors confirmed the prevalence of L.braziliensis, but also indicates that L.naiffi also seems to be abundant. However, relatively few studies have reported natural infection by these parasites in the State, revealing low vector infection rates (Resadore et al. 2018, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b), which makes it difficult to understand the true distribution of Leishmania species in sandflies throughout Rondônia.
Considering species important for Leishmania transmission in the Amazon, we observed low abundance of B.flaviscutellata across the State’s municipalities compared to other species; one possibility for this may be that all studies conducted in Rondônia used light traps to capture sand fly fauna; however, studies have demonstrated that B.flaviscutellata is more effectively attracted to and captured by animal rodent bait than light (Lainson and Shaw 1968, Dorval et al. 2010). If this holds true for a representative sample of this species, more specific studies implementing an active search in other environments are necessary. On the other hand, this species was identified in 15/52 of the State’s municipalities. Ecological niche models have demonstrated that B.flaviscutellata is present in areas where the annual mean temperature ranges from 21 to 27.6°C and annual precipitation varies between 1,139 and 3,843 mm (Carvalho et al. 2015); therefore, Rondônia has suitable conditions for developing populations of B.flaviscutellata.
Nyssomyiaantunesi is a suspected vector of L.lindenbergi with wide distribution throughout Brazil. This species was found in 16/52 municipalities in Rondônia with differing abundance (Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Silva et al. 2021). Leishmania DNA (Ogawa et al. 2016) was reported in this species and infection with L.naiffi was identified by two other studies (Leão et al. 2020, Silva et al. 2021). However, it is important to note that overlapping distribution with other recently-described species, Nyssomyiadelsionatali and Nyssomyiaurbinattii (Galati and Ovallos 2012), could be occurring. It has been suggested that these three species may constitute an “Antunesi complex,” as specific identification of N.antunesi and N.urbinattii females is complicated by similar genitalia. It is, therefore, plausible that misidentification may occur in areas where both species are present, necessitating further study to clarify what characteristics can enable the correct identification of females, leading to enhanced knowledge regarding the role of these species as CL vectors. Importantly, some females, classified in this complex, were recently reported to be infected with L.braziliensis DNA (Costa et al. 2021a).
Nyssomyiafraihai is a species that deserves discussion. Recent revalidation (Godoy and Galati 2016) evaluated specimens from the State of Bahia, Colombian topotypes of Nyssomyiayuilliyuilli (Young & Porter, 1972), as well as specimens identified as N.yuilliyuilli from other areas of Brazil, Peru and Colombia. Morphometric analysis revealed that specimens from Brazil and Peru differed from those obtained in Colombia, mainly in terms of the parameres, which led the authors to revalidate N.fraihai. It was also concluded that the distribution of N.fraihai is cis-Andean, while N.yuilliyuilli has been found in both Andean and Trans-Andean areas, generating speculation regarding the true distribution of these species (Godoy and Galati 2016). Many studies conducted in Rondônia have reported the presence of N.yuilliyuilli in their checklists, some with high abundance (Azevedo et al. 1993, Gil et al. 2003, Galardo et al. 2015, Ogawa et al. 2016, Resadore et al. 2017, Resadore et al. 2018, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Leão et al. 2020, Costa et al. 2021a, Silva et al. 2021), leading us to revise the identification of some specimens identified in most studies; we concluded that the species were indeed N.fraihai. This observation updates the distribution of N.fraihai in Rondônia as being present in seven municipalities and raises further questions on the distribution of N.yuilliyuilli in the State.
Nyssomyiashawi was found to be in low abundance in most studies conducted in Rondônia; however, Gil et al. (2003) recorded a high abundance of this species, which is similar to two different reports in Acre State (Araujo-Pereira et al. 2021, Brilhante et al. 2021), which observed that this species is amongst the most frequent sand fly species predominantly occurring in primary forest environments. This species could be involved in the maintenance cycle of trypanosomatids, including Leishmania. Since N.shawi was found to be infected with L.braziliensis and L.guyanensis (Garcia et al. 2007, Bustamante et al. 2012), it is possible that populations of this species may participate in the transmission of Leishmania species. Although N.shawi was observed to be infected with Leishmania spp. (Ogawa et al. 2016) and L.naiffi (Silva et al. 2021) in Rondônia, in the State of Acre, it was observed to harbour trypanosomatids in its mid- and posterior gut (Brilhante et al. 2021); nonetheless, its vector role is still undefined.
