Abstract
目的
评估中国农村重度牙周炎患者4年自然进展不同失牙数人群的基线特征,分析影响失牙数量的相关因素。
方法
纳入15~44岁的217名重度牙周炎患者,通过问卷调查、临床检查和影像学检查,分析其4年自然进展失牙情况,计算磨牙缺失数、有牙周膜增宽(widened periodontal ligament space, WPDL)的牙数、有根尖病变的牙数等牙周疾病和龋病相关的基线指标,比较不同失牙数人群的基线特征,并进一步分析影响不同失牙数的相关因素。
结果
在4年自然进展后,失牙共103颗,年人均失牙(0.12±0.38)颗。其中,无失牙组有174人,失牙1~2颗组有34人,失牙≥3颗组有9人。磨牙缺失最多,尖牙缺失最少。与新发失牙数显著呈正相关的基线指标包括骨吸收>50%的牙数、骨吸收>65%的牙数、探诊深度(probing depth, PD)≥5 mm的牙数百分数、PD≥7 mm的牙数百分数、临床附着丧失≥5 mm的牙数百分数、有骨下袋的牙数、有WPDL的牙数和有根尖周病变的牙数。多元有序Logistic回归分析结果显示,骨吸收>50%的牙数(OR=1.550)、基线磨牙缺失数(OR=1.774)、有WPDL的牙数(1~2颗:OR=1.415;≥3颗:OR=13.105)、有根尖周病变的牙数(1~2颗:OR=4.393;≥3颗:OR=9.526)和龋/残根的牙数(OR=3.028)显著增加了新发失牙和多颗新发失牙的风险。
结论
在4年自然进展后,中国农村中青年的重度牙周炎患者失牙和多颗失牙风险与骨吸收>50%的牙数、基线磨牙缺失数、有WPDL的牙数、有根尖周病变的牙数和龋/残根的牙数显著相关。
Keywords: 牙周炎, 自然进展, 失牙, 齿数
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the characteristics of severe periodontitis with various number of tooth loss during 4-year natural progression, and to analyze the factors related to higher rate of tooth loss.
Methods
A total of 217 patients aged 15 to 44 years with severe periodontitis were included, who participated in a 4-year natural progression research. Data obtained from questionnaire survey, clinical examination and radiographic measurement. Tooth loss during 4-year natural progression was evaluated. The baseline periodontal disease related and caries related factors were calculated, including number of teeth with bone loss > 50%, number of missing molars, number of teeth with widened periodontal ligament space (WPDL), number of teeth with periapical lesions and etc. Characteristics of populations with various number of tooth loss and the related factors that affected higher rate of tooth loss were analyzed.
Results
In 4 years of natural progression, 103 teeth were lost, and annual tooth loss per person was 0.12±0.38. Nine patients lost 3 or more teeth. Thirty-four patients lost 1 or 2 teeth, and 174 patients were absent of tooth loss. Molars were mostly frequent to lose, and canines presented a minimum loss. The number of teeth with WPDL, with periapical lesions, with intrabony defects, with probing depth (PD)≥7 mm, with PD≥5 mm, with clinical attachment loss≥5 mm, with bone loss > 50% and with bone loss > 65% were positively correlated to number of tooth loss. Results from orderly multivariate Logistic regression showd that the number of teeth with bone loss > 50% OR=1.550), baseline number of molars lost (OR=1.774), number of teeth with WPDL (1 to 2: OR=1.415; ≥3: OR=13.105), number of teeth with periapical lesions (1 to 2: OR=4.393; ≥3: OR=9.526) and number of teeth with caries/residual roots (OR=3.028) were significant risk factors related to higher likelihood of tooth loss and multiple tooth loss.
Conclusion
In 4 years of natural progression, the number of teeth with bone loss > 50%, baseline number of missing molars, number of teeth with WPDL, baseline number of teeth with periapical lesions and number of teeth with caries/residual roots were significantly related to higher risk of tooth loss and multiple tooth loss among Chinese young and middle-aged patients with severe periodontitis in rural areas.
