Taxonomy of Dianthus (Caryophyllaceae) – overall phylogenetic relationships and assessment of species diversity based on a first comprehensive checklist of the genus

Abstract

In this study, we present an overall phylogenetic framework for Dianthus using four plastid regions (matK-trnK-psbA, rpl32-trnL, trnQ-rps16) and nuclear ITS and a species-level checklist for the genus developed by using all available databases and the literature. The trees from the plastid dataset depict a clade of Dianthus that also includes Velezia and a few taxa of Petrorhagia. New combinations in Dianthus are provided for these species. The checklist of Dianthus in this new delimitation covers 1781 names, with 384 accepted species, 150 subspecies, 12 heterotypic varieties and two forms (not counting autonyms), 1050 synonyms, 22 hybrid names and 172 unresolved names, 3 names were excluded. Implications for the evolution of flower characters, life forms, biogeography, as well as sectional classification are discussed based on the phylogenetic framework.

Introduction

The genus Dianthus L. (pinks and carnations) is after Silene L. the second largest genus in the family Caryophyllaceae. It it was considered to contain approximately 300 species mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere, with many range-restricted or narrow-endemic species in the Mediterranean area, SW Asia, the Caucasus and the Irano-Turanian region, and with some species occurring in eastern and southern Africa (Bittrich 1993). Dianthus is a genus with many taxonomically complex species groups, which is perhaps the reason that no comprehensive treatment of the whole genus exists. Valente et al. (2010) reported Dianthus to be one of the lineages with the highest species diversification rates in flowering plants, which may explain the evolution of numerous narrow-endemic taxa and render Dianthus an interesting model for understanding the evolution of north-temperate floras.

Dianthus consists of mostly perennial and a few annual or biennial herbs or shrubs with oblong to ovate or linear and grass-like leaves. According to the widely used circumscription of Pax and Hoffmann (1934), the genus is characterised by hermaphrodite flowers appearing solitary or in more or less dense terminal cymes. The flowers are subtended by 2 to many epicalyx scales and possess a 5-toothed, tubular calyx with 20–60 well-marked parallel nerves. The inclusion of several species formerly classified as Petrorhagia (Ser.) Link and Velezia L. as suggested by Madhani et al. (2018) adds taxa with fewer (5–15) nerves [D.candicus (P.W.Ball & Heywood) Madhani & Heubl., D.nudiflorus Griff., D.recticaulis Ledeb., and D.tunicoides (Ser. ex DC.) Madhani & Heubl). Similarly, the calyx in three of these taxa possesses scarious commissures (D.candicus, D.recticaulis, D.tunicoides) whereas these are missing in Dianthus s. str., e.g. as circumscribed by Bittrich (1993), and in Velezia. The corolla consists of five distinct petals, with distinct blade and claw. Contrary to the long and pale claw, the limb is brightly coloured (red/pink/purple, yellow) in most species, rarely white. The limb is entire, dentate to laciniate, fimbriate, and without coronal scales. Peltate seeds with a facial hilum and a straight embryo are a characteristic feature of Dianthus including Veleziarigida L. and apparently all species of Petrorhagia (Madhani et al. 2018).

The first infrageneric classification of Dianthus was published by Boissier (1867), who recognised six sections, or “sections naturales”; the names he used are considered unranked (Rabeler 1993): D. § 5. Carthusiani Boiss., D. § 4. Dentati Boiss., D. § 3. Fimbriati Boiss., D. § 2. Leiopetali Boiss. and D. § 1. Verruculosi Boiss., but this classification was based only on species occurring in the area of his Flora Orientalis. Williams (1893) developed a more comprehensive infrageneric classification system, but apparently did not consider Boissier’s work. Williams described the morphology of the genus in detail and recognised three subgenera with eight sections and 22 subsections in total. The most widely used classification until today is the one of Pax and Hoffmann (1934), who recognised seven sections. An overview of the taxonomic history of Dianthus is given in Table 1.

Table 1.

Summary of the infrageneric classification in Dianthus as presented by the respective treatments. The names are given as they were used by the authors, not considering some existing earlier names not used by them.

Boissier 1867	Williams 1885	Pax and Hoffmann 1934
	D.subg.CarthusianastrumF.N.Williamssect.Armerium F.N.Williams	D.subg.Armeriastrum (Ser.) Pax & K.Hoffm. sect. Armerium F.N.Williams
D. § 4. Dentati Boiss.	D.subg.CarthusianastrumF.N.Williamssect.Suffruticosi F.N.Williams	D.subg.Armeriastrum (Ser.) Pax & K.Hoffm. sect. Suffruticosi F.N.Williams
D. § 5. Carthusiani Boiss.	D.subg.CarthusianastrumF.N.Williamssect.Carthusiani (Boiss.) F.N.Williams [as “Carthusianum”]	D.subg.Armeriastrum (Ser.) Pax & K.Hoffm. sect. Carthusiani (Boiss.) F.N.Williams
	D.subg.CaryophyllastrumF.N.Williamssect.Barbulatum F.N.Williams	D.subg.Caryophyllum (Ser.) Pax & K.Hoffm. sect. Barbulatum F.N.Williams (D.sect.Chamaegarophalon Griseb.)
	D.subg.Caryophyllastrum F.N.Williams sect. Caryophyllum Ser. in Candolle	D.subg.Caryophyllum (Ser.) Pax & K.Hoffm. sect. Eucaryophyllum Graebn.
	D.subg.CaryophyllastrumF.N.Williamssect.Imparjugum F.N.Williams
D. § 3. Fimbriati Boiss.	D.subg.CaryophyllastrumF.N.Williamssect.Fimbriati Boiss. [“Fimbriatum”]	D.subg.Caryophyllum (Ser.) Pax & K.Hoffm. sect. “Plumaria” Opiz
D. § 1. Verruculosi Boiss.	D.subg.Caryophyllastrum F.N.Williams sect. “TetralepidesLeiopetala” F.N.Williams	D.subg.Caryophyllum (Ser.) Pax & K.Hoffm. sect. “TetralepidesLeiopetala” F.N.Williams
D. § 2. Leiopetali Boiss.	D.subg.Proliferastrum F.N.Williams	in Tunica Ludw.

The first overall molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Caryophyllaceae (Fior et al. 2006) included D.furcatus Balb. and Dianthusseguieri Vill. and showed Veleziarigida L. as sister to a Dianthus clade. Harbaugh et al. (2010) added D.armeria L. and an unidentified species of Dianthus, but found Velezia within the Dianthus clade that in turn was sister to Petrorhagiasaxifraga (L.) Link. After including more species in their plastid and ITS datasets, Valente et al. (2010) concluded that Dianthus is monophyletic if Velezia is also included. However, this conclusion was premature with respect to Petrorhagia since Valente et al. represented this genus of > 30 species with only two species (P.thessala (Boiss.) P.W.Ball & Heywood and P.prolifera (L.) P.W.Ball & Heywood) as outgroup, not even including P.saxifraga (L.) Link, the type of Petrorhagia. Greenberg and Donoghue (2011) then largely confirmed these findings using five chloroplast regions (matK, ndhF, trnL-trnF, trnQ-rps16, trnS-trnfM) and nrITS, although their tree lacked crucial lineages within Dianthus.

In a recent synopsis of the genera of the tribe Caryophylleae, Madhani et al. (2018) formally extended the circumscription of Dianthus by three species of Petrorhagia and Veleziarigida, based on trees of plastid rps16 and nrITS sequences and mapping of selected morphological characters. They recovered P.armerioides (Ser. ex DC.) P.W.Ball & Heywood as sister to V.rigida based on ITS but the support for a position of this lineage within Dianthus was weak (0.77 PP), and only six species of Dianthus were sampled, again lacking crucial lineages. Their rps16 tree shows Petrorhagiaalpina (Hablitz) P.W.Ball & Heywood, P.armerioides, and P.candica P.W.Ball & Heywood in a subclade that is nested in a Dianthus clade. However, only Dianthuscarthusianorum L. (only supported by BI, 0.98 PP) and D.armeria were included and resolved as successive sisters, whereas Velezia was not sampled at all. Moreover, the fact that the authors used different taxa in their plastid and nuclear datasets, some of them crucial for determining generic concepts but represented in only one of the datasets, further limits firm conclusions. The wider circumscription of Dianthus proposed by Madhani et al. (2018) is not supported by a morphological synapomorphy because the peltate seeds and straight embryos mentioned therein as important characters for diagnosing Dianthus are also found in Petrorhagia. The circumscription of Dianthus in particular with respect to Petrorhagia therefore remains to be clarified by analyses with an improved taxon sampling of both genera and also an increased character base that allows for better resolved trees and statistical support of relevant nodes. These investigations should also consider the Greek and Levant taxa of Bolanthus (Ser.) Rchb.. The genus was found closely related to Dianthus and Petrorhagia based on ITS and rps16 (Zografidis et al. 2020), which includes Bolanthushirsutus (Labill.) Barkoudah, the type of Bolanthus.

Valente et al. (2010) conducted the first comprehensive molecular analysis of Dianthus, based on partial matK, psbA-trnK, trnH-psbA and nrITS sequences from 104 species plus some representatives from Velezia, Petrorhagia and Saponaria L. Based on their trees, the authors annotated five major lineages within Dianthus. The first branching lineage largely comprised members of D.sect.Armerium F.N.Williams (e.g. D.armeria, D.deltoides L., D.viscidus Bory & Chaub.), followed by a Velezia clade (represented by three different samples of V.rigida), and a lineage called “Section Verruculosi” with D.cyri Fisch & C.A.Mey., D.strictus Banks ex Sol. and D.tripunctatus Sm. The majority of the species then appeared in a clade annotated as “Eurasian radiation” that was depicted as sister to an African clade. However, the Eurasian clade had almost no internal resolution.

Dianthus has received considerable interest from botanists in recent years, focusing on individual species groups and the description of new taxa or treatments in specific geographic areas (Balao et al. 2009; Kuzmina and Nersesyan 2012; Deniz et al. 2016; Ferrer Gallego and Laguna 2018; Oskay 2018; López-Jurado et al. 2019) and conservation (Kołodziejek et al. 2018; Cogoni et al. 2019). As a result, 54 species and 18 subspecies, mostly from the Euro-Mediterranean area, were described as new to science the last 15 years.

The absence of an overall phylogenetic tree of Dianthus as a prerequisite to break up the genus into workable units, in which species level relationships then can be studied in more detail with evolutionary methods, has so far limited the analysis of species limits in Dianthus. Also lacking is a comprehensive treatment or checklist, which would be fundamental to inform sampling and provide a basis for synthesising the existing information on Dianthus. Considering the wealth of new descriptions, we assumed that the diversity of Dianthus may in fact be considerably higher than 300 species as cited by Pax and Hoffmann (1934) and Bittrich (1993). Dianthus represents one of the major genera of the order Caryophyllales (Hernández-Ledesma et al. 2015), for which a globally consistent species-level taxonomic backbone is developed by the Caryophyllales Network, which also contributes to the treatments for World Flora Online (WFO, www.worldfloraonline.org) (Borsch et al. 2020).

As a starting point for this study, we took advantage of ongoing research activities in the context of the Caucasus Plant Biodiversity Initiative and the Flora of Greece project (http://portal.cybertaxonomy.org/flora-greece/intro), all covering geographic areas with high species diversity of the genus, and in which Dianthus is currently studied. In Greece, Dianthus is represented by 44 species and 43 subspecies, of which about half are endemic. Some of them are morphologically and geographically divergent, such as the D.juniperinus Sm. and D.fruticosus L. groups, which are woody chasmophytes occurring mostly on the island of Crete (Dimopoulos et al. 2013). In the Caucasus, about sixty species are native, of which 20 are endemic (Kuzmina and Nersesyan 2012), and five further endemics occur in NE Turkey and SW Iran.

The specific objectives for this paper are therefore twofold: first, to generate an overall phylogenetic hypothesis for Dianthus that covers a broad spectrum of taxa, also extending to putative close relatives (e.g. Petrorhagia) to further test the monophyly of Dianthus. Due to the extremely low genetic diversity encountered in Dianthus as compared to other large genera of flowering plants (e.g. Campanula), we sequenced four plastid regions (matK-trnK-psbA, rpl32-trnL, trnQ-rps16) that were selected for high variability and hierarchical phylogenetic signal (Borsch and Quandt 2009) as well as to match existing datasets of Valente et al. (2010). We added nrITS to obtain data from a nuclear region that allows for some first insights to possible hybridisation and reticulate evolution.

The second specific objective is to provide an up-to-date taxonomic backbone for Dianthus. This was done using an import that integrated all electronically available sources from the World Flora Online. In this way, an already comprehensive name source was available that we then matched with recent treatments, e.g. major Floras published in the last thirty years, accounts of specific species groups, etc., to have a clear reference for accepting a name or putting it into synonymy. The checklist of Dianthus presented here will be also incorporated into the World Flora Online taxonomic backbone and will be updated whenever changes become necessary.

Considering the difficulty in species delimitation and the species diversity of Dianthus, we believe that our integrated approach to develop both a taxonomic backbone that includes all names belonging to the genus in a current, monophyletic circumscription, along with a traceable source for the taxon concepts used at species level, will be crucial to understanding evolutionary relationships and species diversification in space and time. Such information is also urgently needed from applied perspectives such as to assess the conservation status of many Dianthus species that are local or regional endemics and/or have a critical conservation status.

Methods

Taxon sampling and collection of plant material

Plant material was collected in the field or from well-documented accessions in the living collections of the Botanic Garden Berlin, and from herbarium specimens kept at the herbaria B and ERE. Information on the origin of all samples is provided in Appendix 1. Vouchers are deposited in B, ERE, HEID and UPA.

DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing

Total genomic DNA was extracted from silica-dried leaf material using the NucleoSpin Plant II kit (Macherey Nagel, Düren, Germany) and from herbarium samples using a CTAB protocol with triple extractions (Borsch et al. 2003). DNA fragments were amplified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 50 µl volumes, containing 4 μl of DNA template (concentration c. 10 ng/μl), 5 μl Taq buffer S (PeqLab, Erlangen, Germany), 2 μl of each primer (20 pm/μl), 10 μl dNTPs (each 1.25 mM), 1.5 units of Hot Taq DNA Polymerase (PeqLab), and ultrapure water.

The matK-trnK-psbA region was amplified in overlapping halves using the primer pair trnK-F (Wicke and Quandt 2009) and CARYmatK-1440R (Schäferhoff et al. 2009) for the 3′ fragment and ACmatK500F (Müller and Borsch 2005), and psbA5’R (Shaw et al. 2005) for the 5′ fragment. The use of the reverse primer psbA5′R that anneals to the psbA gene allows the full sequence at the 5′ end of the trnK intron to be obtained and additionally covers the trnK-psbA intergenic spacer. Amplification conditions were: an initial denaturation step of 1 min 30 sec at 96 °C, followed by 34 cycles of denaturation (30 sec at 95 °C), annealing (1 min at 50 °C), extension (1 min 30 sec at 72 °C), and a final extension step (20 min at 72 °C).

The rpl32-trnL IGS was amplified using the primers rpl32-F and trnL-UAG (Shaw et al. 2007) and the trnQ-rps16 IGS was amplified using the primers trnQ2 (Korotkova et al. 2010) and rpl16x1 (Shaw et al. 2007). The PCR conditions were as for matK-trnK-psbA, except that the extension step was only 1 minute. ITS was amplified using the primers ITS5 and ITS4 (White et al. 1990), amplification conditions were: 35 cycles of denaturation (1 min at 97 °C), annealing (1 min at 48 °C) and extension (45 s at 72 °C), and a final extension step (7 min at 72 °C).

All PCR products were electrophoresed for 2 hours on a 2% agarose gel and then excised and purified using the Geneaid Gel/PCR DNA Fragments Extraction Kit (Geneaid Biotech Ltd., New Taipei City, Taiwan) and sequenced via standard Sanger sequencing at Macrogen Europe (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Chromatograms were inspected by eye, erroneous nucleotide calls were manually corrected, and final sequences were assembled using PhyDE v. 0.9971 (Müller et al. 2005+). All sequences were submitted to the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/home under the projects PRJEB48120, PRJEB43752.

Sequence alignment, indel coding and model selection

DNA sequences were aligned in PhyDE following a motif alignment approach and the rules laid out by Löhne and Borsch (2005). Homonucleotide stretches and parts of uncertain homology were excluded from the final matrix prior to the analyses. Indels were coded according to the scheme “Simple Indel Coding” (Simmons and Ochoterena 2000) in SeqState v.1.40 (Müller 2005b).

Phylogenetic analyses

Best-fitting models of nucleotide substitution were selected via the Akaike Information Criterion in jModeltest v.2.1.6 (Darriba et al. 2012). The models that were found to best fit the given DNA sequence data are listed in Table 2. Phylogenetic reconstructions were performed via Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI). Jackknife (JK) node support was additionally calculated under parsimony in PAUP* v.4.0b10 (Swofford 1998) with 10,000 replicates, branch swapping via tree-bisection-reconnection, a deletion of 36.8% of all characters during replicates, and a retention of one tree per replicate (Müller 2005a).

Table 2.

Sequence characteristics of the individual partitions in the plastid dataset. SD = standard deviation.

	rpl32-trnL	trnQ-rps16	trnK intron	matK CDS	trnK-psbA	ITS
Dataset including hotspots
Number of sequences	202	202	202	202	202	145
Aligned length	1372	1166	1229	1536	270	714
Mean length (SD)	786 (89)	688 (120)	815 (163)	1406 (332)	195 (95)	674 (33)
Dataset excluding hotspots
Aligned length	1236	1068	1186	1537	270	714
Mean length (SD)	755 (78)	653 (114)	793 (160)	1405 (332)	195 (95)	674 (33)
% variable characters	31.5	23.6	16.8	22.4	16.2	33.3
% informative characters	18.8	8.3	5.3	8.8	4.4	27.5
Number of coded indels	106	102	52	17	10	43
jModeltest v.2.1.6, AIC results	GTR+G	TPM1uf+G	TPM1uf+I+G	TPM1uf+I+G	--	SYM+I+G

Tree inference under ML was conducted on the concatenated alignment with RAxML v.8.2.9 (Stamatakis 2014) using the thorough ML optimisation option. The dataset was analysed as a single partition under the nucleotide substitution model GTR+I+G, with branch lengths linked across partitions. Branch support for the ML inference was calculated via 100 bootstrap (BS) replicates using the rapid BS algorithm (Stamatakis et al. 2008).

Bayesian Inference (BI) was conducted with MrBayes v.3.2.2 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003), using four parallel Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) runs for a total of 10 million generations on CIPRES. The initial 25% of all MCMC trees were discarded as burn-in, and post-burn-in trees were summarised as majority rule consensus trees. Datasets for BI comprised both DNA sequence data and coded indels; the binary character model was applied for the indel partition. All trees were visualised via TreeGraph2 (Stöver and Müller 2010).

Compilation of the Dianthus checklist

The checklist was compiled using the EDIT Platform for Cybertaxonomy (cybertaxonomy.org) (Ciardelli et al. 2009; Berendsohn 2010), which is a suite of open-source software tools and services that covers all aspects of an integrative taxonomic workflow and include tools to capture, process, attribute, document, publish and maintain the data. This way, the already existing interaction with the Global Caryophyllales Synthesis initiative (Borsch et al. 2015) can be used and future dynamic updating is guaranteed.

As a first step, a complete list of Dianthus names and their respective World Flora Online (WFO)-IDs were received from the WFO Data Centre in February 2018 and imported into the EDIT Platform. This import included names accepted in the WFO backbone, their synonyms therein, doubtful names, and names of hybrids, and each of these taxonomic states was preliminarily assigned to the imported names. This dataset was then matched with the World Checklist of Vascular Plants dataset received from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in December 2019 (Kew WCVP 2019), which resulted in some 181 additional, mostly infraspecific names, not yet covered by the WFO backbone, which were manually entered into the EDIT platform as well.

This preliminary list of accepted names and their synonyms was then cross-checked with relevant taxonomic treatments (see below). The resulting circumscription of each taxon is indicated by means of a “secundum” (“sec.”) reference (Berendsohn 1995; 1997; Berendsohn and Geoffroy 2007), which is the particular reference for the taxon to be accepted in our taxonomic backbone. For synonyms, the “syn. sec.” reference indicates the assignment of the synonym to the concept of either the accepted name or one of its homotypic synonyms; this may or may not be the same reference as that of the taxon’s secundum. We selected the secundum reference to be the most comprehensive source of information available for a species or subspecies. Ideally, this was a monographic treatment based on morphology and a detailed revision of type material, as carried out for some Floras. In those cases where a newly described species had not yet been included in any subsequent more inclusive treatment, the original publication served as the secundum reference. The references used as secundum for the Euro-Mediterranean area in the widest sense included the treatments of Dianthus in the Euro+Med PlantBase (Marhold 2011), Flora Iberica (Bernal et al. 1990), Vascular Plants of Greece: an annotated checklist (Dimopoulos et al. 2013) and Flora Iranica (Rechinger 1988). Several checklists and Floras were examined for Russia and the Caucasus (Czerepanov 1995; Barkalov and Probatova 2006; Chepinoga et al. 2008; Kuzmina and Nersesyan 2012). For eastern Asia, the sources were the Floras of China (Dequan and Turland 2001), Japan (Zoku 1965) and Pakistan (Ghanzafar and Nasir 1986). The African Plant Database version 3.4.0 (2012) was taken as the primary reference for the African species. These references already covered about 90% of the Dianthus species. Further publications reporting taxonomic data were used, such as descriptions of new species (Brullo et al. 2000; Shaulo and Erst 2011; Brullo et al. 2015; Son et al. 2017), nomenclatural notes on certain species or species groups (Peruzzi and Gargano 2006; Bacchetta et al. 2010) and studies on species in single countries (Iamonico 2013; Lazkov 2016). Many new Dianthus species were described from Turkey in the last 10–15 years, which were considered through the respective publications (Menemen and Hamzaoğlu 2000; İlçim et al. 2013; Hamzaoğlu et al. 2015; 2017; 2018; Deniz et al. 2016).

In the rare cases of differing taxonomic concepts, we accepted the circumscription with the respective secundum reference that was either the most recent one or the one covering the area where the accepted taxon in question is primarily distributed.

Names that were part of the WFO backbone, treated therein as unresolved names and not found in any of the sources cited above, were also treated as unresolved names in our checklist.

Results

Sequence datasets

The concatenated plastid alignment matrix comprised a total of 202 taxa and 5573 positions, which resulted in a matrix of 5297 nucleotide characters and 287 coded indels. The ITS matrix contained only 136 taxa and was 714 nucleotides in length, with an average length of 674 nucleotides. There were polymorphic sites in about one-third of the generated ITS sequences, including some obvious hybrid sequences which were not readable. For this reason, the ITS matrix only includes unambiguously readable sequences and is therefore smaller than the plastid matrix. Detailed sequence statistics are provided in Table 2.

Trees inferred from the concatenated plastid dataset

Our annotation in the phylogenetic trees uses accepted names as available prior to this study; new names or combinations in order to make Dianthus monophyletic are provided below.

The plastid tree (Fig. 1) depicts a maximally supported clade comprising all sampled Dianthus taxa as well as Velezia and several Petrorhagia, which are nested within Dianthus. Petrorhagiaalpina (= Dianthusrecticaulis Ledeb.) is resolved as sister to the rest of the Dianthus-Velezia-Petrorhagia clade. The other Petrorhagia samples are resolved in a separate highly supported clade including P.saxifraga, the type species of the genus, with Bolanthusgraecus (Schreb.) Barkoudah sister to the rest of Petrorhagia.

Figure 1.

Bayesian majority-rule consensus tree inferred from combined plastid dataset of trnK/matK, trnK-psbA, trnQ-rps16, rpl32-trnL. Support values PP (left) and MLBS (right) can be found above branches and JK below; “<50” denotes branches with MLBS support below 50%, “--” denotes a node not found by the respective analysis. Country codes: AM = Armenia, AT = Austria, AZ = Azerbaijan, BG = Bulgaria, CY = Cyprus, DE = Germany, ES = Spain, FR = France, GE = Georgia, GR = Greece (NE = North East, NC = North Central, KK = Kriti and Karpathos, StE = Sterea Ellas, NPi = Norh Pindos, EAe = East Aegean Islands, Pe = Peloponnisos), HR = Croatia, IR = Iran, IT = Italy, RO = Romania, RU = Russia, SK = Slovakia, TR = Turkey, ZA = South Africa. The annotations on the infrageneric classification based on Pax and Hoffmann (1934) are indicated by coloured squares.

A Dianthusarmeria clade (1 PP, 98% MLBS and 100% JK) is the first branching lineage. The next branching lineages are Velezia, Dianthuscandicus, and a clade comprising Dianthuscyri, D.strictus, D.tunicoides and two further species of Petrorhagia (P.cretica (L.) P.W.Ball & Heywood and P.illyrica (Ard.) P.W.Ball & Heywood). However, the branching order among these clades only receives moderate (BI) to weak support.

The core of Dianthus that includes most species (1 PP, 69% MLBS and 65% JK) is composed of three main clades. Clade A (1 PP, < 50% MLBS) contains a wide spectrum of Eurasian taxa. Clade B (1 PP, 90% MLBS and 87% JK) contains mainly Irano-Turanian and Caucasian taxa and all species from southern Africa. Clade C (1 PP, 61% MLBS and 67% JK) consists of Dianthusjuniperinus and most subspecies of D.fruticosus, but D.fruticosussubsp.amorginus Runemark, subsp. fruticosus , and subsp. rhodius (Rech. f.) Runemark are resolved in a sublineage of clade A.

Trees inferred from nrITS

The ITS topology (Fig. 2) is hardly resolved at all. Still, the tree depicts a well-resolved core of species of Petrorhagia in a clade sister to the Dianthus clade. Dianthusrecticaulis (= Petrorhagiaalpina) is again depicted as first branch, followed by the D.armeria lineage, which is congruent to the plastid tree. Dianthuscyri, the species of Velezia, Dianthustunicoides along with Petrorhagiacretica and P.illyrica are found in a weakly supported clade, inconsistent to their positions in a rather weakly supported grade in the plastid tree. Bolanthus (= Graecobolanthus) is resolved in the first branch in the tree, albeit with weak support (0.7 BI, 66% JK).

Figure 2.

Bayesian majority-rule consensus tree inferred from nuclear ITS datasets. Support values PP (left) and MLBS (right) can be found above branches and JK below; “<50” denotes branches with MLBS support below 50%, “--” denotes a node not found by the respective analysis. Country codes: AM = Armenia, AT = Austria, AZ = Azerbaijan, BG = Bulgaria, CY = Cyprus, DE = Germany, ES = Spain, FR = France, GE = Georgia, GR = Greece (NE = North East, NC = North Central, KK = Kriti and Karpathos, StE = Sterea Ellas, NPi = Norh Pindos, EAe = East Aegean Islands, Pe = Peloponnisos), HR = Croatia, IR = Iran, IT = Italy, RO = Romania, RU = Russia, SK = Slovakia, TR = Turkey, ZA = South Africa. The annotations on the infrageneric classification based on Pax and Hoffmann (1934) are indicated by coloured squares.

