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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2022 Dec 16;55(1):133–138. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2023.01.020

神经根袖加固重建术治疗症状性骶管Tarlov囊肿71例临床分析

Reinforced radiculoplasty for the treatment of symptomatic sacral Tarlov cysts: A clinical analysis of 71 cases

Chao WU 1, Bin LIU 1,*, Jing-cheng XIE 1, Zhen-yu WANG 1, Chang-cheng MA 1, Jun YANG 1, Jian-jun SUN 1, Xiao-dong CHEN 1, Tao YU 1, Guo-zhong LIN 1, Yu SI 1, Yun-feng HAN 1, Su-hua CHEN 1, Xiao-liang YIN 1, Qian-quan MA 1, Mu-tian ZHENG 1, Lin ZENG 2
PMCID: PMC9894809  PMID: 36718701

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the safety and efficacy of reinforced radiculoplasty in the treatment of symptomatic sacral Tarlov cysts (TCs).

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data and follow-up data of 71 patients with symptomatic sacral TCs who underwent reinforced radiculoplasty in the Neurosurgery Department of Peking University Third Hospital from June 2018 to March 2021. All the operations were performed under neuroelectrophysiological monitoring. Intraoperative cyst exploration, partial resection of the cyst wall, narrowing of the leak, nerve root sleeve radiculoplasty and artificial dural reinforcement were performed. The incidence of postoperative complications and new neurological dysfunction was analyzed. Visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess the changes of pain before and after surgery. The Japanese Orthopedics Association (JOA) low back pain score was used to evaluate the changes in nerve function before and after surgery.

Results

In the study, 71 patients had 101 TCs, 19 (18.8%) TCs originated from the left S1 nerve, 26 (25.7%) originated from the left S2 nerve, 3 (3.0%) originated from the left S3 nerve, 14 (13.9%) originated from the right S1 nerve, 33 (32.7%) originated from the right S2 nerve, 6 (5.9%) originated from the right S3 nerve, all the TCs underwent reinforced radiculoplasty. Deep infection (1 case), subcutaneous effusion (1 case), fat li-quefaction (1 case) and urinary tract infection (4 cases) were recorded postoperatively. The patients were followed up for 12-43 months (median, 26 months). Two cases had new urinary retention after operation, and the catheter was removed at the end of the first and second months respectively. One case had new fecal weakness, which improved after 3 months. Compared with preoperation, VAS decreased significantly at the last follow-up [median, 6 (4-9) vs. 1 (0-5), Z=-7.272, P < 0.001], JOA score increased significantly [median, 20 (16-25) vs. 27 (18-29), Z=-7.265, P < 0.001]. There were 18 cured cases (25.4%), 41 excellent cases (57.7%), 8 effective cases (11.3%), and 4 invalid cases (5.6%). The total efficiency was 94.4% (67/71). Two (1.98%) cysts recurred.

Conclusion

For patients with symptomatic sacral TCs, reinforced radiculoplasty can significantly improve the pain and nerve function, which is safe and reliable.

Keywords: Tarlov cysts, Sacral canal, Plastic surgery procedures, Reinforced radiculoplasty


神经束膜囊肿是骶管囊肿最常见的类型,因Tarlov于1938年首次报道,故又称Tarlov囊肿(Tarlov cysts,TCs)[1],属于Nabors-Ⅱ型囊肿[2](硬膜外含神经根纤维脊膜囊肿)。囊壁部分切除+神经根袖重建术治疗症状性骶管TCs已被多数外科医生认可,但仍存在复发率高、症状改善不佳的报道[3-4]。我们认为传统的神经根袖重建术存在一定缺陷,由于骶管TCs大多壁薄,根袖重建存在困难,且重建的根袖不完整,抗压能力不足,容易导致脑脊液漏、囊肿复发,以及神经根裸露引发的神经根刺激或损伤症状。基于此,北京大学第三医院神经外科设计了神经根袖加固重建术[5],本研究即对行此术式的TCs患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,评估此手术的安全性及有效性。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 病例选择标准

