Abstract
Background
Diastolic dysfunction (DD), one of the earliest signs of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM), is included in the revised 2019 CCM criteria. Nonetheless, relevant research regarding the effects of revised DD on post-liver transplantation (LT) outcomes remains limited.
Methods
This retrospective study enrolled patients who underwent LT for decompensated cirrhosis, from January 2018 to March 2021. Patients were divided into DD and non-DD groups. Clinical data were collected. Patients were followed up with, for at least 1 year post-LT; cardiovascular adverse events (AEs) and survival status were recorded. Risk factors were identified using 1:2 propensity score matching (PSM), after adjusting for confounding factors. The caliper value was set to 0.02.
Results
Of 231 patients, 153 were diagnosed with DD (male, 81.8%; mean age, 51.5 ± 9.5 years). Nineteen patients with DD died within 1 year, post-LT. After PSM, 97 and 60 patients were diagnosed with and without DD, respectively. Patients with DD had longer intensive care unit (ICU) stays, higher perioperative cardiovascular AEs, and higher mortality rates than those without DD. In a multivariate analysis, interventricular septum (IVS), left atrial volume index (LAVI), and potassium levels were independent prognostic factors of perioperative cardiovascular AEs, while a decreased early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity (e’), increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and tumor markers were predictors of mortality within 1 year post-LT after PSM (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
Cardiac DD may contribute to perioperative cardiovascular AEs and mortality post-LT. Clinicians should be aware of decompensated cirrhosis in patients with DD.
Keywords: decompensated cirrhosis, cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, liver transplantation, adverse events, mortality
Introduction
Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM) is defined as impaired contractility due to stress and/or diastolic dysfunction (DD) with electrophysiological abnormalities (1, 2), which is associated with a high incidence of complications and poor survival after liver transplantation (LT) (3, 4). The prevalence of CCM is approximately 33%–53% in patients on the transplant waiting list (5). Some studies have shown that early to late diastolic trans-mitral flow velocity (E/A), isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), and time-delay estimation (TDE) are prognostic markers of CCM (6).
DD, as one of the earliest signs of CCM, was entirely updated in the revised 2019 criteria (7) of the Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy Consortium (CCC), including septal early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity (e’), early diastolic trans-mitral flow to early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity (E/e’), left atrial volume index (LAVI), and tricuspid regurgitation maximum velocity (TRV). Nonetheless, relevant research is limited.
This study aimed to investigate the effects and predictive value of revised DD on post-LT outcomes, based on the revised 2019 CCC criteria.
Materials and methods
Study design and participant selection
This retrospective study enrolled patients aged 18–70 years, diagnosed with decompensated cirrhosis (8) at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, between January 2018 and March 2021. Patients were divided into two groups (DD or non-DD group), according to echocardiographic examinations of cardiac diastolic function a week before operation, based on the revised 2019 CCC criteria (9–11). DD was determined if three of the following criteria were met: E/e’ > 15, LAVI > 34 ml/m2, e’ < 7 cm/s or TRV > 2.8 m/s. Patients who had known heart disease pre-transplant were excluded. The flow diagram of the study is illustrated in Figure 1. The study was approved by Clinical Trials (NCT04976764) and the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qing Dao University (QYFYWZLL 26462). All involved persons gave their informed consent (written or verbal, as appropriate) prior to study inclusion.
Figure 1.
Patient flow diagram.
Statistical analysis
Enumeration data are presented as frequencies (percentages) and the significance is determined by chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Intergroup comparisons were performed using a Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis models were used to identify independent and predictive factors for poor outcomes. Survival status was assessed using Kaplan–Meier curves and the log-rank test. Significant variables in the univariate analysis were tested in a multivariate analysis using Cox's proportional hazard model, to identify the predictors of survival. The caliper value of propensity score matching (PSM), adjusted for confounders, was set to 0.02. A P-value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. SPSS (version 26.0, IBM, New York, USA) was used to analyze the data.
