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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2022 Dec 6;55(1):52–61. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2023.01.008

牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗骨性安氏Ⅲ类错(牙合)畸形患者下前牙牙周表型的长期观察

A long-term evaluation of periodontal phenotypes before and after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment of lower anterior teeth in patients with skeletal Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion

Meng-qiao PAN 1,*, Jian LIU 1,*, Li XU 1,*, Xiao XU 1, Jian-xia HOU 1, Xiao-tong LI 2,*, Xiao-xia WANG 3
PMCID: PMC9894801  PMID: 36718689

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate the changes of periodontal phenotype (width of keratinized gingiva, thickness and height of alveolar bone) of lower anterior teeth in patients with skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion before and after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment.

Methods

In the study, 20 patients with skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion (6 males and 14 females) completed the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment were included from March 2017 to June 2022, with 39 central incisors, 40 lateral incisors and 40 canines. The mean age was (25.40±4.27) years (20-34 years). The mean follow-up time was (3.70±1.05) years from the beginning of periodontal corticotomy regenerative surgery (PCRS) to the end of the combined treatment. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used to measure the thickness, area and height of alveolar bone by the same researcher, taken before the PCRS (T0), 6 months after the PCRS (T1), 12 months after the PCRS (T2), before the orthognathic surgery (T3), and after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment (T4). The periodontal clinical parameters were used to evaluate changes in the soft tissue by another researcher, measured before the PCRS (T0) and after the combined treatment (T4). Changes of soft and hard tissue were evaluated by the periodontal phenotype.

Results

The width of keratinized gingiva increased significantly (all P < 0.001) in lower anterior teeth, the central incisors, lateral incisors and canines increased by (1.82±1.57) mm, (2.03±1.48) mm and (2.05±1.27) mm, respectively. The proportion of thick periodontal biotype in the central and lateral incisors increased significantly (all P < 0.001), while the changes of periodontal biotypes in the lower canines were not obvious. The thickness of labial alveolar bone of lower anterior teeth all increased significantly after periodontal corticotomy regenerative surgery and the combined treatment (all P < 0.001). The area of labial alveolar bone of lower anterior teeth also increased significantly after the combined treatment (all P < 0.001). The whole area of labial and lingual alveolar bone of central and lateral incisors increased (P < 0.001), while the whole area of canines remained the same. All The height of the alveolar bone increased (all P < 0.001) on the labial side after the treatment.

Conclusion

The periodontal phenotypes of lower anterior teeth were significantly improved after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment in patients with skeletal Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion. The improvement was long-termly stable, and the periodontal risk was reduced.

Keywords: Periodontal phenotypes; Malocclusion, Angle class Ⅲ; Long-term evaluation; Cone-beam computed tomography


骨性安氏Ⅲ类错Inline graphic畸形患者需通过正畸-正颌联合治疗恢复功能和改善美观[1],但该类患者多存在牙周软硬组织不足的问题,尤其是下前牙区。Kaya等[2]发现安氏Ⅲ类患者较其他类型错Inline graphic畸形患者牙龈厚度更薄,角化龈宽度更窄。毛铭馨等[3]通过翻瓣直接测量的方法,发现安氏Ⅲ类错Inline graphic畸形患者58.25%前牙的釉牙骨质界至牙槽嵴顶距离大于2 mm,意味着牙槽骨高度较低,下前牙最重。

除了先天软硬组织不足外,越来越多研究证实正畸本身牙齿移动也会造成牙槽骨高度降低、厚度减小[4]。Lee等[5]的研究发现,骨性安氏Ⅲ类错Inline graphic畸形患者经术前正畸后,下切牙唇舌侧牙槽骨高度均明显降低,牙根中部唇舌侧牙槽骨厚度减小。Ma等[6]进一步证实,完成术前正畸及正颌手术治疗后,下前牙的牙槽骨高度、厚度和面积同样出现不同程度减少,故牙周手术辅助正畸-正颌的联合治疗受到关注。