Nyssomyiawhitmani, a species found in abundance mainly in the central region of the State, was reported in entomological surveys carried out in the Municipalities of Ariquemes, Cacaulândia and Monte Negro (Biancardi et al. 1982, Gil et al. 2003, Gil et al. 2009, Teles et al. 2013). This species was recorded in both forest environments and in areas that have suffered human intervention (Teles et al. 2013, Teles et al. 2016). While this species is involved in the transmission of L.braziliensis in some Brazilian States, there are no reports of infection by N.whitmani in Rondônia (Arias et al. 1985, Teles et al. 2013, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Leão et al. 2020, Costa et al. 2021a, Silva et al. 2021).
Psychodopygusayrozai was distributed across nine municipalities, with low abundance observed in eight; higher abundance was reported in the Municipality of Itapuã do Oeste. This species is cited as a highly anthropophilic sand fly species in south-eastern Brazil, with preferential feeding activity at ground level starting at dusk, extending from approximately 1700 h - 2400 h (Aguiar and Soucasaux 1984). Leishmanianaiffi has been isolated and characterised from specimens of P.ayrozai, leading to speculation regarding this species’ participation in transmission (Arias et al. 1985).
Psychodopyguscarrerai and P.complexus are mainly reported in well-preserved forest environments (Gil et al. 2003, Resadore et al. 2018). Although both species have been found in abundance, few reports have corroborated this observation in Rondônia (Biancardi et al. 1982, Gil et al. 2003, Teles et al. 2013). Psychodopyguscarrerai has been identified with L.braziliensis in areas close to Cachoeira Samuel and Candeias do Jamari (Grimaldi Júnior et al. 1991) and this species was detected with Leishmania DNA in the Municipality of Itapuã do Oeste (Resadore et al. 2018). Psychodopyguscomplexus has only been linked to L.braziliensis transmission in the north-eastern State of Pará (Souza et al. 1996).
Psychodopygushirsutus is widely distributed across seven South American countries (Colombia, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil) (Galati 2021). This sand fly species is present in all Brazilian States, with the exception of those in the south (Galati 2021). While broad distribution of P.hirsutus is notable in Rondônia, few studies have reported this species in abundance (Torchitte et al. 2020, Silva et al. 2021). Females were observed to be infected with promastigotes identified as L.naiffi in the State’s central region (Gil et al. 2003), as well in some rural locations of Porto Velho, where the DNA of this Leishmania species was detected (Silva et al. 2021); however, another study reported females infected with L.braziliensis DNA (Costa et al. 2021a), reinforcing the possibility of the vector role of this sand fly species in the maintenance of Leishmania.
Psychodopygusdavisi is the species most widely distributed throughout Rondônia and most studies have reported this species in abundance—our database shows this species as present in 16 municipalities. We identified many studies detecting Leishmania infection, with this species probably being the main vector of this protozoan in the State. Natural infection was detected by PCR from females collected in the Municipality of Monte Negro, identified through sequencing as L.braziliensis (Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b). Psychodopygusdavisi females were visualised with promastigotes identified as L.braziliensis (Grimaldi Júnior et al. 1991) and L.naiffi (Gil et al. 2003) in the State’s central region and this species was also detected together with L.naiffi in Porto Velho (Silva et al. 2021). Other females were recently identified with DNA from Leishmaniaamazonensis by PCR (Resadore et al. 2018). This species has already been detected with Leishmania DNA in other locations in the State of Amazonas: Lábrea (Silva et al. 2014) and Tefé (Pereira Júnior et al. 2015). Psychodopygusdavisi specimens were found to harbour DNA from L.braziliensis in Rio Branco, Acre (Ávila et al. 2018) and DNA from L.guyanensis in Assis Brasil, Acre, while other samples, classified as either L.guyanensis or L.braziliensis (Teles et al. 2016) have been found.