Unlike the plastid sequences, ITS sequence data do not provide resolution within the core of Dianthus, although some subclades are evident within a broad polytomy (Fig. 2). The lineage with subspecies of D.juniperinus together with D.fruticosussubsp.sitiacus Runemark corresponds to subclade C in the plastid tree, whereas neither the D.broteri Boiss. & Reut. - D.rupicola Biv. - D.lusitanus Brot. subclade of the ITS tree nor the subclade with D.caucaseus Sims, D.gabrielianae Nersesian and D.oschtenica are recovered by plastid data. Also, the southern African species (e.g. D.mooiensis F. N. Williams, D.zeyheri Sond) appear within the core polytomy in ITS.

Accepted species names and synonyms

In total, 1781 names are included for a monophyletic genus Dianthus as defined here, including Petrorhagia p.p. and Velezia. The resulting checklist treatment is subdivided into four parts: i) the core checklist that contains the accepted species and infraspecies and their synonyms, ii) hybrid names, iii) unresolved names and iv) excluded names. The core checklist of Dianthus including 2 former Petrorhagia species and 3 heterotypic subspecies and 6 former Velezia species contains 384 total accepted species and 150 accepted heterotypic subspecies, and 1050 names are assigned as synonyms. There are 22 hybrid names, 172 unresolved names, and 3 excluded names.

Discussion

Circumscription and overall relationships of Dianthus

Plastid and nuclear data agree on a Dianthus clade that includes Velezia and further species of Petrorhagia (P.cretica, P.illyrica) as deeply nested (Figs 1, 2) that were not sampled in previous phylogenetic analyses (Valente et al. 2010; Madhani et al. 2018). It is noteworthy that Dianthusrecticaulis is resolved as sister to all other species of Dianthus in both genomic compartments with good support. It is an annual with solitary flowers on conspicuous peduncles (Ball and Heywood 1964) similar to P.cretica (Fig. 4A, B). The inflorescence architecture is apparently connected to the annual life form, which evolved independently in different terminal branches in Dianthus and allies. Dianthusrecticaulis is the legitimate name for P.alpina, while Dianthusstrictiformis that was proposed as a new name for Petrorhagiaalpina by Madhani et al. (2018) is superfluous and illegitimate (Mosyakin and Federonchuk 2018). Their plastid rpl16 tree, however, depicts this species in an incongruent position as sister to P.candica (also transferred to Dianthus by the authors), but this may be a spurious signal caused by an imbalanced sampling of Dianthus (both species appear nested within the D.armeria clade). Our phylogenetic results confirm the position of these former Petrorhagia species within Dianthus (Figs 2, 3). Nevertheless, we extended the sampling of Petrorhagia and found further species (P.cretica, P.illyrica) within Dianthus, whereas a distant clade of the members of the genus Petrorhagia (including the type P.saxifraga, and P.dianthoides (Sm.) P.W.Ball & Heywood, P.glumacea (Bory & Chaub.) P.W.Ball & Heywood, P.prolifera, P.thessala and P.dubia (Raf.) G.López & Romo) receives high support in chloroplast and ITS trees. The taxa that were found nested within Dianthus belong to the Petrorhagiasect.Pseudotunica (Fenzl) Ball & Heywood and Petrorhagiasect.Pseudogypsophila (A.Braun) P.W.Ball & Heywood, while the Petrorhagia taxa that form a distant clade belong to Petrorhagiasect.Petrorhagia and Petrorhagiasect.Kohlrauschia (Kunth) P.W.Ball & Heywood (Ball and Heywood 1964). This clade is related to Bolanthus, which is inferred as sister with high support in the plastid tree, but is depicted inconsistently in a grade with ITS (Fig. 2). Apart from our now clearer picture of relationships between Dianthus and Petrorhagia, the genus Velezia still plays a role in the monophyletic circumscription of Dianthus. Madhani et al. (2018) merged Velezia with Dianthus, following the suggestion by Valente et al. (2010), but considered only one species, V.rigida L., and resurrected the name Dianthusnudiflorus Griff. based on a type from Afghanistan. Sequence data of Velezia indicate that this former genus consists of more than one species (Fig. 2), with V.fasciculata Boiss. in a different position in the ITS tree compared to V.rigida, which is in line with the acceptance of six species in the Euro+Med PlantBase (Marhold 2011). Only V.rigida is widespread from the western Mediterranean through SW Asia and the Caucasus as well as introduced in North America, specifically in California (Rabeler and Hartmann 1993+), whereas the other species are range-restricted and occur in Greece, Turkey and Syria. Consequently, we propose to also include the remaining Velezia species in Dianthus (see Nomenclatural Novelties).

Figure 4.

Habit, inflorescence and floral morphology in early-branching lineages of Dianthus and Petrorhagia. The Dianthustunicoides clade is represented by D.pachygonus (= Petrorhagiacretica), which has solitary flowers (A, B) in diffusely branched inflorescences (C). The Dianthusarmeria clade is represented by D.armeria (D), which has condensed terminal inflorescences and flowers supported by reflexed, bract-like leaves, and D.deltoides, which has lax inflorescences with solitary flowers each supported by two opposite bracts (E). The core clade of Petrorhagia is represented by P.prolifera, which has highly condensed terminal inflorescences with broadly ovate and thinly scarious bracts enclosing the flowers (F with opened inflorescence to the right). Photos: A. Nersesyan (A-D), T. Borsch (E, F).

Figure 3.

Habit, inflorescence and floral morphology in the core lineage of Dianthus. From the predominantly Euro-Mediterranean clade A are D.sphacioticus (A) with solitary flowers enclosed basally by cauline leaves, D.integersubsp.minutiflorus (B) enclosed basally by several slightly coriaceous bracts with an outward-pointing green tip, D.stenopetalus (C) with several flowers in a condensed terminal inflorescence with many brown scales, D.critinus (D) with four decussate bracts at the base, and D.haematocalyx (E). Clade B, which includes many Caucasian and Irano-Turanian species, is represented by D.gabrielianae (F) and the predominantly Cretan clade C by D.juniperinussubsp.juniperinus (G). D.juniperinus is a densely branched, cushion-like subshrub and D.haematocalyx is a small cushion plant. Photos: N. Turland (A), K. Goula (B–D), A. Zografidis (E), A. Nersesyan (F) and G. Fassou (G).

The second branch within the Dianthus clade is composed of Dianthusarmeria (incl. D.viscidus) and relatives such as D.carthusianorum and D.deltoides, as congruently inferred by the nuclear and plastid partition and which is also consistent with trees shown by Valente et al. (2010) and Greenberg and Donoghue (2011). The respective positions of the next-branching lineages, i.e. Velezia and a lineage of Dianthusstrictus plus D.cyri, are not well supported. Again, our tree topologies agree in principle with the findings of Valente et al. (2010) and Greenberg and Donoghue (2011) but differ in that two former species of Petrorhagia as recognised by Madhani et al. (2018) belong here (P.armerioides (Ser. ex DC.) P.W.Ball & Heywood, P.candica P.W.Ball & Heywood). We show that P.cretica and P.illyrica are also part of this lineage (Fig. 2) and need to be merged with Dianthus.

Our results also agree with a core clade of Dianthus that contains the majority of the Dianthus species. Contrary to Valente et al. (2010), our results depict three major clades (clades A-C) of core Dianthus.

Clade A contains Eurasian taxa and includes the type of the genus, D.caryophyllus. Clade A also comprises three subspecies of D.fruticosus (subsp. amorginus, subsp. fruticosus and subsp. rhodius) that are apparently convergent in terms of evolving a similar life form as the members of clade C. Several terminal sublineages of apparently geographically close samples receive good support such as D.cretaceusAdamssubsp.cretaceus and D.floribundus Boiss., but at the same time the samples of D.gratianopolitanus Vill. are spread over this clade (Fig. 2).

Clade B contains mostly Irano-Turanian and Caucasian taxa but also D.cyprius A.K.Jacks. & Turrill from Cyprus, D.alpinus L. from the European Alps and the taxa from tropical and southern Africa (D.mooiensis, D.namaensis Schinz and D.zeyheri). This is in contrast with the claim of Valente et al. (2010) that an African clade is well supported as a sister clade to a Eurasian radiation. According to our data, the African taxa are nested within the Eurasian radiation.

The third clade of the core of Dianthus (clade C) consists of the Cretan taxa Dianthusjuniperinus and some subspecies of Dianthusfruticosus. Specifically, the subspecies D.fruticosussubsp.carpathus Runemark, D.fruticosussubsp.occidentalis Runemark and D.fruticosussubsp.karavius Runemark can be found in clade C together with D.juniperinus. Dianthusfruticosus is not monophyletic; some of its subspecies, D.fruticosussubsp.fruticosus, D.fruticosussubsp.amorginus and D.fruticosussubsp.rhodius are resolved within clade A. There are no apparent morphological differences of D.fruticosussubsp.amorginus and subsp. fruticosus (both from the Cyclades), and D.fruticosussubsp.rhodius (from Rhodes and other east Aegean islands) compared to the other subspecies of D.fruticosus from clade C. This indicates convergent evolution resulting from adaptation to similar coastal rocky habitats.

Infrageneric classification of Dianthus

The classification of Pax and Hoffmann (1934) is annotated on the phylogenetic trees in Fig. 1. Even though many species were described later and therefore were not classified into infrageneric entities, it is evident that these subgenera and sections do not represent natural groups. Apart from D.sect.Armerium, there is little correlation with the taxonomic groups of either Williams (1893) or Pax and Hoffmann (1934).

Dianthussubg.Armeriastrum is highly polyphyletic and is represented both in the core of Dianthus, namely in clades A and C by D.sect.Carthusiani and D.sect.Suffruticosi, but also in the Dianthusarmeria clade (with D.sect.Armerium) that belongs to the first branches of Dianthus. However, D.sect.Armerium is paraphyletic to D.deltoides (D.subg.Caryophyllum). Clade C has exclusively taxa from D.sect.Suffruticosi, but the section itself is not limited to this clade C. It is polyphyletic due to the presence of D.armeria outside of the core Dianthus clade, the presence of three subspecies of D.fruticosus, and two further independent terminal lineages composed by D.rupicula and D.gracilis in clade A. The suffruticose life form that characterises D.sect.Suffruticosi must therefore have evolved multiple times.

Dianthussubg.Caryophyllum is in the clades A and B, with its sections forming no specific pattern. Although all the sections appear in the core of Dianthus, D.sect.Eucaryophyllum appears exclusively in clade A, while the section “Tetralepidesleiopetala” can be found in clade A and outside of the core. What was referred to as a clade corresponding to D.sect.Armerium in Valente et al. (2010) in fact consists of taxa from different sections sensu Pax and Hoffmann (1934). In addition to D.sect.Armerium, these are D.sect.Carthusiani (D.carthusianorum and D.viscidus), although the majority of species from this section are in clade A. Dianthusdeltoides, which is congruently inferred as part of the Dianthusarmeria clade by Valente et al. (2010), is classified herein in D.subg.Caryophyllum.

The early branch of Dianthuscyri and D.strictus belongs to the section “Tetralepidesleiopetala” according to Pax and Hoffmann (1934), which was originally described by Williams (1885); see Table 1. The two species D.cyri and D.tripunctatus (not sampled here) were earlier used by Boissier (1867) to define D. § 1. Verruculosi, although no type for the sectional name was designated. If we accept D.cyri as the type, the name D.sect.Verruculosi (Boiss.) Schischkin would be correct in terms of priority. This corresponds to the use of this sectional name by Valente et al. (2010), as well as some floristic treatments, e.g. Rechinger (1988). However, Williams (1885; 1893) did not designate any types for his subgeneric or sectional names either. The wide taxon concept of the section “Tetralepidesleiopetala” sensu Williams (1893) and Pax and Hoffmann (1934) can only be adjusted after the application of a validly published name and its typification. This section is polyphyletic and its species are found across all our clades (Fig. 1).

Implications for the evolution of floral and inflorescence morphology

The inflorescences in Dianthus, Petrorhagia and related genera possess a cymose principal structure as in most Caryophyllaceae, and these inflorescences exhibit various levels of complexity. The spectrum ranges from solitary flowers on more or less unbranched stems (e.g. D.sphacioticus Boiss. & Heldr., Fig. 3A), over more or less richly branched inflorescences (e.g. D.deltoides, D.juniperinus, Figs 3G, 4C, 4E) to somewhat condensed (e.g. D.armeria, Fig. 4D) or strongly condensed terminal head-like inflorescences (e.g. D.stenopetalus Griseb., Fig. 3C). These complex inflorescences have evolved independently in different lineages within Dianthus, such as the early-branching Dianthusarmeria clade (D.armeria, D.carthusianorum) and within clade A of the core group (D.cruentus Griseb., D.giganteus d’Urv., D.pinifolius Sm., D.stenopetalus) and also within clade B (D.asperulus Boiss. & A.Huet, D.transcaucasicus Schischk.). In a similar way, the condensed inflorescences in Petrorhagiaprolifera and relatives (Fig. 1C, Fig. 4F; Ball and Heywood 1964) mark convergent evolution in a terminal clade, whereas P.saxifraga has solitary flowers subtended by four decussate bracts, like in several species of Dianthus in core clades A-C (Fig. 3). Within the inflorescences, cauline herbaceous leaves more or less gradually become narrower, more scarious or papery in texture and with a more distinctly excurrent midrib (Figs 3D, 4E) toward the tip of the branches. The position of the uppermost pair of these leaf organs can be distinctly below the calyx as in Petrorhagiacretica, and in this case they differ only slightly in their morphology from cauline leaves. Alternatively, these leaf organs arise directly at the base of the calyx, resulting from a reduced peduncle and shortened uppermost internodes of the inflorescence branches or stems (Figs 3 B, D, 4E). This seems to be the most common state in Dianthus, which is present in all major lineages. These “subtending” modified leaf organs usually differ more abruptly from the upper leaves on stems and inflorescence branches and have been called “epicalyx scales” or “epicalyx bracts” (Ball and Heywood 1964; Tutin 1964; Madhani et al. 2018;) . Condensed inflorescences with multiple flowers do not only have such “epicalyx scales” but also additional, usually brown, scarious bracts (Fig. 3C) that create a firm, head-like appearance.

This was noted by Tutin (1964), who stated that bracts occur in species with capitate inflorescences and should be distinguished from epicalyx scales. Specialised inflorescence types have also evolved in other genera of Caryophyllales, such as the head-like synflorescences composed of several paracladia that are supported by pseudanthial leaves in Gomphrena, Amaranthaceae (Ortuño Limarino and Borsch 2020). Therefore, complex evolution of inflorescences is present in the Caryophyllales, and occurs multiple times within the respective genera. The absence or presence of “epicalyx bracts” as discussed by Ball and Heywood (1964) and Madhani et al. (2018) can therefore not be used as diagnostic to delimit Dianthus from Petrorhagia and as such does not represent a homologous character. Nevertheless, the evolution of complex inflorescence types, which possess additional modified leaf organs compared to the subtending opposite leaves in dichasial inflorescence structures, may be more accurately reconstructed once there is a fully resolved tree of Dianthus.

The conspicuous species with plumose petals (Fig. 3) were early on classified as “Dianthussect.Plumaria”, a name published by Opiz (1852), albeit a nomen nudum and therefore invalid. It largely corresponds to D.sect.Fimbriati (Boiss.) F.N.Williams. This section is highly polyphyletic, and points to multiple evolutionary origins of plumose petals in Dianthus, such as in D.superbus (core clade A) and D.crinitus or D.libanotis, (core clade B), and there are also transitional petals slightly plumose at the tip (e.g. D.cyprius, D.namaensis).

Implications for biogeography and diversification patterns

A striking biogeographic feature within Dianthus is the Cretan D.juniperinus-D.fruticosus clade (clade C). The highly fragmented form of the Aegean region with many islands is the result of a series of geological events. Between the Lower Oligocene and before the Serravallian, there was a land mass, Aegea. Since Serravallian and until Upper Tortonian times (12–5 MYA), the sea slowly invaded and formed the mid-Aegean Trench, which divided the eastern and central-western parts of Aegea. During the Messinian Salinity Crisis (5.96–5.33 MYA), the Mediterranean Sea almost dried up, creating routes between some isolated areas. Nevertheless, Crete remained isolated from the Cyclades and Peloponnese due to deep trenches with high salinity. At the beginning of the Pliocene (5.3 Ma), the sea level rose again and resulted in a highly fragmented Aegea. Crete was almost submerged and only the peaks of the mountains remained as isolated islands. Since the Middle Pliocene until the upper Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene, the Aegean islands and Crete took their present form, with minor changes. The palaeogeographic history of the Aegean Sea has a major contribution to the biogeographic patterns of all recent taxa of these areas (Sfenthourakis and Triantis 2017). The bisection of D.fruticosus into two different clades, with D.fruticosussubsp.fruticosus, D.fruticosussubsp.amorginus and D.fruticosussubsp.rhodius belonging to clade A and the rest of the subspecies nested in the C with D.juniperinus, follows the fragmentation of Aegea due to the formation of the Mid-Aegean Trench. Moreover, Crete was connected to the mainland during most of the Miocene and was mostly isolated during the Pliocene, forming its own unique biogeographic patterns. The Aegean region is a biologically very diverse archipelago, but the way in which the islands and plant groups have interacted and evolved is not yet sufficiently understood. There are some recent studies, e.g. Kougioumoutzis et al. (2016) that address the biogeographic studies in the area, but further research is nonetheless crucial.

The tropical and southern African Dianthus taxa appear in our clade C within the Eurasian taxa, although, due to lack of resolution, we cannot yet infer the closest relatives of the southern African species. Dianthus shows a pattern like other species from the northern hemisphere with African high-mountain clades nested within Eurasian clades, as shown for, e.g., Carex and Ranunculus (Gehrke and Linder 2009). Many cases suggest not only migration from the northern hemisphere, but the recurrence of that (Bleeker et al. 2002; Carlsen et al. 2009), which could explain the presence of the African taxa within the clades of Eurasian taxa. The tropical-alpine and tropical-montane floras, as suggested by Linder (2014), show strong relations with the flora of Eurasia. One probable migration route from Eurasia to southern Africa for these taxa is through the Arabian Peninsula and the high mountains of eastern and southern Africa (Koch et al. 2006), which fits well with the pattern observed in this study that African Dianthus are part of a clade dominated by the Eurasian and Irano-Turanian taxa.

Dianthus is suggested to be one of the fastest species radiations of flowering plants (Valente et al. 2010). These authors calculated diversification rates by using a rather conservative estimate of 300 species. Considering that the number of species in Dianthus as assessed here is distinctly higher, the true speciation rates may also even be higher. On the other hand, there is not a single “Eurasian radiation” as suggested by Valente et al. (2010). Rather, our data point to three sub-radiations in the core of Dianthus, which seem to have evolved different numbers of species in different geographic areas. It is noteworthy that Dianthus has not evolved a high number of species in tropical and southern Africa. The smallest is the radiation of D.juniperinus and allies on Crete (our clade C). However, the number of species in this lineage is still difficult to assess because the current classification includes many subspecies and because species as currently classified do not represent biological entities.

Compared to the other lineages of Dianthus, clade C shows a high phylogenetic structure and apparently some geographic patterns. Future analyses will therefore test how far speciation was triggered through geographic and ecological isolation on Crete. The two much more species-rich clades A and B have colonised vast geographic areas, offering many more ecological opportunities and potential areas for spatial isolation.

Phylogenetic signal at species level and speciation in Dianthus

Genetic distances in Dianthus are very low, which limits resolution in phylogeny reconstruction at species level and may be attributed to the core clade of Dianthus representing a rapid radiation (Valente et al. 2010) that did not yet allow for the accumulation of mutations in the genomic regions sequenced, while the evolution of phenotypic characters occurred more quickly. Sequence divergence is particularly low in the ribosomal array (Fig. 2). Nevertheless, the overall phylogenetic tree of Dianthus (Fig. 2) reveals deep nodes with significant statistical support. The core Dianthus clade exhibits a deep sharing of plastid haplotypes in some species, for example in D.gratianopolitanus, where individuals from geographically different populations in central Europe are resolved in various sublineages of clade A. The pattern in this species is particularly striking since there were no noticeable morphological differences among these individuals. Another species complex with deeply shared plastid haplotypes is D.orientalis Adams (Fig. 1, clade B), although here considerable morphological variation is present that has led to the acceptance of several subspecies. Again, the haplotypes are shared only within subclade C, and not across the genus. Such a pattern could be explained by a combination of shared ancestral variation and continuous secondary genetic contact, which took place within certain major lineages of Dianthus and within certain geographic areas. Dianthus seems to be one of the most extreme cases of deep chloroplast-sharing in flowering plants, similar to what has been observed in the rapid postglacial evolution of relatives of Arabidopsisthaliana (L.) Heynh. during the last 800,000 years (Hohmann and Koch 2017; Novikova et al. 2016).

Future research will therefore have to employ phylogenomic approaches to better understand species-level relationships and species limits in Dianthus. In addition to sequencing a broad set of nuclear loci, the analysis of complete plastid genomes will reveal how far plastid genomes are really shared between extant species, considering that our current limited sampling of the plastid regions may not depict the full complexity and divergence patterns of this maternally inherited organellar genome.

Species diversity of Dianthus

Our Dianthus checklist contains 384 accepted species, and 147 accepted heterotypic subspecies. The unresolved names section of the checklist contains a further 172 species names that were not assessed, and a number of them may be good species as well. Therefore, the often-quoted number of 300 species (Pax and Hoffmann 1934; Bittrich 1993; Hernández-Ledesma et al. 2015) is underestimated. It should be noted that we present a compilation of names, not a genus-wide treatment, which we nevertheless consider to be an accurate estimate of the species diversity since it is based on available detailed treatments. It is therefore much more accurate compared to the previous World Flora Online backbone based on The Plant List in terms of accepted species and synonyms. About 50 names that were unresolved in the original WFO backbone could be resolved in our checklist. The remaining 172 unresolved names are in part old names, described in the 19^th century and apparently not used in subsequent treatments. But there are also a number of names described from south-eastern Europe, which would have to be assessed in more detail by local experts.

It is both noteworthy and unexpected that taxon concepts are congruent between different treatments, despite some geographic overlap. The widely distributed species are accepted under the same name in different Floras, while subspecies are normally geographically restricted and therefore only accepted in one Flora. In total, differing taxonomic concepts affect fewer than 10 taxa in the whole checklist.

So far, only one species complex within Dianthus has been analysed with an evolutionary approach. Farsi et al. (2013) used a combination of sequence data and morphological characters to assess species limits in the D.polylepis Bien. complex, concluding that D.binaludensis Rech.f. could not be separated from D.polylepis but should be better treated as its subspecies. Our present study provides insights into the Dianthusfruticosus and D.juniperinus groups, but aside from that, basically all other species limits in Dianthus are still based on classical morphology, and so are the numerous recent descriptions of new species.

Nomenclatural novelties

The three species of Petrorhagia that were found nested in Dianthus (P.armerioides, P.candica and P.alpina) were already transferred to Dianthus by Madhani et al. (2018). We found two additional Petrorhagia species to be part of the Dianthus clade although they have no name in Dianthus. Of the three subspecies of P.illyrica, we sampled only one. They all are morphologically very similar (Ball and Heywood 1964) and therefore can be expected to be closely related, although we are aware that is not true for the subspecies of Dianthusfruticosus that we showed to be unrelated. Nevertheless, we provide new combinations for the other two P.illyrica subspecies so that these subspecies can be classified in Dianthus. Their phylogenetic placement remains to be tested.

Veleziarigida, the nomenclatural type of Velezia, was found to be nested within the Dianthus clade by Madhani et al. (2018) and therefore Velezia cannot be accepted as a separate genus any longer. We therefore provide new names in Dianthus for the five remaining Velezia species; their phylogenetic placement however remains to be confirmed.

The complete homotypic and heterotypic synonymy for each of the species is given in the checklist; here we provide only the basionyms and the former names in Petrorhagia or Velezia.

. Dianthus antalyensis

Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch nom. nov.

0406DBE9-336D-5C11-9AA9-18462B9763D0

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77297792-1

• ≡ Velezia tunicoides P.H.Davis in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 166. 1957.

Holotype.

Turkey, Prov. Antalya, distr. Kemer (Lycia): Gönük, by dry stream bed, 7 Jul 1949, Davis, Bilger & Attila D. 15009 (K-000077456!; isotype: E-00301891!).

Note.

The name Dianthustunicoides Madhani & Heubl in Taxon 67(1): 103. 2018) was already published as a new name for Gypsophilaarmerioides Ser. ex DC. ≡ Petrorhagiaarmerioides (Ser. ex DC.) P.W.Ball & Heywood. This new name refers to the province of Antalya, Turkey, from where the species was described.

. Dianthus hispidus

(Boiss. & Balansa) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch comb. nov.

B4D92A99-EBC9-540F-B4CF-24EDA543DAD3

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77297793-1

• ≡ Velezia hispida Boiss. & Balansa in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 5: 57. 1856.

Syntypes.

Turkey, Yaïla de Bozdagh (Tmolus occidental), dans les vergers, 27 Jul 1854, Balansa 117 (GOET-000717!, P-04998030!, P-04998031!, P-04998036!, WAG-0000421!).

. Dianthus illyricus

(Ard.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch comb. nov.

1DD5943C-78F0-5A79-9E70-48FAB7FA2823

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77297794-1

• ≡ Saponaria illyrica Ard., Animadv. Bot. Spec. Alt.: 24. 1764 ≡ Petrorhagiaillyrica (Ard.) P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 133. 1964.

Lectotype (designated here).

locality and date unknown, Arduino s.n., Herb. Linnaeus No. 580.7 (LINN!). This specimen was mentioned by Ball and Heywood (1964). The sheet has two distinct specimens, one of which is labelled “Ard.”, and the typification refers to this specimen. Ball & Heywood mentioned that it “may be regarded at least as an isotype”, but did not formally designate it as a type.

Dianthusillyricussubsp.illyricus

. Dianthus illyricus subsp. angustifolius

(Poir.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch comb. nov.

6FA7F249-0419-512F-8956-4C39C1E00CBE

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77297795-1

• ≡ Silene angustifolia Poir., Voy. Barbarie 2: 164. 1789 ≡ Petrorhagiaillyricasubsp.angustifolia (Poir.) P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 136. 1964.

Neotype (designated here).

locality and date unknown, Poiret 32 (P-00286897!). This specimen might be original material for the name.

. Dianthus illyricus subsp. haynaldianus

(Nyman) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch comb. nov.

1CF70B19-F9AD-59F0-B088-6E96DC57BBC3

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77297796-1

• ≡ Tunica haynaldiana [Borbás in Mat. Term. Közlem. 13: 46. 1877, pro. syn; in Just's Bot. Jahresber. 4(2): 1067. 1878, provisional name] Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2(1): 57. 1889 ≡ T.illyricavar.haynaldiana (Nyman) Hayek, Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balcan. 1: 222. 1924 ≡ Petrorhagiaillyricasubsp.haynaldiana (Nyman) P.W.Ball & Heywood in in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 134. 1964.

Type:

Romania, in rupestribus versus portam ferram ad Danubium inferiorem infra Orsova jam in Vallachia sitis frequens, 28 Jun 1870, Janka #Iter banaticum s.n. (B-100365631!).

. Dianthus illyricus subsp. taygeteus

(Boiss.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch comb. nov.

A66FA5CC-1EAB-5D8F-A27A-95519C7887DC

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77297799-1

• ≡ Tunica illyrica var. taygetea Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 521. 1867 ≡ Petrorhagiaillyricasubsp.taygetea (Boiss.) P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 137. 1964.

Syntypes.