Results
Baseline characteristics and serological indexes
Baseline characteristics of the 231 patients were collected (male, 81.8%; mean age 51.5 ± 9.5 years) (Table 1). A total of 153 (66.2%) patients in the DD group were diagnosed with DD with normal left ventricular ejection fraction, according to the 2019 CCC criteria. Before PSM, the patients with DD tended to be older (P < 0.01) and were more likely to have hypertension (P < 0.01) and diabetes (P < 0.05), in comparison to patients without DD. After PSM, there were 97 patients in the DD group and 69 patients in the non-DD group, with no notable differences in sex, age, smoking status, etiology, and basic diseases, including hypertension and diabetes.
Table 1.
Comparisons of baseline characteristics between patients with and without DD.
| Before PSM | After PSM | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With DD N = 153 | Without DD N = 78 | P | With DD N = 97 | Without DD N = 69 | P | |
| Age | 0.004 | 0.724 | ||||
| <45 | 26 (17.0%) | 24 (30.8%) | 23 (23.7%) | 17 (24.6%) | ||
| 45- | 60 (39.2%) | 38 (48.7%) | 48 (49.5%) | 37 (43.6%) | ||
| 55- | 48 (31.4%) | 12 (15.4%) | 22 (22.7%) | 11 (15.9%) | ||
| 65- | 19 (12.4%) | 4 (5.1%) | 4 (4.1%) | 4 (5.8%) | ||
| Sex | 0.131 | 0.946 | ||||
| Male | 121 (79.1%) | 68 (87.2%) | 84 (86.6%) | 60 (67.0%) | ||
| Female | 32 (20.9%) | 10 (12.8%) | 13 (13.4%) | 9 (13.0%) | ||
| BMI | 0.074 | 0.143 | ||||
| <24 | 58 (37.9%) | 38 (48.7%) | 37 (38.1%) | 35 (50.7%) | ||
| 24–27.9 | 73 (47.7%) | 25 (32.1%) | 44 (45.4%) | 21 (30.4%) | ||
| ≥28 | 22 (14.4%) | 15 (19.2%) | 16 (16.5%) | 13 (18.8%) | ||
| Smoking | 51 (33.3%) | 33 (42.3%) | 0.180 | 37 (38.1%) | 27 (39.1%) | 0.898 |
| Alcohol | 44 (28.8%) | 30 (38.5%) | 0.135 | 31 (32.0%) | 25 (36.2%) | 0.566 |
| Hypertension | 21 (13.7%) | 2 (2.6%) | 0.007 | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.809 |
| Diabetes | 38 (24.8%) | 9 (11.5%) | 0.018 | 15 (15.5%) | 6 (8.7%) | 0.196 |
| Anemia | 0.073 | 0.050 | ||||
| No | 54 (35.3%) | 15 (19.2%) | 37 (38.1%) | 14 (20.3%) | ||
| Mild | 52 (34.0%) | 31 (39.7%) | 30 (30.9%) | 27 (39.1%) | ||
| Moderate | 41 (26.8%) | 27 (34.6%) | 28 (28.9%) | 23 (33.3%) | ||
| Severe | 6 (3.9%) | 5 (6.4%) | 2 (2.1%) | 5 (7.2%) | ||
| Etiology | 0.627 | 0.854 | ||||
| Alcohol | 12 (7.8%) | 9 (11.5%) | 9 (9.3%) | 6 (8.7%) | ||
| Hepatitis B | 127 (83.0%) | 63 (80.8%) | 83 (85.6%) | 58 (84.1%) | ||
| Autoimmune | 14 (9.2%) | 6 (7.7%) | 5 (5.2%) | 5 (7.2%) | ||
PSM, propensity score matching; DD, diastolic dysfunction; BMI, body mass index. P-value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant using Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test.