Although Pintomyianevesi was found to be well-distributed in Rondônia and present in 13 municipalities, no studies reported the detection of Leishmania DNA (Gil et al. 2003, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Leão et al. 2020, Costa et al. 2021a, Silva et al. 2021). Nonetheless, this species was detected with L.braziliensis DNA in Acre, suggesting the vector potential of this species (Ávila et al. 2018).
Trichophoromyiaauraensis and T.ubiquitalis are likely Leishmania vectors in Rondônia (Santos and Silveira 2020). Trichophoromyiaubiquitalis has already been detected with Leishmania DNA in the Municipality of Porto Velho (Ogawa et al. 2016, Resadore et al. 2017). This species was observed to be infected with Leishmania DNA in the neighbouring areas of Lábrea, Amazonas (Silva et al. 2014) and with Leishmanialainsoni DNA in the Municipality of Tefé, Amazonas (Pereira Júnior et al. 2015). Trichophoromyiaauraensis has been reported in abundance in the Municipality of Guajará-Mirim and in municipalities located in the central region of the State (Buritis, Cacaulândia, Campo Novo and Monte Negro), as well as in Porto Velho (Biancardi et al. 1982, Gil et al. 2003, Ogawa et al. 2016, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a). In addition, some specimens were detected with Leishmania DNA in Porto Velho (Ogawa et al. 2016) and Itapuã do Oeste (Resadore et al. 2018). Silva et al. (2021) observed Trichophoromyia spp. females infected with L.naiffi, which could not be identified on a species level due to morphological similarity; however, due to the collection of T.auraensis males, the authors suggested the possibility of some females also being T.auraensis. This species has also been considered abundant in studies carried out in the State of Acre, with presence reported in both forest and peri-domiciliary environments (Teles et al. 2016, Araujo-Pereira et al. 2017, Ávila et al. 2018) and Leishmania DNA documented in the Municipalities of Assis Brasil (Teles et al. 2016) and Rio Branco/AC (Araujo-Pereira et al. 2017).
Amongst all reports of species identified in Rondônia, we expostulate that some were incorrectly classified in the State: Bichromomyiainornata, Evandromyia sp. de Baduel, Micropygomyiacayennensiscayennensis (Floch & Abonnenc, 1941), N.yuilliyuilli (already cited), Pintomyiaodax (Fairchild & Hertig, 1961), Psathyromyiarunoides and Psathyromyiashannoni. However, further taxonomic study is required to definitively confirm this speculation.
The original description of Bichromomyiainornata, by Martins et al. (1965), is the only report of this species in the State. Distribution has been reported in Bolivia, as well as in the Brazilian States of Amazonas, Rondônia and Maranhão (Galati 2021). The species was originally described as having a dark scutellum, the same colour as the mesonotum; however, when examining the holotype, Galati characterised this structure as transparent, differently from the mesonotum, which was reportedly indistinguishable from B.flaviscutellata (Galati 2021). While the possibility exists that the species found in Rondônia is indeed B.flaviscutellata, further study is needed to confirm the taxonomic status of this species.
Evandromyia sp. de Baduel has only been recorded in two studies (Martins et al. 1965, Biancardi et al. 1982). Reports in Rondônia may have confused it with other species, such as Evandromyiaandersoni males or Evandromyiabacula females (Galati 2021). Although a study reported the occurrence of Micropygomyiacayennensiscayennensis in the State (Castellón Bermúdez 2009), this was likely incorrectly identified, as the original description cited (Gil et al. 2003) contains no reference to this species. The original report of Pintomyiaodax (Biancardi et al. 1982) is probably a misidentification of Pintomyiafiocruzi (Pereira Júnior et al. 2019a), as the latter species was not described when P.odax was first reported in the State. Psathyromyiarunoides has been cited in seven studies in Rondônia (Martins et al. 1965, Biancardi et al. 1982, Gil et al. 2003, Resadore et al. 2017, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Torchitte et al. 2020). A later study that evaluated morphological and molecular evidence suggested that all specimens, in fact, belonged to Psathyromyiapradobarrientosi, a species very similarly to P.runoides, leading these authors to speculate that P.runoides is not distributed in Rondônia (Costa et al. 2021b).