Greece, Peloponnisos, Androuvista, Montis Taygeti, Jun-Jul 1844, Heldreich s.n., (G-00227046!, G-00227047!, BR0000006981167!, BR0000006981495!, BM, CGE, K fide Ball and Heywood 1964).

. Dianthus fasciculatus

(Boiss.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch comb. nov.

FCF8874C-6D12-5EC0-B3FF-343EF9CA7C9F

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77297800-1

• ≡ Velezia fasciculata Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 92. 1849.

Syntypes.

Syria, locality as given in the protologue: “Hab. in montosis Syriae borealis inter fluvium Orontem et urbem Laodiceam”, Jun 1846, Boissier s.n. (K-000077457!, K-000077458!, LECB-0000587!, P-04998034!, P-04998035!).

Note.

The name Dianthusfasciculatus Gilib., Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 161. 1782 was not validly published.

. Dianthus pachygonus

(Fisch & C.A.Mey.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Nersesian & Borsch comb. nov.

5D688642-5515-5553-8139-F6D45F3643EC

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77297801-1

• ≡ Tunica pachygona Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Index Sem. Hort. Bot. Petropol. 4: 50. 1838

• = Saponaria cretica L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 1: 584. 1762 ≡ Petrorhagiacretica (L.) P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 142. 1964.

Type.

not designated

Lectotype.

(designated by Davis in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 164. 1957): locality, date and collector unknown, Herb. Linnaeus No. 580.4 (LINN!).

Davis (1957) had pointed out the name Tunicacretica (L.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. (basionym: Saponariacretica L.) had been misapplied, whereas in fact the type of the name (the specimen in LINN) is an annual species that was later named Tunicapachygona Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Accordingly, the correct name in Dianthus would be D.pachygonus, the new combination published here because the epithet of Saponariacretica is preoccupied in Dianthus by D.creticus Tausch. which is now treated as Dianthusfruticosussubsp.creticus (Tausch) Runemark.

. Dianthus pseudorigidus

(Hub.-Mor.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch comb. nov.

0E6D5105-B0B3-58D3-ACCB-C25DBA73BFA6

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77297802-1

• ≡ Velezia pseudorigida Hub.-Mor. in Bauhinia 2: 195. 1963.

Holotype.

Turkey, Prov. Antalya, Distr. Antalya, Poterium-Cistus-Macchie in der Bucht von Atbükü, 5 km nördlich von Cirali, 10–50 m, auf Serpentin, 26 May 1950, Huber-Morath 9666 (E 00301890!).

. Dianthus quadridentatus

(Sm.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch comb. nov.

BB11F84C-80D7-5771-97C3-B13A9533DEF2

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77297803-1

• ≡ Velezia quadridentata Sm. in Sibthorp & Smith, Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1: 283. 1809.

Type.

not designated; original material: “In Asiâ minori”, Sibthorp s.n. (OXF Sib-FG Sib-0954!, K000077455!).

Checklist

Dianthus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 409. 1753. Sec. this publication

≡ Caryophyllus Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4: [textus s.n.]. 1754, nom. illeg. syn. sec. IPNI

≡ Caryophyllus Tourn. ex Moench, Methodus: 58. 1794 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

= Velezia L., Sp. Pl.: 332. 1753 syn. sec. Madhani et al. (2018). Type: Veleziarigida L.

= Cylichnanthus Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 260. 1867 syn. sec. Madhani et al. (2018)

– Diosanthos St.-Lag. in Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 87. 1880, nom. inval. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Core checklist

Dianthusacantholimonoides Schischk. in Byull. Gosud. Muz. Gruzii 5: 121. 1930. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusacicularis Fisch. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 284. 1842. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthustauscheri Eversm. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 284. 1842 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

Dianthusacrochlorus Stapf in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 51: 5. 1886. Sec. Marhold (2011)

– Dianthusacrochlonis Stapf in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 51: 5. 1886 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) [is misspelling for Dianthusacrochlorus Stapf]

Dianthusaculeatus Hamzaoğlu in Biol. Diversity Conservation 7(2): 160. 2014. Sec. Hamzaoğlu et al. (2014)

Dianthusafghanicus Rech.f. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 75: 360. 1951. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusagrostolepis Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 246. 1983. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusakdaghensis Gemici & Leblebici in Candollea 50: 43. 1995. Sec. Gemici & Leblebici (1995)

Dianthusalbens Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2: 90. 1789. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthusincurvus Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 81. 1794 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthusalgetanus Graells ex F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 347. 1885. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthuspyrenaicussubsp.algetanus (Graells ex F.N.Williams) Malag., Sin. Fl. Ibér. 20: 318. 1975 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthuscostaesubsp.algetanus (Graells ex F.N.Williams) M.Laínz, Muñoz Garm. & Soriano in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 43: 473. 1986 [“1987”] syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthusalgetanusvar.toletanorum Pau in Cavanillesia 1: 63. 1928 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthusalgetanussubsp.algetanus

Dianthusalgetanussubsp.turolensis (Pau) M.Bernal, Laínz & Muñoz Garm. in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45: 575. 1988 [“1989”]. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthusturolensis Pau in Bol. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 21: 142. 1921 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusalgetanusvar.turolensis (Pau) Pau in Bortéria, Sér. Bot. 22: 111. 1926 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthuscostaesubsp.turolensis (Pau) M.Laínz & Muñoz Garm in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 43: 473. 1986 [“1987”] syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthusalpinus L., Sp. Pl.: 412. 1753. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusalpinus lusus angustifolius Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 530. 1862 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusalpinus lusus latifolius Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 530. 1862 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusalpinusvar.meyeri Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 530. 1862 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthusaltaicus L.X.Dong & Chang Y.Yang in Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 28(12): 2355. 2008. Sec. Dong et al. (2008)

Dianthusamurensis Jacques in J. Soc. Imp. Centr. Hort. 7: 625. 1861. Sec. Barkalov & Probatova (2006)

≡ Dianthuschinensisvar.amurensis (Jacques) Kitag., Neo-Lineam. Fl. Manshur.: 266. 1979 syn. sec. this publication

Dianthusanatolicus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 22. 1843. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusparviflorus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 21. 1843 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusanatolicusvar.parviflorus (Boiss.) Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 490. 1867 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthuskotschyanus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 68. 1849 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusancyrensis Hausskn. & Bornm. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 89: 94. 1936. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusandronakii Woronow ex Schischk., Fl. URSS 6: 841. 1936. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

≡ Dianthustristis Woronow in Vĕstn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada 10: 25. 1908 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusandrosaceus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hayek in Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Denkschr. 94: 141. 1918. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthuslilacinusvar.androsaceus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Fl. Orient. Suppl.: 81. 1888 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusandrzejejowskianus (Zapał.) Kulcz., Fl. Polska 2: 156. 1921. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

≡ Dianthuscapitatussubsp.andrzejowskianus Zapał. in Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr Polsk Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial A/B, Nauki Mat-Fiz. Biol. 11: 25. 1911 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthuscapitatusvar.pancicianus F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 342. 1885 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusandrzejejowskianussubsp.orientalis Kleopow in Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 14: 104. 1932 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthusangolensis Hiern ex F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 24: 301. 1886. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthusangrenicus Vved. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Uzbekistansk. Fil. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 3: 9. 1941. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusangulatus Royle ex Benth., Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.: 79. 1834. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

≡ Dianthusorientalisvar.angulatus (Royle ex Benth.) Majumdar, Fl. India 2: 532. 1993 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusincertus Jacquem. ex Edgew. & Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 215. 1874 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusangulatussubsp.angulatus

Dianthusangulatussubsp.subangulatus Rech.f., Fl. Iranica 163: 183. 1988. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusantalyensis Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 118

≡ Veleziatunicoides P.H.Davis in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 166. 1957. Syn. sec. this publication

Dianthusanticarius Boiss. & Reut., Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan.: 19. 1852. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthuscintranussubsp.anticarius (Boiss. & Reut.) Malag., Pl. Sennen. I: Dianthus 6. 1974 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthusgaditanus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 67. 1854 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthushornemannii Salzm. ex Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 67. 1854 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusschousboei Coss. ex Ball in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 355. 1877 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusanticariussubsp.anticarius

Dianthusanticariussubsp.saorinii Sánchez-Gómez, M.L.Rodr., López Esp., J.B.Vera & J.F.Jiménez in Anales Biol., Fac. Biol., Univ. Murcia 27: 101. 2005. Sec. New taxa described to the Flora Iberica region after publication of the respective volumes. Published at http://www.floraiberica.es/eng/miscelania/nuevos_taxones.php

Dianthusarenarius L., Sp. Pl.: 412. 1753. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

≡ Tunicaarenaria (L.) Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 301. 1771 ≡ Silenearenaria (L.) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 115. 1901, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019);

= Dianthusarenariusvar.glaucus Blocki in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 34: 72. 1884 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuskrylovianus Juz. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 71. 1950 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthusarenariusvar.suecicus Novák syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthusarenariussubsp.arenarius

Dianthusarenariussubsp.borussicus Vierh. in Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 12–13: 34. 1931. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusborussicus (Vierh.) Juz. syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusarenariusvar.bohemicus Novák syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthusarenariussubsp.bohemicus (Novák) O.Schwartz in Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 99. 1949 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthusarenariussubsp.pseudoserotinus (Blocki) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

≡ Dianthuspseudoserotinus Blocki syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995) ≡ Dianthusserotinusvar.pseudoserotinus (Blocki) Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 3: 150. 1911 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthusarenariussubsp.pseudosquarrosus (Novák) Kleopow in Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 12–13: 35. 1931. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusarenariusf.pseudosquarrosus Novák in Mem. Soc. Sci. De Bohem 1: 9. 1925 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthuspseudosquarrosus (Novák) Klokov, Fl. RSS Ucr. 4: 639. 1952 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusaristatus Boiss., Asie Min., Bot. 1: 222. 1860. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

≡ Dianthuszonatusvar.aristatus (Boiss.) Reeve, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 28: 21. 1967 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuspreobrazhenskii Klokov in Trudy Silsko-Gosp. Bot. 1(3): 170. 1927 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusarmeria L., Sp. Pl.: 410. 1753. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Caryophyllusarmerius (L.) Moench, Methodus: 59. 1794 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Dianthusarmeriasubsp.armeria syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthushirsutus Lam., Fl. Franç. 2: 533. 1779 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthushirtus Lam., Fl. Franç. 2: 533. 1779 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusvillosus Gilib., Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 160. 1782 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscarolinianus Walter, Fl. Carol.: 140. 1788 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Gypsophilaarmeriavar.nanus Boenn., Prodr. Fl. Monast. Westphal.: 124. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthushybridus F.W.Schmidt ex Tausch in Flora 13: 245. 1830 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusvivariensis Jord. ex Boreau, Fl. Centre France ed. 3, 2: 91. 1857 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusarmeriavar.laevis Heuff. in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: 68. 1858 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusarmeriastrum Wolfner in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 8: 318. 1858 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusarmeriasubsp.armeriastrum (Wolfner) Velen., Fl. Bulg. Suppl. 1: 42. 1898 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusepirotus Halácsy in Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 48: 708. 1898 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Silenevaga E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 109. 1901 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

= Dianthuspseudocorymbosus Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 8: 6. 1910 [“1911”] syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusarmeriaf.acaulis Bolzon in Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1911: 56. 1911 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusarmeriaf.caespitosa Bolzon in Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1911: 56. 1911 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusarmeriaf.albiviridis Lehr in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 90: 207. 1963 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusarmeriaf.glabrissimus Sigunov in Glasn. Prir. Muz. Beogradu, C 10: 23. 1977 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusarmeriaf.alba Stritch in Castanea 48: 58. 1983 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusarpadianus Ade & Bornm. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 36: 385. 1934. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusarrosti C.Presl, Delic. Prag.: 60. 1822. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.arrosti (C.Presl) Tanfani, Fl. Ital. 9: 283. 1892 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllussubsp.arrosti (C.Presl) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital. ed. 2: 306. 1894 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) – Dianthusarrostii C.Presl, Delic. Prag.: 60. 1822 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) [is orthographic variant for Dianthusarrosti C.Presl]

= Dianthuscontractus Jan ex Lojac., Fl. Sicul. 1: 164. 1889 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×artignanii Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 145. 1926. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthusaticii Hamzaoğlu in Phytokeys 48: 22. 2015. Sec. Hamzaoğlu et al. (2015)

Dianthusatlanticus Pomel, Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 1: 332. 1874. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

≡ Dianthusliburnicusvar.atlanticus (Pomel) Chabert in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 38: 383. 1892 [“1891”] syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthusatschurensis Sosn. in Vestn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada n.s. 1: 74. 1923. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

– Dianthusazkurensis Sosn. in Vestn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada n.s. 1: 74. 1923 syn. sec. this publication [is misspelling for Dianthusatschurensis Sosn.]

Dianthusaustroiranicus Lemperg in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 50: 260. 1941. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusawaricus Kharadze in Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 16: 50. 1951. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusaydogdui Menemen & Hamzaoğlu in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 37: 285. 2000. Sec. Menemen & Hamzaoğlu (2000)

Dianthusaytachii C.Vural in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 158: 55. 2008. Sec. Vural (2008)

Dianthusbalansae Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 488. 1867. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusbarbatus L., Sp. Pl.: 409. 1753. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Caryophyllusbarbatus (L.) Moench, Methodus: 59. 1794 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Cylichnanthusbarbatus (L.) Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 261. 1867 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Silenebarbata (L.) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 108. 1901 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019); ≡ Dianthusbarbatusvar.barbatus

= Tunicabarbata Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 298. 1771 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthushispanicus Dum.Cours. in Bot. Cult. 3: 168. 1802 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuslatifolius Willd., Enum. Pl.: 466. 1809 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusaggregatus Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 4: 124. 1816 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuscorymbosus F.Dietr., Nachtr. Vollst. Lex. Gärtn. 2: 667. 1816 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusbarbatusvar.latifolius Ser., Prodr. 1: 356. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusbarbatusvar.paniculatus Ser., Prodr. 1: 356. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusbarbatusvar.pedunculosus Ser., Prodr. 1: 356. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuspulcherrimus Loisel., Dict. Sci. Nat. ed. 2, 35: 417. 1825 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthussplendidissimus Hoffmanns. in Verz. Pfl.-Kult. Nachtr: 27. 1842 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusgirardinii Lamotte in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 21: 120. 1874 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusbarbatusvar.asiaticus Nakai, Tyosen-Syokubutsu: 143. 1914 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusbarbatussubsp.barbatus

Dianthusbarbatussubsp.compactus (Kit. ex Schult.) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2(1): 58. 1889. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthuscompactus Kit. ex Schult., Oestr. Fl. ed. 2, 1: 654. 1814 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusbarbatusvar.compactus (Kit. ex Schult.) Heuff. in Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: 68. 1858 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusbasianicus Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. Suppl.: 77. 1888. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusbasuticus Burtt Davy in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 220. 1922. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthusmicropetalusvar.galpinii Burtt Davy syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusbasuticussubsp.basuticus

Dianthusbasuticussubsp.fourcadei S.S.Hooper, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 7 [1]: 20–22. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthusbasuticusvar.grandiflorus S.S.Hooper, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 7 [1]: 19. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthusbenearnensis Loret in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 5: 327. 1858. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthusfurcatussubsp.benearnensis (Loret) Kerguélen in Lejeunia 120: 79. 1987 syn. sec. IPNI

Dianthusbessarabicus (Kleopow) Klokov in Bot. Zhurn. (Kiev) 5: 28. 1948. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

≡ Dianthuspolymorphussubsp.bessarabicus Kleopow in Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 14: 114. 1932 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthuspolymorphusvar.bessarabicus Sanda syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthusbicolor Adams in Beitr. Naturk. 1: 55. 1805. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuscaucasicus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 327. 1808 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusbicolorvar.minor Ser., Prodr. 1: 361. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthusbiflorus Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 285. 1809. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusbinatus Bartl. ex Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 810. 1832 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscinnabarinus Spruner ex Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 6: 22. 1846 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussamaritani Heldr. ex Halácsy, Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 213. 1900 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusbiflorussubsp.samaritanii (Heldr. ex Halácsy) Maire & Petitm syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013) – Dianthussamaritani Heldr. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 511. 1867, nom. inval. syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusboissieri Willk., Icon. Descr. Pl. Nov. 1: 22. 1853. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.boissieri (Willk.) Emb. & Maire, Fl. Afr. Nord 10: 318. 1963 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthussylvestrissubsp.boissieri (Willk.) Dobignard in J. Bot. Soc. Bot. France 20: 37. 2002 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussylvestris Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 701. 1867 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.brevifolius Rouy, Obs. Dianthus France: 3. 1882 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllusf.brevifolius (Rouy) Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 10: 319. 1963 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.longifolius Rouy, Obs. Dianthus France: 3. 1882 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllusf.longifolius (Rouy) Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 10: 319. 1963 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.longifolius Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 22: 36. 1931, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuscharmelii Sennen & Mauricio, Diagn. Nouv.: 246. 1936 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllusf.charmelii (Sennen & Mauricio) Maire, Fl. Afr. Nord 10: 319. 1963 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.tenuicaulis Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 30: 333. 1939 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

– Dianthuscaryophyllusf.grandiflorus Pau & Font Quer, Iter Marocc. 1928: no. 102. 1829, nom. inval. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

– Dianthuscaryophyllusf.emancipatus Pau & Font Quer, Iter Marocc. 1927: no. 195. 1928, nom. inval. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthusbolusii Burtt Davy in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 218. 1922. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthusborbasii Vandas in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 36: 193. 1886. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusborbonicus Brullo, C.Brullo, Colombo, Giusso, Ilardi & R.Perrone in Phytotaxa 233: 50. 2015. Sec. Brullo et al. (2015)

Dianthusbrachycalyx A.Huet & É.Huet ex Bacch., Brullo, Casti & Giusso in Nordic J. Bot. 28: 142. 2010. Sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

Dianthusbrevicaulis Fenzl, Pug. Pl. Nov. Syr.: 10. 1842. Sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

Dianthusbrevicaulissubsp.brevicaulis

Dianthusbrevicaulissubsp.setaceus Reeve in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 28: 21. 1967. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusbrevipetalus Vved. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Uzbekistansk. Fil. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 3: 9. 1941. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthusbroteri Boiss. & Reut., Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan.: 22. 1852. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthusfimbriatus Brot., Fl. Lusit. 2: 177. 1805, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthusserrulatusvar.barbatus Boiss., Elench. Pl. Nov.: 19. 1838 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusserrulatussubsp.barbatus (Boiss.) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 13: 281. 1983 [“1984”] syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthusvalentinus Willk., Icon. Descr. Pl. Nov. 1: 14. 1852 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusmalacitanusvar.valentinus (Willk.) Losa & Rivas Goday in Arch. Inst. Aclim. Cons. Super. Invest. Ci. 13(2): 150. 1974 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusbroterisubsp.valentinus (Willk.) Rivas Mart. et al. in Rivasgodaya 6: 29. 1991 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthusmalacitanus Haens. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 85. 1867 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthusserrulatus Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 84. 1867 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthuseusebii Sennen, Diagn. Nouv.: 264. 1936 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthusabsconditus Fern.Casas in Fontqueria 3: 35. 1983 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussubbaeticus Fern.Casas in Fontqueria 3: 37. 1983 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusbroterisubsp.subbaeticus (Fern.Casas) Fern.Casas, M.Laínz & Muñoz Garm. in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 44: 573. 1987 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusanticariussubsp.subbaeticus (Fern.Casas) Rivas Mart. et al. in Rivasgodaya 6: 28. 1991 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthushinoxianus Gallego in Lagascalia 14: 71. 1986 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusbroterisubsp.hinoxianus (Gallego) Rivas Mart. in Lagascalia 15(Extra): 116. 1988 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthusbrutius Brullo, Scelsi & Spamp., Portugaliae Act. Biol., Sér. B, Sist. 19: 304. 2000. Sec. Brullo et al. (2000)

Dianthusbrutiussubsp.brutius

Dianthusbrutiussubsp.pentadactyli Brullo, Scelsi & Spamp., Portugaliae Act. Biol., Sér. B, Sist. 19: 306. 2000. Sec. Brullo et al. (2000)

Dianthusbukovinensis (Zapał.) Klokov, Fl. RSS Ucr. 4: 606. 1952. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.bucovinensis Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 3: 113. 1911 syn. sec. WFO 2018 – Dianthusbucoviensis (Zapał.) Klokov syn. sec. WFO 2018 [is orthographic variant for Dianthusbukovinensis (Zapał.) Klokov] – Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.bucoviensis Zapał. syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995) [is orthographic variant for Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.bucovinensis Zapał.]

Dianthusburchellii Ser., Prodr. 1: 359. 1824. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthusburdurensis Hamzaoğlu & Koç in Phytotaxa 233: 197. 2015. Sec. Hamzaoğlu & Koç (2015)

Dianthusbusambrae Soldano & F.Conti, Annot. Checkl. Italian Vasc. Fl.: 18. 2005. Sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

= Dianthuspaniculatus Lojac. in Malpighia 20: 188. 1906 syn. sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

Dianthuscachemiricus Edgew. & Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 214. 1874. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthuscaespitosus Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 81. 1794. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthuscaespitosussubsp.caespitosus

Dianthuscaespitosussubsp.pectinatus (E.Mey. ex Sond.) S.S.Hooper in Hookers Icon. Pl. 37: 37. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

≡ Dianthuspectinatus E.Mey. ex Sond., Fl. Cap. 1: 124. 1860 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthusprostratus Jacq., Pl. Hort. Schoenbr. 3: 11. 1798 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthusalbens Eckl. & Zeyh., Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. 1: 32. 1835 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscrenatus S.T.Edw. syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthuscallizonus Schott & Kotschy in Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 9: 192. 1851. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuscalocephalus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 6: 23. 1846. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuscampestris M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 326. 1808. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthushypanicus Besser ex Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 809. 1832 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuspseudoversicolor Klokov, Fl. RSS Ucr. 4: 660. 1952 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscampestrissubsp.arenarius Širj. syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscampestrissubsp.serbanii Prodán syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusserbanii (Prodán) Prodán, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. 2: 670. 1953 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuscampestrissubsp.campestris

Dianthuscampestrissubsp.laevigatus (Gruner) Klokov, Fl. RSS Ucr. 4: 625. 1952. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthuscampestrisvar.laevigatus Gruner in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(2): 124. 1868 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuslaevigatus (Gruner) Klokov in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Nizsh. Rast. 1980: 99. 1980 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuscampestrissubsp.steppaceus Širj. in Širj. & Lavrenko, Consp. Crit. Fl. Prov. Charkov.: 1. 1926. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuscandicus (P.W.Ball & Heywood) Madhani & Heubl in Taxon 67(1): 103. 2018. Sec. Madhani et al. (2018)

≡ Petrorhagiacandica P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 141. 1964 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019); ≡ Fiedleriacandica (P.W.Ball & Heywood) Ovcz., Fl. Tadzhikskoi S.S.R. 3: 608. 1968 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019).

Dianthuscanescens K.Koch in Linnaea 15: 710. 1841. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

≡ Dianthusfimbriatusvar.canescens (K.Koch) Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 496. 1867 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuscapitatus Balb. ex DC., Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp.: 103. 1813. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuscapitatus J.St.-Hil., Pl. France 3: 70. 1809. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthuscephalotes Ser., Prodr. 1: 356. 1824 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthusglaucophyllus Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 514. 1867 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthuscapillatus Meinsh., Beitr. Pfl. Geogr. Sued-Ural-Geb.: 6 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthuscapitellatus Klokov, Fl. RSS Ucr. 4: 659. 1952. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

≡ Dianthusborbasiisubsp.capitellatus (Klokov) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 192. 1963 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuspseudomembranaceus Schischk. ex Grossh., Fl. Cauc. 2(3): 282. 1945 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuscarbonatus Klokov in Sc. Mag. Biol. 1927: 15. 1927. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthuscarmelitarum Reut. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 512. 1867. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusartwinensis Schischk. ex Grossh., Fl. Cauc. 2(3): 284. 1945 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuscarthusianorum L., Sp. Pl.: 409. 1753. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Tunicacarthusianorum (L.) Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 299. 1771 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Caryophylluscarthusianorum (L.) Moench, Methodus: 59. 1794 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Silenecarthusianorum (L.) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 110. 1901 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.;

= Dianthusatrorubens All., Fl. Pedem. 2: 75. 1785 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Caryophyllusatrorubens (All.) Moench, Suppl. Meth.: 23. 1802 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.atrorubens (All.) Ser., Prodr. 1: 357. 1824 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumsubsp.atrorubens (All.) Hegi in Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 17: 15. 1911 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusvaginatus Chaix, Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 1: 330. 1786 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Cylichnanthusvaginatus (Chaix) Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 261. 1867 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusmontanus F.W.Schmidt in Neuere Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. 1: 30. 1791 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusclavatus Spreng., Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. 2: 169. 1821 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.anisopodus Ser., Prodr. 1: 357. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.nanus Ser., Prodr. 1: 357. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusnanus Sweet, Hort. Brit.: 41. 1826 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusatrorubensvar.intermedius Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 146. 1828 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.pygmaeus Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 145. 1828 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusallionii Colla, Herb. Pedem. 1: 297. 1833 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussanguineus Vis., Index Seminum (PAD) 1845: 1. 1845 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusatrorubensvar.sanguineus (Vis.) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital.: 84. 1882 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.sanguineus (Vis.) Tanfani, Fl. Ital. 9: 254. 1892 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumsubsp.sanguineus (Vis.) Hegi in Ill. Fl. Mitt. Eur. 3: 323. 1910 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusferrugineus Pourr. ex Gren. & Godr., Fl. France 1: 232. 1847 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusgramineus Schur in Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 11. 1853 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscongestus Boreau, Fl. Centre France ed. 3, 2: 90. 1857 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.campestris Heuff. in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: 68. 1858 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.ternatus Heuff. in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: 68. 1858 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusgraminifolius Schur in Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 10: 144. 1859 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthustenuifolius Schur in Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 10: 143. 1859 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumsubsp.tenuifolius (Schur) Hegi syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.saxigenus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 93. 1866 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumsubsp.saxigenus (Schur) Dostál in Folia Mus. Rerum Nat. Bohemiae Occid., Bot. 21: 5. 1984 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuschloaephyllus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 95. 1866 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusrupicola Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 93. 1866 syn. sec. Schur (1866)

= Dianthusrupicolus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 93. 1866 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussubneglectus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 95. 1866 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.puberulus Simonk., Mat. Term. Közlem. 15: 531. 1878 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumsubsp.puberulus (Simonk.) Soó in Feddes Repert. 83: 161. 1972 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuspuberulus (Simonk.) A.Kern. syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusatropurpureus Gromov ex Trautv. in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 8: 130. 1883 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscarpathicus Woł., Spraw. Komis. Fizjogr. 22(2): 214. 1888 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussemperflorens Voss in Gartenflora 44: 514. 1895 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.brachyanthus Dörfl. & Hayek in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 70: 12. 1921 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.longisquamis Kulcz., Fl. Polska 2: 159. 1921 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusceretanicus Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 147. 1926 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.tenorei Lacaita in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. n.s., 34: 188. 1927 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumsubsp.tenorei (Lacaita) Pignatti in Giorn. Bot. Ital. 111: 46. 1977 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusmontivagus Domin in Acta Bot. Bohem. 8: 53. 1929 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusvelebiticus Borbás ex Degen, Fl. Veleb. 2: 97. 1937 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.capillifrons Borbás syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuscapillifrons (Borbás) H.Neumayer in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 91: 236. 1942 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumsubsp.capillifrons (Borbás) Soó in Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 23: 391. 1977 [“1978”] syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.parviflorus Čelak. syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumsubsp.parviflorus (Čelak.) Dostál in Folia Mus. Rerum Nat. Bohemiae Occid., Bot. 21: 5. 1984 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussanguineusvar.atrisquamatus Novák syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumf.atrisquamatus (Novák) Gajić, Fl. SR Srbije 9: 64. 1977 syn. sec. WFO 2018