A comparison of the serological indices and inflammatory markers in Table 2 showed that erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 levels differed significantly between the groups, after PSM (P < 0.05). No differences were noted in the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) between the groups (P > 0.05). Additional results of routine laboratory tests, including complete blood cell counts, liver function, renal function, blood lipids, electrolytes, glucose, myocardial enzymes, coagulation function, and other tumor markers, are described in Supplementary Table S1 of Appendix 1.
Table 2.
Comparisons of routine laboratory test results and inflammatory markers between patients with and without DD.
| Before PSM | After PSM | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With DD N = 153 | Without DD N = 78 | P | With DD N = 97 | Without DD N = 69 | P | |
| Erythrocytes | 3.5 (2.9,4.1) | 3.0 (2.6,3.9) | 0.007 | 3.5 (2.9,4.2) | 3.0 (2.6,3.9) | 0.009 |
| Hemoglobin | 107.3 ± 28.0 | 96.5 ± 23.7 | 0.004 | 108.6 ± 28.5 | 96.5 ± 23.5 | 0.004 |
| Albumin | 31.9 (28.0,36.8) | 33.7 (29.0,38.0) | 0.040 | 32.2 (28.1,37.9) | 34.3 (29.0,38.0) | 0.098 |
| CA199 | 23.0 (12.5,51.2) | 20.0 (7.7,38.5) | 0.408 | 21.8 (9.7,50.7) | 16.5 (7.4,34.0) | 0.041 |
| Inflammatory markers | ||||||
| SII | 233.7 (143.2,466.3) | 239.4 (116.2,582.3) | 0.286 | 240.3 (150.5,476.8) | 231.1 (114.9,571.7) | 0.681 |
| NLR | 2.9 (2.0,5.6) | 3.4 (2.2,8.1) | 0.256 | 3.1 (2.1,6.6) | 3.4 (1.9,8.6) | 0.866 |
| PLR | 85.0 (64.9,161.2) | 98.3 (69.5,169.0) | 0.200 | 86.0 (62.0,154.1) | 96.3 (69.3,162.9) | 0.219 |
| PNI | 37.1 (30.9,43.6) | 38.6 (34.2,45.3) | 0.139 | 37.5 ± 7.9 | 40.1 ± 7.8 | 0.187 |
| C-reactive protein | 9.2 (2.8,28.8) | 13.5 (4.2,27.3) | 0.942 | 8.4 (2.4,33.0) | 14.0 (4.0,29.3) | 0.969 |
| Procalcitonin | 0.7 (0.3,2.4) | 0.5 (0.2,1.3) | 0.152 | 0.7 (0.3,2.7) | 0.5 (0.2,1.4) | 0.112 |
CA19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9; SII, systemic immune-inflammation index; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PNI, prognostic nutritional index. P-value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant using Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Please see Appendix 1 Supplementary Table S1 for additional related results of routine laboratory test.
More echocardiographic abnormalities in patients with DD
There were significant differences in the septal e’, E/e’, and tricuspid regurgitation (TR) maximum velocity between the groups (P < 0.01). Moreover, it was found that pulmonary artery systolic pressure, left ventricular pulse wave, and interventricular septum (IVS) were higher in the DD group than in the non-DD group, before and after PSM (P < 0.01). The median QT interval was not prolonged (P > 0.05). Other echocardiographic characteristics are presented in Table 3.
Table 3.