目前多采用牙周组织再生结合骨皮质切开术(periodontal corticotomy regenerative surgery,PCRS)来改善骨性Ⅲ类错Inline graphic畸形患者牙周软硬组织状况。本课题组既往研究证实下前牙PCRS术后6个月,牙龈厚度和角化龈宽度,唇侧牙槽骨状况均有改善[7-8]。关于牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗的长期疗效研究尚不多见,Wang等[9]观察了8名骨性Ⅲ类联合治疗患者,发现下前牙唇侧骨厚度增加,但唇舌侧牙槽骨高度均降低。Brugnami等[10]发现联合治疗后1年,下前牙角化龈的宽度较正畸前增加,但同时观察牙周软硬组织的研究极少见。

2017年世界牙周疾病分类研讨会,建议用牙周表型描述和评价牙周组织,牙周表型包括牙龈表型(牙龈厚度和角化龈宽度)和骨形态(颊侧牙槽骨厚度),并建议将牙周表型分为“薄扇型”“厚平型”和“厚扇型”[11],其受遗传和环境等多种因素影响,可在不同条件和干预下转化[7]。牙周表型的特点是对牙周软硬组织同时进行考量,更有临床意义。

在前期研究的基础上,本研究旨在长期系列评价骨性安氏Ⅲ类错Inline graphic畸形患者下前牙经牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗的牙槽骨状况(牙周术前、牙周术后6个月及1年、正颌术前及正畸-正颌术后),以及治疗前后牙周表型(角化龈宽度和牙槽骨)的变化。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 研究对象

选择2017年3月至2022年6月于北京大学口腔医院正畸科和口腔颌面外科转诊至牙周科的骨性安氏Ⅲ类错Inline graphic畸形患者,且均因存在下颌前牙软硬组织不足问题行PCRS并完成牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗。本研究为前瞻性临床队列研究,在开始前已经北京大学口腔医院生物医学伦理委员会审查批准(PKUSSIRB-201735074、PKUSSIRB-202162011),所有研究对象包括患者和健康人均对研究过程及风险知情,并签署知情同意书。

纳入标准:(1)年龄18~35岁,全身健康,无吸烟史;(2)骨性安氏Ⅲ类错Inline graphic畸形,ANB角 < 0°,覆盖 < 0 mm,下牙弓拥挤 < 4 mm;(3)根据2018年牙周病国际新分类诊断为牙周健康[12],全口探诊出血位点<10%,探诊深度≤3 mm;(4)锥形束CT(cone-beam compated tomography, CBCT)显示下前牙区唇侧牙槽骨厚度 < 0.5 mm或根尖区牙槽骨唇舌向宽度 < 牙根宽度;(5)临床检查示前牙区牙根外形暴露明显,可扪及牙根凸起;(6)已完成牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗者。

排除标准:(1)妊娠期或哺乳期妇女;(2)中重度牙周炎或牙龈炎、轻度牙周炎等未经治疗控制;(3)既往有前牙区牙周手术史;(4)有肿瘤及全身性严重疾病;(5)唇腭裂或其他颌面部异常;(6)缺乏术前及术后检查。

1.2. 临床治疗过程

正畸固定矫治前对研究对象进行口腔卫生宣教及牙周基础治疗,正畸过程中每3个月进行1次牙周复查及维护治疗。于正畸快速移动期前(即前牙大范围唇舌向移动前)由同一位牙周主任医师手术显微镜(Loupe Eyemag Smart Standard,Zeiss,53-20,3.5x,Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH,Germany)下行PCRS[13],术式为微创牙周显微翻瓣+超声骨刀骨皮质切开+牙周组织再生术(植骨术+引导组织再生术)。PCRS术后2周拆线,术后2周至1个月开始正畸加力,每2周进行正畸复查并加力,每3个月进行1次牙周检查及维护治疗。患者在完成牙周PCRS手术后平均(1.30±0.73)年接受正颌外科手术。正颌术后继续进行正畸治疗,直至拆除固定矫治器、开始佩戴保持器,完成牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗。从接受正颌手术到完成联合治疗,所用时间平均为(1.35±0.88)年,平均总治疗时间为(3.70±1.05)年。

1.3. 资料收集

患者于PCRS术前(T0)、术后6个月(T1)、术后1年(T2)、正颌术前(T3)及牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗结束后(T4)共5个时点于北京大学口腔医院放射科拍摄锥形束CT(cone-beam computed tomography, CBCT),使用NewTom VG(Aperio Services,Italy)拍摄,层厚0.3 mm。将数据以DICOM格式导入Materialise Mimics Medical 21.0软件(Materialise,Belgium)进行测量,评估下前牙唇舌侧牙槽骨变化。