– Dianthusfasciculatus Gilib., Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 161. 1782, nom. inval. syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscarthusianorumsubsp.carthusianorum

Dianthuscarthusianorumsubsp.latifolius (Griseb. & Schenk) Hegi in Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 17: 13. 1911. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.latifolius Griseb. & Schenk in Arch. Naturgesch. 18: 300. 1852 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusmontivagusvar.carsticus Novák syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumsubsp.carsticus (Novák) Dostál in Folia Mus. Rerum Nat. Bohemiae Occid., Bot. 21: 5. 1984 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthuscarthusianorumsubsp.polonicus (Zapał.) Kovanda in Preslia 56: 297. 1984. Sec. WFO 2018

≡ Dianthuspolonicus Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 3: 122. 1911 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.polonicus (Zapał.) Kulcz., Fl. Polska 2: 159. 1921 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscarthusianorumsubsp.sudeticus Kovanda in Preslia 52: 122. 1980. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuscaryophyllus L., Sp. Pl.: 410. 1753. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Silenecaryophylla (L.) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 111. 1901 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.; ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.coronarius L., Sp. Pl. 1: 410. 1753 syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021) ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllussubsp.coronarius (L.) Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 10: 318. 1963 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Tunicacaryophyllus (L.) Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 301. 1771 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.; – Dianthuscoronarius (L.) Burm.f., Fl. Ind. Prodr. Fl. Cap.: 13. 1768, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021) – Dianthuscoronarius Lam., Fl. Franç. 2: 536. 1779, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021)

= Caryophyllustunica Garsault, Fig. Pl. Méd.: t. 203. 1764 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

= Dianthusmoschatus J.F.Gmel., Syst. Nat.: 711. 1791 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.minor Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 644. 1822 [“1821”] syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.carduinus Ser., Prodr. 1: 359. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuscorsicus Link ex Spreng., Syst. Veg., ed. 16, 2: 376. 1825 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusarbuscula Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 13: t. 1086. 1827 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusarrectus Dumort., Fl. Belg.: 196. 1827 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.wakefieldii C.Morren, Hort. Belge 2: 7. 1834 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusmultinervis Vis., Fl. Dalmat. 3: 164. 1850 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuslongicaulis Costa, Introd. Fl. Cataluña: 36. 1864 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusacinifolius Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 97. 1866 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusbinatus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 97. 1866 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuskayserianus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 97. 1866 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusminiatus A.Huet ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 105. 1878 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuscaryophyllusf.intermedius Pamp. in Boll. Mus. Republ. San Marino 1: 142. 1917 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthuscaucaseus Sims in Bot. Mag. 21: t. 795. 1804. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusdiscolor Sims in Bot. Mag. 29: t. 1162. 1808 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuscharidemi Pau in Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. 16(206): 74. 1906. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthuscintranussubsp.charidemi (Pau) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthuschimanimaniensis S.S.Hooper in Kew Bull. 13: 318. 1958. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthuschinensis L., Sp. Pl.: 411. 1753. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthussequieri Chaix, Vill. Fl. Dauph. 1: 330. 1786 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthuspulcher Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 303. 1796 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthusscaber Schleich. ex Suter, Helvet. Fl. 1: 259. 1802 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthusserratusvar.scaber (Schleich. ex Suter) DC., Fl. Franç., ed. 3, 5: 601. 1815 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Dianthuscollinusvar.scaber (Schleich. ex Suter) Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 147. 1828 syn. sec. this publication

= Dianthustataricus Fisch., Cat. Jard. Gorenki ed. 2: 59. 1812 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthusumbellatus DC., Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp.: 104. 1813 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthusibericus Willd., Enum. Pl., Suppl.: 24. 1814 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthuspatens Willd., Enum. Pl., Suppl.: 24. 1814 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthusfischeri Spreng., Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 62. 1815 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthusruthenicus Roem. ex Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 4: 131. 1816 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthusochroleucus Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 420. 1821 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthusversicolor Fisch. ex Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 420. 1821 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthuschinensisvar.versicolor (Fisch. ex Link) Y.C.Ma, Fl. Intramongolica 2: 191. 1978 [“1979”] syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthuschinensissubsp.versicolor (Fisch. ex Link) Vorosch., Florist. Issl. Razn. Rayonakh SSSR: 167. 1985 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthuswilldenowii Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 420. 1821 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthusschraderi Rchb. in Iconogr. Bot. Exot. 1: 24. 1824 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthusdentosus Fisch. ex Rchb. in Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 6: 32. 1828 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthuschinensisvar.dentosus (Fisch. ex Rchb.) Debeaux in Act. Simpo. Internac. Bot. Pius Font Quer 31: 124. 1876 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthusseguierivar.dentosus (Fisch. ex Rchb.) Franch., Pl. David. 1: 46. 1884 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthussequierivar.dentosus (Fisch. ex Rchb.) Franch., Pl. David. 1: 46. 1884 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthussinensis Link, Handbuch 2: 237. 1831 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthuschinensisvar.sylvaticus W.D.J.Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv.: 96. 1835 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthusaltaicus Willd. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 278. 1842 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthusjeniseensis Less. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 278. 1842 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthuschinensisvar.macrosepalus Franch. ex L.H.Bailey, Cycl. Amer. Hort.: 100. 1900 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthuslaciniatus Makino in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 60. 1903 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthusmorii Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 302. 1914 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthuschinensisvar.morii (Nakai) Y.C.Chu, Fl. Plant. Herb. Chinae bor.-or. 3: 49. 1975 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthuspineticola Kleopow in Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 12–13: 161. 1931 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthusversicolorvar.alpinus Krylov, Fl. Zapadnoi Sibiri 5: 1104. 1931 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuschinensisvar.longisquama Nakai & Kitag. in Rep. Exped. Manchoukou Sect. IV, 1: 23. 1934 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthuschinensisvar.ignescens Nakai in Rep. Exped. Manchoukou Sect. IV, 4(2): 15. 1935 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthuschinensisf.ignescens (Nakai) Kitag. in J. Jap. Bot. 34: 5. 1959 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthussubulifolius Kitag. in Rep. Exped. Manchoukou Sect. IV, 2: 16. 1935 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthusversicolorvar.subulifolius (Kitag.) Y.C.Chu, Fl. Plant. Herb. Chinae bor.-or. 3: 50. 1975 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthuschinensisvar.subulifolius (Kitag.) Y.C.Ma, Fl. Intramongolica 2: 191. 1978 [“1979”] syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthussubulifoliusf.leucopetalus Kitag. in Rep. Exped. Manchoukou Sect. IV, 2: 17. 1935 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthusversicolorf.leucopetalus (Kitag.) Y.C.Chu, Fl. Plant. Herb. Chinae bor.-or. 3: 50. 1975 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthuschinensisvar.liaotungensis Y.C.Chu, Fl. Plant. Herb. Chinae bor.-or. 3: 227. 1975 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthuschinensissubsp.paracampestris Vorosch. in Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. n.s., 83(5): 116. 1978 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthusversicolorvar.ninelli Peschkova, Fl. Tsentralnoi Sibiri 1: 334. 1979 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthusversicolorsubsp.ninelli (Peschkova) Baikov & N.V.Vlassova, Rast. Mir Aziatsk. Rossii 3(23): 21. 2016 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuschinensisvar.trinervisD.Q.Lu in Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 15: 185. 1995 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthuschinensisvar.jingpoensis G.Y.Zhang & X.Y.Yuan in Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 18: 10. 1998 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthuschinensisvar.shandongensis J.X.Li & F.Q.Zhou in Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 21: 511. 2001 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthuschinensisf.albiflora Y.N.Lee in Bull. Korea Pl. Res. 4: 28. 2004 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthuschinensisvar.serpens Y.N.Lee in Bull. Korea Pl. Res. 4: 29. 2004 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

Dianthuschouardii Dobignard in J. Bot. Soc. Bot. France 48: 15. 2009. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthuscibrarius Clementi in Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Torino II 16: 20. 1855. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusciliatus Guss., Ind. Sem. Horto Boccad. 1825: 5. 1825. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthuslitoralis Host, Fl. Austriaca 1: 522. 1827 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusciliatussubsp.ciliatus

Dianthusciliatussubsp.dalmaticus (Čelak.) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 246. 1924. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusdalmaticus Čelak. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 35: 189. 1885 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusracemosus Vis. in Flora 12(1 Erg.): 12. 1829 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusciliatussubsp.racemosus (Vis.) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 246. 1924 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusciliatussubsp.medunensis (Beck & Szyszyl.) Trinajstić in Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 6: 8. 1979. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusmedunensis Beck & Szyszył., Pl. Cernagor. Lect.: 65. 1888 syn. sec. WFO 2018 – Dianthusciliatussubsp.medunensis (Beck & Szyszyl.) Trinajstić in Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 5: 751. 1979, nom. inval. syn. sec. this publication

Dianthus×cincinnatus Lem. in Ill. Hort. 11: t. 388. 1864. Sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

= Dianthus×isensis Hirahata & Kitam. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 20: 205. 1962 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Dianthus×cincinnatusf.isensis (Hirahata & Kitam.) M.Hiroe, Pl. Bashos & Busons Hokku Lit. 8: 489. 1971 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

= Dianthus×cincinnatusf.longipetalus M.Hiroe, Pl. Bashos & Busons Hokku Lit. 8: 489. 1971 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

= Dianthus×cincinnatusf.rosalbus M.Hiroe, Pl. Bashos & Busons Hokku Lit. 8: 489. 1971 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Dianthuscinnamomeus Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 287. 1809. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthuscinnamomeussubsp.cinnamomeus

Dianthuscinnamomeussubsp.naxensis Runemark ex Strid in Strid & Tan, Fl. Hellenica 1: 352. 1997. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthuscintranus Boiss. & Reut., Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan.: 20. 1852. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthuscintranussubsp.atrosanguineus (Emb. & Maire) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 186. 1982. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusgaditanussubsp.atrosanguineus Emb. & Maire, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 21–22: 26. 1930 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusanticariussubsp.atrosanguineus (Emb. & Maire) Valdés & Mateos in Lagascalia 29: 157. 2009 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscintranussubsp.barbatus R.Fern. & Franco in Franco, Nova Fl. Portugal 1: 159. 1971. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthuscintranussubsp.byzacenus (Burollet) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 186. 1982. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusbyzacenus Burollet, Sahel Sousse: 35. 1927 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusgaditanussubsp.byzacenus (Burollet) Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 10: 307. 1963 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthuscintranussubsp.cintranus

Dianthuscintranussubsp.jahandiezii (Maire) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 186. 1982. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusgaditanussubsp.jahandiezii Maire, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 15: 17. 1927 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusanticariussubsp.jahandiezii (Maire) Valdés & Mateos in Lagascalia 29: 157. 2009 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscintranussubsp.maroccanus (F.N.Williams) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 186. 1982. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusgaditanusvar.maroccanus F.N.Williams in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 423. 1893 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusgaditanussubsp.maroccanus (F.N.Williams) Maire, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 15: 17. 1927 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthusanticariussubsp.maroccanus (F.N.Williams) Valdés & Mateos in Lagascalia 29: 157. 2009 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusgaditanusvar.rifeus Pau & Sennen, Cat. Fl. Rif Orient.: 19. 1933 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthuscintranussubsp.mauritanicus (Pomel) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 186. 1982. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusmauritanicus Pomel, Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 1: 333. 1874 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusserrulatussubsp.mauritanicus (Pomel) Batt., Fl. Algérie, Dicot.: 145. 1888 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthusgaditanussubsp.mauritanicus (Pomel) Maire, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 21–22: 26. 1930 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthusanticariussubsp.mauritanicus (Pomel) Valdés & Mateos in Lagascalia 29: 157. 2009 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscintranussubsp.mentagensis (Maire) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 186. 1982. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusgaditanussubsp.mentagensis Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 23: 168. 1932 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusanticariussubsp.mentagensis (Maire) Valdés & Mateos in Lagascalia 29: 157. 2009 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscintranussubsp.occidentalis (Quézel) Mathez in Willdenowia 13: 280. 1983 [“1984”]. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusgaditanussubsp.occidentalis Quézel in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 44: 197. 1953 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusanticariussubsp.occidentalis (Quézel) Valdés & Mateos in Lagascalia 29: 157. 2009 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscollinus Waldst. & Kit. in Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 1: 51. 1800. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumsubsp.collinus (Waldst. & Kit.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 493. 1805 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthusaspervar.collinus (Waldst. & Kit.) Ser., Prodr. 1: 357. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthusseguierivar.collinus (Waldst. & Kit.) W.D.J.Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 1: 96. 1835 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthusseguierisubsp.collinus (Waldst. & Kit.) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital.: 84. 1882 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuscollinusvar.minor Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 147. 1828 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusseguierisubsp.scaber Čelak., Prodr. Fl. Böhmen: 507. 1875 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthuscommutatus (Zapał.) Klokov, Fl. RSS Ucr. 4: 607. 1952. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.commutatus Zapał., Fl. Galic. Crit.: 119. 1911 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthuscorymbosus Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 285. 1809. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthuscorymbosus Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 4: 124. 1816 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuspoiretianus Ser., Prodr. 1: 360. 1824 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuschalcidicus Halácsy in Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 48: 707. 1898 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscostae Willk., Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 683. 1878. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthuspyrenaicussubsp.costae (Willk.) O.Bolòs & Vigo in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 187. 1974 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusalgetanussubsp.costae (Willk.) Romo, Fl. Veg. Montsec: 98. 1989, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusciliatus Costa, Introd. Fl. Cataluña: 36. 1864 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthusmarianii Sennen, Diagn. Nouv.: 32. 1936 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscrassipes R.Roem. in Linnaea 25: 11. 1852. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthusserenaeus Coincy in J. Bot. (Morot) 12: 53. 1898 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthuscrassipessubsp.serenaeus (Coincy) Rivas Mart. et al. in Rivasgodaya 6: 29. 1991 syn. sec. this publication

Dianthuscrenatus Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 81. 1794. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthusinaequalis E.Mey., Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Dokum.: 178. 1843 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscretaceus Adams in Beitr. Naturk. 1: 56. 1805. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuspetraeus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 328. 1808 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusbracteatus Willd. ex Ser., Prodr. 1: 360. 1824 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusliboschitzianus Ser., Prodr. 1: 360. 1824 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthussiemienkiewiczii Bordz. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 30: 364. 1932 syn. sec. this publication

Dianthuscretaceussubsp.cretaceus

Dianthuscretaceussubsp.dmanissianus (M.Kuzmina) Nersesian in Nov. Syst. Vyssh. Rast. 42: 113. 2011. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

≡ Dianthusdmanissianus M.Kuzmina in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 81(8): 80. 1996 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuscretaceussubsp.multicaulis (Boiss. & A.Huet) Nersesian in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 42: 112. 2011. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

≡ Dianthusmulticaulis Boiss. & A.Huet in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 5: 53. 1856 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012) ≡ Dianthusliboschitzianusvar.multicaulis (Boiss. & A.Huet) Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 487. 1867 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012) ≡ Dianthuscretaceusvar.multicaulis (Boiss. & A.Huet) Grossh., Fl. Cauc. 2: 430. 1930 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuscretaceussubsp.sevanensis Nersesian in Nov. Syst. Vyssh. Rast. 42: 113. 2011. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuscribrarius Clementi in Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Torino II 16: 20. 1855. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuscrinitus Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 300. 1794. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

= Dianthusfimbriatus Hohen. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 6: 232. 1833 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

= Dianthusibericus Steven ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 283. 1842 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

= Dianthusamoenus Pomel, Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 1: 210. 1874 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988) ≡ Dianthuscrinitusvar.amoenus (Pomel) Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 10: 300. 1963 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuscrinitusvar.flaviflorus Emb. in Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 15: 196. 1935 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthuscrinitussubsp.baldzhuanicus (Lincz.) Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 285. 1986. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

≡ Dianthusbaldzhuanicus Lincz. in Trudy Tadzhikistansk. Bazy 8: 629. 1940 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthuscrinitussubsp.crinitus

Dianthuscrinitussubsp.kermanensis Rech.f., Pl. Syst. Evol. 151(3–4): 286. 1986. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthuscrinitussubsp.nuristanicus (Gilli) Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 285. 1986. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

≡ Dianthusnuristanicus Gilli in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 59: 162. 1956 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthuscrinitussubsp.soongoricus (Schischk.) Kozhevn. in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 22: 112. 1985. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

≡ Dianthussoongoricus Schischk., Fl. URSS 6: 899. 1936 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthuscrinitussubsp.tetralepis (Nevski) Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 286. 1986. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

≡ Dianthustetralepis Nevski, Fl. URSS 6: 899. 1936 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthuscrinitussubsp.turcomanicus (Schischk.) Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 287. 1986. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

≡ Dianthusturcomanicus Schischk., Fl. URSS 6: 899. 1936 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthuscrinitusvar.argaeus Aytaç & H.Duman in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 41: 217. 2004. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthuscrossopetalus (Fenzl ex Boiss.) Grossh., Fl. Kavkaza 2: 428. 1930. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

≡ Dianthuscrinitusvar.crossopetalus Fenzl ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 496. 1867 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuscruentus Griseb., Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 186. 1843. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthuscruentusvar.micropetalus Pančić in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Vereins Wien 6: 501. 1856 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusconsanguineus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 93. 1866 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusfastigiatus Pant. in Verh. Vereins Natur- Heilk. Presburg n.s., 2: 105. 1871 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusholzmannianus Heldr. & Hausskn. ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2(1): 58. 1889 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscibrariusvar.leucolepis Hausskn. in Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins n.f., 5: 54. 1893 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusbrachyzonus Borbás ex Formánek in Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 35: 194. 1897 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusquadrangulus Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1892: 372. 1893 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusturcicus Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1892: 273. 1893 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuscruentussubsp.turcicus (Velen.) Stoj. & Acht., Fl. Bulg. ed. 3: 405. 1948 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuslateritius Halácsy, Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 213. 1900 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusbaldaccii Degen in Magyar Bot. Lapok 5: 275. 1906 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscruentusvar.pancicii Stoj. & Acht., Krit. Stud. Nelk. Bulg.: 56. 1935 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthushyalolepis Acht. & Lindtner in Izv. Carsk. Prir. Inst. Sofija 13: 195. 1940 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscalocephalusvar.villiger Bornm. syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusvilliger (Bornm.) Bornm. in Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 32: 27. 1926 [“1927”] syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusbrachyzonussubsp.villiger (Bornm.) Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 45. 1987 [“1990”] syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscyathophorus Moris, Index Seminum (TO) 1852: 32. 1852. Sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

≡ Dianthussiculussubsp.cyathophorus (Moris) Arrigoni in Parlatorea 7: 20. 2005 syn. sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

= Dianthusminae Mazzola, Raimondo & Ilardi in Bocconea 17: 307. 2004 syn. sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010) ≡ Dianthuscyathophorussubsp.minae (Mazzola, Raimondo & Ilardi) Raimondo in Quad. Bot. Amb. Appl. 21: 189. 2010 syn. sec. this publication

Dianthuscyprius A.K.Jacks. & Turrill in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 462. 1938. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuscyri Fisch. & C.A.Mey. in Index Seminum St. Petersburg (Petropolitanus) 4: 34. 1838. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusdaghestanicus Kharadze in Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 16: 47. 1951. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusdarvazicus Lincz. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthusdeltoides L., Sp. Pl.: 411. 1753. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Caryophyllusdeltoides (L.) Moench, Methodus: 59. 1794 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Cylichnanthusdeltoides (L.) Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 262. 1867 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Silenedeltoides (L.) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 113. 1901 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.;

= Dianthusdeltoidesvar.montanus Klett & Richt., Fl. Leipzig: 376. 1830 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusalbus Schkuhr ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 498. 1840 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusendressii Zahlbr. ex Conrath in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 38: 51. 1888 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusglaucus L., Sp. Pl.: 411. 1753 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Caryophyllusglaucus (L.) Moench, Methodus: 59. 1794 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Dianthusdeltoidesvar.glaucus (L.) Trevir., Index Seminum (WROCL, Wratislaviensi) 1818: 3. 1818 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthusdeltoidesf.glaucus (L.) P.D.Sell, Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 686. 2018 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthussupinus Lam., Fl. Franç. 2: 534. 1779 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscrenatus Gilib., Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 161. 1782 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusvolgensis Ser., Prodr. 1: 361. 1824 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusdeltoidessubsp.degenii (Bald.) Strid in Willdenowia 13: 280. 1983 [“1984”]. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusdegenii Bald. in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. n.s., 6: 27. 1899 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusdeltoidessubsp.deltoides

Dianthusdenaicus Assadi in Iranian J. Bot. 3: 17. 1985. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusdesideratus Strid, Fl. Hellenica 1: 371. 1997. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusdiffusus Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 285. 1809. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthuspubescens Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 286. 1809 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusrupestris Friv. ex Griseb., Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 191. 1843 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscylleneus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 63. 1854 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussyriacus F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 346. 1885 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusglandulosopubescens Halácsy in Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 48: 706. 1898 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusdilepis Rech.f. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 75: 361. 1951. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusdiversifolius Assadi in Iranian J. Bot. 3: 40. 1985. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusdobrogensis Prodán in Bul. Acad. Stud. Agron. Cluj 5(1): 97. 1934. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthus×dufftii Hausskn. ex Asch. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 26: 259. 1876

Dianthusedetanus (M.B.Crespo & Mateo) M.B.Crespo & Mateo in Flora Montiber. 40: 64. 2008. Sec. Mateo Sanz & Crespo (2008)

≡ Dianthushispanicussubsp.edetanus M.B.Crespo & Mateo in Flora Montiber. 20: 7. 2002 syn. sec. Mateo Sanz & Crespo (2008)

Dianthuselatus Ledeb., Fl. Altaic. 2: 136. 1830. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

Dianthuselbrusensis Kharadze in Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 21: 48. 1959. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuseldivenus Czeczott in Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 9: 33. 1932. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuselegans d’Urv., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 302. 1822. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusactinopetalus Fenzl, Pug. Pl. Nov. Syr.: 11. 1842 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscous Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 20. 1843 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuswawrae Freyn ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. Suppl.: 79. 1888 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuselymaiticus Hausskn. & Bornm. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19(2): 213. 1905. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusengleri Hausskn. & Bornm. in Mitt. Geogr. Ges. (Thüringen) Jena 9: 15. 1891. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuseretmopetalus Stapf in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 51: 349. 1886. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuserinaceus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 21. 1843. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthuswebbianus Parl. ex Vis. in Atti Riunione Sci. Ital. 2: 180. 1841 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusernesti-mayeri Micevski & Matevski in Razpr. Slov. Akad. Znan. Umetn., Razr. Nar. Vede 42: 155. 2001. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuserythrocoleus Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 493. 1867. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthuseugeniae Kleopow in Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 12–13: 157. 1931. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthustesquicola Klokov in Bot. Zhurn. (Kiev) 5: 26. 1948 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthusexcelsus S.S.Hooper in Hookers Icon. Pl. 37: 13. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthusangolensissubsp.orientalis Turrill in Kew Bull. 9: 49. 1954 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthusfalconeri Edgew. & Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 214. 1874. Sec. Ghanzafar & Nasir (1986)

Dianthus×fallens Timb.-Lagr. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 5: 329. 1858. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthus×tenersubsp.fallens (Timb.-Lagr.) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 104. 1878 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthus×monspessulanusvar.fallens (Timb.-Lagr.) Pau in Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 4: 187. 1905 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthus×borderei Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 183. 1896 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) – Dianthus×borderi Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 183. 1896 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) [is misspelling for Dianthus×borderi Rouy & Foucaud]

Dianthusfasciculatus (Boiss.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 141

≡ Veleziafasciculata Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 92. 1849

Dianthusferrugineus Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8: 9. 1768. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusbalbisii Ser., Prodr. 1: 356. 1824 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.balbiosii (Ser.) Tanfani, Fl. Ital. 9: 253. 1892 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusbalbisiivar.paniculatus Ser., Prodr. 1: 356. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusglaucophyllus Hornem. ex Ser., Prodr. 1: 356. 1824 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuspropinquus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 94. 1866 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusligusticus Willd. ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 103. 1878 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusrosulatus Borbás ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 103. 1878 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusalbaceteanus Huter in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 54: 339. 1904 syn. sec. Peruzzi & Gargano (2006)

Dianthusferrugineussubsp.ferrugineus

Dianthusferrugineussubsp.liburnicus (Bartl.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 191. 1963. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusliburnicus Bartl. in Beitr. Bot. 2: 52. 1825 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusbalbisiisubsp.liburnicus (Bartl.) Pignatti in Giorn. Bot. Ital. 111: 45. 1977 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusliburnicusvar.albiflorus Caldesi in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 11: 338. 1879 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthusfloribundus Boiss., Asie Min., Bot. 1: 221. 1860. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusschischkinii Grossh. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 11: 83. 1949 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusworonowii Schischk. in sched. herb. LE syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan 2012 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusformanekii Borbás ex Formánek in Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 32: 39. 1894. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusfragrans Adams in Weber u. Mohr, Beitr. Naturk. 1: 56. 1805. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusfragrans M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 331. 1808 syn. sec. this publication

= Dianthusliboschitzianus Hohen. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 491. 1867 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthustichomirovii Devyatov, Taisumov & Teimurov in Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. n.s. 104(2): 37. 1999 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Notes: – Although Bieberstein (1808) didn’t mention Adams (1805) as an author of D.fragrans in his 1^st volume of the Flora Taurica-Caucasica, the descriptions are very similar and very likely refer to the same species.