收集2018年6月至2021年3月于北京大学第三医院神经外科行显微镜下神经根袖加固重建术的症状性TCs患者临床资料。纳入标准:(1)临床症状可用磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)发现的骶管囊肿解释;(2)手术前后的影像学及临床资料完整,并有1年(术后症状相对稳定)及以上随访资料。排除标准: (1)囊肿造成严重的骨质侵蚀无法进行神经根袖重建;(2)合并其他器官、系统严重疾病;(3)合并腰骶退变性疾病、脊髓栓系等先天性疾病及腰骶椎管内外肿瘤;(4)既往囊肿曾行手术治疗。

1.2. 一般资料

满足上述纳入标准及排除标准的TCs患者71例,包括男21例(29.6%),女50例(70.4%),年龄17~72岁,平均47.1岁,中位年龄48岁。

临床表现:71例患者均以疼痛为首要症状,其中疼痛位于下肢33例(46.5%)、臀部24例(33.8%)、骶尾部21例(29.6%)、下腰部16例(22.5%),包含两个及以上部位者34例(47.9%);此外,下肢麻木12例(16.9%)、下肢无力9例(12.7%)、便秘8例(11.3%)、小便功能障碍7例(9.9%)、性功能障碍2例(2.8%)、会阴部麻木3例(4.2%)、低颅压头痛1例(1.4%)。术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)中位数6(4~9)分,日本骨科学会(Japanese Orthopedics Association,JOA)下腰痛评分20(16~25)分。

术前评估:患者术前均行腰骶椎MRI检查,协助判断囊肿大小、个数、位置、是否包含神经根等,同时行腰骶椎CT检查,评估骶管骨质破坏情况;合并小便障碍者行尿动力检查;合并便秘者行直肠-肛管测压评估括约肌功能。

1.3. 手术方法

全身麻醉,俯卧头低位,放置腰桥,手术在神经电生理监测下进行。依囊肿位置做后正中骶骨棘突连线4~6 cm纵切口,依次切开皮肤和皮下组织,剥离椎旁肌,显露骶骨后壁。超声骨刀切开双侧椎板,显露硬膜囊末端及囊肿(图 1A);显微镜下剥离子分离囊肿与骶神经、硬膜囊末端的粘连,将囊肿穿刺减压后,自头端向尾侧切开囊肿(图 1B),注意不损伤囊肿内的神经,判断神经的入口和出口,并确定囊肿壁上无神经附着后,切除多余囊肿壁,行神经根袖状成形(图 1C);漏口处用低功率双极电凝(15 W)塑形缩窄,取人工硬膜包裹加固(图 1D),吻合器3 mm间隔钉合(图 1E)。小于1 cm的小囊肿用注射器抽吸或低功率双极电凝使囊肿缩小后,人工硬膜加固重建。囊肿处理完毕抬高头位证实不漏或神经根袖没有充盈扩大,取明胶海绵或椎旁肌肉瓣填充骶管内残腔。骶管后壁有足够厚度者行骶管后壁重建。逐层严密缝合切口,术后俯卧位5 d。手术关键步骤见示意图 1a~e

图 1.

神经根袖加固重建的手术步骤及其示意图

Surgical procedure and schematic diagram of reinforced radiculoplasty

A-E show the surgical procedure during the real operation, and a-e show the corresponding schematic diagram. A, the Tarlov cyst wall (*) is thin and translucent and the nerve root (yellow array) inside can be seen; B, the cyst wall (*) was dissected and the nerve root (yellow array) inside the cyst was explored; C, after excision of the excess wall, the residual wall was used for nerve root sleeve reconstruction (white arrow); D, the nerve root sleeve was wrapped with an artificial dural (blue arrow); E, artificial dural reinforcement (blue arrow) was performed.