患者于T0和T4两个时点进行牙周临床指标测量,并比较各指标在T0和T4间的变化。

1.3.1. 影像学测量指标

1.3.1.1. 牙槽骨厚度(alveolar bone thickness, BW)[5]

在观测软件中分别调整画面至被测患牙的横截面、冠状面及矢状面,在横截面中定位至被测患牙中心位置,在冠状面及矢状面中分别旋转调整定位纵轴,直至与牙长轴重合,再将矢状面中的定位横轴调整至通过唇舌侧釉牙骨质界(cemento-enamel junction,CEJ)连线中点。在矢状面于定位纵轴上选取被测患牙CEJ根方4 mm、6 mm、8 mm及根尖位点,作垂直于定位轴纵轴的垂线,选取垂线与唇侧牙根表面及牙槽骨表面交点并连接,测量不同位点唇侧牙槽骨厚度(图 1)。

图 1.

CBCT(牙冠正中矢状面)测量下前牙唇舌侧牙槽骨厚度及面积

Example of measuring alveolar bone thickness and area on CBCT images of the lower anterior teeth, orientated by the root long axis

A, example and illustrations of morphometric measurements of the alveolar bone around the lower anterior teeth in skeletal class Ⅲ patients. B, reference points and lines: 1 and 2, cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) points; 3, midpoint of the CEJ; 4 and 5, alveolar crest points; 6, root apex; 7, root long axis, a line from points 3 to 6; 8, 9 and 10, intersecting line perpendicular to the root long axis at 4, 6 and 8 mm apical to the midpoint of the CEJ; 11, intersecting line perpendicular to the root long axis at the root apex. C, measurement variables: ABH, vertical bone level on the labial side, (distance from the CEJ to the alveolar crest parallel to the root long axis); BW-4, labial thickness at 4 mm apical to the CEJ; BW-6, labial thickness at 6 mm apical to the CEJ; BW-8, labial thickness at 8 mm apical to the CEJ; BW-a, labial thickness at the apex; BA-4, LA-4 and WA-4, labial, lingual and whole area at 4 mm apical to the CEJ; BA-6, LA-6 and WA-6, labial, lingual and whole area at 6 mm apical to the CEJ; BA-8, LA-8 and WA-8, labial, lingual and whole area at 8 mm apical to the CEJ; BA-a, LA-a and WA-a, labial, lingual and whole area at the apex.

图 1

1.3.1.2. 牙槽骨面积[6]

在矢状面于定位纵轴上选取被测量牙CEJ根方4 mm、6 mm、8 mm及根尖位点,作垂直于定位轴纵轴的垂线,选取垂线与唇、舌侧牙根表面及牙槽骨表面交点并连接,测量不同位点唇、舌侧牙槽骨面积(buccal alveolar bone area,BA;lingual alveolar bone area,LA),两者的加和为唇舌侧牙槽骨总面积(whole alveolar bone area,WA)。

1.3.1.3. 牙槽骨垂直高度(alveolar bone height, ABH)[5]

通过CEJ至牙槽嵴顶(alveolar crest, AC)的距离测量,在矢状面选取唇侧CEJ最根方点,选取被测量牙唇侧牙槽嵴顶最冠方点,连接两点,距离记为唇侧牙槽骨垂直高度。

1.3.2. 牙周临床指标测量

均采用Williams牙周探针(上海康桥齿科医械厂)测量,且仅在T0及T4两个时点测量。

1.3.2.1. 菌斑指数(plaque index,PLI)

使用Silness和Loe菌斑指数,分4度。

1.3.2.2. 探诊深度(probing depth,PD)

牙齿唇面近中轴角、中央、远中轴角处龈缘至龈沟底的距离(mm)。

1.3.2.3. 出血指数(bleeding index,BI)

使用Mazza出血指数进行测量,取每颗牙唇侧近中、中央、远中3个位点最重者计数。

1.3.2.4. 牙龈退缩(gingival recession,REC)

当存在牙龈退缩、CEJ暴露时,测量牙齿唇面沿牙体长轴方向自CEJ至龈缘的最大距离(mm)。

1.3.2.5. 角化龈宽度(width of keratinized gingiva,WKG)