Comparisons of echocardiography parameters and QT interval between patients with and without DD.
| Before PSM | After PSM | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With DD N = 153 | Without DD N = 78 | P | With DD N = 97 | Without DD N = 69 | P | |
| LVEF | 64.0 (62.0,66.0) | 64.0 (62.0,66.0) | 0.981 | 64.0 (62.0,66.0) | 64.0 (62.0,66.0) | 0.972 |
| e’ | 6.3 (5.5,6.9) | 7.9 (7.3,9.3) | 0.000 | 6.3 (5.5,6.8) | 8.0 (7.3,9.5) | 0.000 |
| E/e’ | 11.4 (9.7,12.9) | 9.1 (8.2,10.6) | 0.000 | 11.5 (10.0,13.1) | 9.3 (8.2,10.0) | 0.000 |
| PASP | 37.0 (34.8,38.0) | 28.0 (25.0,30.0) | 0.000 | 37.0 (34.8,38.0) | 28.5 (25.0,30.8) | 0.000 |
| TRV | 2.8 (2.8,2.9) | 2.4 (2.2,2.5) | 0.000 | 2.8 (2.8,2.9) | 2.4 (2.2,2.5) | 0.000 |
| LAVI | 24.7 (20.3,34.3) | 22.8 (17.9,29.2) | 0.275 | 24.6 (20.8,33.4) | 23.4 (17.7,30.3) | 0.350 |
| LVDS | 3.1 (2.9,3.2) | 3.0 (2.8,3.2) | 0.238 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 0.224 |
| LVDD | 4.8 (4.5,5.0) | 4.7 (4.5,5.0) | 0.707 | 4.7 (4.5,4.9) | 4.7 (4.6,4.9) | 0.309 |
| EDV | 108.5 (95.0,121.8) | 103.0 (100.3,115.5) | 0.051 | 102.0 (94.0,112.8) | 103.0 (100.3,115.5) | 0.146 |
| EDT | 184.7 ± 53.4 | 193.4 ± 46.8 | 0.390 | 183.0 ± 50.3 | 190.3 ± 49.6 | 0.444 |
| LVPW | 1.0 (1.0,1.0) | 1.0 (1.0,1.0) | 0.001 | 1.0 (1.0,1.0) | 1.0 (1.0,1.0) | 0.032 |
| IVS | 1.0 (1.0,1.2) | 1.0 (1.0,1.0) | 0.000 | 1.0 (1.0,1.1) | 1.0 (1.0,1.0) | 0.003 |
| IVC | 15.0 (14.0,16.0) | 15.0 (14.5,16.0) | 0.209 | 1.5 (1.5,1.7) | 1.5 (1.5,1.7) | 0.201 |
| QT | 446.3 ± 27.6 | 441.8 ± 31.7 | 0.104 | 403.6 ± 36.6 | 392.1 ± 29.9 | 0.149 |
| QTc | 444.5 (429.0,463.0) | 440.0 (422.0,457.0) | 0.085 | 443.5 (429.0,462.8) | 440.0 (420.5,456.5) | 0.563 |
| TAPSE | 2.2 (2.0,2.5) | 2.3 (2.1,2.5) | 0.162 | 2.3 (2.0,2.5) | 2.2 (2.1,3.5) | 0.117 |
| RVW | 0.4 (0.4,0.4) | 0.4 (0.4,0.4) | 0.978 | 0.4 (0.4,0.4) | 0.4 (0.4,0.4) | 0.919 |
| MPA | 2.4 (2.2,2.5) | 2.3 (2.3,2.3) | 0.670 | 2.4 (2.3,2.5) | 2.3 (2.3,2.3) | 0.250 |
LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; e’, early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity; E/e’, early diastolic trans-mitral flow to early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity; PASP, pulmonary arterial systolic pressure; TRV, tricuspid regurgitation maximum velocity; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LVDS, left ventricle end-systolic internal diameter; LVDD, left ventricle end-diastolic internal diameter; DD, diastolic dysfunction; EDV, end-diastolic volume; EDT, E-wave deceleration time; LVPW, left ventricular posterior wall; IVS, interventricular septum; IVC, inferior vena cava; QTc, QT interval after correction; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; RVW, right ventricle wall; MPA, main pulmonary artery; PSM, propensity score matching.
P-value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant using Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test.