图 1

1.4. 疗效评价及随访

记录术后并发症(伤口感染、脑脊液漏及新发神经功能缺损等)发生及转归。术后3、6、12个月门诊复查,以后每年复诊1次,进行疼痛VAS及JOA下腰痛评分,评估手术效果,并行腰骶部MRI检查(图 2),判断囊肿有无复发、积液以及脑脊液漏等。本组随访时间均在1年以上。

图 2.

多发TCs患者手术前后影像学变化

Radiographic changes of a patient with multiple TCs before and after operation

A and B separately shows the sagittal and axial MRI view of a patient with multiple TCs (white arrow) before the operation. The cysts located in the le-vel of S1-2. Bilateral S2 nerve roots (red arrow) can be found at the MRI axial view, and the TCs contain the bilateral S2 nerve roots. C and D separately shows the sagittal and axial view of the same patient 1 year after the surgery and the cysts disappeared (arrow). E shows the sagittal CT view of the patient 1 year after the surgery and the posterior wall of the sacral canal was reconstructed satisfactorily (arrow).

图 2

采用VAS评估患者手术前后疼痛变化[6]:0分为无痛,10分为剧痛。采用JOA下腰痛评分评估手术前后神经功能变化[6]:最高29分,最低0分;病变改善率=[(治疗后评分-治疗前评分)/(29-治疗前评分)]×100%,改善率100%为治愈,>60%为显效,25% ~60%为有效,< 25%为无效。

1.5. 统计学方法

使用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计学分析。对手术前后的VAS变化、JOA下腰痛评分变化进统计学分析,如数据满足正态分布,采用配对t检验进行比较,否则行关联样本秩和检验(Wilcoxon signed ranks test)。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

71例TCs患者术中探查发现48例(67.6%)为单发TCs,19例(26.8%)存在2个TCs,1例(1.4%)存在3个TCs,3例(4.2%)存在4个TCs。手术共处理101个TCs,其中,起源于左侧S1、S2、S3神经根者分别有19个(18.8%)、26个(25.7%)和3个(3.0%),起源于右侧S1、S2、S3者分别有14个(13.9%)、33个(32.7%)和6个(5.9%)。囊肿轴位最大层面前后径为(19.6±4.2) mm(6~33 mm),左右径为(28.6±12.3) mm(8~45 mm),囊肿长为(30.6±16.3) mm(9~76 mm)。101个TCs均行神经根袖加固重建,31例同时行骶管后壁重建。

1例出现伤口深部感染,予以清创及臀大肌皮瓣转移后愈合;1例出现皮下积液,予以抽吸压迫后治愈;1例出现切口脂肪液化,换药后愈合。术后4例发生泌尿系感染,均为女性,药物治疗后恢复。

术后随访12~43个月,中位26个月。术后新发尿潴留2例,分别于术后1个月和2个月拔除尿管;大便费力1例,康复治疗3个月后好转;会阴部感觉麻木或迟钝5例,其中4例分别在术后3个月、6个月后好转,1例患者至末次随访仍无好转。

至末次随访,69例患者疼痛缓解(VAS较术前降低2分及以上),2例较术前无变化,疼痛缓解率97.2%。与术前相比,末次随访时VAS显著降低[6(4~9)分vs. 1(0~5)分,Z=-7.272,P < 0.001],JOA评分显著升高[20(16~25)分vs. 27(18~29)分,Z=-7.265,P < 0.001]。根据术后JOA评分改善率,治愈18例(25.4%),显效41例(57.7%),有效8例(11.3%),无效4例(5.6%),总有效率94.4%(67/81)。随访过程中,2个囊肿(1.98%,2/101)术后3个月复查时复发,直径均小于1.5 cm,患者无症状加重,随访过程中未见囊肿变大,遂动态观察。

3. 讨论

3.1. 骶管TCs的形成机制和临床表现

TCs形成的“球阀机制”学说为多数学者认可,即由于先天疾病[7-8][埃-当(Ehlers-Danlos)综合征、马凡(Marfan)综合征等]或后天因素[9-10](外伤、炎症等)的作用,在局部静压增高时,使脑脊液在神经束膜与神经内膜间的潜在腔隙单向流动,逐渐扩张而形成囊肿[4-5]