牙齿唇面近中轴角、中央、远中轴角处龈缘至膜龈联合的距离(mm)。

1.3.2.6. 牙周生物型(periodontal biotype,BIO)

使用探诊法,将牙周探针探入龈沟内,若牙周探针轮廓清晰可见,为薄龈生物型(记录为数值1),若牙周探针轮廓不可见,为厚龈生物型(记录为数值2),以此定性评估牙龈厚度。

1.4. 统计学分析

使用SPSS 22.0统计软件,计量资料使用K-S检验和Levene检验对数据进行正态性检验和方差齐性检验。若数据不符合正态分布,以M(P25P75)表达,自身前后比较采用配对Wilcoxon秩和检验。若数据符合正态分布,则以x±s表达,T0与T4时点的牙周临床指标采用配对t检验,T0至T4时点的牙槽骨厚度、面积及牙槽骨高度采用重复测量方差分析,组间比较采用LSK法。双侧检验,P < 0.05认为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

本研究共纳入20名骨性安氏Ⅲ类患者,男6人,女14人,年龄20~34岁,平均(25.40±4.27)岁。研究共纳入119颗下前牙,其中尖牙40颗,侧切牙40颗,中切牙39颗(1颗先天缺失)。

2.1. 牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗前后牙周临床指标比较

T0与T4两个时点的牙周临床指标变化见表 1,使用配对Wilcoxon秩和检验比较T0与T4两个时点的菌斑指数、出血指数及牙龈退缩,配对t检验比较探诊深度及角化龈宽度。探诊深度、出血指数及牙龈退缩差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。侧切牙菌斑指数较治疗前减小(P=0.021),余牙与治疗前差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。中切牙、侧切牙及尖牙的角化龈宽度较治疗前分别增加(1.82±1.57) mm、(2.03±1.48) mm、(2.05±1.27) mm,且差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.001)。

表 1.

骨性安氏Ⅲ类错Inline graphic畸形患者下前牙牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗前后牙周临床指标的比较

Comparison of periodontal clinical parameters before and after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment of lower anterior teeth in patients with skeletal Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion

Items PLI, M(P25, P75) PD/mm, x±s BI, M(P25, P75) REC/mm, M(P25, P75) WKG/mm, x±s
PLI,plaque index; PD, probing depth; BI, bleeding index; REC, gingival recession; WKG, width of keratinized gingiva; T0, before treatment; T4, after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment; a means t value; b means Z value. * P < 0.05, a significant difference.
Central incisors
  T0 0.0(0.0, 1.0) 1.96±0.40 1.0(1.0, 2.0) 0.0(0.0, 0.0) 3.83±1.11
  T4 0.0(0.0, 1.0) 1.86±0.48 1.0(1.0, 2.0) 0.0(0.0, 0.0) 5.65±1.32
  t or Z value -1.439b 0.945a -0.762b -0.707b 7.231a
  P value 0.150 0.350 0.446 0.480 < 0.001*
Lateral incisors
  T0 1.0(0.0, 1.0) 2.18±0.47 1.0(1.0, 1.0) 0.0(0.0, 0.0) 3.97±1.10
  T4 0.0(0.0, 1.0) 1.98±0.48 1.0(1.0, 2.0) 0.0(0.0, 0.0) 6.00±1.29
  t or Z value -2.313b 1.842a -1.428b -1.380b 8.716a
  P value 0.021* 0.073 0.153 0.168 < 0.001*
Canines
  T0 1.0(0.0, 1.0) 2.31±0.46 1.0(1.0, 1.0) 0.0(0.0, 0.0) 3.41±1.11
  T4 0.0(0.0, 1.0) 2.16±0.51 1.0(1.0, 2.0) 0.0(0.0, 0.0) 5.47±1.48
  t or Z value -1.830b 1.311a -1.795b -1.000b 10.229a
  P value 0.067 0.198 0.073 0.317 < 0.001*

2.2. 牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗前后牙周生物型变化

使用配对Wilcoxon秩和检验比较不同牙位在T0与T4两个时点的牙周生物型的差异(表 2),中切牙与侧切牙在T4时厚龈型比例显著增加,薄龈型减少(P < 0.001),尖牙的牙周生物型差异无统计学意义(P=0.058),但厚龈型比例仍有增加趋势(术前=10,术后=24)。

表 2.