Keywords: Periodontitis, Natural progression, Tooth loss, Number of teeth
牙周炎是累及牙齿周围软硬组织的慢性感染性疾病,随着疾病严重程度加重,牙槽骨吸收,牙齿出现松动甚至脱落[1]。截至2015年,全球流行病学调查数据显示,重度牙周炎[临床附着丧失(clinical attachment loss, CAL)>6 mm,探诊深度(probing depth, PD)>5 mm]已超过5亿人口,与20多年前相比,重度牙周炎的发病率和患病率仍居高不下[2]。2018年牙周病国际分类将Ⅲ/Ⅳ期牙周炎描述为重度牙周炎[3],这些患者具有更高的失牙风险。失牙会带来诸多负面影响,如影响营养摄入、个人生活质量等[4],增加公共卫生系统的负担[5],还会增加肺癌[6]、头颈癌[7]、阿尔兹海默病[8]等多种疾病的发生风险。年龄是失牙的一个重要影响因素,根据我国第4次全国口腔流行病学健康调查报告结果显示,在35~44岁人群中完整牙列为67.7%,而在65~74岁人群中已不足20%,平均留存牙数仅为22.50颗[9],说明我国人群在中青年失牙已较多,随着年龄增长,完整牙列百分比快速下降。了解影响重度牙周炎患者失牙,特别是多颗失牙的相关因素,对高危人群的早期干预及保留天然牙有重要意义。自然进展失牙情况可以不受治疗干预的影响,目前,文献报告失牙的纵向研究有斯里兰卡[10-11]、瑞典[12]、印度尼西亚[13]、我国北京延庆[14],发现性别、年龄、吸烟、缺牙史、CAL、松动牙、骨下袋(intrabony defects, IBD)深度、龋齿数与失牙风险显著相关,在这些研究中,纳入人群的牙周炎患病情况复杂或不明,但均未单独对重度牙周炎患者的失牙情况展开分析。我国北京延庆和印度尼西亚的研究报告重度牙周炎患病率分别为35%和41%,斯里兰卡纳入的是中度和快速进展牙周炎人群,瑞典研究人群的牙周炎患病情况不明。在分析影响因素时,既往研究对于失牙情况仅判断为有或无,未根据失牙数进行分组,也未报告不同失牙数人群的基线特征。目前自然进展牙周炎研究数仍十分有限,且尚未见对中青年人群重度牙周炎患者的失牙情况及其相关因素报道。本研究旨在分析患有重度牙周炎的中国中青年农村人群,4年自然进展的失牙情况,并从临床和影像学检查比较不同失牙数人群的基线特征,分析不同失牙数的相关影响因素。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 研究对象
本研究是《对1992—1996年关于牙周炎自然进展的4年纵向流行病学调查资料》的再分析。该项流行病学研究的河北省承德市西坎村在当时共有2 124名村民,口腔卫生习惯差,缺乏口腔保健。在基线时,利用分层随机抽样选取了486名15~44岁的受试者,在研究起始时都知悉并同意参与调查,填写了调查问卷,在4年后有效复查413人。受试者在1992年和1996年均接受了牙周临床检查和曲面体层检查[15-19]。本研究开始前已经北京大学口腔医院生物医学伦理委员会审查批准(PKUSSIRB-201631120)[16],已申请通过免除知情同意。
本研究对象从具有完整的问卷调查、临床检查数据和清晰可测量的全口牙的影像学资料的受检者中选取。
纳入标准:(1)1992年患有Ⅲ/Ⅳ期牙周炎;(2)非无牙颌;(3)无牙周治疗史。
排除标准:(1)处于妊娠或哺乳期者;(2)合并全身性疾病(如精神性疾病﹑糖尿病等)者。
1.2. 研究方法
1.2.1. 问卷调查
受试者在基线时接受了问卷调查,通过查阅问卷填写情况,获得详细的个人信息,包括性别、年龄、吸烟情况、开始吸烟时间、吸烟量(支/d)等。每天吸烟1支以上、吸烟时间1年以上为吸烟者;吸烟指数(每天吸烟支数×吸烟年数) < 200为轻度吸烟,200~400为中度吸烟,>400为重度吸烟。
1.2.2. 临床检查和数据采集
受试者接受对角半口的牙周临床检查,即为上颌右侧和下颌左侧象限,或上颌左侧和下颌右侧象限的检查。检查工具为NIDR牙周探针,对选定区段内所有恒牙(除第三磨牙)每颗牙6个位点(即近中颊侧、颊侧中央、远中颊侧、远中舌侧、舌侧中央和近中舌侧)进行探诊。每名受试者在1992年和1996年的检查者为同一位医师。检查者之间和检查者自身在每次检查时均做了重复性检验,组内相关系数均超过0.9,表明一致性良好。本研究收集的临床指标包括PD和CAL。计算每位患者的下列基线指标:(1)PD≥5 mm的牙数百分数=PD≥5 mm的牙数/总受检牙数×100%(后文中含“百分数”的指标计算方法相同);(2)PD≥7 mm的牙数百分数;(3)PD平均值;(4)PD最大值;(5)CAL≥3 mm的牙数百分数;(6)CAL≥5 mm的牙数百分数;(7)CAL平均值;(8)CAL最大值。
1.2.3. 影像学检查和数据采集