Dianthusfreynii Vandas in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1889(2): 255. 1890. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusfruticosus L., Sp. Pl.: 413. 1753. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusfrutescens Houtt., Nat. Hist. 2(5): 109. 1775 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusfruticosussubsp.amorginus Runemark in Bot. Not. 133(4): 485. 1980. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusfruticosussubsp.carpathus Runemark in Bot. Not. 133(4): 487. 1980. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusfruticosussubsp.creticus (Tausch) Runemark in Bot. Not. 133(4): 488. 1980. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthuscreticus Tausch in Flora 13: 247. 1830 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusfruticosussubsp.fruticosus

Dianthusfruticosussubsp.karavius Runemark in Bot. Not. 133(4): 487. 1980. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusfruticosussubsp.occidentalis Runemark in Bot. Not. 133: 483. 1980. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusfruticosussubsp.rhodius (Rech.f.) Runemark in Bot. Not. 133: 486. 1980. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthusrhodius Rech.f. in Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 105: 156. 1943 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusfruticosussubsp.sitiacus Runemark in Bot. Not. 133(4): 488. 1980. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusfurcatus Balb., Mém. Acad. Sci. Turin, Sci. Phys. 10–11: 13. 1804. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusalpester Balb., Mém. Acad. Sci. Turin, Sci. Phys. 1: 13. 1802 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumsubsp.alpester (Balb.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 493. 1805 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuspungens Gren. & Godr., Fl. France 1: 234. 1847 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusfurcatussubsp.dissimilis (Burnat) Pignatti in Giorn. Bot. Ital. 107: 209. 1973. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusfurcatusvar.dissimilis Burnat, Fl. Alpes Marit. 1: 230. 1892 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusfurcatussubsp.furcatus

Dianthusfurcatussubsp.gyspergerae (Rouy) Burnat ex Briq., Prodr. Fl. Corse 1: 572. 1910. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusgyspergerae Rouy in Rev. Bot. Syst. Géogr. Bot. 1: 132. 1903 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusfurcatussubsp.lereschii (Burnat) Pignatti in Giorn. Bot. Ital. 107: 209. 1973. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusfurcatusvar.lereschii Burnat, Fl. Alpes Marit. 1: 230. 1892 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthustener Balb., Mém. Acad. Sci. Turin, Sci. Phys. 1: 14. 1802 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusstrictusvar.tener (Balb.) Tanfani, Fl. Ital. 9: 272. 1892 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthusfurcatussubsp.tener (Balb.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 189. 1963 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusgabrielianiae Nersesian in Takhtajania 1: 45. 2011. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusgasparrinii Guss., Fl. Sicul. Syn. 1: 479. 1843. Sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

≡ Dianthuscaryophyllussubsp.gasparrinii (Guss.) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital. ed. 2: 306. 1894 syn. sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

Dianthusgeminiflorus Loisel., Fl. Gall. 2: 725. 1807. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthusfurcatussubsp.geminiflorus (Loisel.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 189. 1963 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusgenargenteus Bacch., Brullo, Casti & Giusso in Nordic J. Bot. 28: 145. 2010. Sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

Dianthusgiganteiformis Borbás in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 41: 32. 1891. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthussabuletarum Heuff. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 8: 26. 1858 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuspontederae A.Kern., Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. 2: 539. 1882 [“1883”] syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumsubsp.pontederae (A.Kern.) Hegi in Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 17: 16. 1911 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusgiganteiformissubsp.pontederae (A.Kern.) Soó in Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 15: 339. 1969 [“1970”] syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthussabuletorumsubsp.pontederae (A.Kern.) Holub in Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 19: 214. 1984 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthustenuifoliussubsp.serpentini Podp., Spisy Přír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 12: 20. 1922 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthussabuletorumsubsp.serpentini (Podp.) Holub in Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 19: 214. 1984 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusurziceniensis Prodán, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. 2: 667. 1953 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusdiutinus Rchb., Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 6: 44. 1844, nom illeg syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusgiganteiformisvar.comanae Prodán syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuscomanae (Prodán) Prodán, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. 2: 284. 1953 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusgiganteiformissubsp.giganteiformis

Dianthusgiganteiformissubsp.kladovanus (Degen) Soó in Feddes Repert. 83: 161. 1972. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthuskladovanus Degen in Magyar Bot. Lapok 4: 122. 1905 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthussabuletorumsubsp.kladovanus (Degen) Holub in Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 19: 214. 1984 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusgiganteus d‘Urv., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 301. 1822. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusintermedius Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 515. 1867 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthushaynaldianus Borbás in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 38: 144. 1888 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusgiganteussubsp.haynaldianus (Borbás) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 69: 191. 1963 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussubgiganteus Borbás ex Formánek in Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 32: 181. 1894 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusgiganteussubsp.subgiganteus (Borbás ex Formánek) Hayek in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 94: 138. 1917 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusgiganteussubsp.banaticus (Heuff.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 191. 1963. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.banaticus Heuff. syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusbanaticus (Heuff.) Dörfl., Exsicc. (Herb. Norm.) 1894: 3018. 1894 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusgiganteussubsp.croaticus (Borbás) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 70: 4. 1964. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthuscroaticus Borbás in Bot. Jahresber. (Just) 4: 1059. 1877 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusgiganteussubsp.giganteus

Dianthusgiganteussubsp.vandasii (Velen.) Stoj. & Acht., Sborn. Blghar. Akad. Nauk 29: 43. 1935. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusvandasii Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1892: 16. 1893 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusglabriusculus (Kit.) Borbás in Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 19: 19. 1877. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

≡ Dianthuscollinusvar.glabriusculus Kit. in Linnaea 32: 528. 1863 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995) ≡ Dianthuscollinussubsp.glabriusculus (Kit.) Thaisz in Bot. Közlem. 8: 252. 1910 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthusglabriusculussubsp.moldavicus Prodán in Bul. Soc. Sti. Cluj. 10: 158. 1948 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995) ≡ Dianthuspiatra-neamtzui Prodán, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. 2: 234. 1953 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthuscollinussubsp.glabriusculus Soó syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthusglacialis Haenke in Collectanea 2: 84. 1788. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusalpinusvar.glacialis (Haenke) Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 533. 1862, nom. illeg.

= Dianthusglacialisvar.acaulis Ser., Prodr. 1: 362. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusglacialisvar.latifolius Ser., Prodr. 1: 362. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusalpinusvar.subacaulis Roth, Enum. Pl. Phaen. Germ. 1(2): 282. 1827 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusglacialisf.reducta Fornac. in Giorn. Bot. Ital. 107: 246. 1973 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusglacialissubsp.gelidus (Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusgelidus Schott, Nyman & Kotschy in Schott, Analecta Bot.: 54. 1854 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusglacialissubsp.glacialis

Dianthusglutinosus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 61. 1854. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthuspubescens d’Urv., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 303. 1822 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusgoekayi Kaynak, Yılmaz & Daşkın in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 48: 74. 2011. Sec. Yılmaz et al. (2011)

Dianthusgoerkii Hartvig & Strid in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 108: 321. 1987. Sec. Hamzaoğlu & Koç (2021)

= Dianthusleucophaeusvar.patens Reeve syn. sec. Hamzaoğlu & Koç (2021)

Dianthusgracilis Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 288. 1809. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusgracilissubsp.armerioides (Griseb.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 191. 1963. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusgracilisvar.armerioides Griseb., Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 190. 1843 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthussuskalovicii Adamović in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 55: 179. 1905 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthuscallosus Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 8: 5. 1910 [“1911”] syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusachtarovii Stoj. & Kitan. in Izv. Bulg. Bot. Druzh. 9: 94. 1943 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusgracilissubsp.achtarovii (Stoj. & Kitanov) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 191. 1963 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusgracilissubsp.drenowskianus (Rech.f.) Strid in Willdenowia 13: 281. 1983 [“1984”]. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusdrenowskianus Rech.f. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 31: 158. 1932 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusgracilissubsp.friwaldskyanus (Boiss.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 191. 1963. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthusfriwaldskyanus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 65. 1854 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusgracilissubsp.gracilis

= Dianthusalbanicus Wettst. in Biblioth. Bot. 26: 34. 1892 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusathous Rech.f. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 31: 159. 1932 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusgracilissubsp.xanthinus (Davidov) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 191. 1963. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthusxanthinus Davidov in Trav. Soc. Bulg. Sci. Nat. 8: 56. 1915 syn. sec. this publication – Dianthusxanthianus Davidov in Trav. Soc. Bulg. Sci. Nat. 8: 56. 1915 syn. sec. this publication [is orthographic variant for Dianthusxanthinus Davidov] – Dianthusgracilissubsp.xanthianus (Davidov) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 191. 1963 syn. sec. this publication [is orthographic variant for Dianthusgracilissubsp.xanthinus (Davidov) Tutin]

Dianthusgraminifolius C.Presl, Fl. Sicul. 1: 147. 1826. Sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

≡ Dianthusarrostivar.graminifolius (C.Presl) Lojac., Fl. Sicul. 1: 164. 1889 syn. sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010) – Dianthusarrostiivar.graminifolius (C.Presl) Lojac., Fl. Sicul. 1: 164. 1889 syn. sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010) [is orthographic variant for Dianthusarrostivar.graminifolius (C.Presl) Lojac.]

Dianthusgraniticus Jord., Observ. Pl. Nouv. 7: 13. 1849. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthushirtussubsp.graniticus (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud in Rouy, Fl. France 3: 177. 1896 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusgratianopolitanus Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 3: 598. 1789. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthuscaesius Sm., Engl. Bot. [1]: t. 62. 1792 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Silenecaesia (Sm.) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 112. 1901, nom. illeg.

= Dianthuscaesiussubsp.adscendens Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 158. 1828 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuscaesiussubsp.montanus Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 159. 1828 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuscaesiusvar.nanus Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 159. 1828 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusflaccidus Fieber in Flora 17: 633. 1834 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusgredensis Pau ex Caball. in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 5: 513. 1945. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthuslangeanussubsp.gredensis (Pau ex Caball.) Rivas Mart., Fern.Gonz. & Sánchez Mata in Opusc. Bot. Pharm. Complut. 2: 108. 1986 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthuspungenssubsp.gredensis (Pau ex Caball.) Crespí, C.P.Fern., A.Castro, Bernardos & Amich in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 44: 253. 2007 syn. sec. this publication

Dianthusgrossheimii Schischk. in Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 2: 278. 1936. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusguessfeldtianus Muschl., Man. Fl. Egypt 1: 330. 1912. Sec. Marhold (2011)

DianthusguliaeJanka in J. Bot. 12: 338. 1874. Sec. Peruzzi & Gargano (2006)

≡ Dianthusliburnicusvar.guliae (Janka) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital.: 85. 1882 syn. sec. Peruzzi & Gargano (2006) ≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.guliae (Janka) Tanfani, Fl. Ital. 9: 254. 1892 syn. sec. Peruzzi & Gargano (2006)

Dianthusguttatus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 328. 1808. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthuspseudogrisebachii Grecescu, Consp. Fl. Roman.: 100. 1898 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusguttatussubsp.mariae Kleopow in Zhurn. Inst. Bot. Vseukraïns’k. Akad. Nauk 21–22: 244. 1939 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusmariae (Kleopow) Klokov in Bot. Zhurn. (Kiev) 5: 27. 1948 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusguttatussubsp.dicaricatus Prodán, Fl. Republ. Popul. Român. 2: 669. 1953. Sec. Jalas & Suominen (1988)

Dianthusguttatussubsp.guttatus

Dianthushaematocalyx Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 68. 1854. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthushaematocalyxf.olympica Stoj. & Jordanov in God. Sofiisk. Univ. Fiz.-Mat. Fak. 34: 178. 1938 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthushaematocalyxsubsp.haematocalyx

Dianthushaematocalyxsubsp.phitosianus Constantin. in Phyton (Horn) 39(2): 279. 1999. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthushaematocalyxsubsp.pindicola (Vierh.) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 240. 1924. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthuspindicola Vierh. in Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 47: 31. 1897 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013) ≡ Dianthushaematocalyxsubsp.pinidicola (Vierh.) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 240. 1924 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthuspineticolavar.jacupicensis Košanin syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthushaematocalyxsubsp.pruinosus (Boiss. & Orph.) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 240. 1924. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthuspruinosus Boiss. & Orph. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 6: 28. 1859 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthushaematocalyxsubsp.ventricosus Maire & Petitm. in Bull. Soc. Sci. Nancy III, 9: 193. 1908. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthusventricosus Heldr. ex Halácsy, Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 204. 1900, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthussibthorpii Vierh. in Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 47: 33. 1897 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthushaematocalyxsubsp.sibthorpii (Vierh.) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 240. 1924 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthushafezii Assadi in Iranian J. Bot. 3: 23. 1985. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthushalisdemirii Hamzaoğlu & Koç in KSÜ Tarim Doga Derg. 21: 548. 2018. Sec. Hamzaoğlu et al. (2018)

Dianthushamzaoglui Koç in Phytotaxa 439(1): 58. 2020. Sec. Koç (2020)

Dianthusharrissii Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 240. 1983. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthushelenae Vved. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Uzbekistansk. Fil. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 3: 10. 1941. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthus×hellwigii Borbás ex Čelak. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1878: 20. 1879. Sec. IPNI

≡ Dianthus×hellwigii Borbás ex Asch. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 26: 258. 1876;

Dianthus×helveticorum M.Laínz in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 42: 549. 1985 [“1986”]. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthushenteri Heuff. ex Griseb. & Schenk in Arch. Naturgesch. 18(1): 303. 1852. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthushispidus (Boiss. & Balansa) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 150

≡ Veleziahispida Boiss. & Balansa in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 5: 57. 1856 syn. sec. this publication

Dianthushoeltzeri C.Winkl. in Gartenflora 30: 1. 1881. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

Dianthusholopetalus Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(2): 369. 1854. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthushumilis Willd. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 280. 1842. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthushirtus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 326. 1808 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusvirgineus Hablitz ex M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 326. 1808 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussterilis Steven ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 505. 1867 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthushymenolepis Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 64. 1849. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthushypanicus Andrz., Ischisl. Rast. Podolsk. Gub. 1: 18. 1860. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthushyrcanicus Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 241. 1983. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthushyssopifolius L., Cent. Pl. I: 11. 1755. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthusmonspeliacus L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10 2: 1029. 1759 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusambiguus Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 303. 1796 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussaxatilis Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 494. 1805 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusalpestris Sternb., Deutschl. Fl.: 28. 1809 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusmonspessulanusvar.alpestris (Sternb.) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital.: 87. 1882 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusplumosus DC. ex Spreng., Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 64. 1815 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusmonspessulanusvar.plumosus (DC. ex Spreng.) Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 6: 355. 1830 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthussuaveolens Spreng., Novi Provent.: 16. 1818 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusmonspessulanusvar.suaveolens (Spreng.) Trevir., Index Seminum (WROCL, Wratislaviensi) 1821(App. 3): 1. 1821 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusmonspessulanusvar.brevifolius Ser., Prodr. 1: 365. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusacuminatus Tausch, Syll. Pl. Nov. 2: 242. 1828 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscontroversus Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 157. 1828 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusseguierivar.controversus (Gaudin) W.D.J.Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 1: 96. 1835 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthusseguierisubsp.controversus (Gaudin) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital.: 84. 1882 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthussprengelii G.Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 394. 1831 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusodoratissimus Vest ex Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 807. 1832 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusmonspessulanusvar.alpicola W.D.J.Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 1: 99. 1835 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuscondensatus Kil. in Linnaea 32: 532. 1863 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusoreades Balb. ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 104. 1878 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuseynensis Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 148. 1926 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusmonspessulanusvar.jacetanus P.Monts. in Bull. Soc. Échange Pl. Vasc. Eur. Occid. Bassin Médit. 18: 72. 1981 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthushyssopifoliussubsp.gallicus (Pers.) M.Laínz & Muñoz Garm in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 44: 572. 1987. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthusgallicus Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 495. 1805 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusmonspeliacussubsp.gallicus (Pers.) M.Laínz & Muñoz Garm in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 42: 259. 1985 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthushyssopifoliussubsp.hyssopifolius

Dianthusichnusae Bacch., Brullo, Casti & Giusso in Nordic J. Bot. 28: 146. 2010. Sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

Dianthusichnusaesubsp.ichnusae

Dianthusichnusaesubsp.toddei Bacch., Brullo, Casti & Giusso in Nordic J. Bot. 28: 147. 2010. Sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

Dianthusillyricus (Ard.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 151

≡ Saponariaillyrica Ard., Animadv. Bot. Spec. Alt.: 24. 1764 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Tunicaillyrica (Ard.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 4: 49. 1838 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Fiedleriaillyrica (Ard.) Rchb., Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 6: 42, t. 246. 1844 syn. sec. this publication (2019) ≡ Petrorhagiaillyrica (Ard.) P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 133. 1964 syn. sec. this publication

Dianthusillyricussubsp.angustifolius (Poir.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 152

≡ Sileneangustifolia Poir., Voy. Barbarie 2: 164. 1789 syn. sec. this publication (2019); ≡ Tunicaangustifolia (Poir.) Briq., Prodr. Fl. Corse 1: 544. 1910 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Tunicaillyricasubsp.angustifolia (Poir.) Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 30: 265. 1939 syn. sec. this publication

= Gypsophilacompressa Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 343, t. 97. 1798 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Tunicacompressa (Desf.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 4: 50. 1838 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Dianthellacompressa (Desf.) Pomel, Mat. Fl. Atl.: 9. 1860 syn. sec. this publication (2019)

= Tunicadavaeana Coss. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 36: 103. 1889 syn. sec. this publication

= Tunicascoparia Pamp. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 12: 25. 1936 syn. sec. this publication (2019)

Dianthusillyricussubsp.haynaldianus (Janka) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 152

≡ GypsophilahaynaldianaJanka in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 20: 316. 1870 syn. sec. this publication (2019) ≡ Tunicahaynaldiana (Janka) Borbás in Math. Term. Közlem. 12: 165. 1876 syn. sec. this publication (2019) ≡ GypsophilahaynaldianaJanka ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 100. 1878 syn. sec. IPNI ≡ Tunicaillyricavar.haynaldiana (Janka) Hayek, Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balcan. 1: 222. 1924 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Tunicaillyricasubsp.haynaldiana (Janka) Prodán in Savulescu, F. Roman. P. R. 2: 215. 1953 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Petrorhagiaillyricasubsp.haynaldiana (Janka) P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 134. 1964 syn. sec. this publication

= Tunicarhodopea Velen. in Abh. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. 1894 (29): 4. 1895 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthusillyricussubsp.illyricus

Dianthusillyricussubsp.taygeteus (Boiss.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 152

≡ Tunicaillyricavar.taygetea Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 521. 1867 syn. sec. this publication; ≡ Tunicataygetea (Boiss.) P.H.Davis in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 165. 1957 syn. sec. this publication (2019) ≡ Petrorhagiaillyricasubsp.taygetea (Boiss.) P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 137. 1964 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Tunicacreticavar.taygetea (Boiss.) Halácsy syn. sec. this publication

Dianthusimereticus (Rupr.) Schischk. in Byull. Gosud. Muz. Gruzii 5: 123. 1928 [“1930”]. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

≡ Dianthusmontanusf.imereticus Rupr., Fl. Caucasi: 173. 1869 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuscharadzeae Gagnidze & Gvin. in Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 37: 25. 1981 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusinamoenus Schischk., Fl. URSS 6: 897. 1936. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuslenkoranicus Kharadze in Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 16: 46. 1951 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuspallenssubsp.inamoenus Sanda syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusingoldbyi Turrill in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1924: 314. 1924. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusinsularis Bacch., Brullo, Casti & Giusso in Nordic J. Bot. 28: 156. 2010. Sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

Dianthusinteger Vis. in Flora 12(1 Erg.): 11. 1829. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthuspetraeussubsp.integer (Vis.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusnicolai Beck & Szyszył., Pl. Cernagor. Lect.: 65. 1888 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusprenjus Beck in Wiss. Mitt. Bosnien & Herzegovina 11: 488. 1909 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusintegersubsp.integer

Dianthusintegersubsp.macedonicus Trinajstić in Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 6: 8. 1979. Sec. Marhold (2011)

– Dianthusintegersubsp.macedonicus Trinajstić in Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 5: 737. 1979, nom. inval. syn. sec. this publication

Dianthusintegersubsp.minutiflorus (Halácsy) Bornm. ex Strid, Mount. Fl. Greece 1: 182. 1986. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthusminutiflorus Halácsy, Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 216. 1900 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuspetraeussubsp.minutiflorus (Halácsy) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusstrictusvar.minutiflorus Borbás in Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 34: 85. 1896 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusintegerrimus Bunge in Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 7: 583. 1858. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

≡ Dianthusliboschitzianusvar.integerrimus (Bunge) Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 487. 1867 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012) ≡ Dianthuscretaceusvar.integerrimus (Bunge) Grossh., Fl. Cauc. 2: 430. 1930 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusjacobsii Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 243. 1983. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusjacquemontii Edgew. & Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 214. 1874. Sec. Ghanzafar & Nasir (1986)

Dianthus×jaczonis Asch. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 26: 257. 1876. Sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Dianthusjapigicus Bianco & S.Brullo in Braun-Blanquetia 2: 31. 1988. Sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

Dianthusjaponicus Thunb., Syst. Veg. ed. 14: 417. 1784. Sec. Zoku (1965)

= Dianthusellipticus Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(2): 369. 1854 syn. sec. Zoku (1965)

= Dianthusnipponicus Makino in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 58. 1903 syn. sec. Zoku (1965)

= Dianthusjaponicusf.albiflorus J.Ohara ex Nakan. in J. Geobot. 16: 116. 1968 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusjaponicusf.albiflorus Honda & Koike in J. Jap. Bot. 46: 75. 1971, nom. illeg. syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusjaponicusf.albiflorus Konta & S.Matsumoto in Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, B. 31(1): 23. 2005, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Zoku (1965)

Dianthusjaroslavii Galushko in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 6: 213. 1970. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthus×javorkae Kárpáti in Borbásia 5–6: 87. 1946. Sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Dianthusjuniperinus Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 303. 1794. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusjuniperinussubsp.aciphyllus (Sieber ex Ser.) Turland in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 22: 168. 1992. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthusaciphyllus Sieber ex Ser. in Candolle, Prodr. 1: 358. 1824 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusjuniperinussubsp.bauhinorum (Greuter) Turland in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 22: 168. 1992. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthusaciphyllusvar.bauhinorum Greuter in Candollea 20: 190. 1965 syn. sec. WFO 2018

– Dianthusarboreus L., Sp. Pl.: 413. 1753, nom. rej. syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusjuniperinussubsp.heldreichii Greuter in Candollea 20: 187. 1966. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusjuniperinussubsp.idaeus Turland in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 22(2): 168. 1992. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusjuniperinussubsp.juniperinus

Dianthusjuniperinussubsp.kavusicus Turland in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 22(2): 168. 1992. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusjuniperinussubsp.pulviniformis (Greuter) Turland in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 22: 166. 1992. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthuspulviniformis Greuter in Candollea 20: 189. 1965 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusjuzeptchukii M.Kuzmina in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 81: 80. 1996. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuskapinaensis Markgr. & Lindtner in Glasn. Skopsk. Naucn. Drustva 18(6): 125. 1938. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuskarami (Boiss.) Mouterde in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 104: 511. 1958. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthushypochlorusvar.karami Boiss., Fl. Orient. Suppl.: 80. 1888 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuskarataviensis Pavlov in Sovetsk. Bot. 1934(1): 22. 1934. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthuskastembeluensis Freyn & Sint. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 43: 375. 1893. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuskhamiesbergensis Sond., Fl. Cap. 1: 124. 1860. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthuskirghizicus Schischk., Fl. URSS 6: 896. 1936. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthuskiusianus Makino in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 178. 1912. Sec. Zoku (1965)

= Dianthushachijoensis Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 35: 150. 1921 syn. sec. Zoku (1965)

Dianthusklokovii Knjasev in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 82(11): 80. 1997. Sec. Knjasev (1997)

Dianthusknappii (Pant.) Asch. & Kanitz ex Borbás, Mat. Term. Közlem. 13: 196. 1877. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusliburnicusvar.knappii Pant. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 23: 4. 1873 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusbalbisiisubsp.knappii (Pant.) Peruzzi & Uzunov in Phytol. Balcan. 14: 48. 2008 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

DianthuskoreanusD.C.Son & K.H.Lee in Phytotaxa 303(1): 71. 2017. Sec. Son et al. (2017)

Dianthuskubanensis Schischk. in Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 3: 184. 1937. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuskuschakewiczii Regel & Schmalh. in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 5: 244. 1877. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

Dianthuskusnezowii Marcow. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 4: 31. 1923. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusabchasicus Gvin. in Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 27: 78. 1969 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuslactiflorus Fenzl in Asie Min., Bot. 1: 215. 1860. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuslaingsburgensis S.S.Hooper in Hookers Icon. Pl. 37: 30. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthuslanceolatus Steven ex Rchb., Pl. Crit. 6: 34. 1828. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuslangeanus Willk., Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 690. 1878. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthuslaricifolius Boiss. & Reut., Diagn. Pl. Nov. Hisp.: 7. 1842. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthuslaricifoliussubsp.caespitosifolius (Planellas) M.Laínz, Aport. Conocim. Fl. Gallega 6: 6. 1968. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthuscaespitosifolius Planellas, Ensayo Fl. Gallega: 118. 1852 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthusplanellae Willk., Icon. Descr. Pl. Nov. 1: 79. 1854 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthuslaricifoliussubsp.laricifolius

Dianthuslaricifoliussubsp.marizii (Samp.) Franco in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 23: 91. 1986. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthusgraniticusvar.marizii Samp. in Ann. Sci. Nat. (Oporto) 10: 14. 1906 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusmarizii (Samp.) Samp. in Bol. Soc. Brot. II, 1: 134. 1922 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusmerinoisubsp.marizii (Samp.) Rivas Mart. & Penas in Itinera Geobot. 15: 700. 2002 syn. sec. WFO 2018 – Dianthusgraniticusvar.maritzii Samp. in Ann. Sci. Nat. (Oporto) 10: 14. 1906 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) [is misspelling for Dianthusgraniticusvar.marizii Samp.]