骨性安氏Ⅲ类错Inline graphic畸形患者下前牙牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗前后牙周生物型的比较

Comparison of periodontal biotypes before and after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment of lower anterior teeth in patients with skeletal Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion

Items Central incisors Lateral incisors Canines
BIO, periodontal biotype; T0, before treatment; T4, after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment.
Thick BIO
  T0 9 8 10
  T4 21 22 24
Thin BIO
  T0 30 32 30
  T4 18 18 16
  Z value -3.207 -3.742 -1.897
  P value < 0.001 < 0.001 0.058

2.3. 不同牙位唇侧牙槽骨厚度变化

对T0至T4时点不同牙位及位点的唇侧牙槽骨厚度进行重复测量方差分析(图 2),在CEJ根方4 mm、6 mm、8 mm及根尖水平下前牙唇侧牙槽骨厚度均较术前增加,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001)。使用LSK法进行组间比较显示,侧切牙唇侧牙槽骨厚度在CEJ根方4 mm、6 mm及根尖位点从T0至T2时点连续增加,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),T2与T4时点比较差异无统计学意义;其余牙位及位点唇侧牙槽骨厚度T1较T0时点显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001),T1较T4时点差异无统计学意义。

图 2.

骨性安氏Ⅲ类错Inline graphic畸形患者牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗前后下前牙唇侧牙槽骨厚度的变化

Comparison of labial alveolar bone thickness before and after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment of lower anterior teeth in patients with skeletal Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion

T0, before treatment; T1, 6 months after PCRS; T2, 12 months after PCRS; T3, before orthognathic surgery; T4, after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment. A, labial alveolar bone thickness at 4 mm apical to the CEJ; B, labial alveolar bone thickness at 6 mm apical to the CEJ; C, labial alveolar bone thickness at 8 mm apical to the CEJ; D, labial alveolar bone thickness from toot apex to CEJ.

图 2

2.4. 不同牙位唇侧牙槽骨面积变化

对T0至T4时点不同牙位及位点的唇侧牙槽骨面积进行重复测量方差分析(表 3),PCRS术后,下前牙各位点的唇侧牙槽骨面积均较术前显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001)。使用LSK法进行组间分析显示,侧切牙唇侧牙槽骨面积在CEJ根方4 mm、6 mm及8 mm位点从T0至T2时点连续增加,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),T2较T4时点差异无统计学意义;余牙位及位点唇侧牙槽骨面积T1较T0时点显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001),T1与T4时点比较差异无统计学意义(P < 0.05)。

表 3.

骨性安氏Ⅲ类患者牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗前、后下前牙唇侧牙槽骨面积的变化

Comparison of labial alveolar bone area before and after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment of lower anterior teeth in patients with skeletal Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion

Items Central incisors Lateral incisors Canines
BA-4, labial area at 4 mm apical to the CEJ; BA-6, labial area at 6 mm apical to the CEJ; BA-8, labial area at 8 mm apical to the CEJ; BA-a, labial area at the apex; T0, before treatment; T1, 6 months after PCRS; T2, 12 months after PCRS; T3, before orthognathic surgery; T4, after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment.* P < 0.05, a significant difference.
BA-4
  T0 0.50±0.62 0.64±0.84 0.13±0.24
  T1 2.05±1.71 1.83±1.64 1.26±1.15
  T2 2.47±2.02 2.56±1.90 1.47±1.18
  T3 2.54±2.08 2.65±2.02 1.40±1.30
  T4 2.65±2.15 2.86±1.90 1.72±1.45
  P value < 0.001* < 0.001* < 0.001*
  Multiple comparison T0 < T1, T2, T3, T4 T0 < T1 < T2, T3, T4 T0 < T1, T2, T3, T4
BA-6
  T0 1.15±1.12 1.21±1.22 0.39±0.50
  T1 4.37±2.80 4.13±2.46 2.52±1.65
  T2 5.49±3.34 5.47±2.81 3.03±1.87
  T3 5.66±3.54 5.60±2.88 2.93±2.03
  T4 5.35±2.94 5.62±2.65 3.14±1.96
  P value < 0.001* < 0.001* < 0.001*
  Multiple comparison T0 < T1, T2, T3, T4 T0 < T1 < T2, T3, T4 T0 < T1, T2, T3, T4
BA-8
  T0 1.68±1.53 1.47±1.32 0.65±0.72
  T1 7.88±4.47 7.51±3.44 4.06±2.22
  T2 9.32±4.93 8.96±3.61 4.82±2.59
  T3 9.50±4.84 9.30±3.80 4.64±2.74
  T4 8.86±3.90 9.25±3.76 4.85±2.58
  P value < 0.001* < 0.001* < 0.001*
  Multiple comparison T0 < T1, T2, T3, T4 T0 < T1 < T2, T3, T4 T0 < T1, T2, T3, T4
BA-a
  T0 4.04±3.18 4.48±2.43 6.10±4.66
  T1 14.97±6.85 16.88±6.19 11.86±6.73
  T2 16.59±8.03 18.62±6.83 14.08±6.62
  T3 16.68±7.57 18.82±7.11 15.14±7.29
  T4 15.80±7.35 19.50±10.34 14.98±7.75
  P value < 0.001* < 0.001* < 0.001*
  Multiple comparison T0 < T1, T2, T3, T4 T0 < T1, T2, T3, T4 T0 < T1, T2, T3, T4