受试者于1992年和1996年在相同的条件下接受了影像学检查。曲面体层X线片经高清扫描仪数字化处理录入计算机。利用图像测量软件几何画板5.06版(美国Key Curriculum Press Incorporation)进行影像分析。测量牙位包括每名受试者口内除第三磨牙外的所有恒牙。对于无法测量的情况(如残根、残冠、累及釉牙骨质界的患牙以及乳牙)进行单独标记。影像学测量指标包括根长、近中和远中牙槽骨高度,并判断有无失牙、IBD、龋、残根及根尖周病变。测量方法详见本课题组既往发表的文章[16, 19]。根据测量结果计算每位患者的下列基线指标:(1)骨吸收>50%的牙数,中国人群牙槽嵴顶至釉牙骨质界的平均距离为1.15 mm[20],故骨吸收=(根长-1.15-牙槽骨高度)/(根长-1.15)×100%,每颗牙选取近远中骨吸收最严重的位点记录;(2)有IBD的牙数,骨缺损最根方到牙槽嵴顶的距离≥1 mm时记录为IBD;(3)有牙周膜增宽(widened periodontal ligament space, WPDL)的牙数,牙周膜透射影宽度大于0.4 mm,记录为WPDL[16];(4)龋/残根的牙数;(5)有根尖周病变的牙数,根尖区骨硬板欠连续,根尖区透射影宽度大于0.8 mm,记录为根尖周病变[21];(6)磨牙缺失数。通过对比前后两次曲面体层X线片判断新发失牙情况(后文简称失牙):(1)失牙数:若某一牙在1992年存留,而在1996年缺失,则记录为4年间的失牙;(2)失牙牙位。Ⅲ/Ⅳ期牙周炎诊断标准为:≥2个非相邻牙邻面查及CAL,且患牙最重位点CAL≥5 mm或骨吸收>33%或PD≥6 mm。若基线失牙数≥5颗,或余留牙小于20颗(10对),或曲面体层片见缺牙区出现咬合紊乱、牙齿倾斜、牙齿移位时诊断为Ⅳ期,若无则诊断为Ⅲ期[10]。
1.3. 统计学分析
采用SPSS 24.0软件,计量资料以均数±标准差表示,无失牙组、失牙1~2颗组、失牙≥3颗组3组中计量资料的比较:(1)如数据服从正态分布且具备方差齐性,采用单因素方差分析进行比较,采用LSD进行其中任意两组间的比较;(2)如果数据不服从正态分布或者不具备方差齐性,则采用非参数检验Kruskal-Wallis检验进行分析,采用非参数检验Mann-Whitney U检验进行两组间的比较。P<0.05认为差异有统计学意义。分析影响不同失牙数的相关因素时,仅纳入有全口牙数据的基线指标,即根据影像学测量指标计算的基线指标,先进行单因素分析,将年龄、骨吸收>50%的牙数、基线磨牙缺失数作为连续变量纳入,将性别、吸烟指数(轻度、中/重度)、有IBD的牙数(0、≥1)、有WPDL的牙数(0、1~2、≥3)、龋/残根的牙数(0、≥1)、有根尖周病变的牙数(0、1~2、≥3)作为分类变量纳入,筛选出P<0.05的自变量。采用有序Logistic回归对不同失牙数(0、1~2、≥3)进行多因素分析,将单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量纳入,并始终将性别、年龄和吸烟指数作为校正变量纳入,P<0.05认为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
本研究共纳入217名基线时诊断为Ⅲ/Ⅳ期牙周炎的村民,其中患Ⅲ期牙周炎202人,患Ⅳ期牙周炎15人;男性110人,女性107人;89人为吸烟者,128人为非吸烟者;平均年龄(33.75±7.20)岁。基线失牙共154颗,基线人均失牙(0.71±1.53)颗。
2.1. 4年自然进展失牙情况
4年自然进展失牙共103颗,年人均失牙(0.12±0.38)颗。其中,174人无失牙,34人失牙1~2颗,9人失牙≥3颗。
103颗失牙中,有49颗位于上颌,54颗位于下颌,其中磨牙缺失最多,尖牙缺失最少(图 1)。
图 1.
4年自然进展中的失牙牙位
Tooth types of tooth loss over 4-year natural progression
2.2. 4年间无失牙和失牙人群基线特征
2.2.1. 年龄、性别
失牙≥3颗组和失牙1~2颗组平均年龄显著高于无失牙组(P < 0.05),两个失牙组间的差异无统计学意义。失牙≥3颗组皆为男性,失牙1~2颗组女性较多,无失牙组男女人数基本相同(表 1)。
表 1.
不同失牙数人群的基线特征
Baseline characteristics of the sample according to the various number of teeth lost (TL=0, TL=1-2, and TL≥3)
| Characteristics | TL=0(n=174) | TL=1-2(n=34) | TL≥3(n=9) | P |
| TL, tooth loss; WPDL, widened periodontal ligament space; CAL, clinical attachment loss; CALmax, the maximum of clinical attachment loss; PD, probing depth; PDmax, the maximum of probing depth; IBD, intrabony defect; BL, bone loss. * P<0.05, represents statistically significant difference among TL= 0, TL=1-2 and TL≥3. ☆P<0.05, represents statistically significant difference between TL=0,TL=1-2 and TL≥3. #P<0.05, represents statistically significant difference between TL=0 and TL≥3. | ||||
| Age/years☆ | 33.13±7.50 | 36.41±5.05 | 35.67±6.00 | 0.033 |
| Gender, n(%)☆ | 0.007 | |||