骶管TCs多见于成年女性,本组女性占70.4%,年龄17~72岁,与既往文献报道相近[3, 11-13]。症状性TCs仅占骶管TCs的10%~20%,其典型症状为骶神经支配区域(骶尾部、会阴部、臀部及下肢后外侧等)的疼痛、麻木、肌力下降,严重者出现二便及性功能障碍[6, 9, 13]。本组71例均以疼痛为主要症状,其中位于下肢33例(46.5%)、臀部24例(33.8%)、骶尾部21例(29.6%)、下腰部16例(22.5%),包含两个及以上部位疼痛者34例(47.9%);另外,12例(16.9%)合并下肢麻木,3例(4.2%)合并会阴部麻木,9例(12.7%)合并下肢无力,8例(11.3%)合并便秘,7例(9.9%)合并小便功能障碍,2例(2.8%)合并性功能障碍,上述症状均符合骶神经支配区域。关于上述症状的机制,一般认为和脑脊液流动产生剪切力对内部神经形成牵拉、扭转,以及囊壁对附壁神经根的牵拉有关[5-6];临床发现许多单发TCs的症状分布区大于载囊神经的支配区,提示TCs会对周围的神经根造成压迫进而引发相关症状,同时提示术者,去除囊肿的占位效应才能最大限度改善症状[4-5, 14-15]。另外,大的TCs因侵蚀骶骨,使骨膜感受器敏感性增强,也会引起疼痛[16]。本组病例中有1例(1.4%)患者存在低颅压头痛表现,考虑和TCs体积大、漏口大导致的站立性低颅压有关[17]

3.2. 手术适应证及手术方式的选择

症状性骶管TCs的手术指征尚无统一标准,2019年中国《骶管囊肿诊治专家共识》[16]建议达到以下标准者实施手术干预治疗:(1)MRI证实骶管囊肿存在;(2)患者的临床症状、体征由骶管囊肿引起;(3)通过保守治疗症状不缓解或缓解甚微者。本组的手术指征和上述基本一致。

骶管TCs的术式包括介入手术及开放手术。介入手术包括单纯囊肿穿刺抽吸术和CT引导下经皮穿刺抽吸+生物胶注射填塞术:前者复发率高,一般只作为一种诊断性治疗手段[16, 18];后者的原理为,注射纤维蛋白胶阻塞漏口,使得囊壁纤维化、囊肿硬化,以阻止脑脊液流动,从而达到改善症状的效果[18-19]。Murphy等[19]报道采用双针抽吸+注胶治疗213例骶管囊肿患者,其中74%的患者症状改善良好。但此种手术方式对于TCs而言并不适宜:首先,存在神经穿刺伤的高风险[5-6, 20];其次,注胶治疗没有去除囊肿的占位效应[4-6],硬化的生物胶反而会加重占位效应且对囊肿内部的神经根造成更严重的刺激,加重疼痛[5];再次,此术式存在漏胶导致无菌性脑膜炎的风险。

开放性手术的主要术式有自体脂肪/肌肉-生物胶填塞术和囊壁部分切除+神经根袖重建术。(1)自体脂肪/肌肉-生物胶填塞术需在术中直视下切开部分囊壁并寻找到漏口,吸除囊液后将填塞物分块填入,先填塞漏口处,再注入生物胶进行粘合并自然填满囊腔。该术式较介入穿刺抽吸注胶填塞更安全,封堵漏口更可靠[21],但未能解除囊肿的占位效应,且填充物可对裸露的神经根造成新的刺激[4-6]。(2)囊壁部分切除+神经根袖重建术为多数术者所采用,术中切开囊肿,辨认神经根走行及漏口位置后,切除部分囊壁并折叠缝合残余囊壁,以达到缩小漏口及重建神经根袖的目的[15, 22-24]。其不仅重塑了神经根的解剖结构,且去除了囊肿的占位效应,治疗效果较为理想[5-6, 15, 22-24]。为了降低复发率,有学者在漏口处填塞脂肪或肌肉,并将其和漏口周围的囊壁进行缝合固定,以达到更好的漏口封堵效果[25-28],但仍有术后较高复发率甚至术后症状加重、脑脊液漏等并发症的报道[4-5]。结合本研究术中情况,我们认为骶管TCs多囊壁菲薄(图 1A),根袖重建时缝合困难,重建的根袖不完整、抗压能力不足,容易导致脑脊液漏和囊肿复发,且存在神经根裸露的可能,易引发神经根刺激或损伤症状。