2.5. 不同牙位唇舌侧牙槽骨总面积变化

对T0至T4时点不同牙位及位点的唇舌侧牙槽骨总面积进行重复测量方差分析如表 4所示。中切牙、侧切牙的牙槽骨总面积在术后显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。采取LSK法进行组间比较,T1较T0时点总面积显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),T1至T4时点差异无统计学意义。而尖牙牙槽骨总面积术后仅在CEJ根方4 mm位点有增加,差异有统计学意义(P=0.038),余位点差异均无统计学意义。组间比较显示,该位点T1及T4较T0时点总面积增加(P < 0.05),T2、T3与T0时点的差异则无统计学意义。

表 4.

骨性安氏Ⅲ类错Inline graphic畸形患者牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗前后下前牙唇舌侧牙槽骨总面积的变化

Comparison of the whole alveolar bone area before and after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment of lower anterior teeth in patients with skeletal Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion

Items Central incisors Lateral incisors Canines
WA-4, whole area at 4 mm apical to the CEJ; WA-6, whole area at 6 mm apical to the CEJ; WA-8, whole area at 8 mm apical to the CEJ; WA-a, whole area at the apex; T0, before treatment; T1, 6 months after PCRS; T2, 12 months after PCRS; T3, before orthognathic surgery; T4, after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment. *P < 0.05, a significant difference.
WA-4
  T0 0.87±0.93 1.21±1.14 1.57±2.20
  T1 2.37±1.95 2.25±2.01 2.88±2.83
  T2 2.67±2.17 2.83±2.05 2.30±1.93
  T3 2.78±2.50 2.91±2.24 2.31±2.44
  T4 2.85±2.37 3.20±2.09 3.28±3.18
  P value < 0.001* < 0.001* 0.038*
  Multiple comparison T0 < T1, T2, T3, T4 T0 < T1, T2, T3, T4 T0 < T1, T4
WA-6
  T0 2.37±2.05 2.72±2.34 4.19±5.12
  T1 5.08±3.16 5.18±3.15 6.10±3.91
  T2 5.91±3.55 6.04±3.04 5.29±3.64
  T3 6.02±3.93 6.19±3.19 5.22±4.34
  T4 5.79±3.25 6.48±3.13 6.55±5.18
  P value < 0.001* < 0.001* 0.174
  Multiple comparison T0 < T1, T2, T3, T4 T0 < T1, T2, T3, T4 T0=T1, T2, T3, T4
WA-8
  T0 4.35±3.39 4.30±3.72 7.34±6.91
  T1 9.32±4.88 9.31±4.49 10.55±4.97
  T2 10.03±5.14 9.90±3.95 9.11±4.90
  T3 10.12±5.18 10.21±4.34 8.88±6.04
  T4 9.66±4.35 10.70±4.47 10.47±7.12
  P value < 0.001* < 0.001* 0.124
  Multiple comparison T0 < T1, T2, T3, T4 T0 < T1, T2, T3, T4 T0=T1, T2, T3, T4
WA-a
  T0 13.71±8.30 15.53±8.66 29.53±15.91
  T1 19.51±8.24 22.32±7.85 32.50±14.43
  T2 18.58±8.58 21.37±7.85 29.51±14.40
  T3 18.46±8.07 21.38±8.10 29.87±14.66
  T4 18.01±8.91 22.93±11.59 30.81±17.84
  P value 0.028* 0.002* 0.911
  Multiple comparison T0 < T1, T2, T3, T4 T0 < T1, T2, T3, T4 T0=T1, T2, T3, T4