| Female | 87 (50.0) | 20 (58.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Male | 87 (50.0) | 14 (41.2) | 9 (100.0) | |
| Smoking dosage# | 7.28±15.12 | 8.10±12.78 | 12.79±9.03 | 0.029 |
| Smoking years | 5.82±8.73 | 5.18±7.95 | 13.44±7.49 | 0.014 |
| Number of baseline missing molars☆ | 0.27±0.70 | 1.53±1.89 | 1.78±1.05 | <0.001 |
| Number of teeth with WPDL* | 0.28±0.67 | 1.15±1.64 | 2.89±3.41 | <0.001 |
| Number of teeth with PD≥7 mm/%* | 1.00±5.30 | 5.00±13.8 | 15.00±20.40 | 0.002 |
| Number of teeth with PD≥5 mm/%* | 16.00±20.70 | 28.00±32.3 | 44.00±34.40 | 0.022 |
| Mean CAL/mm# | 2.16±0.96 | 2.49±1.15 | 4.25±2.01 | 0.003 |
| CALmax/mm# | 2.90±1.61 | 3.08±2.11 | 6.13±3.27 | 0.015 |
| Number of teeth with CAL≥5 mm/%* | 18.70±24.49 | 29.62±32.31 | 64.44±34.88 | <0.001 |
| Number of teeth with CAL≥3 mm/% | 66.54±32.75 | 74.29±26.65 | 89.00±19.74 | 0.090 |
| Mean PD/mm# | 2.73±0.46 | 3.00±0.66 | 3.42±0.67 | 0.002 |
| PDmax/mm# | 5.18±1.21 | 5.63±1.41 | 6.44±1.67 | 0.004 |
| Number of teeth with IBD☆ | 0.50±0.98 | 1.26±1.99 | 2.00±1.73 | 0.003 |
| Number of teeth with BL>65%* | 0.06±0.48 | 0.21±0.48 | 3.56±4.85 | <0.001 |
| Number of teeth with BL>50%* | 0.75±2.01 | 2.06±3.22 | 9.78±7.38 | <0.001 |
| Number of teeth with caries/residual roots☆ | 0.56±1.03 | 1.68±1.77 | 2.00±2.29 | <0.001 |
| Number of teeth with periapical lesions* | 0.28±0.63 | 1.24±1.37 | 2.33±2.00 | <0.001 |
2.2.2. 吸烟
失牙≥3颗组的日吸烟量和吸烟时间显著高于失牙1~2颗组及无失牙组(P均 < 0.05)。失牙1~2颗组的日吸烟量和吸烟时间均多于无失牙组,但差异无统计学意义(表 1)。
2.2.3. 骨吸收、PD、CAL相关指标
失牙数随骨吸收>50%的牙数、骨吸收>65%的牙数、PD≥5 mm的牙数百分数、PD≥7 mm的牙数百分数和CAL≥5 mm的牙数百分数的增加而增多,组间差异均有统计学意义(P均 < 0.05)。失牙≥3颗组的PD均值、PD最大值、CAL≥3 mm的牙数百分数、CAL均值和最大值显著高于其余两组,失牙1~2颗组较无失牙组高,但差异无统计学意义(表 1)。
2.2.4. 基线磨牙缺失数
失牙≥3颗组和失牙1~2颗组的基线磨牙缺失数显著多于无失牙组(P < 0.05),其中失牙≥3颗组较失牙1~2颗组少,但两个失牙组间的差异无统计学意义(表 1)。
2.2.5. 有WPDL的牙数、有IBD的牙数
失牙≥3颗组的有WPDL的牙数和有IBD的牙数高于失牙1~2颗组和无失牙组,失牙1~2颗组高于无失牙组,组间差异均有统计学意义(P均 < 0.05,表 1)。有IBD的牙数为148颗,其中同时有WPDL存在的牙仅28颗,其余的120颗未出现WPDL。
2.2.6. 有根尖周病变的牙数、龋/残根的牙数
失牙数随有根尖周病变牙数的增多而显著增高,组间差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。两个失牙组龋/残根的牙数均显著高于无失牙组(P<0.05),两个失牙组间的差异无统计学意义(表 1)。
2.3. 影响不同失牙数的多元有序Logistic回归分析
根据不同失牙数(0颗、1~2颗、≥3颗)进行分组,并将其作为因变量进行单因素分析,发现年龄、骨吸收>50%的牙数、基线磨牙缺失数、有WPDL的牙数、有IBD的牙数、龋/残根的牙数和有根尖周病变的牙数与失牙数显著相关(表 2)。多元有序Logistic回归分析发现,骨吸收大于50%的牙数、基线磨牙缺失数、有WPDL的牙数、龋/残根的牙数和有根尖周病变的牙数与失牙数具有相关性,显著增加失牙和多颗失牙的风险(表 3)。
表 2.
