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. 2022 Aug 12;204:97–108. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.204.89690

A new freshwater species Achnanthidiumkangdingnese (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthidiaceae) from Sichuan Province, China

Pan Yu 1,2, Qingmin You 1, Yonghong Bi 2, Quanxi Wang 1,✉
PMCID: PMC9848883  PMID: 36760618

Abstract

A new freshwater diatom species, Achnanthidiumkangdingnese Yu, You & Wang, sp. nov. from Sichuan Province, China, is described. The morphology of this species was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). A.kangdingnese belongs to the A.initium-like subgroup, which has external distal raphe ends curved in opposite directions of the valve. The main characteristics of A.kangdingnese are its linear shape, rounded apices and transpically-elongated areolae on the both valves. The central area is well defined with one or two spaced striae of the raphe valve. And on the internal valve, areolae are occluded by hymens perforated by delicate slits, and each hymen is closely joined with the adjacent hymen. We compared the new species with other similar species of Achnanthidium, A.kangdingnese is considered to be sufficiently different from other similar species based on valve outline, shape of the axial and center areas, and striae density. The new species is known only from its type locality, a mountain lake in Kangding County.

Keywords: Diatom, morphology, Mugecuo Lake, new species, taxonomy

Introduction

The genus Achnanthidium Kützing was initially described by Kützing (1844) as a subgenus of AchnanthesBory de Saint-Vincent (1822), with A.microcephalum Kützing (Kützing 1844) as the type of species (Pérès et al. 2014). Achnanthidium was re-established by Round et al. (1990) and redefined by Round and Bukhtiyarova (1996). The number of species in Achnanthidium now exceeds 200 (Kociolek et al. 2018; You et al. 2021; Yu et al. 2022). Based on the characteristics of distal raphe ends, and valve and areolar shapes, the species of this genus have been divided into three major subgroups. The species of the A.minutissimum complex have straight external distal raphe ends and linear to linear-lanceolate valve shapes. Species in the A.pyrenaicum complex have external distal raphe ends that are deflected to one side and slit-like areolar openings. Members of the A.exiguum complex have external distal raphe ends curved in opposite directions (Yu et al. 2018, 2019a; Miao et al. 2020; Tseplik et al. 2021; Yu et al. 2022). A.exiguum and its relatives have since been segregated into the genus of Gogorevia Kulikovskiy, Glushchenko, Maltsev and Kociolek (Kulikovskiy et al. 2020). Karthick et al. (2017) also proposed the A.initium-like subgroup based on the external distal raphe ends which curve in opposite directions. At present, only four species belong to this latter group, including A.contrarea (Lange-Bertalot and Steindorf) H. Lange-Bertalot (Moser et al. 1998), A.peridotiticum (Moser, Lange-Bertalot and Metzeltin) H. Lange-Bertalot (Moser et al. 1998), A.indicatrix (Lange-Bertalot and Steindorf) H. Lange-Bertalot (Moser et al. 1998), and A.initium Karthick, J.C. Taylor and P.B. Hamilton (Karthick et al. 2017).

Members of Achnanthidium have long been considered to belong to the family Achnanthaceae. In China, 48 species of Achnanthidium have been reported compared to 155 taxa of Achnanthes (Liu et al. 2021), including 11 new Achnanthes species (Hustedt 1922; Jao 1964; Jao et al. 1974; Qi and Xie 1984; Zhu and Chen 1994, 1996; Kociolek et al. 2020; Liu et al. 2021). It is possible these species could belong to Achnanthidium, but the lack of the type material makes it difficult to confirm their taxonomic position. It is therefore necessary to collect samples from the type locality for taxonomic clarification. From 2001 to 2022, 17 new Achnanthidium species were described from China (Liu et al. 2016; Yu et al. 2018, 2019a, b, 2022; You et al. 2019, 2021; Liu et al. 2021; Ge et al. 2022). In the present study, we described a new freshwater diatom species, Achnanthidiumkangdingnese from Mugecuo Lake in Kangding County, Sichuan Province, China. We documented its valve morphology with a light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and compared its morphological characters with similar species.

Materials and methods

Four diatom samples were collected from Mugecuo Lake in August, 2015. The new species was only found in one sample (MGC201508036) (30°08'43"N, 101°51'35"E). Mugecuo Lake is located at an altitude of 3780 m in Kangding County, Sichuan Province, China in the northern Hengduan Mountains between the Sichuan Basin and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Chen et al. 2013). Several water chemistry characteristics were also recorded, including: pH, temperature and conductivity. These were all measured using a YSIPro Plus multiparameter meter (YSI, Ohio, USA). Diatom samples were collected from natural substrates by brushing them off with clean toothbrushes. Samples were placed in sample bottles and preserved with formalin (4% final concentration).