Dianthuslaricifoliussubsp.merinoi (M.Laínz) M.Laínz in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 43: 197. 1986. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthusmerinoi M.Laínz, Comun. I. N. I. A., Sér. Recurs. Nat. 2: 3. 1974 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthuslegionensis (Willk.) F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 346. 1885. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthuslusitanusvar.legionensis Willk., Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 684. 1878 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthustoletanusvar.cutandae Pau in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 22: 87. 1923 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthuscutandae (Pau) Pau in Cavanillesia 1: 63. 1928 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusscabersubsp.cutandae (Pau) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthusleptoloma Steud. ex A.Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 42. 1847. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthusabyssinicus R.Br., Voy. Abyss. App: lxiv. 1814 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusleptopetalus Willd., Enum. Pl.: 468. 1809. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuspomeridianus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 329. 1808 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuspubescens Fisch., Cat. Jard. Gorenki ed. 2: 59. 1812 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusbicolor Hornem. in Hort. Bot. Hafn. 1: 407. 1813 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusleucophaeus Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 288. 1809. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusolympicus Sibth. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 487. 1867 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusilgazensis Czeczott in Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 9: 32. 1932 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusleucophoeniceus Dörfl. & Hayek in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 70: 13. 1921. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthusgiganteussubsp.leucophoeniceus (Dörfl. & Hayek) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 191. 1963 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthuslibanotis Labill. in Icon. Pl. Syr. 1: 14. 1791. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusatomarius Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 71. 1849 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuslindbergii Riedl in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 65: 30. 1962. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthuslongicalyx Miq. in J. Bot. Néerl. 1: 127. 1861. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthusoreadum Hance in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. V, 5: 207. 1866 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthussuperbusvar.oreadum (Hance) Pamp. in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. n.s., 17: 265. 1910 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthussuperbusf.longicalycinus Maxim. in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 11: 64. 1890 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthussuperbusvar.longicalycinus (Maxim.) F.N.Williams in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 34: 411. 1899 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthussuperbussubsp.longicalycinus (Maxim.) Kitam. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 20: 205. 1962 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussuperbusvar.latifolius Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 43: 457. 1929 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthussuperbusf.latifolius (Nakai) Kitag. in J. Jap. Bot. 40: 138. 1965 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthustaiwanensis Masam. in Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 33: 618. 1943 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthussuperbusvar.taiwanensis (Masam.) T.S.Liu & S.S.Ying, Fl. Taiwan 2: 334. 1976 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthussuperbusf.tricolor Honda in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 20: 18. 1962 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussuperbusvar.pycnophyllus Kitag. in J. Jap. Bot. 55: 266. 1980 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuslongiglumis Delile in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. II, 20: 89. 1843. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthuslongivaginatus Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 244. 1983. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthus×lorberi Kubát & Abtová in Severoceskou Prír. 21: 5. 1988. Sec. Danihelka et al. (2012)

Dianthuslucae Asch. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 26: 259. 1876

= Dianthus×lucaevar.novakii Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 5(2): 451. 1922 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthus×novakii (Graebn.) Novák in Vestn. Král. Ceské Spolecn. Nauk. Tr. Mat.-Prír. 9: 47. 1927 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthuslusitanus Brot., Fl. Lusit. 2: 177. 1805. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthusbolivaris Sennen in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 32: 96. 1932 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuslusitanusvar.imberbis Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 28: 342. 1937 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthuslusitanussubsp.lusitanus

Dianthuslusitanussubsp.sidi-tualii (Font Quer) Dobignard in J. Bot. Soc. Bot. France 20: 39. 2002. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

≡ Dianthussidi-tualii Font Quer in Cavanillesia 7: 149. 1935 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthuslusitanusvar.latifolius Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 24: 204. 1933 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuslusitanusvar.tamarutii Caball., App. Discurs. Univ. Madrid: 2. 1935 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusatlanticus Romo in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 108: 205. 1992 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthuslydus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 20. 1843. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusmacranthoides Hausskn. ex Bornm. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19(2): 213. 1906. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusmacranthus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 23. 1843. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusmacroflorus Hamzaoğlu in Syst. Bot. 40: 210. 2015. Sec. Hamzaoğlu et al. (2015)

Dianthusmainensis Shaulo & Erst in Feddes Repert. 122: 345. 2011. Sec. Shaulo & Erst (2011)

Dianthusmarschallii Schischk. in J. Bot. Gard. Nikita 10(2): 39. 1928. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthusbicolor M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 329. 1808 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthuspallenssubsp.marschallii Sanda syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthusmartuniensis M.Kuzmina in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 81(8): 81. 1996. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusmasmenaeus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 5: 51. 1856. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusmutabilis Boiss. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. IV, 2: 44. 1854 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusasperulus Boiss. & A.Huet in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 5: 51. 1856 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusmazanderanicus Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 245. 1983. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthus×melandrioides Pau in Not. Bot. Fl. Españ. 1: 29. 1887. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthus×carolipaui M.B.Crespo & Mateo in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 47: 506. 1989 [“1990”] syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Dianthusmembranaceus Borbás in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 26: 125. 1876. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusrehmannii Blocki in Kosmos (Lvov) 5: 494. 1880 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuspseudobarbatus Besser ex Blocki in Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 3(9): 131. 1885 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusmercurii Heldr. in Atti Congr. Int. Bot. Firenze 1874: 237. 1876. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusmicranthus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 69. 1849. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthushaussknechtii Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 489. 1867 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusmicrolepis Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 22. 1843. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthuspumilus Friv. ex Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 22. 1843 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusbrachyanthus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 96. 1866 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuspumilio Degen & Urum. in Magyar Bot. Lapok 13: 177. 1914 [“1915”] syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusmicrolepisf.alba Delip. & Dimitrov in Feddes Repert. 83: 490. 1972 [“1973”] syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusmicrolepisvar.degenii Stoj. & Acht. syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusmicrolepissubsp.degenii (Stoj. & Acht.) Peev & Zlatkova in Phytologia Balcan. 1: 38. 1995 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusmicrolepisvar.musalae Velen. syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusmusalae (Velen.) Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 8: 6. 1910 [“1911”] syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmicropetalus Ser., Prodr. 1: 359. 1824. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthusmoesiacus Vis. & Pančić in Mem. Reale Ist. Veneto Sci. 15: 17. 1870. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.moesiacus (Vis. & Pančić) F.N.Williams in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 376. 1893 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusburgasensis Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 192. 1963 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmoesiacussubsp.grancarovii (Urum.) Stoj. & Acht. in Sborn. Bălg. Akad. Nauk. 29(2): 53. 1935. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusgrancarovii Urum. in Sborn. Bălg. Akad. Nauk. 22(1): 22. 1926 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusmoesiacusvar.grancarovii Urum. ex Stoj. & Stef., Fl. Bulg. ed. 2: 368. 1933 syn. sec. this publication

Dianthusmoesiacussubsp.moesiacus

Dianthusmoesiacussubsp.sevlievensis (Degen & Nejceff) Stoj. & Acht. in Sborn. Bălg. Akad. Nauk. 29(2): 54. 1935. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusvandasiivar.sevlievensis Degen & Nejceff in Period. Spis. Bulg. Knizh. Druzh. 69: 74. 1908 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusmoesiacussubsp.skobelevii (Velen.) Stoj. & Acht. in Sborn. Bălg. Akad. Nauk. 29(2): 53. 1935. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusmoesiacusvar.skobelevii Velen., Fl. Bulg. Suppl.: 45. 1898 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusmonadelphus Vent., Choix Pl.: t. 39. 1807. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusochroleucus Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 494. 1805 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmonadelphussubsp.judaicus (Boiss.) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 186. 1982. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusjudaicus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 66. 1849 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusauraniticus Post in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 24: 422. 1888 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusmonadelphussubsp.monadelphus

Dianthusmonadelphussubsp.pallens (Sm.) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthuspallens Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 286. 1809 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusprocumbens Vent., Choix Pl.: Index. 1808 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusrhodopeus Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1890(2): 40. 1890 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmonspessulanus L., Amoen. Acad. 4: 1313. 1759. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusmonspessulanussubsp.marsicus (Ten.) Novák, Spisy Prir. Fak. Karlovy Univ. 21: 25. 1924. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusmarsicus Ten., Fl. Napol. 4: 61. 1830 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusmonspessulanusvar.marsicus (Ten.) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital.: 87. 1882 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Dianthussternbergiisubsp.marsicus (Ten.) Pignatti in Giorn. Bot. Ital. 107: 209. 1973 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuswaldsteiniisubsp.marsicus (Ten.) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 188. 1982 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusmonspessulanussubsp.monspessulanus

Dianthusmooiensis F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 27: 199. 1889. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

≡ Dianthusmoviensis F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 27: 199. 1889 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthusnelsonii F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 27: 200. 1889 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmooiensissubsp.kirkii (Burtt Davy) S.S.Hooper in Hookers Icon. Pl. 37: 54. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

≡ Dianthuskirkii Burtt Davy in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 220. 1922 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0) ≡ Dianthusmoviensissubsp.kirkii (Burtt Davy) S.S.Hooper in Hookers Icon. Pl. 37: 54. 1959 syn. sec. this publication

Dianthusmooiensissubsp.mooiensis

Dianthusmooiensisvar.dentatus Burtt Davy in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 222. 1922. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

– Dianthusmoviensisvar.dentatus Burtt Davy in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 222. 1922 syn. sec. this publication [is misspelling for Dianthusmooiensisvar.dentatus Burtt Davy]

Dianthusmoravicus Kovanda in Preslia 54: 241. 1982. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusgratianopolitanussubsp.moravicus (Kovanda) Holub in Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 18: 205. 1983 syn. sec. this publication

Dianthusmorisianus Vals. in Boll. Soc. Sarda Sci. Nat. 24: 333. 1985. Sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

≡ Dianthussiculussubsp.morisianus (Vals.) Arrigoni in Parlatorea 7: 20. 2005 syn. sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

Dianthusmossanus Bacch. & Brullo in Portugaliae Act. Biol., Sér. B, Sist. 19: 296. 2000. Sec. Bacchetta & Brullo (2000)

≡ Dianthussiculussubsp.mossanus (Bacch. & Brullo) Arrigoni in Parlatorea 7: 20. 2005 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmuglensis Hamzaoğlu & Koç in Phytotaxa 491(4): 291. 2021. Sec. Hamzaoğlu & Koç (2021)

≡ Dianthuselegansvar.gramineus R.M.Burton in Karaca Arbor. Mag. 3: 184. 1997 syn. sec. Hamzaoğlu & Koç (2021)

Dianthusmultiaffinis Pau in Bol. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 21: 142. 1921. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthuspungensvar.multiaffinis (Pau) O.Bolòs & Vigo in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 88. 1974 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthuscostaesubsp.multiaffinis (Pau) M.Laínz in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 43: 473. 1986 [“1987”] syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusmulticepssubsp.multiaffinis (Pau) Rivas Mart. in Itinera Geobot. 15: 700. 2002 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmulticeps Costa ex Willk. in Linnaea 30: 88. 1859. Sec. WFO 2018

≡ Dianthuscintranussubsp.multiceps (Costa ex Willk.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuspungenssubsp.multiceps (Costa ex Willk.) O.Bolòs & Vigo in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 88. 1974 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuspungensvar.multiceps (Costa ex Willk.) O.Bolòs & Vigo in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38: 88. 1974 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthus×bergadensis Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 144. 1926 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthus×corberae Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 143. 1926 [“1927”] syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthus×notabilis Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 207. 1926 [“1927”] syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthusmulticepssubsp.multiceps

Dianthusmulticepssubsp.praepyrenaicus M.Bernal in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 44: 569. 1987. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthusmultiflorus Deniz & Aykurt in Phytokeys 63: 3. 2016. Sec. Deniz et al. (2016)

Dianthusmultisquamatus F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 344. 1885. Sec. Williams (1893)

Dianthusmultisquameus Bondarenko & R.M.Vinogr., Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 2: 327. 1971. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthusmuschianus Kotschy ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 510. 1867. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusmyrtinervius Griseb., Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 194. 1843. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusmyrtinerviussubsp.zupancicii Micevski & E.Mayer in Razpr. Slov. Akad. Znan. Umetn., Razr. Nar. Vede 43: 411. 2002 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmyrtinerviussubsp.caespitosus Strid & Papan. in Ann. Mus. Goulandris 4: 219. 1978. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusmyrtinerviusvar.oxylepis Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 509. 1867 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Dianthusoxylepis (Boiss.) Kümmerle & Jáv., Balkán-Kutat Tud. Eredm. 3: 233. 1926 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthuskajmaktzalanicus Mitsevski in Fragm. Balcan. Mus. Macedon. Sci. Nat. 10(4): 29. 1977 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusmyrtinerviussubsp.myrtinervius

Dianthusnamaensis Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5(App. 3): 84. 1897. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthuspearsonii Burtt Davy in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 215. 1922 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthusnamaensisvar.dinteri (Schinz) S.S.Hooper. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthusdinteri Schinz in Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 74: 110. 1929 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthusnamaensisvar.junceus (Burtt Davy) S.S.Hooper in Hookers Icon. Pl. 37: 30. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

≡ Dianthusjunceus Burtt Davy in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 219. 1922 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthusnamaensisvar.namaensis

Dianthusnangarharicus Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 240. 1983. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusnanshanicus Chang Y.Yang & L.X.Dong in Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 28: 644. 2008. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

DianthusnardiformisJanka in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 23: 195. 1873. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusnihatii Güner, Fl. Turkey 11: 318. 2000 [“2001”]. Sec. Güner (2000)

Dianthusnitidus Waldst. & Kit. in Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 2: 209. 1805. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusnoeanus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 5: 52. 1856. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthusstrictussubsp.noeanus (Boiss.) Stoj. & Acht. in Sborn. Bulg. Akad. Nauk. 29: 81. 1935 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013) ≡ Dianthuspetraeussubsp.noeanus (Boiss.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusnudiflorus Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 466. 1854. Sec. Madhani et al. (2018)

= Veleziarigida L., Sp. Pl.: 332. 1753 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Veleziarigidavar.glabrata Regel in Izv. Imp. Obshch. Lyubit. Estestv. Moskovsk. Univ. 34(2): 13. 1882 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

= Veleziarigidavar.sessiliflora F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 37: 28. 1899 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthusoliastrae Bacch., Brullo, Casti & Giusso in Nordic J. Bot. 28: 171. 2010. Sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

Dianthusorientalis Adams in Beitr. Naturk. 1: 54. 1805. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusfimbriatus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 332. 1808 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuspogonopetalus Boiss. & Kotschy in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 6: 29. 1859 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusorientalissubsp.aphanoneurus Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 290. 1986. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

≡ Dianthusaphanoneurus (Rech.f.) M.Kuzmina in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 81: 82. 1996 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusorientalissubsp.gilanicus Rech.f. in Pl. Syst. Evol. 151(3–4): 289. 1986. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusorientalissubsp.gorganicus Rech.f. in Pl. Syst. Evol. 151(3–4): 291. 1986. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusorientalissubsp.ketzkhovelii (Makaschv.) Nersesian, Konspekt Fl. Kavkaza 3(2): 194. 2012. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

≡ Dianthusketzkhovelii Makaschv. in Soobshch. Akad. Nauk Gruzinsk. S.S.R. 8(7): 447. 1947 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusorientalissubsp.macropetalus (Boiss.) Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 289. 1986. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

≡ Dianthusfimbriatusvar.macropetalus Boiss., Fl. Orient. Suppl.: 77. 1888 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusorientalissubsp.nassireddinii (Stapf) Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 292. 1986. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

≡ Dianthusnassireddinii Stapf in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 51: 279. 1886 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusdumulosus Boiss. & A.Huet in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 5: 53. 1856 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusfimbriatusvar.brachyodontus Boiss. & A.Huet in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 5: 53. 1856 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012) ≡ Dianthusbrachyodontus (Boiss. & A.Huet) Grossh., Fl. Cauc., ed. 2, 3: 294. 1945 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusorientalissubsp.obtusisquameus (Boiss.) Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 291. 1986. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

≡ Dianthusfimbriatusvar.obtusisquameus Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 495. 1867 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusorientalissubsp.orientalis

Dianthusorientalissubsp.scoparius (Fenzl ex Boiss.) Bornm. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 28(2): 134. 1911. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

≡ Dianthusscoparius Fenzl ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 494. 1867 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusfallax Rech.f. & Esfand. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 75: 362. 1951 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusorientalissubsp.stenocalyx (Boiss.) Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 292. 1986. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

≡ Dianthusfimbriatusvar.stenocalyx Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 495. 1867 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

= Dianthusmacronyx Fenzl ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 495. 1867 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

= Dianthuspulverulentus Stapf in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 51: 279. 1886 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusoschtenicus Galushko in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 2: 118. 1965. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuspachygonus (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Nersesian & Borsch. Sec. this publication 167

≡ Tunicapachygona Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Index Sem. Hort. Bot. Petropol. 4: 50. 1838 syn. sec. this publication;

= Saponariacretica L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2 1: 584. 1762 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Tunicacretica (L.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Index Sem. Hort. Bot. Petropol. 4: 49. 1837 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Petrorhagiacretica (L.) P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Bot.) 3(4): 142. 1964 ≡ Fiedleriacretica (L.) Ovcz., Fl. Tadzhiksk. S.S.R. 3: 608. 1968 syn. sec. this publication

Dianthuspaghmanicus Rech.f. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 75: 362. 1951. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthuspalinensis S.S.Ying, Col. Ill. Fl. Taiwan 2: 693. 1987. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

Dianthuspallidiflorus Ser., Prodr. 1: 358. 1824. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthuscampestrissubsp.pallidiflorus (Ser.) Schmalh., Fl. Sredn. Yuzhn. Rossii 1: 447. 1895 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthuspaniculatus Gueldenst., Reis. Russland 1: 68. 1787 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuspallens M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 325. 1808 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussaxatilis Pall. ex M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 329. 1808 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusemarginatus Ser., Prodr. 1: 359. 1824 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusparviflorus Willd. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 279. 1842 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusaridus Griseb. ex Janka in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 23: 196. 1873 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusmaeoticus Klokov in Sc. Mag. Biol. 1927: 13. 1927 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuspamiralaicus Lincz. in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 76. 1964. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthuspancicii Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1886(Extr.): 9. 1886. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusstenopetalusvar.pancicii (Velen.) F.N.Williams in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 389. 1893 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Dianthuscruentusvar.pancicii (Velen.) Stoj. & Acht., Krit. Stud. Nelk. Bulg.: 56. 1935 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Dianthuscruentussubsp.pancicii (Velen.) Stoj. & Stef., Fl. Bulg., ed. 3: 405. 1948 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthustristis Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1890(2): 41. 1890 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthus×paradoxus Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 187. 1896. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspatentisquameus Bondarenko & R.M.Vinogr., Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 2: 327. 1971. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthuspavlovii Lazkov in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 87(12): 113. 2002. Sec. Lazkov (2006)

– Dianthusattenuatus Pavlov, Fl. Kazakhst. 3: 426. 1960, nom. inval. syn. sec. Lazkov (2002)

Dianthuspavonius Tausch in Flora 22: 145. 1839. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusneglectus Loisel. in J. Bot. (Paris) 2: 321. 1809 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Cylichnanthusneglectus (Loisel.) Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 262. 1867

Dianthuspelviformis Heuff. in Flora 36: 625. 1853. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusbulgaricus Velen., Fl. Bulg.: 78. 1891 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthuszernyi Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 237. 1924 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuspendulus Boiss. & Blanche in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 6: 28. 1859. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthuspersicus Hausskn. in Mitt. Geogr. Ges. (Thüringen) Jena 9: 16. 1891. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthuspetraeus Waldst. & Kit. in Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 3: 246. 1807. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusbohemicus Mayer ex Tausch in Flora 13: 246. 1830 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusbebius Vis. ex Rchb. in Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 6: 47. 1844 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusintegripetalus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 98. 1866 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuspseudocaesius Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 98. 1866 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusliliodorus Pančić, Fl. Serbiae: 176. 1874 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuspetraeusf.liliodorus (Pančić) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 252. 1924 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= DianthuskitaibeliiJanka ex Beck in Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 2: 192. 1889 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusskorpilii Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1890(2): 40. 1890 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspetraeussubsp.orbelicus (Velen.) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthusstrictussubsp.orbelicus Velen., Fl. Bulg. Suppl. 1: 40. 1898 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusstrictus Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 288. 1809 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthussimonkaianus Péterfi in Magyar Bot. Lapok 15: 14. 1916 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuspetraeussubsp.simonkaianus (Péterfi) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthussuendermannii Bornm. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 40. 1921 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusstefanoffii Eig in J. Bot. 75: 191. 1937 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013) ≡ Dianthuspetraeussubsp.stefanoffii (Eig) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthuspetraeussubsp.petraeus

Dianthuspinifolius Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 284. 1809. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusbrevifolius Friv. in Flora 18: 334. 1835 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuspinifoliussubsp.brevifolius (Friv.) Stoj. & Stef., Fl. Bulg., ed. 3: 406. 1948 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusrumelicus Velen., Fl. Bulg.: 78. 1891 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuspinifoliussubsp.rumelicus (Velen.) Stoj. & Acht., Sborn. Bălg. Akad. Nauk. 29(2): 66. 1935 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthuspinifoliussubsp.smithii Wettst. in Biblioth. Bot. 26: 33. 1892 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusserresianus Halácsy & Charrel in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 271. 1892 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthussmithii Wettst. in Biblioth. Bot. 26: 33. 1892 syn. sec. this publication

= Dianthusrhodopeus Davidov in Trav. Soc. Bulg. Sci. Nat. 8: 55. 1915, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusserresianus Hayek in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 94: 140. 1917 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusserulis Kulcz. in Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr Polsk Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial A/B, Nauki Mat-Fiz. Biol. 59: 361. 1923 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuspinifoliussubsp.serulis (Kulcz.) Trinajstić in Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 6: 9. 1979 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) – Dianthuspinifoliussubsp.serulis (Kulcz.) Trinajstić in Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 5: 753. 1979, nom. inval. syn. sec. this publication

Dianthuspinifoliussubsp.lilacinus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Wettst. in Biblioth. Bot. 26: 33. 1892. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthuslilacinus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 63. 1854 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuspinifoliussubsp.pinifolius

Dianthuspinifoliussubsp.serbicus Wettst. in Biblioth. Bot. 26: 34. 1892. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusserbicus (Wettst.) Hayek in Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Denkschr. 94: 141. 1918 syn. sec. this publication

Dianthuspinifoliussubsp.tenuicaulis (Turrill) Strid, Fl. Hellenica 1: 368. 1997. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthustenuicaulis Turrill in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929: 224. 1929 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusplumarius L., Sp. Pl.: 411. 1753. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Tunicaplumaria (L.) Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 300. 1771 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.; ≡ Caryophyllusplumarius (L.) Moench, Methodus: 59. 1794 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Cylichnanthusplumarius (L.) Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 262. 1867 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ≡ Sileneplumaria (L.) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 114. 1901 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019);

= Dianthushortensis Schrad. ex Willd., Enum. Pl.: 469. 1809 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusplumariusvar.hortensis (Schrad. ex Willd.) Trevir., Index Seminum (WROCL, Wratislaviensi) 1818: 3. 1818 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusportensis Libosch. ex Ser., Prodr. 1: 363. 1824 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusplumariusvar.portensis Ser., Prodr. 1: 363. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusplumariusvar.blandus Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 807. 1832 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusblandus (Rchb.) Hayek, Fl. Steiermark 1: 320. 1908 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusodoratus Vest ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 500. 1840 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Plumariavulgaris Opiz, Seznam: 75. 1852 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

= Dianthusplumariusvar.parviflorus Kauffm., Index Seminum (MHA, Mosquensis) 1868: 9. 1868 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthushoppei Port. ex Hayek, Fl. Steiermark 1: 320. 1908 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusneilreichii Hayek syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusdubius Hornem. ex DC., Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp.: 103. 1813, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Marhold (2011) – Dianthusdubius Hornem. in Hort. Bot. Hafn. 1: 408. 1813 syn. sec. WFO 2018 [is later isonym of Dianthusdubius Hornem. ex DC.]

Dianthusplumariussubsp.plumarius

Dianthusplumariussubsp.regis-stephani (Rapaics) Baksay in Bot. Közlem. 57: 215. 1970. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusregis-stephani Rapaics syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthushungaricussubsp.regis-stephani (Rapaics) Holub in Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 9: 273. 1974 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusplumbeus Schischk. in Izv. Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. 81: 451. 1928. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuspolylepis Bien. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 497. 1867. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthuspolylepissubsp.binaludensis (Rech.f.) Vaezi & Behrooz. in Pl. Syst. Evol. 299: 1430. 2013. Sec. Farsi et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthusbinaludensis Rech.f. in Plant Syst. Evol. 142: 242. 1983 syn. sec. Farsi et al. (2013)

Dianthuspolylepissubsp.polylepis

Dianthuspolymorphus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 324. 1808. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthusdichotomus Pall., Reise Südl. Statthaltersch. Russ. Reich. 2: 335. 1801 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusdiutinus Kit. ex Schult., Oestr. Fl. ed. 2, 1: 655. 1814 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuspolymorphusvar.diutinus (Kit.) Ser., Prodr. 1: 356. 1824 syn. sec. this publication

= Dianthusatratus Beaupré ex Ser., Prodr. 1: 356. 1824 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusponticus Wahlenb., Isis (Oken) 21: 985. 1828 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusglomeratus Pall. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 276. 1842 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusintermedius Willd. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 276. 1842 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusautumnalis Kit. in Linnaea 32: 530. 1863 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussabuli Kit. in Linnaea 32: 530. 1863 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusplatyodon Klokov in Bot. Zhurn. (Kiev) 5: 27. 1948 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuspolymorphusvar.platyodon Sanda syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspraecox Willd. ex Spreng., Syst. Veg., ed. 16, 2: 381. 1825. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusplumariussubsp.praecox (Willd. ex Spreng.) Domin syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthushungaricus Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 494. 1805 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspraecoxsubsp.lumnitzeri (Wiesb.) Kmet’ová, Biol. Práce Slov. Akad. Vied. 5: 63. 1985. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthuslumnitzeri Wiesb. in Bot. Centralbl. 26: 85. 1886 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthushungaricussubsp.lumnitzeri (Wiesb.) Holub in Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 9: 272. 1974 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusplumariussubsp.lumnitzeri (Wiesb.) Domin syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusplumariusf.palaviensis Novák syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuslumnitzerisubsp.palaviensis (Novák) Dostál in Folia Mus. Rerum Nat. Bohemiae Occid., Bot. 21: 5. 1984 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspraecoxsubsp.praecox

Dianthuspraecoxsubsp.pseudopraecox (Novák) Kmet’ová, Biol. Práce Slov. Akad. Vied. 5: 69. 1985. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusplumariusf.pseudopraecox Novák syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuslumnitzerisubsp.pseudopraecox (Novák) Dostál in Folia Mus. Rerum Nat. Bohemiae Occid., Bot. 21: 4. 1984 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuspratensis M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 300. 1819. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusseguieri lusus pratensis (M.Bieb.) Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 526. 1862 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthuschloroleucus Fisch. in Hort. Bot. Hafn. Suppl: 137. 1819 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusseguieri lusus angustifolius Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 526. 1862 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusseguieri lusus humilis Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 526. 1862 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthuspratensissubsp.pratensis

Dianthuspratensissubsp.racovitzae (Prodán) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 189. 1963. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusracovitzae Prodán, Bul. Soc. St. Cluj 10(2): 162. 1948 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuspseudarmeria M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 323. 1808. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuspseudobarbatus Besser ex Ledeb. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthustrifasciculatussubsp.euponticus Kleopow syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthuspseudocrinitus Behrooz. & Joharchi in Phytotaxa 156: 69. 2014. Sec. Vaezi et al. (2014)

Dianthuspseudorigidus (Hub.-Mor.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 173

≡ Veleziapseudorigida Hub.-Mor. in Bauhinia 2: 195. 1963 syn. sec. this publication

Dianthuspungens L., Mant. Pl. 2: 240. 1771. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthuspurpureus Poir., Encycl. 4: 523. 1798 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusserratus Lapeyr., Hist. Pl. Pyrénées: 241. 1813 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusaspervar.serratus (Lapeyr.) Ser., Prodr. 1: 357. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusinsignitus Timb.-Lagr. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 11: 143. 1864 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspungenssubsp.brachyanthus (Boiss.) B.Fern.Casas, G.López & M.Laínz in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 44: 180. 1987. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthusbrachyanthus Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 701. 1867 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthussubacaulissubsp.brachyanthus (Boiss.) P.Fourn., Quatre Fl. France: 331. 1936 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusstrictusvar.brachyanthus (Boiss.) Boiss. syn. sec. this publication

= Dianthusattenuatus Xatard ex Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 1: 267. 1842 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuspungens J.Gay ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 85. 1867 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusbrachyanthusvar.maroccanus Pau & Font Quer, Iter Marocc. 1927: 197. 1928 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthussubacaulisvar.maroccanus (Pau & Font Quer) Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 10: 314. 1963 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusbrachyanthussubsp.cantabricus Font Quer in Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 3: 355. 1953 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthussubacaulissubsp.cantabricus (Font Quer) Laínz in Bol. Inst. Estud. Adsturianos, Supl. Ci. 15: 12. 1970 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusbrachyanthusvar.nivalis Willk. syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthussubacaulissubsp.nivalis (Willk.) Malag., Subesp. Variac. Geogr.: 6. 1973 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspungenssubsp.hispanicus (Asso) O.Bolòs & Vigo in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 188. 1974. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthushispanicus Asso, Syn. Stirp. Aragon.: 53. 1779 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthuspungensvar.hispanicus (Asso) Ser., Prodr. 1: 360. 1824 syn. sec. this publication

= Dianthusbrachyanthussubsp.tarraconensis (Costa) Rivas Mart. ex M.B.Crespo & Mateo in Flora Montiber. 45: 90. 2010 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusbrachyanthusvar.tarraconensis Costa in Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 3: 183. 1874 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthuspungenssubsp.tarraconensis (Costa) O.Bolòs & Vigo in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 88. 1974 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthushispanicussubsp.tarraconensis (Costa) Molero in Folia Bot. Misc. 3: 12. 1982 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthuspungenssubsp.pungens