不同失牙数的单因素分析
Univariate analysis for higher rate of TL (TL=0, TL=1-2, TL≥3)
| Variables | TL=0 (n=174) |
TL=1-2 (n=34) |
TL≥3 (n=9) |
P | OR | 95%CI |
| CI, confidence interval. Other abbreviations as in Table 1. | ||||||
| Age/years | 33.13±7.50 | 36.41±5.05 | 35.67±6.00 | 0.013 | 1.069 | 1.014-1.127 |
| Gender, n(%) | 0.491 | 1.264 | 0.649-2.462 | |||
| Female | 87 (50.0) | 20 (58.9) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Male | 87 (50.0) | 14 (41.1) | 9 (100.0) | |||
| Smoking index, n(%) | 0.055 | 2.081 | 0.985-4.402 | |||
| Slight | 143 (82.2) | 25 (73.5) | 5 (55.6) | |||
| Moderate/Severe | 31 (17.8) | 9 (26.5) | 4 (44.4) | |||
| Number of teeth with BL>50% | 0.75±2.01 | 2.06±3.22 | 9.78±7.38 | <0.001 | 1.344 | 1.208-1.496 |
| Number of baseline missing molars | 0.27±0.70 | 1.53±1.89 | 1.78±1.05 | <0.001 | 1.986 | 1.540-2.560 |
| Number of teeth with WPDL, n(%) | ||||||
| 0 | 140 (80.5) | 16 (47.0) | 3 (33.3) | |||
| 1-2 | 30 (17.2) | 14 (41.2) | 1 (11.1) | 0.002 | 25.585 | 1.590-7.622 |
| ≥3 | 4 (12.3) | 4 (11.8) | 5 (55.6) | <0.001 | 3.483 | 7.776-84.268 |
| Number of teeth with periapical lesions, n(%) | ||||||
| 0 | 133 (76.4) | 9 (26.5) | 3 (33.3) | |||
| 1-2 | 33 (19.0) | 22 (64.7) | 1 (11.1) | <0.001 | 7.265 | 3.290-16.039 |
| ≥3 | 3 (4.6) | 3 (8.8) | 5 (55.6) | <0.001 | 59.086 | 15.165-230.212 |
| Number of teeth with caries/residual roots, n(%) | ||||||
| 0 | 120 (69.0) | 10 (29.4) | 3 (33.3) | |||
| ≥1 | 54 (31.0) | 24 (70.6) | 6 (66.7) | <0.001 | 5.023 | 2.440-10.350 |
| Number of teeth with IBD, n(%) | ||||||
| 0 | 123 (70.7) | 20 (58.9) | 3 (33.3) | |||
| ≥1 | 51 (29.3) | 14 (41.1) | 6 (66.7) | 0.023 | 2.188 | 1.112-4.306 |
表 3.
不同失牙数的有序多元Logistic回归分析
Orderly multivariate Logistic regression analysis for higher rate of TL (TL=0, TL=1-2, TL≥3)
| Variables | TL=0 (n=174) |
TL=1-2 (n=34) |
TL≥3 (n=9) |
B | SE | Wald | P | OR | 95%CI |
| The abbreviations as in Table 1 and Table 2. | |||||||||
| Age/years | 33.13±7.50 | 36.41±5.05 | 35.67±6.00 | 0.012 | 0.035 | 0.113 | 0.737 | 1.012 | 0.922-1.059 |
| Gender, n(%) | 0.110 | 0.540 | 0.042 | 0.839 | 1.116 | 0.311-2.581 | |||
| Female | 87 (50.0) | 20 (58.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||||||
| Male | 87 (50.0) | 14 (41.1) | 9 (100.0) | ||||||
| Smoking index, n(%) | 0.536 | 0.639 | 0.705 | 0.401 | 1.709 | 0.489-5.977 | |||
| Slight | 143 (82.2) | 25 (73.5) | 5 (55.6) | ||||||
| Moderate/Severe | 31 (17.8) | 9 (26.5) | 4 (44.4) | ||||||
| Number of teeth with BL>50% | 0.75±2.01 | 2.06±3.22 | 9.78±7.38 | 0.438 | 0.245 | 3.199 | 0.044 | 1.550 | 1.043-2.507 |
| Number of baseline missing molars | 0.27±0.70 | 1.53±1.89 | 1.78±1.05 | 0.573 | 0.161 | 12.600 | 0.000 | 1.774 | 1.293-2.433 |
| Number of teeth with WPDL, n(%) | |||||||||
| 0 | 140 (80.5) | 16 (47.0) | 3 (33.3) | ||||||
| 1-2 | 30 (17.2) | 14 (41.2) | 1 (11.1) | 0.347 | 0.518 | 0.449 | 0.503 | 1.415 | 0.513-3.904 |
| ≥3 | 4 (12.3) | 4 (11.8) | 5 (55.6) | 2.573 | 0.824 | 9.750 | 0.002 | 13.105 | 2.606-65.891 |
| Number of teeth with periapical lesions, n(%) | |||||||||
| 0 | 133 (76.4) | 9 (26.5) | 3 (33.3) | ||||||
| 1-2 | 33 (19.0) | 22 (64.7) | 1 (11.1) | 1.480 | 0.475 | 9.714 | 0.002 | 4.393 | 1.732-11.145 |
| ≥3 | 3 (4.6) | 3 (8.8) | 5 (55.6) | 2.254 | 0.801 | 7.909 | 0.005 | 9.526 | 1.980-45.787 |
| Number of teeth with caries/residual roots, n(%) | |||||||||
| 0 | 120 (69.0) | 10 (29.4) | 3 (33.3) | ||||||
| ≥1 | 54 (31.0) | 24 (70.6) | 6 (66.7) | 1.108 | 0.484 | 5.253 | 0.022 | 3.028 | 1.175-7.815 |
| Number of teeth with IBD, n(%) | |||||||||
| 0 | 123 (70.7) | 20 (58.9) | 3 (33.3) | ||||||
| ≥1 | 51 (29.3) | 14 (41.1) | 6 (66.7) | 0.140 | 0.484 | 0.083 | 0.773 | 1.150 | 0.337-2.248 |
3. 讨论
缺乏口腔保健人群中牙周炎自然进展研究资料是极其宝贵的资料,反映了牙周疾病在无任何干预情况下的自然进展状况。尽管在过去的20多年里,人们的生活和饮食习惯改变,医疗保健条件改善,但根据第4次全国口腔流行病学健康调查报告结果显示,我国15岁、35~44岁组的牙石检出率分别为61.3%和96.7%,牙龈出血检出率分别为64.7%和87.4%[9],可见我国中青年人群的口腔卫生状况仍然不乐观,20余年前自然进展资料分析可为目前人群的自然进展规律提供借鉴,更重要的是本研究结果对于疾病进展特性的了解有重要意义。本研究利用这一流行病调查资料,对缺乏口腔保健条件的中青年重度牙周炎患者经4年自然进展的失牙情况进行了分析,比较了不同失牙数人群的基线特征,探索了影响失牙及失牙数的因素。