More serious liver diseases in patients with DD
Patients with DD had an increased Child-Pugh class score before and after PSM (P = 0.003 and P = 0.045, respectively). No significant differences were observed with respect to cardiac function class, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, physician global assessment score, American Society of Anesthesiology score, bleeding volume, and volume of blood transfusion by PSM (Supplementary Table S2 of Appendix 1). Nonetheless, patients with DD had longer intensive care unit stays than those without DD (P < 0.05) (Table 4).
Table 4.
Comparison of scoring-based estimation and procedure-related data between patients with and without DD.
| Before PSM | After PSM | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With DD N = 153 | Without DD N = 78 | P | With DD N = 97 | Without DD N = 69 | P | |
| Child-Pugh | 0.003 | 0.045 | ||||
| A | 22 (14.4%) | 25 (32.1%) | 14 (14.4%) | 21 (30.4%) | ||
| B | 90 (58.8%) | 31 (39.7%) | 51 (52.6%) | 29 (42.0%) | ||
| C | 41 (26.8%) | 22 (28.2%) | 32 (33.0%) | 19 (27.5%) | ||
| Anhepatic time | 53.0 (46.0,60.8) | 51.5 (44.3,57.8) | 0.220 | 53.5 (46.0,60.8) | 51.0 (42.5,56.5) | 0.089 |
| Stay time in ICU | 3.0 (3.0,5.0) | 3.0 (2.0,4.0) | 0.003 | 3.0 (3.0,5.0) | 3.0 (2.0,4.0) | 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular adverse events | ||||||
| Perioperative | 24 (15.7%) | 5 (6.4%) | 0.044 | 15 (15.5%) | 3 (4.3%) | 0.023 |
| 1-year post-LT | 28 (18.3%) | 9 (11.5%) | 0.185 | 17 (17.5%) | 7 (10.1%) | 0.183 |
DD, diastolic dysfunction; PSM, propensity score matching; ICU, intensive care unit; LT, liver transplantation.
P-value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant using chi-square test or Mann-Whitney U test.
Please see Appendix 1 Supplementary Table S2 for additional scoring-based estimation.
Poor post-LT outcomes in patients with DD
Enrolled patients were followed up, for at least 1 year. In total, 29 patients (12.6%) developed perioperative cardiovascular adverse events (AEs), 24 of whom had DD. Patients with DD frequently experienced perioperative cardiovascular events (15.7% vs. 6.4%, P < 0.05) (Table 4). In a multivariate analysis, anhepatic time (P = 0.030), potassium levels (P = 0.024), IVS (P = 0.018), and bleeding volume (P = 0.046) were found to be independent predictors of the incidence of perioperative cardiovascular AEs before PSM. Considering age, sex, etiology, smoking status, and basic diseases, IVS (P = 0.008), LAVI (P = 0.047), and potassium level (P = 0.003) were independently correlated with perioperative cardiovascular AEs after PSM (Table 5).
Table 5.
Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis of perioperative cardiovascular adverse events.
| Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| (A) Before PSM | ||||
| Etiology | 0.011 | |||
| Alcohol | Reference | |||
| Hepatitis B | 0.667 (0.180–2.473) | 0.544 | ||
| Immune | 3.231 (0.700–14.907) | 0.133 | ||
| Sex | 3.371 (1.452–7.824) | 0.005 | ||
| BUN | 1.182 (1.052–1.329) | 0.005 | ||
| Anhepatic time | 1.031 (1.009–1.054) | 0.007 | 1.033 (1.003–1.063) | 0.030 |
| Potassium | 1.918 (1.087–3.382) | 0.025 | 2.302 (1.115–4.753) | 0.024 |
| Sodium | 0.870 (0.801–0.944) | 0.001 | ||
| Myoglobin | 0.998 (0.997–1.000) | 0.013 | ||
| e’ | 0.722 (0.520–1.001) | 0.051 | ||
| E/e’ | 1.142 (0.976–1.335) | 0.097 | ||
| IVS | 1.802 (1.338–2.427) | 0.000 | 1.594 (1.082–2.347) | 0.018 |
| LAVI | 1.072 (1.021–1.125) | 0.005 | ||
| Bleeding volume | 1.000 (1.000–1.001) | 0.035 | 1.001 (1.000–1.001) | 0.046 |
| Volume of blood transfusion | ||||
| Plasma | 1.090 (1.033–1.151) | 0.002 | ||
| Erythrocytes | 1.001 (1.000–1.001) | 0.021 | ||
| (B) After PSM | ||||
| Sex | 4.125 (1.361–12.502) | 0.012 | ||
| e’ | 0.558 (0.376–0.829) | 0.004 | ||
| E/e’ | 1.289 (1.089–1.526) | 0.003 | ||
| IVS | 2.099 (1.416–3.109) | 0.000 | 2.462 (1.153–5.046) | 0.008 |
| LAVI | 1.090 (1.033–1.150) | 0.002 | 1.090 (1.001–1.188) | 0.047 |
| BUN | 1.217 (1.058–1.401) | 0.006 | ||
| Potassium | 2.642 (0.984–7.096) | 0.054 | 14.135 (2.452–81.486) | 0.003 |
| Sodium | 0.906 (0.819–1.003) | 0.057 | ||
| Anhepatic time | 1.041 (1.012–1.071) | 0.005 | ||
| Bleeding volume | 1.001 (1.000–1.001) | 0.063 | ||
| Volume of blood transfusion | ||||
| Plasma | 1.001 (1.000–1.002) | 0.002 | ||
| Erythrocytes | 1.099 (1.025–1.177) | 0.008 | ||
BUN, blood urine nitrogen; e’, early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity; E/e’, early diastolic trans-mitral flow to early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity; IVS, interventricular septum; LAVI, left atrial volume index; PSM, propensity score matching. P-value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis.
Twenty-one patients (9.10%) with DD died within the first year of follow-up. The causes were mainly AEs, graft rejection, progression of liver disease and sepsis (Table 6). But we found no statistically significant association between DD and each clinical event. The Kaplan–Meier curves in Figure 2 show that patients with DD had lower survival rates than those without DD. In a multivariable Cox regression analysis, carcinoembryonic antigen, e’, and left ventricle end-systolic internal diameter were correlated with the occurrence of death, within 1-year post-LT. In the model adjusted by PSM, decreased e’, increased NLR and tumor markers were associated with a greater 1-year mortality rate (Table 7).
Table 6.
Categories of 1-year mortality post-LT.
| Before PSM | After PSM | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With DD N = 153 | Without DD N = 78 | P | With DD N = 97 | Without DD N = 69 | P | |
| Mortality | 21 (13.73%) | 2 (2.56%) | 0.007 | 14 (14.43%) | 2 (2.90%) | 0.013 |
| AEs | 5 (3.27%) | 4 (4.12%) | ||||
| Graft rejection | 4 (2.61%) | 2 (2.06%) | ||||
| Progression of liver disease | 5 (3.27%) | 1 (1.28%) | 4 (4.12%) | 1 (1.45%) | ||
| Sepsis | 6 (3.92%) | 1 (1.28%) | 4 (4.12%) | 1 (1.45%) | ||
| Other | 1 (0.65%) | |||||
DD, diastolic dysfunction; AE, adverse events; PSM, propensity score matching.
P-value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant using Fisher's exact test.
Figure 2.
Kaplan-Meier curves of 1-year mortality post-LT before and after propensity score matching analysis. (A) Before-PSM. (B) After-PSM. P-value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
Table 7.