In the laboratory, diatom samples (10 mL) were cleaned with concentrated nitric acid (10 mL) using the Microwave Accelerated Reaction System (Model MARS, CEM Corporation, Charlotte, USA) (Parr et al. 2004), with a pre-programmed digestion scheme (temperature, 180 °C) (Yu et al. 2019a). Next, samples were alternately centrifuged for 8 min at 3000 rpm (TDZ5-WS, Luyi Corporation, Shanghai, China) and washed five times using distilled water. The resulting diatom samples were preserved with 95% ethanol. Permanent diatom slides were made with Naphrax (Brunel Microscopes Ltd, Chippenham Wiltshire, U.K) for light microscopy (LM), and the cleaned diatom samples were air-dried onto cover slips and mounted onto alloy stubs for observation with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). LM studies were made with a ZEISS AXIO Imager A2 microscope fitted with DIC optics and at 1000× magnification (1.4 numerical aperture). SEM examination was made using a SU8010 (Hitachi High-Technologies Corp., Tokyo, Japan) at 2 kV, and at a working distance of less than 6 mm. Images were compiled with Adobe Photoshop CS6 (Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, C.A., U.S.A.). Morphological terminology follows Round et al. (1990). All of the diatom samples and permanent slides are housed in the Biology Department Diatom Herbarium, Shanghai Normal University (SHTU).

Results

. Achnanthidium kangdingnese

P. Yu, Q.M. You & Q.X. Wang sp. nov.

48CB6B8D-B057-5D41-813D-25C10FF686C3

Figs 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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A–ADLM valve views of Achnanthidiumkangdingnese sp. nov. Scale bar: 10 µm.

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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A–EAchnanthidiumkangdingnese sp. nov. SEM external views of raphe valve A, B entire raphe valve C, D valve apex, showing the distal raphe ends E central area of the valve, showing the proximal raphe ends. Scale bars: 2 µm (A, B); 1 µm (C, D); 0.5 µm (E).

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

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A–EAchnanthidiumkangdingnese sp. nov. SEM internal views of raphe valve A, B entire raphe valve C valve apex, showing the distal raphe ends E central area of the valve, showing the proximal raphe ends D internal areola occluded with fine hymenate structures. Scale bars: 2 µm (A, B); 1 µm (C); 0.5 µm (E); 0.2 µm (D).

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

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A–DAchnanthidiumkangdingnese sp. nov. SEM external views of rapheless valve A, B entire raphe valve C valve apex D central area of the valve. Scale bars: 2 µm (A, B); 1 µm (C); 0.5 µm (D).

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

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A–CAchnanthidiumkangdingnese sp. nov., SEM internal views of rapheless valve A entire raphe valve B central area of the valve C valve apex. Scale bars: 2 µm (A); 0.5 µm (B, C).

Description.

LM observations (Fig. 1A–AD), valves are linear in shape, with rounded apices. Some individuals were slightly constricted in the middle. Valve length 10.8–23.5 µm, breadth 3.8–4.0 µm (n = 200). On both valves striae are radiate throughout, and striae count cannot be performed with LM. Raphe valve is concave, with a narrow, linear axial area slightly expanded near the center. The central area is well defined with one or two spaced striae. Rapheless valve is convex, with a narrow linear axial area weakly expanded at the middle portion of the valve. The central area is a small oval or absent.

SEM observations (Figs 2–5), both valves have a narrow hyaline area at the valve face-mantle junction (Figs 2A, B, 4A, B). Raphe valve: Externally, the raphe is filiform and straight (Fig. 2A, B), distal raphe ends are deflected in opposite directions (Fig. 2 A–D), and proximal raphe ends are straight and teardrop-shaped (Fig. 2A, B, E). The number of striae is 34–36 in 10 µm at the middle portion, and 33–38 in 10 µm near the apices (Figs 2A, B; 3A). Areolae are round or oval. The uniseriate striae are composed of 4–7 areolae in the middle portion of the valve (Fig. 2A, B, E), and 1–7 areolae at the apex (Fig. 2 A–D). Valve mantle with a single row of linear areolae extend around the apices with a small interruption at the ends (Fig. 2A, C–E). Internally, the thickening widens at the end (Fig. 3A, C), and the raphe terminates in raised helictoglossae close to the apices (Fig. 3A–C). Proximal raphe ends are distinctly deflected in opposite directions (Fig. 3B, E). Areolae are transapically elongated in throughout valve (Fig. 3C, E). Areolae are occluded by hymene perforated by delicate slits, and each hymen is closely joined with the adjacent hymen (Fig. 3D).