2.6. 不同牙位唇侧牙槽骨高度变化

对T0至T4时点不同牙位的唇侧牙槽骨高度(ABH)进行重复测量方差分析(图 3~5),时点T0至T4,中切牙唇侧ABH分别为(3.29±1.48) mm、(1.25±1.74) mm、(1.20±0.64) mm、(1.22±0.64) mm、(1.07±0.74) mm,侧切牙唇侧ABH分别为(3.47±1.82) mm、(1.18±0.82) mm、(1.21±0.74) mm、(1.21±0.73) mm、(1.10±0.78) mm,尖牙唇侧ABH分别为(4.54±2.77) mm、(0.79±0.65) mm、(0.85±0.61) mm、(0.91±0.68) mm、(0.81±0.58) mm。下颌前牙的唇侧ABH均值在PCRS术后明显减小,牙槽骨高度显著增加(P < 0.001)。采取LSK法进行组间比较,牙槽骨高度在T0至T1期间显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),T1至T4时点差异无统计学意义。

图 3.

骨性安氏Ⅲ类错Inline graphic畸形患者牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗前后下前牙槽嵴顶高度的变化

Comparison of alveolar bone heights before and after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment of lower anterior teeth in patients with skeletal Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion

T0, before treatment; T1, 6 months after PCRS; T2, 12 months after PCRS; T3, before orthognathic surgery; T4, after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment. *P < 0.05, a significant difference.

图 3

图 5.

一例骨性安氏Ⅲ类错Inline graphic畸形患者接受牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗下前牙槽骨的变化

Example of alveolar bone changes of lower anterior teeth in a patient with skeletal Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion during the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment

A, canine before treatment; B, lateral incisor before treatment; C, central incisor before treatment; D, canine 6 months after PCRS; E, lateral incisor 6 months after PCRS; F, central incisor 6 months after PCRS; G, canine 12 months after PCRS; H, lateral incisor 12 months after PCRS; I, central incisor 12 months after PCRS; J, canine before orthognathic surgery; K, lateral incisor before orthognathic surgery; L, central incisor before orthognathic surgery; M, canine after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment; N, lateral incisor after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment; O, central incisor after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment.

图 5

图 4.

一例骨性安氏Ⅲ类错Inline graphic畸形患者接受牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗下前牙牙周软组织的变化

Example of soft tissue changes of lower anterior teeth in a patient with skeletal Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion during the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment

A, before treatment; B, 6 months after PCRS; C, 12 months after PCRS; D, before orthognathic surgery; E, after the periodontal-orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment.

图 4

3. 讨论

本研究是一项长期多学科联合治疗的前瞻性队列研究,特别是动态(T0、T1、T2、T3和T4共5个时点)评估了下前牙牙槽骨的变化,研究发现行下前牙PCRS牙周手术的正畸-正颌治疗患者,在多学科联合治疗结束后,患牙的菌斑指数、探诊深度、出血指数及牙龈退缩等4个牙周临床指标较术前差异均无统计学意义,与课题组既往牙周术后6个月的研究结果一致[7, 14-15]。本研究进一步证实,牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗结束后,相关牙周临床指标仍是稳定的,提示PCRS手术具有较长期[平均(3.70±1.05)年]牙周安全性。