3.3. 神经根袖加固重建术的优势及手术要点

针对传统神经根袖重建术的不足,本研究创新应用神经根袖加固重建术治疗症状性TCs,在原有神经根袖重建术的基础上,用人工硬膜对重建的神经根袖进行包裹及加固[4-5]。通过将神经根从囊壁上进行松解并重塑、包裹,可以缓解脑脊液搏动对附着在囊壁上的神经根的冲击所引起的根性疼痛[5-6];恢复病变神经根的正常解剖结构,避免神经根的裸露;加固重建的神经根袖在短期内有着较强的抗静水压能力[4-6],包裹的人工硬膜会激发人体的自我修复反应,人工硬膜在降解的同时会在神经根袖外形成一层致密的结缔组织包裹神经根,故术后近期和远期都会降低囊肿的复发,并可有效缓解症状。本组病例至末次随访,疼痛缓解率97.2%;与术前相比,末次随访时VAS显著降低,JOA评分显著升高;根据术后JOA评分改善率,总有效率94.4%(67/81),囊肿复发率1.98%(2/101),无1例术后出现脑脊液漏,治疗效果优于本团队前期单纯行神经根袖重建的研究[6]

神经根袖加固重建术有几个要点:(1)保护神经根:囊壁与神经根关系密切,囊肿内部的神经根可贴壁或囊壁化,囊外也常常附着骶神经并与之粘连,需高度重视对神经根的保护,避免术后症状加重甚至二便功能障碍[4-6, 15-17]。高倍镜下操作可更清晰地辨认神经根,减少误伤。另外,在分离囊肿周围粘连、切开囊肿、缝合囊壁以及加固重建等重要步骤时,均应该在神经电生理监测下进行[16, 29-30],准确的术中监测可增加最大程度缩窄漏口及根袖的机会,降低复发率。(2)加固材料的选择及加固的张力:本研究使用了3D打印材料人工硬膜(ReDura, Medprin Regenerative Medical Technologies Co. Ltd.),材料组织相容性好,有一定抗压强度,可降解,且厚度和正常骶神经根袖相近[5]。人工硬膜的长度为神经根袖自囊肿漏口至出口处的距离,宽度应大于神经根袖最大周径2~3 mm。在对人工硬膜进行加固缝合时,一般在神经根袖及人工硬膜袖套间保留0.5~1.0 mm空隙,腔隙过大易导致脑脊液漏或囊肿复发,腔隙过小易出现神经缺血水肿,本研究中有2个囊肿复发,均和腔隙过大有关。(3)骶管后壁的处理:如骶管后壁有足够厚度,应行椎板复位重建骶管后壁,解剖学恢复骶管形态,维持骶管内原有的压力;另外,可以减少术后死腔,利于肌肉的附着和生长,降低深部积液的发生[5-6],本研究中有1例术后出现深部积液,此例未行骶管后壁重建。

综上所述,本研究表明,神经根袖加固重建术治疗症状性骶管TCs安全可靠,可显著改善患者疼痛及神经功能。与既往文献相比,本研究样本量较大,但本研究仍为回顾性研究,为了验证此术式的有效性,开展前瞻性的随机对照临床试验是必要的。另外,神经根袖加固重建时,加固重建的神经根袖保持多大的张力范围,以及囊壁化的细小神经根如何被发现和保护仍需要通过动物实验等进行深入探索。

Funding Statement

首都临床特色应用研究项目(Z181100001718171)

Supported by Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission (Z181100001718171)

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