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. 2023 Jan 19;21(1):e07786. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7786

Avian influenza overview September – December 2022

European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza✉, Cornelia Adlhoch, Alice Fusaro, José L Gonzales, Thijs Kuiken, Stefano Marangon, Éric Niqueux, Christoph Staubach, Calogero Terregino, Inma Aznar, Irene Muñoz Guajardo, Francesca Baldinelli
PMCID: PMC9851911  PMID: 36698491

Abstract

Between October 2021 and September 2022 Europe has suffered the most devastating highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic with a total of 2,520 outbreaks in poultry, 227 outbreaks in captive birds, and 3,867 HPAI virus detections in wild birds. The unprecedent geographical extent (37 European countries affected) resulted in 50 million birds culled in affected establishments. In the current reporting period, between 10 September and 2 December 2022, 1,163 HPAI virus detections were reported in 27 European countries in poultry (398), captive (151) and wild birds (613). A decrease in HPAI virus detections in colony‐breeding seabirds species and an increase in the number of detections in waterfowl has been observed. The continuous circulation of the virus in the wild reservoir has led to the frequent introduction of the virus into poultry populations. It is suspected that waterfowl might be more involved than seabirds in the incursion of HPAI virus into poultry establishments. In the coming months, the increasing infection pressure on poultry establishments might increase the risk of incursions in poultry, with potential further spread, primarily in areas with high poultry densities. The viruses detected since September 2022 (clade 2.3.4.4b) belong to eleven genotypes, three of which have circulated in Europe during the summer months, while eight represent new genotypes. HPAI viruses were also detected in wild and farmed mammal species in Europe and North America, showing genetic markers of adaptation to replication in mammals. Since the last report, two A(H5N1) detections in humans in Spain, one A(H5N1), one A(H5N6) and one A(H9N2) human infection in China as well as one A(H5) infection without NA‐type result in Vietnam were reported, respectively. The risk of infection is assessed as low for the general population in the EU/EEA, and low to medium for occupationally exposed people.

Keywords: avian influenza, captive birds, HPAI/LPAI, humans, monitoring, poultry, wild birds

Suggested citation: EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), EURL (European Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza) , Adlhoch C, Fusaro A, Gonzales JL, Kuiken T, Marangon S, Niqueux É, Staubach C, Terregino C, Aznar I, Muñoz Guajardo I and Baldinelli F, 2023. Scientific report: Avian influenza overview September–December 2022. EFSA Journal 2023;21(1):7786, 63 pp. 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7786

Requestor: European Commission

Question number: EFSA‐Q‐2022‐00747

Acknowledgements: In addition to the listed authors, EFSA, ECDC and the EURL wish to thank the following: Member State representatives who provided epidemiological data on avian influenza outbreaks or shared sequence data: Sandra Revilla‐Fernandez (Austria), Mieke Steensels, Ingeborg Mertens and Steven Van Borm (Belgium), Aleksandra Miteva (Bulgaria), Tihana Miškić, Vladimir Savic (Croatia), Michelle Fischer Carlsen and Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager (Denmark), Béatrice Grasland, Audrey Schmitz, Karen Bucher, Elisa Bohin, François‐Xavier Briand, Célia Locquet (France), Carola Sauter‐Louis, Christoph Staubach and Timm Harder (Germany), Georgina Helyes, (Hungary), Audrey Jenkinson, Katherine Harrison (Ireland), Francesca Scolamacchia, Bianca Zecchin, Isabella Monne and Paolo Mulatti (Italy), Vitalie Caraus and Oxana Popa (Moldova), Michael McMenamy (United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)), Britt Gjerset and Siri Margrete Løtvedt (Norway), Aleksandra Podrażka, Krzysztof Śmietanka and Edyta Swieton (Poland), Renata Carvalho, Ana Caria Nunes, Yolanda Vaz and Susana Pombo (Portugal), Marcel Spierenburg, Dennis Bol and Nancy Beerens (the Netherlands), Elena García Villacieros, Luis José Romero Gonzalez, Germán Cáceres Garrido, Monserrat Agüero García and Azucena Sánchez (Spain), Siamak Zohari, (Sweden); Ian Brown from the Animal and Plant Health Agency (United Kingdom); Camille Delavenne from AUSVET Europe for conducting the data analysis under the contract OC/EFSA/ALPHA/2021/02; Paolo Calistri and Karl Stahl from the EFSA AHAW Panel for reviewing the report; Grazina Mirinaviciute from ECDC, Linnea Lindgren Kero, Lisa Kohnle and Gina Cioacata from EFSA, Elke Schneider from OSHA, for the support provided to this scientific output; we gratefully acknowledge the authors, originating and submitting laboratories of the sequences from GISAID's EpiFlu™ Database, which is used for this assessment.

Approved: 15 December 2022

This article was originally published on the EFSA website www.efsa.europa.eu on 20 December 2022 as part of EFSA's urgent publication procedures.

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