骨性Ⅲ类患者正畸-正颌联合治疗中,正颌术前下前牙需唇向扩展以去代偿,但易发生牙槽骨高度及厚度的显著减少,即牙槽骨明显丧失,附着龈宽度也会减小[5, 16-17]。本研究发现PCRS可实现下前牙牙周软硬组织增量,即角化龈宽度、牙龈厚度和唇侧牙槽骨厚度增加,将其牙周表型由薄扇型变为厚扇型或厚扁平型。牙周手术改变牙周表型有助于降低下前牙的正畸-正颌治疗的牙周风险,如防止骨开裂、骨开窗和牙龈退缩的出现[7, 18];增加前牙的移动范围,还可能会加速正畸牙齿移动,缩短正畸时间[19],对正畸和正颌治疗产生积极影响,并可以降低正畸治疗后复发率。

本研究行PCRS手术的患者其牙周表型在术后6个月明显改善,且疗效一直长期维持,牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗结束后仍稳定不变。既往类似研究的随访时间多较短[5, 7, 17-19],观察指标或着重于牙槽骨增量,或着重于软组织(如角化龈)变化,对患者牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗前后的牙周表型评估不充分。本研究是3~4年的随访和系列追踪观察,从术前正畸开始,经过正颌手术,到术后正畸结束、牙齿位置不再移动,观测了下前牙的牙周临床指标及各阶段CBCT数据,综合分析了牙周软组织(角化龈宽度、牙龈厚度)及硬组织(唇侧牙槽骨厚度和高度、根周牙槽骨面积)等的变化。通过引入“牙周表型”概念,较全面而客观地评估牙周组织的变化,为以后牙周手术辅助正畸-正颌治疗提供了理论依据和临床指导。

本研究还观察到下前牙不同牙位的牙周表型变化有一些差异,如切牙和尖牙术后唇侧牙槽骨的厚度、高度和角化龈宽度均增加,但尖牙的牙龈厚度变化不明显,厚龈型比例低于切牙。分析原因,可能有以下三方面: 首先,尖牙在治疗前后唇侧的牙槽骨厚度、面积均小于切牙,而Zweers等[20]系统综述提示牙龈厚度与牙槽骨形态强相关,薄龈型的唇侧牙槽骨也较薄,厚龈型则常有更充足的骨量,较薄的唇侧牙槽骨可能导致尖牙的牙龈增厚不如切牙改善明显; 其次,尖牙在治疗后的角化龈宽度平均值小于中切牙及侧切牙,这一结论与既往研究相似,王高南等[21]多因素线性回归分析发现尖牙参照切牙对角化龈宽度呈负相关关系,Vlachodimou等[22]系统综述发现角化龈宽度还与牙龈厚度相关,厚龈型的牙齿常有更宽的角化龈,但二者间的直接关系尚要进一步研究,术前尖牙的牙龈厚度与切牙无明显差异,这与Kala等[2]的研究一致,轻度拥挤的安氏Ⅲ类患者下切牙与尖牙的牙龈厚度基本相同,尖牙在治疗结束后稍薄的牙龈厚度可能与其唇侧角化龈宽度相关,而非术前的牙龈厚度;再次,PCRS在手术过程中将人工骨替代材料小颗粒Bio-Oss(Geistlich AG, 直径0.25~1.00 mm, 0.5 g, 瑞士)与自体血均匀混合后平铺在术区,尖牙由于位于术区边缘的牙弓转角处,解剖与骨粉存留空间也是需考虑因素,值得临床医生关注。

本研究在测量了距离CEJ不同位置牙槽骨厚度的基础上,还引入了“牙槽骨面积”这一测量方法[6],在二维平面上连续地观测不同位置的唇舌侧骨量,所获数据能更真实、更准确地反映不同时点牙槽骨的变化。但本研究样本量较小,且研究对象仅为骨性安氏Ⅲ类错Inline graphic畸形患者,未来需扩大样本量,纳入其他类型错Inline graphic畸形患者,并分析比较其差异。

综上所述,完成牙周-正畸-正颌联合治疗的骨性安氏Ⅲ类错Inline graphic畸形患者,其牙周表型得到明显改善,效果长期稳定,牙周风险降低,预后改善。PCRS是一种安全有效的辅助正畸治疗的手术,对此类患者正畸过程中牙周组织的健康和安全具有重要意义。

Funding Statement

首都临床特色应用研究(Z181100001718111)

Supported by the Capital Characteristic Clinical Application Research Project (Z181100001718111)

Contributor Information

徐 莉 (Li XU), Email: xulihome@263.net.

李 小彤 (Xiao-tong LI), Email: xiaotonglee@hotmail.com.

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