Dianthuspungenssubsp.ruscinonensis (Boiss.) M.Bernal, Laínz & Muñoz Garm. in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 44: 571. 1987. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthusbrachyanthusvar.ruscinonensis Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 86. 1867 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusruscinonensis (Boiss.) Sennen in Trab. Mus. Ci. Nat., Ser. Bot., 15: 48. 1931 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthussubacaulissubsp.ruscinonensis (Boiss.) G.Bosc & Kerguélen in Lejeunia 120: 80. 1987 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthuspurpureimaculatus Podlech in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 16: 544. 1980. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthuspygmaeus Hayata in Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3: 34. 1913. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

= Dianthuspygmaeusvar.albiflorus S.S.Ying in Quart. J. Chin. Forest. 8(4): 120. 1975 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001) ≡ Dianthuspygmaeusf.albiflorus (S.S.Ying) S.S.Ying, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 2: 356. 1996 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

Dianthuspyrenaicus Pourr., Mém. Acad. Sci. Toulouse 3: 318. 1788. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthuscognobilis (Timb.-Lagr.) Timb.-Lagr. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 11: 143. 1864 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusrequieniivar.cognobilis Timb.-Lagr. syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuspungenssubsp.cognobilis (Timb.-Lagr.) O.Bolòs & Vigo in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 88. 1974 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusmaritimus (Rouy) P.Fourn., Quatre Fl. France: 332. 1936, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuspyrenaicussubsp.maritimus (Rouy) Kerguélen, Coll. Patrim. Nat. 8: 13. 1993 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuspungenssubsp.fontqueri O.Bolòs & Vigo in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 88. 1974 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthushispanicussubsp.fontqueri (O.Bolòs & Vigo) A.Barber, M.B.Crespo & Mateo, Contr. Coneix. Fl. Fitogeogr. Lit. Comarca Marina Alta: 77. 1999 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspyrenaicussubsp.attenuatus (Sm.) M.Bernal, Laínz & Muñoz Garm. in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45: 364. 1988. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthusattenuatus Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 301. 1794 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuslongiflorus Poir., Encycl. 4: 522. 1798 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

= Dianthusattenuatusvar.catalaunicus Willk. & Costa syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuscatalaunicus (Willk. & Costa) Pourr. ex Willk. & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 684. 1878 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuspyrenaicussubsp.catalaunicus (Willk. & Costa) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspyrenaicussubsp.pyrenaicus

Dianthusquadridentatus (Sm.) Fassou, N.Korotkova, Dimop. & Borsch. Sec. this publication 175

≡ Veleziaquadridentata Sm. in Sibthorp & Smith, Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1: 283. 1809 syn. sec. this publication

= Veleziaclavata d’Urv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 284. 1822 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthusraddeanus Vierh. in Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1, 57(1): 1145. 1898. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthustrautvetteri Woronow in Izv. Kavkazsk. Muz. 7: 346. 1913 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusramosissimus Pall. ex Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 4: 130. 1816. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

Dianthusrecognitus Schischk. in Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 3: 187. 1937. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthusrecticaulis Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1(2): 287. 1842. Sec. Mosyakin & Fedoronchuk (2018)

Dianthusrepens Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: 681. 1799. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

≡ Dianthusalpinusvar.repens (Willd.) Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 531. 1862 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthusalpinussubsp.repens (Willd.) Kozhevn. in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 18: 238. 1981 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995) ≡ Dianthuschinensissubsp.repens (Willd.) Vorosch., Florist. Issl. Razn. Rayonakh SSSR: 167. 1985 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusrepensvar.repens syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusrepensvar.scabripilosus Y.Z.Zhao in Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Intramongol. 20: 110. 1989 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

Dianthusrepenssubsp.repens

Dianthusrepenssubsp.schistosus Kuvaev, Fl. Subarkt. Gor Evraz.: 144. 2006. Sec. Kuvaev (2006)

Dianthusrigidus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 325. 1808. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

≡ Tunicarigida (M.Bieb.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 54. 1837 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Dianthusrobustus Boiss. & Kotschy ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 492. 1867. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthussuperbiens Kotschy ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 492. 1867 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusrogowiczii Kleopow in Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 12–13: 160. 1931. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthusroseoluteus Velen. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 36: 226. 1886. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthuscampestrissubsp.roseoluteus (Velen.) Stoj. & Acht., Sborn. Blghar. Akad. Nauk 29(2): 16. 1935 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthuspurpureoluteus Velen., Fl. Bulg.: 73. 1891 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusrudbaricus Assadi in Iranian J. Bot. 3: 38. 1985. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusrupicola Biv., Sicul. Pl. 1: 31. 1806. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthusbisignanii Ten., Cat. Piante Barra: 13. 1805 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthussuffruticosus Willd., Enum. Pl.: 466. 1809 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusinvolucratus Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 4: 132. 1816 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusarborescens Hoffmanns., Verz. Pfl.-Kult.: 56. 1824 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusbertolonii J.Woods, Tourists Fl.: 45. 1850 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthusrupicolavar.bertolonii (J.Woods) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital.: 85. 1882 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthushermaeensis Coss., Ill. Fl. Atlant. 1: 129. 1890 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusrupicolavar.hermaeensis (Coss.) F.N.Williams in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 363. 1893 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthusrupicolasubsp.hermaeensis (Coss.) O.Bolòs & Vigo in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 187. 1974 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthusrupicolasubsp.aeolicus (Lojac.) Brullo & Miniss. in Inform. Bot. Ital. 33: 539. 2001 [“2002”]. Sec. Iamonico (2013)

≡ Dianthusaeolicus Lojac., Fl. Sicul. 1(1): 163. 1888 syn. sec. Iamonico (2013)

Dianthusrupicolasubsp.bocchoriana L.Llorens & Gradaille in Candollea 46: 389. 1991. Sec. New taxa described to the Flora Iberica region after publication of the respective volume. Published at http://www.floraiberica.es/eng/miscelania/nuevos_taxones.php

Dianthusrupicolasubsp.lopadusanus Brullo & Miniss. in Inform. Bot. Ital. 33: 541. 2002 [“2001”]. Sec. Iamonico (2013)

Dianthusrupicolasubsp.rupicola

Dianthusruprechtii Schischk. ex Grossh., Fl. Kavkaza 2: 432. 1930. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

= Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.caucasicus Rupr., Fl. Caucasi: 174. 1869 syn. sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthussachalinensis Barkalov & Prob., Fl. Ross. Dalnego Vostoka: 444. 2006. Sec. Barkalov & Probatova (2006)

Dianthussaetabensis Rouy in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 29: 44. 1882. Sec. Mateo Sanz & Crespo (2008)

Dianthussaetabensissubsp.contestanus (M.B.Crespo & Mateo) M.B.Crespo & Mateo in Flora Montiber. 40: 65. 2008. Sec. Mateo Sanz & Crespo (2008)

≡ Dianthushispanicussubsp.contestanus M.B.Crespo & Mateo in Flora Montiber. 20: 8. 2002 syn. sec. Mateo Sanz & Crespo (2008)

Dianthussaetabensissubsp.saetabensis

Dianthussahandicus Assadi in Iranian J. Bot. 3: 45. 1985. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthussajanensis (Baikov) Czepinoga, Konspekt Fl. Irkutsk. Obl.: 116. 2008. Sec. Chepinoga et al. (2008)

≡ Dianthussuperbussubsp.sajanensis Baikov in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(9): 80. 1992 syn. sec. Chepinoga et al. (2008)

Dianthussancarii Hamzaoğlu & Koç in Biol. Diversity Conservation 11(1): 31. 2018. Sec. Hamzaoğlu & Koç (2018)

Dianthussardous Bacch., Brullo, Casti & Giusso in Feddes Repert. 116: 271. 2005. Sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

Dianthus×saxatilis F.W.Schmidt in Neuere Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. 1: 28. 1790. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusscardicus Wettst. in Biblioth. Bot. 26: 31. 1891. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusscardicusvar.incisus Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 44. 1987 [“1990”] syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusnitidussubsp.lakusicii Wraber in Biol. Vestn. 36: 97. 1988 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusschemachensis Schischk. in Trudy Geobot. Obsl. Pastb. S.S.R. Azerbaidzhn, Ser. A., Zimn. Pabstb. 7: 90. 1931. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusseguieri Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 1: 330. 1786. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Sileneseguieri (Vill.) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 109. 1901 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusasper Willd., Enum. Pl.: 466. 1809 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusseguierivar.asper (Willd.) W.D.J.Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 1: 96. 1835 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusaspervar.angustifolius Ser., Prodr. 1: 357. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusseguierif.longibracteatus Regel, Index Seminum (St. Petersburg, Petropolitanus) 1863: 34. 1863 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusseguierivar.viscidus Regel, Index Seminum (St. Petersburg, Petropolitanus) 1863: 40. 1863 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Cylichnanthusciliatus Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 261. 1867 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

= Dianthussylvaticusvar.pseudocollinus P.Fourn., Quatre Fl. France: 330. 1936 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthusseguierisubsp.pseudocollinus (P.Fourn.) Jauzein, Biocosme Mésogéen 27: 114. 2010 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusseguierivar.subaggregatus Albov syn. sec. IPNI ≡ Dianthussubaggregatus (Albov) Schischk. ex Kem.-Nath. in Vеstn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada, n.s., 5: 12. 1931 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Dianthusseguierisubsp.glaber Čelak., Prodr. F. Böhmen 3: 507. 1875. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusseguierisubsp.requienii (Godr.) M.Bernal, Laínz & Muñoz Garm. in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 44: 569. 1987. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthusrequienii Godr., Fl. France 1: 234. 1847 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusfurcatussubsp.requienii (Godr.) Kerguélen in Lejeunia 120: 80. 1987 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Cylichnanthusunibiflorus Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 261. 1867 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

= Dianthusarragonensis Timb.-Lagr. ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 105. 1878 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusgerundensis Sennen & Pau in Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 4: 309. 1905 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusseguierivar.gerundensis (Sennen & Pau) O.Bolòs & Vigo in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 88. 1974 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusgautieri Sennen in Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. 21: 107. 1911 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusseguierisubsp.gautieri (Sennen) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 189. 1963 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusseguierivar.gautieri (Sennen) O.Bolòs & Vigo in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38: 88. 1974 syn. sec. this publication

= Dianthuscadevallii Sennen & Pau in Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. 24: 237. 1914 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990) ≡ Dianthusseguierisubsp.cadevallii (Sennen & Pau) O.Bolòs & Vigo in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 88. 1974 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthus×paui Sennen in Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. 24: 236. 1914 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthusqueraltii Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 210. 1926 [“1927”] syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusseguierivar.queraltii (Sennen) O.Bolòs & Vigo in Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38(1): 88. 1974 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusseguierisubsp.seguieri

Dianthusseidlitzii Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 506. 1867. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

= Dianthuspusillus Freyn & Sint. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3: 75. 1895 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthussemenovii (Regel & Herder) Vierh. in Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1, 107: 1147. 1898. Sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

≡ Dianthusalpinusvar.semenovii Regel & Herder in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 39(1): 531. 1866 syn. sec. Dequan & Turland (2001)

Dianthusseravschanicus Schischk., Fl. URSS 6: 898. 1936. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthusserotinus Waldst. & Kit. in Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 2: 188. 1804. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthusserpentinus Hamzaoğlu in Nordic J. Bot. 33: 59. 2014. Sec. Hamzaoğlu et al. (2015)

Dianthusserratifolius Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 287. 1809. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusnazaraeus E.D.Clarke, Trav. Var. Eur. 2: 420. 1812 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusserratifoliussubsp.abbreviatus (Heldr. ex Halácsy) Strid, Mount. Fl. Greece 1: 179. 1986. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthusserratifoliusvar.abbreviatus Heldr. ex Halácsy syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusserratifoliussubsp.serratifolius

Dianthusserrulatus Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 346. 1798. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusserrulatusvar.strictus Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 23: 169. 1932 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusserrulatusvar.subsimplex F.N.Williams ex Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 23: 169. 1932 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthustaygeteus Quézel & Contandr. in Taxon 16: 239. 1967 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusserrulatussubsp.cyrenaicus (Pamp.) Maire, Fl. Afr. Nord 10: 303. 1963. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusserrulatusvar.cyrenaicus Pamp. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 12: 24. 1936 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusserrulatussubsp.macranthus Maire. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusserrulatusvar.broteri Batt., Fl. Algérie Tunisie: 61. 1905 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusmesanidum Litard. & Maire, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 6: 7. 1924 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusserrulatusvar.mesanidum (Litard. & Maire) Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 10: 303. 1963 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthusserrulatussubsp.serrulatus

Dianthussessiliflorus Boiss., Fl. Orient. Suppl.: 78. 1888. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthussetisquameus Hausskn. & Bornm. in Mitt. Geogr. Ges. (Thüringen) Jena 9: 15. 1891. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusshinanensis (Yatabe) Makino in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 58. 1903. Sec. Zoku (1965)

≡ Dianthusbarbatusvar.shinanensis Yatabe in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 6: 132. 1892 syn. sec. Zoku (1965)

= Dianthustakenakae Honda in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 44: 670. 1930 syn. sec. Zoku (1965)

= Dianthusshinanensisf.alpinus Hid.Takah. ex T.Shimizu, Fl. Nagano Pref.: 1505. 1997 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthussiculus C.Presl, Delic. Prag.: 59. 1822. Sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

≡ Dianthuscaryophyllussubsp.siculus (C.Presl) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital. ed. 2: 306. 1894 syn. sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010) ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.siculus (C.Presl) Fiori, Fl. Italia 1: 379. 1898 syn. sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010) ≡ Dianthussylvestrissubsp.siculus (C.Presl) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963 syn. sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

= Dianthuskremeri Boiss. & Reut., Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan.: 21. 1852 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthussiculusvar.lanceolatus Pau in Trab. Mus. Ci. Nat., Ser. Bot., 11: 22. 1917 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0) ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.lanceolatus (Pau) Maire, Cat. Pl. Maroc 2: 238. 1932 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.transiens Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 20: 16. 1929 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0) ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllusf.transiens (Maire) Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 10: 319. 1963 syn. sec. this publication

= Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.puberulus Faure & Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 22: 280. 1931 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthusmauritii Sennen, Diagn. Nouv.: 295. 1936 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthuskremerivar.trichodontus Faure & Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 30: 333. 1939 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthussimulans Stoj. & Stef. ex Stef. & Jordanov in Magyar Bot. Lapok 32: 1. 1933. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthusgracilissubsp.simulans (Stoj. & Stef.) Stoj. & Acht. in Sborn. Bălg. Akad. Nauk. 29(2): 71. 1935 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthussinaicus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 23. 1843. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusmultisquamatus Hochst. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 497. 1867 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthussiphonocalyx Blakelock in Kew Bull. 3: 397. 1948 [“1949”]. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthussomanus Oskay in Phytotaxa 347: 264. 2018. Sec. Oskay (2018)

Dianthussphacioticus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 70. 1849. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusleucophaeus Sieber, Reise Kreta 2: 320. 1823, nom. illeg. syn. sec. WFO 2018 [non Dianthusleucophaeus Sm.]

Dianthusspiculifolius Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 98. 1866. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthussquarrosus M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 331. 1808. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthusarenarius Pall., Reise Russ. Reich. 3: 600. 1776 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995) [non Dianthusarenarius L.]

= Dianthusmussini Hornem. in Hort. Bot. Hafn. 1: 408. 1813 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthusrecurvus Fisch. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 284. 1842 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthussabulosus Willd. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 284. 1842 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthusstamatiadae Rech.f. in Bot. Not. 124: 77. 1971. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusstapfii Lemperg in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 50: 261. 1941. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusstellaris Camarda in Parlatorea 6: 87. 2003. Sec. Camarda (2003)

≡ Dianthussiculussubsp.stellaris (Camarda) Arrigoni in Parlatorea 7: 20. 2005 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusstenocephalus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1 1: 19. 1843. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

= Dianthusmacrolepis Fenzl ex Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 64. 1849 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusstenopetalus Griseb., Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 187. 1843. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusgeticus Kulcz. in Rozpr. Wydz. Mat.-Przyr Polsk Akad. Umiejetn., Dzial A/B, Nauki Mat-Fiz. Biol. 59: 37. 1923 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusstepanovae Barkalov & Prob., Fl. Ross. Dalnego Vostoka: 444. 2006. Sec. Barkalov & Probatova (2006)

Dianthussternbergii Sieber ex Capelli, Cat. Stirp.: 24. 1821. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusmonspessulanusvar.sternbergii (Sieber ex Capelli) Tanfani, Fl. Ital. 9: 276. 1892 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthushyssopifoliussubsp.sternbergii (Sieber ex Capelli) Graebn. & P.Graebn. in Ascherson & Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 5(2): 436. 1922 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthuswaldsteinii Sternb. in Flora 9(1 Beibl.): 73. 1826 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusmonspessulanussubsp.sternbergii Hegi syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusstramineus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 70. 1849. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusstribrnyi Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1892: 15. 1893. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusmoesiacussubsp.stribrnyi (Velen.) Stoj. & Acht. in Sborn. Bălg. Akad. Nauk. 29(2): 53. 1935 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusstrictus Banks & Sol., Nat. Hist. Aleppo ed. 2, 2: 252. 1794. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

= Dianthuspolycladus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 65. 1849 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

= Dianthusquadrilobus Boiss., Asie Min., Bot. 1: 222. 1860 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

= Dianthussulcatus Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 483. 1867 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

= Dianthushalepensis Bornm. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 89: 91. 1936 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusstrictussubsp.multipunctatus (Ser.) Mouterde ex Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

≡ Dianthusmultipunctatus Ser., Prodr. 1: 362. 1824 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

= Dianthuslineolatus Bové ex Delile in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. II, 7: 286. 1837 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusstrictussubsp.strictus

Dianthusstrictussubsp.sublaevisD.F.Chamb. in Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 56. 1994. Sec. Chamberlain et al. (1994)

Dianthusstrictussubsp.troodi (Post) B.F.Osoriol & Seraphim ex Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

≡ Dianthusmultipunctatusvar.troodi Post in Mém. Herb. Boissier 1(18): 91. 1900 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988) ≡ Dianthusstrictusvar.troodi (Post) S.S.Hooper, Fl. Cyprus 1: 806. 1977 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusstrictussubsp.velutinus (Boiss.) Mouterde ex Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

≡ Dianthusmultipunctatusvar.velutinus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 65. 1849 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusstrictusvar.axilliflorus (Fenzl) Reeve in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 28: 19. 1967. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

≡ Dianthusaxilliflorus Fenzl, Pug. Pl. Nov. Syr.: 10. 1842 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988) ≡ Dianthusmultipunctatusvar.axilliflorus (Fenzl) Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 483. 1867 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

= Dianthusbitlisianus Kotschy ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 483. 1867 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusstrictusvar.gracilior (Boiss.) Reeve in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 28: 19. 1967. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

≡ Dianthusmultipunctatusvar.gracilior Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 483. 1867 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

= Dianthusstriatellus Fenzl, Pug. Pl. Nov. Syr.: 10. 1842 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

= Dianthuspaniculatus Pau in Trab. Mus. Ci. Nat., Ser. Bot., 14: 9. 1918 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusstrictusvar.subenervis (Boiss.) Reeve in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 28: 19. 1967. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

≡ Dianthusmultipunctatusvar.subenervis Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 483. 1867 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthusstrymonis Rech.f. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 69: 450. 1939. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthussubacaulis Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 3: 597. 1789. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusvirgineusvar.subacaulis (Vill.) Ser., Prodr. 1: 361. 1824 syn. sec. this publication

Dianthussubaphyllus (Lemperg) Rech.f., Fl. Iran. 163: 170. 1988. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

≡ Dianthustabrisianusvar.subaphyllus Lemperg in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 50: 259. 1941 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthus×subfissus Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 184. 1896. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthussubscabridus Lincz., Fl. Uzbekist. 2: 525. 1953. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthussubulosus Conrath & Freyn in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3: 76. 1895. Sec. Nersesyan (2011)

Dianthussuperbus L., Amoen. Acad. 4: 272. 1759. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Caryophyllussuperbus (L.) Moench, Methodus: 59. 1794 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019); ≡ Silenesuperba (L.) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 116. 1901 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.; ≡ Dianthussuperbusvar.superbus syn. sec. WFO 2018 – Plumariasuperba (L.) Opiz, Seznam: 75. 1852, nom. inval. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019);

= Dianthusfimbriatus Lam., Fl. Franç. 2: 538. 1779 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Cylichnanthusfimbriatus (Lam.) Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 262. 1867 syn. sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

= Dianthusmultifidus Gilib., Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 162. 1782 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscontortus Sm., Cycl.: 11. 1808 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussuperbusvar.rubicundus Ser., Prodr. 1: 365. 1824 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusplumarius Gunnerus ex Spreng., Syst. Veg., ed. 16, 2: 379. 1825 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusschizopetalus Wallr. in Linnaea 14: 570. 1840 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuswimmeri Wich. in Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 1854: 75. 1854 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussuperbusvar.subobtusus Regel & Herder in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 39(1): 532. 1866 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthussuperbussubsp.silvestris Čelak., Prodr. Fl. Böhmen 3: 508. 1875 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusszechuensis F.N.Williams in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 34: 428. 1899 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussuperbusf.albiflorus Iljinski in Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 14: 25. 1915 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussuperbusf.albiflorus Honda in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 52: 140. 1938, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthussuperbusf.albiflorus Tatew., Veg. Shikotan Is.: 32. 1940, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthussuperbusf.albus Popov in Konspekt Fl. Pober. Baikal: 213. 1966 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthussuperbusf.leucanthus T.Shimizu in J. Phytogeogr. Taxon. 37: 120. 1989 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussuperbussubsp.norvegicus M.Kuzmina, Fl. Vostoch. Evropy 11: 294. 2004 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusrevolutus Tausch in Flora 13: 245. 1830 syn. sec. WFO 2018 – Plumariarevoluta (Tausch) Opiz, Seznam: 75. 1852, nom. inval. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthussuperbussubsp.alpestris Kablík. ex Čelak., Prodr. Fl. Böhmen: 508. 1875. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthussuperbusvar.speciosus Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 808. 1832 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusspeciosus (Rchb.) Rchb. in Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 6: 46. 1844 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthussuperbussubsp.speciosus (Rchb.) Hayek, Sched. Fl. Stiriac. 11–12: 9. 1907 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthussuperbusf.speciosus (Rchb.) Bolzon in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 21: 180. 1914 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthussuperbusvar.monticola Makino in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 59. 1903 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussuperbusvar.bibracteolata Koidz. in Icon. Pl. Koisikav. 3(4): t. 183. 1916 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthussuperbusf.bibracteolata (Koidz.) Tatew. in J. Sapporo Soc. Agric. 121: 256. 1934 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussuperbusf.chionanthus Okuyama in J. Jap. Bot. 30: 42. 1955 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthussuperbussubsp.autumnalis Oberd., Pfl. Exkurs. Fl., ed. 4: 359. 1979. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthussuperbussubsp.stenocalyx (Trautv. ex Juz.) Kleopow in Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 14: 137. 1932. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusstenocalyx Trautv. ex Juz. in Mem. Inst. Agron. For. Belarus 4: 212. 1925 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthussuperbussubsp.superbus

Dianthussuperbusvar.amoena Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 44: 520. 1930. Sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

≡ Dianthussuperbusvar.alpestris Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 63. 1922, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthussylvaticus Hoppe ex Willd., Enum. Pl.: 467. 1809. Sec. Danihelka et al. (2012)

≡ Dianthusseguierivar.sylvaticus (Hoppe ex Willd.) W.D.J.Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 1: 96. 1835 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Dianthusseguierisubsp.sylvaticus (Hoppe ex Willd.) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital.: 84. 1882 syn. sec. this publication

Dianthussylvestris Wulfen in Collectanea 1: 237. 1786. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthuscaryophyllussubsp.sylvestris (Wulfen) Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 193. 1896 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Silenesylvestris (Wulfen) E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 5: 112. 1901, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019);

= ?Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.inodorus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 410. 1753 syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021) ≡ ?Dianthusinodorus (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 227. 1791 syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021)

= Dianthusrupestris L.f., Suppl. Pl.: 240. 1782 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuscaryophylloides Schult., Observ. Bot.: 78. 1809 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuswulfenii F.Dietr., Nachtr. Vollst. Lex. Gärtn. 2: 669. 1816 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusfrigidus Zucc. in Flora 7: 283. 1824 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussylvestrisvar.imbricatus Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 152. 1828 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthussylvestrisvar.uniflorus Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 3: 152. 1828 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthussylvestrisvar.humilior W.D.J.Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 1: 97. 1835 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthussylvestrisvar.subacaulis W.D.J.Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 1: 97. 1835 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthussaxicola Jord., Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 241. 1851 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusaggericola Jord., Annot. Fl. France Allemagne: 48. 1855 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusaggericolus Jord., Annot. Fl. France Allemange: 48. 1855 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusconsimilis Jord., Annot. Fl. France Allemange: 47. 1855 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusguyetanii Jord., Annot. Fl. France Allemange: 46. 1855 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusorophilus Jord., Annot. Fl. France Allemange: 43. 1855 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusreuteri Jord., Annot. Fl. France Allemange: 49. 1855 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthuspapillosus Vis. & Pančić in Mem. Reale Ist. Veneto Sci. 10: 434. 1861 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthussylvestrisf.papillosus (Vis. & Pančić) Beck in Glasn. Zemaljsk. Muz. Bosni Hercegovini 21: 175. 1909 syn. sec. this publication

= Dianthusbrevicalyx Beck in Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 2: 63. 1887 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthusjuratensis Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 32. 1903 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussylvestrisf.albiflorus Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 44. 1987 [“1990”] syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthussylvestrisvar.alpestris Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 42. 1987 [“1990”] syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthussylvestrissubsp.alboroseus F.K.Mey. in Haussknechtia, Beih. 15: 53. 2011. Sec. Meyer (2011)

Dianthussylvestrissubsp.aristidis (Batt.) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusaristidis Batt., Fl. Algérie Dicot.(App. 2): v. 1888 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllussubsp.aristidis (Batt.) Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 10: 320. 1963 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthussylvestrissubsp.bertisceus Rech.f. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 38: 150. 1935. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusbertisceus (Rech.f.) E.Mayer & Trpin in Biol. Vestn. 13: 57. 1965 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthussylvestrissubsp.kozjakensis Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 43. 1987 [“1990”]. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthussylvestrissubsp.longibracteatus (Maire) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthuscaryophyllussubsp.longibracteatus Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 19: 33. 1928 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.mogadorensis Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 20: 16. 1929 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.volubilitanus Maire, Cat. Pl. Maroc 2: 238. 1932 syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllusf.mogadorensis (Maire) Maire, Fl. Afr. Nord 10: 319. 1963 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthussylvestrissubsp.longicaulis (Ten.) Greuter & Burdet in Willdenowia 12: 187. 1982. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthuslongicaulis Ten., Cat. Hort. Neapol. 1813 App. 2: 77. 1819 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013) ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.longicaulis (Ten.) Trevir., Index Seminum (WROCL, Wratislaviensi) 1821: 1. 1821 syn. sec. this publication ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllussubsp.longicaulis (Ten.) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital. ed. 2: 306. 1894 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusvirgineus Gren. & Godr. in Bot. Mag. 42: t. 1740. 1815 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.tenuifolius Moris, Fl. Sardoa 1: 231. 1837 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013) ≡ Dianthussiculussubsp.tenuifolius (Moris) Arrigoni in Parlatorea 7: 20. 2005 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusscheuchzeri Jord., Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 241. 1851 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthuscollivagus Jord., Annot. Fl. France Allemange: 46. 1855 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusgodronianus Jord., Annot. Fl. France Allemange: 45. 1855 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013) ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllussubsp.godronianus (Jord.) P.Martin in Bull. Soc. Échange Pl. Vasc. Eur. Occid. Bassin Médit. 19: 93. 1984 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013) ≡ Dianthussylvestrisvar.godronianus (Jord.) Kerguélen in Lejeunia 120: 81. 1987 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthussylvestrissubsp.nodosus (Tausch) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 247. 1924. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusnodosus Tausch, Syll. Pl. Nov. 2: 243. 1828 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthussylvestrissubsp.sylvestris