本研究分析了基线磨牙缺失数与后续失牙风险的相关性。在多元有序Logistic回归分析中发现,基线磨牙缺失数与后续失牙和多颗失牙的风险显著相关。基线时每缺失1颗磨牙,失牙数升高一个等级的风险增加约80%。磨牙缺失数对失牙的影响在国内外均未见报道。有学者在治疗人群中发现,基线存留牙数越少,后续失牙风险越高[22];Neely等[11]在对斯里兰卡茶厂男工牙周炎自然进展研究资料分析发现该人群都是因牙周炎而失牙,失牙史与失牙风险显著相关。本研究对我国农村重度牙周炎患者的分析结果进一步说明,磨牙对全口牙齿的稳定起着重要作用。磨牙承担咀嚼功能,是咬合单位的主要组成部分,单个或多个牙齿缺失,尤其是磨牙缺失,会使咬合单位减少,咬合支撑减弱,余留牙的咬合负担加重,此外,邻牙会出现移位或倾斜,对颌牙过长,进而导致咬合干扰,受累的余留牙牙周状况会进一步恶化,从而增加后续失牙的风险,提示医生在临床工作中要重视对磨牙的治疗,对重度牙周炎患者尤其要关注磨牙的状况,避免牙齿的进一步丧失。
本研究分析了有WPDL的牙数对后续失牙的影响,发现有WPDL的牙数≥3使得失牙水平升高一个等级的风险增高了约13倍。WPDL的出现可能与咬合创伤、牙周炎、牙齿动度、根尖周病变等有关[23-24]。Gao等[25]在牙周炎动物模型中发现,微生物感染引发了一系列显著改变,包括宿主免疫反应、骨吸收、WPDL等。WPDL是咬合创伤的影像学表现之一[26]。既往研究发现,咬合创伤与探诊深度加深、附着进一步丧失、骨高度降低和牙齿松动度加重密切相关[23, 27-28]。本课题组既往在对下颌第一磨牙4年自然进展的分析中也发现,WPDL与根分叉病变、相对骨高度和IBD的进一步进展显著相关[16]。White[24]指出,在IBD形成的早期,可伴随WPDL影像,此外,磨牙牙根间若出现WPDL是根分叉受累的有力证据。IBD和WPDL皆与咬合创伤有关。但有研究发现,在无咬合异常的人群中也存在IBD[29]。本研究有IBD的牙数为148颗,其中同时有WPDL存在的牙仅28颗,其余的120颗牙未出现WPDL,表明在IBD的形成中除咬合创伤外,菌斑等其他因素也起着非常重要的作用[29-30]。在分析影响失牙数的相关因素时,单因素分析结果显示有WPDL和有IBD的牙数与失牙数均显著相关,而多因素分析结果显示有IBD的牙数无显著相关性,提示在口腔卫生较差的人群中,咬合创伤可增加失牙风险。因此,有WPDL的牙数一定程度上可反映患者牙周炎和咬合创伤受累的程度,故而与后续失牙风险增高相关。本研究结果提示,临床医生要积极关注有WPDL患牙的牙周和咬合等情况,检查其是否存在异常动度、咬合干扰、根分叉病变等问题,及早做出相应处理。
本研究发现骨吸收>50%的牙数对失牙数有显著影响,随着患者基线时骨吸收>50%的牙数的增多,后续失牙数显著增加。多元有序Logistic回归分析显示,骨吸收>50%的牙数是影响后续失牙数的危险因素。患者口腔中每增多1颗骨吸收>50%的牙,失牙水平升高一个等级的风险增加了约55%。有学者对处于牙周维护期的慢性牙周炎和侵袭性牙周炎患者Logistic回归分析或Cox回归分析发现,基线骨吸收>50%对后续该患牙齿存留有显著影响[31]。本研究将骨吸收>50%的牙数作为变量,发现患者口腔中重度牙周炎患牙越多,无干预状态下未来失牙的风险显著增大,提示对于重度牙周炎患者,应该尽早进行牙周治疗干预和牙周维护治疗,尽可能避免患牙的骨吸收超过50%,对于有垂直吸收超过50%的患牙,若为适合进行再生治疗的骨缺损类型(如容纳型骨下袋),可考虑行再生性手术(如植骨术和引导性再生术),从而降低骨吸收>50%的牙数,对患者保留更多有功能的自然牙具有重要意义。
本研究还发现,失牙数与基线时龋/残根的牙数和有根尖周病变的牙数显著相关。龋/残根的存在使得失牙水平升高一个等级的风险增高了约3倍,1~2个和≥3个根尖周病变分别使得失牙水平升高一个等级的风险提高了约4倍和10倍,说明在本研究的重度牙周炎人群中,龋/残根牙和根尖周病变牙也是失牙的重要风险因素。Baelum等[14]在北京延庆农村的自然进展牙周炎研究中发现,龋齿数对牙周炎患者的牙齿存留有显著影响,Logistic回归分析结果显示,≥5颗龋齿数、CAL>7 mm和松动牙是预测失牙的有效指标。智利和芬兰的研究也报道了龋病与牙周炎的患病率和严重程度相关[32-33],重度牙周病(PD≥6 mm)和龋病常同时累及同一人。本研究人群虽为重度牙周炎患者,但口腔卫生习惯差,且缺乏口腔保健,不佳的口腔卫生状况也会导致龋病的发生;van der Reijden等[34]发现在牙周炎患者的龈下菌斑中,变形链球菌检出率为82%~96%,重度牙周炎常导致根面暴露,可能会继发根面龋,这可能是本研究在重度牙周炎群体中发现龋病相关因素对失牙数有显著影响的原因。也有学者在牙周维护期患者和治疗措施不明的人群中[35-36],报告了根尖周病变与失牙的相关性。Li等[37]发现无龋的牙周牙髓病变患牙的牙周袋内和根管内的微生物成分高度相似,牙周致病菌广泛分布于两组样本中,推测牙周袋内的致病微生物可能是牙髓感染的主要来源。这提醒医生,菌斑生物膜在牙周炎和龋病的发生发展中均发挥了重要作用,临床工作中要重视对患者的口腔卫生宣教。此外,也需密切关注患牙的牙髓状态。在重度牙周炎患者中,牙体牙髓疾病对牙齿存留也有显著影响。
本研究仅探讨了重度牙周炎患者的失牙情况及失牙相关因素,因该课题的临床检查仅进行了对角线半口检查,PD、CAL无全口牙的检查数据,故在行单因素、多因素分析时未纳入分析,而是以骨吸收大于50%的牙数来反映牙周破坏程度和范围对失牙数的影响。
综上所述,本研究利用问卷调查、临床检查和影像学测量数据,对农村217名中青年重度牙周炎患者经4年自然进展的失牙情况进行分析后发现,磨牙缺失最多,失牙组和多颗失牙组较无失牙组具有显著的牙周疾病和龋病相关特征;骨吸收>50%的牙数、基线磨牙缺失数、有WPDL的牙数、龋/残根的牙数和有根尖周病变的牙数是影响后续失牙数的有效指标,显著增加失牙和多颗失牙的风险,这可以为早期干预和保留天然牙提供相应依据。同时,也提示临床医生在治疗牙周炎时,不仅要控制好牙周炎症,还需积极保留磨牙、酌情处理咬合问题、控制牙髓根尖周炎症,并敦促患者保持良好的口腔卫生。
Funding Statement
国家自然科学基金(82071118、81991500、81991502、81870772)
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82071118, 81991500, 81991502, 81870772)
References
- 1.Kinane DF, Stathopoulou PG, Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases. Nat Rev Dis Primer. 2017;3(1):17038. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.38. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Kassebaum NJ, Smith AGC, Bernabe E, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years for oral conditions for 195 countries, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis for the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. J Dent Res. 2017;96(4):380–387. doi: 10.1177/0022034517693566. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Tonetti MS, Greenwell H, Kornman KS. Staging and grading of periodontitis: Framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. J Periodontol. 2018;89(Suppl 1):S159–S172. doi: 10.1002/JPER.18-0006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Tonetti MS, Jepsen S, Jin L, et al. Impact of the global burden of periodontal diseases on health, nutrition and wellbeing of mankind: A call for global action. J Clin Periodontol. 2017;44(5):456–462. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12732. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Listl S, Galloway J, Mossey PA, et al. Global economic impact of dental diseases. J Dent Res. 2015;94(10):1355–1361. doi: 10.1177/0022034515602879. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Yoon HS, Wen W, Long J, et al. Association of oral health with lung cancer risk in a low-income population of African Americans and European Americans in the Southeastern United States. Lung Cancer. 2019;127:90–95. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.11.028. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Parahoo RS, Semple CJ, Killough S, et al. The experience among patients with multiple dental loss as a consequence of treatment for head and neck cancer: A qualitative study. J Dent. 2019;82:30–37. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.01.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Takeuchi K, Ohara T, Furuta M, et al. Tooth loss and risk of dementia in the community: The Hisayama study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65(5):e95–e100. doi: 10.1111/jgs.14791. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.王 兴. 第四次全国口腔健康流行病学调查报告. 北京: 人民卫生出版社; 2018. pp. 17–25. [Google Scholar]
- 10.Ramseier CA, Anerud A, Dulac M, et al. Natural history of periodontitis: Disease progression and tooth loss over 40 years. J Clin Periodontol. 2017;44(12):1182–1191. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12782. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Neely AL, Holford TR, Loe H, et al. The natural history of periodontal disease in humans: Risk factors for tooth loss in caries-free subjects receiving no oral health care. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32(9):984–993. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00797.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Papapanou P, Wennström J. The angulary bony defect as indicator of further bone loss. J Clin Periodontol. 1991;18(5):317–322. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1991.tb00435.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.van der Velden U, Amaliya A, Loos BG, et al. Java project on periodontal diseases: Causes of tooth loss in a cohort of untreated individuals. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42(9):824–831. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12446. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Baelum V, Luan WM, Chen X, et al. Predictors of tooth loss over 10 years in adult and elderly Chinese. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1997;25(3):204–210. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1997.tb00927.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Pei X, Ouyang X, He L, et al. A 4-year prospective study of the progression of periodontal disease in a rural Chinese population. J Dent. 2015;43(2):192–200. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2014.12.008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Pei X, Ouyang X, Luan Q, et al. Natural 4-year periodontal progression of mandibular first molars in Chinese villagers based on radiographic records. J Periodontol. 2019;90(12):1390–1398. doi: 10.1002/JPER.18-0194. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Suda R, Cao C, Hasegawa K, et al. 2-year observation of attachment loss in a rural Chinese population. J Periodontol. 2000;71(7):1067–1072. doi: 10.1902/jop.2000.71.7.1067. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Cao CF, Yang XY, Yang S, et al. A longitudinal survey on periodontal disease in Chinese villagers: Preliminary report. Chin J Dent Res. 1998;(1):7–16. [Google Scholar]
- 19.Iao S, Pei X, Ouyang X, et al. Natural progression of periodontal diseases in Chinese villagers based on the 2018 classification[J/OL]. J Periodontol[2020-12-05]. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.20-0199.
- 20.解 建秀, 邹 兆菊. 正常牙周组织X线表现的初步研究. 中华口腔医学杂志. 1991;26(6):339–341. [Google Scholar]
- 21.Low KM, Dula K, Burgin W, et al. Comparison of periapical radiography and limited cone-beam tomography in posterior maxillary teeth referred for apical surgery. J Endod. 2008;34(5):557–562. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.02.022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Costa FO, Cota LO, Lages EJ, et al. Periodontal risk assessment model in a sample of regular and irregular compliers under maintenance therapy: A 3-year prospective study. J Periodontol. 2012;83(3):292–300. doi: 10.1902/jop.2011.110187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Fan J, Caton JG. Occlusal trauma and excessive occlusal forces: Narrative review, case definitions, and diagnostic considerations. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S199–S206. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12949. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.White SC. Oral radiology principles and interpretation. Canada: Elsevier; 2014. pp. 309–326. [Google Scholar]