Rapheless valve: the single row of pores on the mantle is continuous (Figs 4A–C, 5A, C). Externally, the axial area is linear and weakly expanded in the central area (Fig. 4A, B). On some valves, there are two slit-like areolae oriented longitudinally in the middle region of the axial area (Fig. 4B). Striae are uniseriate, comprised of 3–6 round or transapically oriented areolae in the central area (Fig. 4A, B, D), and 1–5 round or oblong areolae at the apices (Fig. 4A–C). A row of slit-like areolae is present on the mantle (Fig. 4A, B). Internally, the axial area is slightly raised (Fig. 5A). Areolae are transapically oval in the valve (Fig. 5B, C). The number of striae is 34–38 in 10 µm in the center, and 38–40 in 10 µm near the apices (Figs 4A, B; 5A). Areolae are occluded by hymens perforated by delicate slits, and each hymen is closely joined with an adjacent hymen (Fig. 5B, C).

Holotype (designated here).

SHTU! Slide MGC201508036 in Lab of Algae and Environment, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China. Holotype illustrated in Fig. 1D, R.

Type locality.

China. Mugecuo lake, Sichuan Province, 30°08'43"N, 101°51'35"E, altitude: 3780 m, leg. Quanxi Wang in August 2015.

Etymology.

The species so named refers to Kangding County where the holotype was collected.

Ecology.

Periphytic diatom samples collected in Mugecuo Lake (MGC201508036), pH 7.8, water temperature 12.5 °C, Conductivity 35 μs.cm–1). The sample of this new species occurred at less than 2% relative abundance (total counted 400 valves). There are 5 species that accounted for more than 5% of sample MGC201508036: Pantocsekiellaocellata (Pantocsek) K.T. Kiss & E. Ács (Ács et al. 2016) (47.5%), Brachysirablancheana H. Lange-Bertalot & G. Moser (Lange-Bertalot and Moser 1994) (9.6%), Encyonemasilesiacum (Bleisch) D.G. Mann (Round et al. 1990) (7.3%), Staurosirapseudoconstruens (Marciniak) H. Lange-Bertalot (Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 2000) (7.1%), and Nitzschiafrustulum (Kützing) A. Grunow (Cleve and Grunow 1880) (5.2%).

Distribution.

The new species is known only from the type locality.

Discussion

Achnanthidiumkangdingnese sp. nov. possesses features characteristic of the genus Achnanthidium. These characteristics include a linear shape, with rounded apices, uniseriate striae, transpically-elongated areolae on the both valves, fine raphe, and deflected external distal raphe fissures (Ponader and Potapova 2007). The deflected external distal raphe fissures support its inclusion in the A.initium-like group (Karthick et al. 2017).

Achnanthidiumkangdingnese can be compared with several conspecific representatives within the genus based on the outline and structure of the valve. Similar species used for comparison include A.contrarea, A.peridotiticum, A.indicatrix, and A.initium (Table 1). In terms of features viewed in the LM, the outline of the valves of A.kangdingnese are linear with rounded apices, while those of A.contrarea were expanded linear to linear-elliptical with broad capitate apices, A.peridotiticum and A.indicatrix are linear to linear-elliptical with rounded capitate apices. The valves of A.kangdingnese are shorter (10.8–23.5 µm) than the valves of A.contrarea (15 to 37.0 µm) and A.indicatrix (20.0–35.0 µm). The valves of A.kangdingnese are wider (3.8–4.0 µm) than the valves of A.initium (3.1–3.6 µm), and narrower than A.contrarea (6.0–8.0 µm) and A.indicatrix (5.0–7.5 µm). A.kangdingnese also has a small oval or absent central area, but A.peridotiticum and A.indicatrix possess a rhombic-shaped central area, A.contrarea has a rhombic to rectangular central area, and A.initium has an asymmetrical transverse central area. Additionally, the density of striae of A.kangdingnese is higher on both valves than in A.contrarea (28–32 in 10 µm on both valves), A.peridotiticum (~30 in 10 µm on both valves), A.indicatrix (24–27 in 10 µm on the raphe valve, 25–30 in 10 µm on the rapheless valve), and A.initium (29–34 in 10 µm on the raphe valve, 32–35 in 10 µm on the rapheless valve).