Dianthussylvestrissubsp.tergestinus (Rchb.) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 247. 1924. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthusvirgineusvar.tergestinus Rchb., Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 6: 47, t. 5049b. 1844 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthustergestinus (Rchb.) A.Kern., Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung.: no. 545. 1882 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.tergestinus (Rchb.) Tanfani, Fl. Ital. 9: 283. 1892 syn. sec. this publication

Dianthusszowitisianus Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 503. 1867. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

= Dianthuspallensvar.oxylepis Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 485. 1867 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthustabrisianus Bien. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 496. 1867. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

= Dianthuspachypetalus Stapf in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 51: 278. 1886 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthustabrisianusvar.coloratus (Bornm.) Rech.f., Fl. Iran. 163: 147. 1988. Sec. Rechinger (1988)

≡ Dianthuspachypetalusvar.coloratus Bornm. in Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 60: 80. 1910 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988) ≡ Dianthuscoloratus (Bornm.) Hand.-Mazz., Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 26: 153. 1912 syn. sec. Rechinger (1988)

Dianthustabrisianusvar.tabrisianus

Dianthustakhtajanii Nersesian in Takhtajania 1: 47. 2011. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthustalyschensis Boiss. & Buhse in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 12: 34. 1860. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthustarentinus Lacaita in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. n.s., 18: 511. 1911. Sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

= Dianthussylvestrisvar.garganicus Ten., Fl. Napol. 2: 208. 1830 syn. sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010) ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllussubsp.garganicus (Ten.) Grande in Boll. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1912: 178. 1912 syn. sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010) ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.garganicus (Ten.) Fiori, Nuov. Fl. Italia 1: 512. 1924 syn. sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010) ≡ Dianthussylvestrissubsp.garganicus (Ten.) Pignatti in Giorn. Bot. Ital. 107: 211. 1973 syn. sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010) ≡ Dianthusgarganicus (Ten.) Brullo in Braun-Blanquetia 2: 31. 1988 syn. sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

Dianthustenuiflorus Griseb., Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 189. 1843. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthuscorymbosussubsp.tenuiflorus (Griseb.) Trinajstić in Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 5: 746. 1979 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthusthunbergii S.S.Hooper in Hookers Icon. Pl. 37: 38. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthushirtus Vill., Syst. Pl. Eur. 1: 41. 1785 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusscaber Chaix, Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 1: 331. 1786 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusscaber Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 81. 1794 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthusprostratus Eckl. & Zeyh., Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. 1: 32. 1835 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusramentaceus Fenzl ex Sond., Fl. Cap. 1: 122. 1860 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusthunbergiif.maritimus S.S.Hooper, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 7 [1]: 38–40. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthusthunbergiif.thunbergii

Dianthustianschanicus Schischk., Fl. URSS 6: 897. 1936. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthustlaratensis Husseinov in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 234. 1990. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthustoletanus Boiss. & Reut., Diagn. Pl. Nov. Hisp.: 7. 1842. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthusscabersubsp.toletanus (Boiss. & Reut.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthustranscaucasicus Schischk. in Izv. Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. 80: 452. 1929. Sec. Nersesyan (2011)

Dianthustransvaalensis Burtt Davy in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 215. 1922. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthusscabervar.graminifolius Fenzl ex Szyszyl. syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthustrifasciculatus Kit. ex Schult., Oestr. Fl. ed. 2, 1: 654. 1814. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthuslancifolius Tausch in Flora 14: 215. 1831 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusdanubialis Griseb. & Schenk in Arch. Naturgesch. 18(1): 301. 1852 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusheptaneurus Griseb. & Schenk in Arch. Naturgesch. 18(1): 302. 1852 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusbiternatus Schur in Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 11. 1853 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthustranssylvanicus Schur in Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 5: 82. 1854 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= DianthuspruinosusJanka, Index Seminum (WU) 1858: 4. 1858 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusbanaticus Kit. in Linnaea 32: 527. 1863 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthustrifasciculatussubsp.parviflorus Stoj. & Acht., Sborn. Blghar. Akad. Nauk 29: 40. 1935. Sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthustrifasciculatusvar.deserti Prodán syn. sec. WFO 2018 ≡ Dianthusdeserti (Prodán) Prodán, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. 2: 232. 1953 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthustrifasciculatussubsp.deserti (Prodán) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 190. 1963 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthustrifasciculatussubsp.pseudobarbatus (Schmalh.) Jalas in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 22: 219. 1985. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthuschinensissubsp.pseudobarbatus Schmalh., Fl. Sredn. Yuzhn. Rossii 1: 125. 1895 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthuspseudobarbatus (Schmalh.) Besser ex Klok., Fl. S.S.S.R. 4: 609. 1952 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

= Dianthuseuponticus Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 3: 141. 1911 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthustrifasciculatussubsp.trifasciculatus

Dianthustripunctatus Sm., Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 286. 1809. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusbarati Duval-Jouve in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 2: 350. 1855 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthustunicoides Madhani & Heubl in Taxon 67(1): 103. 2018. Sec. Madhani et al. (2018)

≡ Tunicasibthorpii Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 61. 1849, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Madhani et al. (2018) ≡ Gypsophilaarmerioides Ser. ex DC., Prodr. 1: 353. 1824 syn. sec. Madhani et al. (2018) ≡ Tunicaarmerioides (Ser. ex DC.) Halácsy, Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 194. 1900 syn. sec. Madhani et al. (2018) ≡ Petrorhagiaarmerioides (Ser. ex DC.) P.W.Ball & Heywood in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 3: 139. 1964 syn. sec. Madhani et al. (2018) ≡ Fiedleriaarmerioides (Ser. ex DC.) Ovcz., Fl. Tadzhikskoi S.S.R. 3: 608. 1968 syn. sec. Madhani et al. (2018).

Dianthusturkestanicus Preobr. in Izv. Imp. Bot. Sada Petra Velikago 15: 366. 1915. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

≡ Dianthusversicolorsubsp.turkestanicus (Preobr.) Kozhevn. in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 22: 113. 1985 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

= Dianthusalatavicus Popov in Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. n.s., 47: 86. 1938 syn. sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthustymphresteus (Boiss. & Spruner) Heldr. & Sart. ex Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 6: 27. 1859. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

≡ Dianthusviscidusvar.tymphresteus Boiss. & Spruner in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 64. 1849 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusucarii Hamzaoğlu & Koç in Turkish J. Bot. 41: 487. 2017. Sec. Hamzaoğlu et al. (2017)

Dianthusugamicus Vved. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Uzbekistansk. Fil. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 3: 10. 1941. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthusuniflorus Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: cxi. 1775. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusuralensis Korsh. in Trudy Glavn. Bot. Sada 43: 310. 1930. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthusurumoffii Stoj. & Acht., Fl. Bulg. ed. 2: 364. 1933. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusuzbekistanicus Lincz., Fl. Uzbekist. 2: 526. 1953. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthusvanensis Behçet & Ilçim in Turkish J. Bot. 37: 219. 2013. Sec. İlçim et al. (2013)

Dianthusvarankii Hamzaoğlu & Koç in KSÜ Tarim Doga Derg. 21: 546. 2018. Sec. Hamzaoğlu et al. (2018)

Dianthus×varians Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 186. 1896. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthus×saxatilis nothosubsp. varians (Rouy & Foucaud) M.Bernal, Laínz & Muñoz Garm. in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45: 367. 1988 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthusvigoi M.Laínz in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 42: 551. 1985 [“1985”]. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthusseguierisubsp.vigoi (M.Laínz) O.Bolòs, Fl. Països Catalans 2: 757. 1990 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusvirgatus Pasq. in Ann. Accad. Aspir. Naturalisti III, 1: 28. 1861. Sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

≡ Dianthuscaryophyllussubsp.virgatus (Pasq.) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital. ed. 2: 306. 1894 syn. sec. Bacchetta et al. (2010)

Dianthusvirgineus L., Sp. Pl.: 412. 1753. Sec. Domina et al. (2021)

≡ Tunicavirginea (L.) Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 302. 1771 syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021); ≡ Dianthuscaryophyllusvar.virgineus (L.) Fiori, Fl. Italia 1(2): 379. 1898 syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021) ≡ Dianthusrupestris Lam., Fl. Franç. 2: 536. 1779, nom. illeg. syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021) ≡ Dianthusscheuchzeri Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 811. 1832 syn. sec. Domina et al. (2021)

Dianthusviridescens Clementi in Atti Riunione Sci. Ital. 3: 520. 1841. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusviscidus Bory & Chaub., Nouv. Fl. Pélop.: 26. 1838. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusolympicus Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. 1: 19. 1843 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

= Dianthusgrisebachii Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 62. 1854 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusparnassicus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 64. 1854 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusheldreichii Bornm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 393. 1924 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusviscidussubsp.elatior (Halácsy) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 227. 1924 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusviscidussubsp.grisebachii (Boiss.) Hayek in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 1: 226. 1924 syn. sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthusviscidusvar.glandulosus Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 44. 1987 [“1990”] syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusvladimirii Galushko in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 11: 298. 1974. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthusvolgicus Juz. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 73. 1950. Sec. Czerepanov (1995)

Dianthusvulturius Guss. & Ten., Index Seminum (NAP) 1837: 3. 1837. Sec. Marhold (2011)

≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.vulturius (Guss. & Ten.) Tanfani, Fl. Ital. 9: 253. 1892 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019) ≡ Dianthusbalbisiisubsp.vulturius (Guss. & Ten.) Maire in Bull. Soc. His. Nat. Afrique N. 23: 169. 1932 syn. sec. Marhold (2011) ≡ Dianthusferrugineussubsp.vulturius (Guss. & Ten.) Tutin in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68: 191. 1963 syn. sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthusvulturiussubsp.aspromontanus Brullo, Scelsi & Spamp. in Portugaliae Acta Biol., Sér. B, Sist. 19: 310. 2000. Sec. Brullo et al. (2000)

Dianthusvulturiussubsp.vulturius

Dianthus×warionii Timb.-Lagr. in Bull. Soc. Agric. Sci. Litt. Pyrén.-Orient. 25: 20. 1881. Sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

≡ Dianthusrichteri nothovar. warionii (Timb.-Lagr.) Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 183. 1896 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

= Dianthus×richteri Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 182. 1896 syn. sec. Bernal et al. (1990)

Dianthusworoschilovii Barkalov & Prob., Fl. Ross. Dalnego Vostoka: 76. 2006. Sec. Barkalov & Probatova (2006)

≡ Dianthuschinensissubsp.reflexus Vorosch. in Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. n.s., 83(5): 116. 1978 syn. sec. Barkalov & Probatova (2006)

Dianthusxylorrhizus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 67. 1849. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

Dianthuszangezuricus Nersesian in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 42: 115. 2011. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Dianthuszederbaueri Vierh. in Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 20: 391. 1905. Sec. Marhold (2011)

Dianthuszeyheri Sond., Fl. Cap. 1: 124. 1860. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthusalbens Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(2): 369. 1854 syn. sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusserpae Ficalho & Hiern in Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 2: 17. 1881 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthusmecistocalyx F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 27: 199. 1889 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthuszeyherisubsp.natalensis S.S.Hooper in Hookers Icon. Pl. 37: 48. 1959. Sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

= Dianthuscolensoi F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 344. 1885 syn. sec. African Plant Database (version 3.4.0)

Dianthuszeyherisubsp.zeyheri

Dianthuszonatus Fenzl, Pug. Pl. Nov. Syr.: 11. 1842. Sec. Dimopoulos et al. (2013)

= Dianthushypochlorus Boiss. & Heldr. in Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 8: 67. 1849 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Hybrids

Dianthus×ambrozy-migazzianus Boros in Magyar Bot. Lapok 23: 33. 1924 [“1925”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×arvernensis Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 185. 1896. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×brivatensis Blanch., Jardin 6: 174. 1892. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×burciae Péterfi & Gürtler in Magyar Bot. Lapok 15: 20. 1916. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×calalpinus Farrer in Engl. Rock Gard. 1: 283. 1919

Dianthus×callizonoides Sünd. in Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 12: 91. 1906. Sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthus×courtoisii Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 806. 1832. Sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthus×wolfii Vetter in Bull. Murith. Soc. Valais. Sci. Nat. 11: 132. 1883 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthus×digeneus Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 184. 1896. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×ebneri Heimerl, Fl. Brixen: 105. 1911. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×gabrielae Domin in Vestn. Král. Ceské Spolecn. Nauk. Tr. Mat.-Prír. 13: 4. 1927 [“1926”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×genersichii Györffy in Magyar Bot. Lapok 23: 70. 1924 [“1925”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×josephinae Font Quer in Cavanillesia 1: 34. 1928. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×julii-wolfii Marton in Magyar Bot. Lapok 15: 19. 1916. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×krasanii A.Kern. ex Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Fl. Tirol 6(2): 209. 1909. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×lacinulatus Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 3: 161. 1911. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×lamyi Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 176. 1896. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×laucheanus Bolle ex Bolle & Asch. in Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 33: 102. 1892. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×loretii Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 176. 1896. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×mammingiorum Murr in Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 13: 23. 1907. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×nigritus Hirahata & Kitam. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 20: 205. 1962. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×paradoxus Keller ex Schröt. in Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 14: 117. 1905. Sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Dianthus×ponsi Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 184. 1896. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×pritchardii Farrer, Engl. Rock Gard. 1: 300. 1919

Dianthus×saxatilis F.W.Schmidt in Neuere Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. 1: 28. 1790. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×zarencznianus Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 3: 149. 1911. Sec. WFO 2018

Unresolved names

Dianthusacuminatus F.W.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 347. 1885. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusadulterinus Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 2: 50. 1830. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusambiguus Pančić, Fl. Serbiae: 178. 1874. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusambiguus Pančić ex F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 342. 1885. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusandersonii F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 346. 1885. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusaragonensis Timb.-Lagr., Mém. Acad. Sci. Toulouse VI, 5: 242. 1867. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusarenariusvar.gigas Novák. Sec. WFO 2018

≡ Dianthusarenariussubsp.gigas (Novák) Soó in Feddes Repert. 83: 161. 1972 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusarmerioides Raf. in J. Bot. Agric. 4: 269. 1814. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusattenuatus proles maritimus Rouy. Sec. Kew WCVP (2019)

Dianthusbanaticiformis Prodán in Bul. Soc. Sti. Cluj 10: 152. 1948. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusbasalticus (Domin) Fritsch, Exkursionsfl. Oesterreich ed. 2: 215. 1909. Sec. WFO 2018

≡ Dianthuscarthusianorumvar.basalticus Domin syn. sec. this publication

Dianthusbehriorum Bornm. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 41: 188. 1936. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusbolfae Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 149. 1926. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusbornmuelleri Hausskn. in Mitt. Geogr. Ges. (Thüringen) Jena 9: 16. 1891. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusborzaeanus Prodán in Bul. Inform. Grad. Bot. Univ. Cluj 5: 41. 1925. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusbottemeri Bouchard in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 97: 220. 1951. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusbrachyanthus Gren. & Godr., Fl. France 1: 235. 1847. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusbrachycarpus Velen. in Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. 7(Folge 1): 9. 1886. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusbrevilimbis Boiss. ex Trautv. in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 2: 506. 1873. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusbrevior Gand., Contr. Fl. Terr. Slav. Merid. 1: 5. 1883. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusbrevistylus Timb.-Lagr. & Jeanb. in Bull. Soc. Agric. Sci. Litt. Pyrén.-Orient. 25: 24. 1881. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusbucovinensis Prodán & Morariu in Bul. Sti. Acad. Republ. Populare Romîne, Sect. Biol. Sti. Agric. Ser. Bot., 9: 301. 1957. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusbuergeri Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 77. 1865. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscallichrous Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 30. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscallizonoides Sünd. in Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 12: 91. 1906. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscalverti Boiss., Asie Min., Bot. 1: 223. 1860. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscamboi Sennen, Diagn. Nouv.: 42. 1936. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscamusii Sennen, Diagn. Nouv.: 9. 1936. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscarneus Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 25. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscarpaticus Woloszack. [publication] Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscaucasicus Spreng., Adumbr. Pl. Hort. Hal.: 23. 1806. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuschlorostomus Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 31. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscollincola Spreng. in Bot. Gart. Halle Nachtr. 1: 20. 1801. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscompanyoi Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25: 208. 1926 [“1927”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscorymbosus Andrz. in Trudy Komiss. Vys. Uchr., Kiev 1: 18. 1860. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscostei Sennen in Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. 24: 237. 1914. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscruentus Fisch. ex Planch., Fl. Serres Jard. Eur. 5: t. 488. 1849. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuscurticeps Borbás in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 40: 97. 1890. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusdecrescens Borbás in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 27: 378. 1877. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusdeserti Post, Pl. Postianae 2: 6. 1891. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusdeserti Kotschy in Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1, 52(1): 262. 1866. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusdissimilis (Burnat) Landolt, Fl. Indicativa: 268. 2010. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusdivaricatus d’Urv., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 302. 1822. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusdostalii Novák in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 38: 304. 1935. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusegregius Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 23. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuselegans M.Bieb. ex Rupr., Fl. Caucasi: 174. 1870. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuselongatus C.A.Mey., Verz. Caucasus Pfl.: 211. 1849. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuserubescens Roth, Enum. Pl. Phaen. Germ. 1(2): 279. 1827. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusexilis Posp., Fl. Oesterr. Küstenl. 1: 452. 1897. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusfallacinus Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 190. 1896. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusfaurei Arv.-Touv. in Bull. Soc. Dauphin. Échange Pl. 7: 263. 1880. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusfauriei H.Lév. & Vaniot in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 200. 1909. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusflabellatus Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 29. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusflahaultii Braun-Blanq. in Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 21: 32. 1919. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusflexicaulis Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 26. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusfloribundus Sennen in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 73: 645. 1926 [“1927”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusfoliosus Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 5: 184. 1832. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusgalicicae Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 40. 1987 [“1990”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusgelcenii Gelcenis ex Sennen in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 73: 646. 1926 [“1927”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusgizellae Borbás in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 27: 378. 1877. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusglaucophyllus Colla in Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Torino 35: 187. 1831. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusgrandiflorus Poir., Encycl. 4: 515. 1798. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusgremblichii Asch. in Sitzungsber. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 19: 28. 1877. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusgustavii Sennen, Diagn. Nouv.: 9. 1936. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthushandelii Hayek in Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 28: 157. 1914. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthushanryi Burnat, Fl. Alpes Marit. 1: 223. 1892. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthushazaricus F.N.Williams in Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 1: 892. 1901. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthushelwigii Asch. [publication] Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthushendersonianus Paxton in Fl. Mag. (London) 14: 126. 1848. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusheterophyllus Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 3: 172. 1896. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthushornemannii Ser., Prodr. 1: 262. 1824. Sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthusgeminatus Kit. ex Schult., Oestr. Fl. ed. 2, 1: 656. 1814 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthushuebneri Seehaus in Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 33: 95. 1892. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthushypoleucus Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 31. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusimpunctatus Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 29. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusinoxianus Gallego in Lagascalia 14: 71. 1986. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusistriacus Gand., Contr. Fl. Terr. Slav. Merid. 1: 5. 1883. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusitalicus Jan ex Pasq., Index Seminum (NAP): 1866. 1866. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusjablanicensis Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 31. 1987 [“1990”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusjacupicensis (Košanin) Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 41. 1987 [“1990”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusjapigicum Bianco & Brullo. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusjugoslavicus Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 33. 1987 [“1990”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×laucheanus Bolle in Gartenflora 53: 393. 1904. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuslaxus Tausch, Hort. Canal. 2: t. 17. 1825. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuslereschii (Burnat) Landolt, Fl. Indicativa: 268. 2010. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuslevieri Borbás in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 27: 231. 1877. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuslisae Burnat, Fl. Alpes Marit. 1: 233. 1892. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuslongicaulis St.-Lag. in Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 144. 1880. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuslongifolius Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 32. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmacedonicus Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 35. 1987 [“1990”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmacrophyllus Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 30. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmagyari Dorsch, Kert. Szemle 5: 241. 1933. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmarginatus Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 4: 131. 1816. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmaris Willd. ex B.S.Williams in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 29(203): 415. 1893. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmarisensis Simonk. in Term. Füz. 9: 37. 1885. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmaritimus Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 25. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmassiliensis Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 25. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmayeri C.Presl in Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. V, 3: 448. 1845. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmedius Besser ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 103. 1878. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmicrocheilus B.S.Williams in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 41: 176. 1891. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmikii Reichardt in Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 17: 331. 1867. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusminimus Javeiol in Curr. Sci. 42: 692. 1973. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusminor Porta in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 11: 278. 1879. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmoldavicus Grinț. in Bul. Inform. Grad. Bot. Univ. Cluj 4: 57. 1924. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmonteuilii Burnat, Fl. Alpes Marit. 1: 221. 1891. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusmorrisii Hance in London J. Bot. 7: 472. 1848. Sec. WFO 2018

≡ Tunicamorrisii (Hance) Walp. in Ann. Bot. Syst. 2: 101. 1851 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019);

Dianthusnevadensis Sennen, Diagn. Nouv.: 210. 1936. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusnicaeensis Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 30. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusnobilis Anon. in Gartenflora 81: 94. 1932. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusnovakii J.Sojak, Čas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148: 77. 1979 [“1980”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusobtusifolius Scheele in Flora 26: 428. 1843. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusoculatus Boiss. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. IV, 2: 245. 1854. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×oenipontanus A.Kern. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 15: 209. 1865. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusohridanus Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 34. 1987 [“1990”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspancicii F.N.Williams. [publication] Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusparciflorus Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 28. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspedemontanus Rouy, Fl. France 3: 188. 1896. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspenrynae Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 2: 51. 1830. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspetteri Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1: 66. 1854. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusplatyphyllus Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(2): 368. 1854. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspomeridianus L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2 2: 1673. 1763. Sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthustricolor Adams ex Ser., Prodr. 1: 360. 1824 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusponticola Bornm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 398. 1924. Sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Dianthusponticolus Bornm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 398. 1924. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusportae A.Kern. ex Huter in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 54: 339. 1904. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspraevertens B.S.Williams in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 29(203): 408. 1893. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusprilepensis Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 39. 1987 [“1990”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspuberulus F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 344. 1885. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspuberulus Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 31. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspulchellus Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 495. 1805. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspulverulentus Wettst. in Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1, 98: 382. 1889 [“1896”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspumilus Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1: 32. 1790. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspunctatus Spreng., Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. 2: 169. 1821. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspungens Poir., Encycl. 4: 526. 1798. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspurpureus F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 343. 1885. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuspusillus F.W.Schmidt in Neuere Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. 1: 29. 1791. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusquetierii Carrière ex Herincq, Hort. Franç. 1866: 43. 1866. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusramiger Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 28. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusrigidulus Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 27. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusrubicundus Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 24. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusruscinonensis Foucaud & Gaut., Cat. Fl. Pyrénées-orientales: 108. 1898. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthussallentii Sennen in Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. 24: 236. 1914. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusschlosseri F.N.Williams in J. Bot. 23: 342. 1885. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthus×seehausianus Asch. ex Seehaus in Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 34: 12. 1893. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusseguieri Costa ex Willk. & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 681. 1878. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusseisuimontanus Masam. in Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 31: 343. 1941. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusserrulatus Schloss. & Vuk., Fl. Croat.: 321. 1869. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthussilenoides Poir., Encycl. 4: 514. 1798. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthussinguliflorus Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 26. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthussintenisii Freyn in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 43: 376. 1893. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusskopjensis Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 36. 1987 [“1990”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusslavonicus B.S.Williams in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 29(203): 380. 1893. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthussouliei Sennen in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 73: 646. 1926 [“1927”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusspurius A.Kern. ex Borbás in Rad Jugoslav. Akad. Znan. 36: 173. 1876. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthussuavis Willd., Enum. Pl., Suppl.: 24. 1814. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthussubalbidus Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 24. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthussubbarbatus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 92. 1866. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthussubulatus Timb.-Lagr. in Bull. Soc. Agric. Sci. Litt. Pyrén.-Orient. 25: 13. 1881. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthussyriacus Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 501. 1840. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthustaniacensis Gueldenst. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 287. 1842. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthustatrae Borbás in Term. Füz. 12: 221. 1889. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthustenuidens Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 28. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthustenuis F.N.Williams in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 205. 1914. Sec. WFO 2018

= Dianthustenorei F.N.Williams in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 206. 1914 syn. sec. WFO 2018

Dianthustergestinus Simonk., Magyar Növényt. Lapok 12: 21. 1888. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusthessalus Orph. in Bull. Congr. Bot. Petersb. 1969: 123. 1870. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthustzopae Prodán, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. 2: 671. 1953. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusvarciorovensis Prodán, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. 2: 671. 1953. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusvariegatus Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 27. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusvelenovskyi Borbás in Term. Füz. 14: 46. 1893. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusverschaffeltii Lem. in Ill. Hort. 6: t. 220. 1859. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusvesulanus Jord., Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 27. 1903. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusvodnensis Micevski in Prilozi Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki Makedonska Akad. Nauk. Umet. 8: 38. 1987 [“1990”]. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthusvukotinovicii Borbás in Rad Jugoslav. Akad. Znan. 36: 172. 1876. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuswettsteinii Bornm. in Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 5: 60. 1905. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuswinterlianus Priszter in Bot. Közlem. 54: 153. 1967. Sec. WFO 2018

Dianthuswolfii Vetter in Bull. Murith. Soc. Valais. Sci. Nat. 11: 132. 1883. Sec. WFO 2018

Kohlrauschiasibthorpii Kunth, Fl. Berol., ed. 2, 1: 109. 1838

= Kohlrauschiasibthorpii Kunth, Fl. Berol., ed. 2, 1: 109. 1838 syn. sec. Kew WCVP (2019);

Tunicaargentii Meikle in Kew Bull. 9: 106. 1954

Veleziaarabica Hochst. & Steud. ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2(2–5): 746. 1841

Excluded names

Dianthusalpinusvar.glacialis Trautv. in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 2: 505. 1873. Sec. Kuzmina & Nersesyan (2012)

Wrongly attributed to Trautvetter l.c., who had cited Dianthusalpinusvar.glacialis (Haenke) Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 533. 1862

Dianthusargentii (Meikle) Govaerts. Sec. POWO. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Listed as ined. in Plants of the World Online, with a remark that the name has been published in Skvortsovia, but no such name was found in this journal.

Dianthushypoleucusvar.karami Boiss., Fl. Orient., Suppl.: 80. 1888. Sec. TPL (2013)

Erroneous TPL record for Dianthushypochlorusvar.karami Boiss.

Citation

Fassou G, Korotkova N, Nersesyan A, Koch MA, Dimopoulos P, Borsch T (2022) Taxonomy of Dianthus (Caryophyllaceae) – overall phylogenetic relationships and assessment of species diversity based on a first comprehensive checklist of the genus. PhytoKeys 196: 91–214. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.196.77940

Supplementary materials

Supplementary material 1

Appendix 1

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Georgia Fassou, Nadja Korotkova, Anush Nersesyan, Marcus A. Koch, Panayotis Dimopoulos, Thomas Borsch

Data type

Xlsx file.

Explanation note

Voucher information and ENA accession numbers.