Table 4.

Coronavirus protein impact on mitochondrial structure and functions.

Mitochondrial Impact	Coronavirus Protein	Virus Type	Targeting gene, enzyme, and pathway	Reference
Mitochondrial Dynamics	ORF9b	SARS-CoV	DRP1, IFN-g, PCBP2, AIP4, MAVS signalling, TRAF3, and TRAF6	Gordon et al., 2020a
mtDNA Copy Number	–	SARS-CoV-2	ROS, Ca2+ signaling	Valdes-Aguayo et al., 2021, Wiedmer et al., 2008
Mitochondrial Membrane Potential	ORF8a, nsp10	SARS-CoV	ROS, caspase-3 activation,	Keng et al., 2006
Mitochondrial Structure, Size	ORF9b, ORF7a, ORF7b, ORF3b, ORF1ab	SARS-CoV	DRP1, MAVS, TRAF3 & TRAF6	Freundt et al., 2009, Shi et al., 2014
Oxidative Stress	ORF7a, nsp5 (3C-like protease), Nucleocapsid, ORF3a	SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV	Ap4A-hydrolase, ROS, NF-kB signalling, IL-1β	Chernyak et al., 2020, Lin et al., 2006, Zhang et al., 2007
Mitophagy	ORF9b, ORF10	SARS-CoV-2	DRP1, NIX	Li et al., 2022, Zhu et al., 2016
Antiviral Immunity	ORF9a	SARS-COV	MAVS, NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, IL-1β and IL-18	Zhou et al., 2012
Mitochondrial Fusion	ORF9b	SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV	DRP1, MFN1, MFN2, OPA1	Alavi and Fuhrmann, 2013, Astuti and Ysrafil, , 2020, Shi et al., 2014
Mitochondrial Fission	ORF9b	SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV	DRP1, FIS1, MFF, MiD49, Mid51	Astuti and Ysrafil, , 2020, Shi et al., 2014