Psathyromyiashannoni is reportedly widely distributed throughout the Americas, yet this has been refuted by evidence of misidentification (Sábio et al. 2014). While some studies in Rondônia have reported the identification of this species (Martins et al. 1965, Biancardi et al. 1982, Azevedo et al. 1993, Gil et al. 2003, Gil et al. 2009), it is likely that these reports could have corresponded to Psathyromyiabigeniculata, a species of the Shannoni series that has been identified by our group (Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Leão et al. 2020, Costa et al. 2021b). Molecular studies suggest the possibility that this species belongs to a cryptic species complex (Florin et al. 2011).
Other species require further taxonomic study due to the possibility of misidentification arising from morphological discrepancies, such as members of Guyanensis series: Psychodopyguscorossoniensis, Psychodopygusguyanensis and Psychodopygusgeniculatus. Several populations of this series collected for molecular and morphological study in Ecuador resulted in the identification of P.geniculatus, Psychodopygusluisleoni Leon, Mollinedo & Le Pont, 2009 and P.corossoniensis. Two populations were observed within P.geniculatus and one was described as a new species, Psychodopygusfrancoisleponti (Zapata et al. 2012). Although this species was recently recorded in Rondônia (Silva et al. 2022), our group identified some differences when analysing specimens classified as P.geniculatus (Resadore et al. 2018, Pereira Júnior et al. 2019b, Torchitte et al. 2020). We, therefore, suggest that future taxonomic studies clarify whether these specimens are, indeed, correctly classified, since a study conducted in Ecuador resulted in the reclassification of specimens in the Guyanensis series (Zapata et al. 2012).
Lutzomyialongipalpis, the main vector of Leishmaniainfantum Nicolle, 1908, has rarely been reported in Rondônia, which could be explained by some factors. Many studies have demonstrated that the sylvatic distribution of this species could be restricted in accordance with its populational structure. Moreover, many studies have shown that light traps are not considered an ideal method for capturing this species, necessitating the addition of pheromones or active search to obtain higher numbers of specimens (González et al. 2020). Nevertheless, this species remains important, as cases of VL in humans tend to follow reports of canine VL in Rondônia.
The information evaluated in our study permitted a wide-ranging review of accumulated reports on sand flies over many years, thus enabling the construction of a robust database with information on these insects in the State of Rondônia. Our study was limited by the exclusion of some records from the database due to the inaccurate reporting of coordinates, which may have affected the presently-described distributions of some species. Nevertheless, we believe that the maps produced by this study could serve as reference to guide future studies investigating sand fly species in Rondônia.
Acknowledgements
The author AMPJ received a scholarship from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Financial code 001. JFM received a scholarship from the CNPq - Chamada 06/2019 - Bolsas de Produtividade em Pesquisa - Financial code 303252/2019-7. We also give thanks to Fundação Rondônia de Amparo ao Desenvolvimento das Ações Científicas e Tecnológicas e à Pesquisa do Estado de Rondônia (FAPERO) - Chamada 012/2016 – Diversidade Genética de Flebotomíneos no Estado de Rondônia e Avaliação dos Ciclos de Transmissão de Leishmanioses. This study was supported in part by Fiotec under PROGRAMA DE EXCELÊNCIA EM PESQUISA DA FIOCRUZ RONDÔNIA – PROEP (N 008-FIO-21-2-10).
Funding Statement
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Financial code 001
Author contributions
Conceptualisation: AMPJ, JFM
Methodology: MMSR, AMPJ.
Validation: AMPJ, MMSR, JFM.
Data curation: AMPJ, MMSR, JFM.
Writing - original draft: AMPJ, MMSR, JFM.
Writing - review & editing: AMPJ, MMSR, JFM.
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