Table 1.

Comparison of morphological characteristics of Achnanthidiumkangdingnese sp. nov. and closely related taxa.

Species/Feature A.kangdingnese sp. nov. A.contrarea (Lange-Bertalot & Steindorf) Lange-Bertalot A.peridotiticum (Moser, Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin) Lange-Bertalot A.indicatrix (Lange-Bertalot & Steindorf) Lange-Bertalot A.initium Karthick, Taylor & Hamilton
Valve length (μm) 10.8–23.5 15.0–37.0 15.0–27.0 20.0–35.0 11.0–25.5
Valve width (μm) 3.8–4.0 6.0–8.0 3.5–4.8 5.0–7.5 3.1–3.6
Valve outline Linear Expanded linear to linear- elliptical Linear to linear-elliptical Expanded linear to linear- elliptical Linear-lanceolate to lanceolate
Valve apices Rounded Broad capitate Rounded capitate Rounded capitate Rounded to weakly rostrate rounded
Raphe valve
Axial area Linear Linear, linear-lanceolate Linear-lanceolate Linear Narrow linear
Central area Small oval or absent Rhombic to rectangular Rhombic Small, rhombic Asymmetrical transverse
Raphe Distal fissures deflected to opposite directions Distal fissures are hooked towards the opposite side Distal fissures are strongly hooked towards the opposite side Distal fissures are strongly hooked towards the opposite side Distal fissures are strongly hooked towards the opposite side
Density of striae (10 μm) 34–36 (middle), 33–38 (apices) 28–32 ~30 24–27 29–34
Number of areolae per stria 4–7 (middle), 1–7 (apices) 1–5 (middle), 1–4 (apices) No data 5–6 (middle), 1–5 (apices) 2–5 (middle), 1–4 (apices)
Rapheless valve
Axial area Narrow, linear Lanceolate Linear Linear Narrow linear
Central area Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent or weakly elliptical
Density of striae (10 μm) 34–38 (middle), 38–40 (apices) 28–32 ~30 25–30 32–35
Number of areolae per stria 3–6 (middle), 1–5 (apices) 1–2 (middle), 1–3 (apices) No data No data 4–5 (middle), 1–3 (apices)
References Current study Moser et al. (1998) Moser et al. (1998) Moser et al. (1998) Karthick et al (2017)
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Achnanthidiumkangdingnese is easily separated from A.minutissimum complex and A.pyrenaicum complex species in this genus by having external distal raphe ends curved in opposite directions of the valve. In contrast to other Achnanthidium species, in an internal view, the areolae of A.kangdingnese are occluded by hymens, and each hymen closely joins with the adjacent hymen on the both valves (Figs 3C–E, 5A–C).

Achnanthidiumkangdingnese has only been found on stones in Mugecuo Lake. This lake has a slightly alkaline pH (7.8) and low conductivity (35 μs.cm–1). Among the four samples taken from Mugecuo Lake, A.kangdingnese was found, in low numbers, only in one sample. At the type locality, other monoraphid species co-occur with these new species. The co-occurring monoraphid taxa include A.pyrenaicum (Hustedt) P. Kobayasi (Kobayashi 1997), A.rivulare M.G. Potapova and K.C. Ponader (Potapova and Ponader 2004), A.minutissimum (Kützing) D.B. Czarnecki (Czarnecki 1994), and Eucocconeislaevis (Østrup) H. Lange-Bertalot (Lange-Bertalot and Genkal 1999). Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between diatom diversity and ecology in this region.

Supplementary Material

XML Treatment for Achnanthidium kangdingnese

Acknowledgements

This research was funded and supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32100165, 32170205, 31770222). We would like to thank Yue Cao, Hao Liu, and Fen Luo for help in the field and in the preparation of samples for microscopy. We also thank LetPub (www.letpub.com) for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.

Citation

Yu P, You Q, Bi Y, Wang Q (2022) A new freshwater species Achnanthidium kangdingnese (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthidiaceae) from Sichuan Province, China. PhytoKeys 204: 97–108. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.204.89690

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Supplementary Materials

XML Treatment for Achnanthidium kangdingnese
phytokeys.204.89690-treatment1.xml (20.8KB, xml)

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