Univariable and multivariable cox proportional hazard regression analysis of 1-year mortality post-LT.
| Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | |
| (A) Before PSM | ||||
| Platelet | 9.379 (1.048–83.925) | 0.002 | ||
| Neutrophils | 1.006 (1.002–1.009) | 0.018 | ||
| BUN | 1.104 (0.988–1.234) | 0.081 | ||
| SII | 1.002 (1.000–1.004) | 0.007 | ||
| PLR | 1.000 (1.000–1.000) | 0.005 | ||
| NLR | 1.002 (1.001–1.004) | 0.017 | ||
| CRP | 1.001 (1.000–1.002) | 0.004 | ||
| CEA | 1.060 (1.009–1.113) | 0.001 | 1.144 (1.031–1.269) | 0.011 |
| e’ | 0.573 (0.385–0.854) | 0.006 | 0.610 (0.408–0.912) | 0.016 |
| LVDS | 0.200 (0.045–0.883) | 0.034 | 0.153 (0.028–0.824) | 0.029 |
| IVS | 1.376 (1.021–1.855) | 0.036 | ||
| Bleeding volume | 1.000 (1.000–1.000) | 0.037 | ||
| (B) After PSM | ||||
| Age | 0.040 | |||
| <45 | Reference | |||
| 45- | 2.800 (0.337–23.256) | 0.341 | ||
| 55- | 9.086 (1.118–73.857) | 0.039 | ||
| 65- | 10.952 (0.993–120.800) | 0.051 | ||
| e’ | 0.545 (0.376–0.788) | 0.001 | 0.570 (0.331–0.981) | 0.042 |
| IVS | 1.608 (1.179–2.192) | 0.003 | ||
| Platelet | 1.006 (1.003–1.010) | 0.000 | ||
| SII | 1.000 (1.000–1.000) | 0.013 | ||
| PLR | 1.003 (1.001–1.004) | 0.005 | ||
| NLR | 1.055 (0.997–1.118) | 0.064 | 1.023 (1.003–1.043) | 0.021 |
| CRP | 1.022 (1.008–1.037) | 0.003 | ||
| AFP | 1.000 (1.000–1.000) | 0.007 | 1.000 (1.000–1.000) | 0.016 |
| CEA | 1.179 (1.076–1.292) | 0.000 | 1.262 (1.009–1.580) | 0.042 |
| CA199 | 1.002 (1.000–1.003) | 0.031 | ||
| Bleeding volume | 1.000 (1.000–1.000) | 0.033 | ||
BUN, blood urine nitrogen; SII, systemic immune-inflammation index; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; CRP, C-reactive protein; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; e’, early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity; LVDS, left ventricle end-systolic internal diameter; IVS, interventricular septum; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; CA19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9; DD, diastolic dysfunction. P-value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant using univariable and multivariable cox proportional hazard regression analysis.
IVS and e’ were the strongest independent prognostic factors for perioperative cardiovascular AEs and mortality, respectively.
Discussion
In CCM, an occult onset process upon encountering environmental stress, such as transplantation, may contribute to rapid progression and even significant mortality rates. The primary outcome of this study showed that DD was related to the occurrence of perioperative cardiovascular AEs and mortality, before and after PSM. Among the echocardiographic parameters, IVS, and e’ were the strongest independent prognostic factors for perioperative cardiovascular AEs and mortality, respectively. Upon encountering environmental stress, such as transplantation, impaired contractility fails to adapt to initial changes. Decreased vascular resistance and increased cardiac output increase cardiac preload, resulting in abnormal filling of the ventricle and blood redistribution (12, 13). Histological examination of a heart with CCM revealed edema, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, nuclear vacuolization, and fibrosis, which occurred in conjunction with enhanced accumulation of collagen. However, we observed that ventricular wall stiffness would partially recover (14–16). Studies have demonstrated that DD increases the risk of cardiovascular AEs post-LT (5, 17). Nonetheless, few studies have reported such correlation based on the 2005 criteria (18).