- 25.Gao L, Kang M, Zhang MJ, et al. Polymicrobial periodontal disease triggers a wide radius of effect and unique virome. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2020;6(1):10. doi: 10.1038/s41522-020-0120-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.American Academy of Periodontology Parameter on occlusal traumatism in patients with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2000;71(Suppl 5):873–875. doi: 10.1902/jop.2000.71.5-S.873. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Harrel SK, Nunn ME. The association of occlusal contacts with the presence of increased periodontal probing depth. J Clin Periodontol. 2009;36(12):1035–1042. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2009.01486.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Jin L, Cao C. Clinical diagnosis of trauma from occlusion and its relation with severity of periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 1992;19(2):92–97. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1992.tb00446.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Waerhaug J. The infrabony pocket and its relationship to trauma from occlusion and subgingival plaque. J Periodontol. 1979;50(7):355–365. doi: 10.1902/jop.1979.50.7.355. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Najim U, Norderyd O. Prevalence of intrabony defects in a Swedish adult population. A radiographic epidemiological study. Acta Odontol Scand. 2017;75(2):123–129. doi: 10.1080/00016357.2016.1265665. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Baumer A, Weber D, Staufer S, et al. Tooth loss in aggressive periodontitis: Results 25 years after active periodontal therapy in a private practice. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47(2):223–232. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13225. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Strauss FJ, Espinoza I, Stahli A, et al. Dental caries is associated with severe periodontitis in Chilean adults: A cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19(1):278. doi: 10.1186/s12903-019-0975-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Mattila PT, Niskanen MC, Vehkalahti MM, et al. Prevalence and simultaneous occurrence of periodontitis and dental caries. J Clin Periodontol. 2010;37(11):962–967. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01620.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.van der Reijden WA, Dellemijn-Kippuw N, Stijne-van Nes AM, et al. Mutans streptococci in subgingival plaque of treated and untreated patients with periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2001;28(7):686–691. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028007686.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Faggion CM Jr., Petersilka G, Lange DE, et al. Prognostic model for tooth survival in patients treated for periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2007;34(3):226–231. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2006.01045.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Bahrami G, Vaeth M, Kirkevang LL, et al. Risk factors for tooth loss in an adult population: A radiographic study. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(12):1059–1065. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2008.01328.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37.Li H, Guan R, Sun J, et al. Bacteria community study of combined periodontal-endodontic lesions using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing analysis. J Periodontol. 2014;85(10):1442–1449. doi: 10.1902/jop.2014.130572. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