Furthermore, elevated IVS was the strongest cardiac predictor, increasing the risk of perioperative cardiovascular AEs by 2.4-fold. These results may be attributed to myocardial remodeling, resulting in alterations in the cardiac structure, as onset was earliest in the IVS (19, 20). Decreased e’ aided in confirming which patients were at an increasing risk of poor survival, in both univariate and multivariate regression analysis (6, 21). This may reflect progressive stiffness of the myocardium and deteriorating cardiac function (22). Prior studies have revealed association of E/A, E/e’, and LAVI with poor survival post-LT (17, 23–26); however, it is not well-suited to apply the E/A ratio owing to its load- and age-dependence (27, 28). In comparison, some previous studies have failed to find any relevance (4, 29). The above mentioned studies did not rule out the influence of confounding factors. The present study adopted the 2019 criteria and performed PSM for risk factors, which reduced the bias in the results.
A prolonged QT interval is the main electrophysiological signature of CCM, which is associated with 30-day cardiovascular AEs and mortality, post-LT (30, 31). In the 2019 CCC consensus, QT prolongation was not warranted, because of its limited value in the diagnosis of CCM (32, 33). Potassium is the major predictive factor of perioperative cardiovascular AEs. Ischemia-reperfusion injury post-LT increase the level of extracellular potassium and reduce the concentration gradient between the inside and outside of the cell. Shortening action potential and impaired conductivity was attributed to altered gating of ion channels, predisposing to malignant arrhythmias (34, 35). Because of the limitations of current study population, possibilities of impaired ion channels cannot be completely excluded (11). Pulmonary arterial hypertension has been shown to be involved in liver fibrosis at the gene level and confers higher mortality (36–38). Cardiac dysfunction was first attributed to the direct effect of alcohol; however, it was revealed to be independent of the etiology (39, 40). Cardiac function deteriorated with the progression of cirrhosis, but showed limited progression with stable cirrhosis within 2 years (25, 28, 41). Pro-B-type natriuretic peptides and troponins have also been described as prognostic markers (42, 43). Nevertheless, this was contradicted by the results of our study. In contrast to the Child-Pugh score, the MELD score showed no impact on the presence of DD because of underestimation of the severity of end-stage liver disease on the waiting list for LT (44).
Given the increased risk of infectious complications, upregulation of inflammatory markers and downregulation of cnidarian complements in both the advancement of cirrhosis and development of CCM were associated with poor survival (21, 45–47). Similarly, NLR was considered an effector, along with SII and PLR, in this study. In addition, all enrolled patients had near-normal systolic function at a resting state maintained by the compensatory pathways of hyperdynamic circulatory state and low systemic vascular resistance (48). Additionally, a very low left ventricular ejection fraction is regarded as a contraindication to LT. Prior studies have revealed associations between global longitudinal strain and poor survival (42, 49). Due to the limitations of diagnostic tools, we were unable to further confirm the influence of global longitudinal strain.
Our study has several limitations. First, this was a single-center study, thus lacks representativeness. Moreover, it was limited by its retrospective and observational study design. Therefore, prospective and multicenter validation studies are required.
Conclusion
Decompensated cirrhosis with DD accelerates perioperative cardiovascular AEs and 1-year post-transplantation mortality rates. Appropriate precedence in decompensated cirrhosis with DD on the waiting list should be considered to ensure timely diagnosis. In PSM analysis, multiple risk factors including IVS, LAVI, e’, potassium, and NLR collectively contributed to perioperative cardiovascular AEs and 1-year mortality, highlighting the need for closer post-LT monitoring and management.
Acknowledgments
We thank LetPub (www.letpub.com) for linguistic assistance and pre-submission expert review.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province [grant numbers ZR202103040311].
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qing Dao University (QYFYWZLL 26462). The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
SB made the major contribution to draft the manuscript. YJ obtained institutional review board approval. XN contributed to the data acquisition. WZ and XL assisted in statistical analysis. XJ is the guarantor of the study and made a major contribution to the conception and design of the study and revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsurg.2022.1072908/full#supplementary-material.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.