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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2023 Jan 3;55(1):22–29. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2023.01.004

三种方法建立大鼠种植体周炎模型的比较

Comparison of three methods for establishing rat peri-implantitis model

Ling-wei MENG 1, Xue LI 2, Sheng-han GAO 1, Yue LI 1, Rui-tao CAO 1, Yi ZHANG 2,*, Shao-xia PAN 1,*
PMCID: PMC9894813  PMID: 36718685

Abstract

Objective

To compare the efficiency and effect of establishing rat peri-implantitis model by traditional cotton thread ligation and local injection of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) around the implant, as well as the combination of the two methods.

Methods

Left side maxillary first molars of 39 male SD rats were extracted, and titanium implants were implanted after four weeks of healing. After 4 weeks of implant osseointegration, 39 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Cotton thread ligation (n=12), local injection of LPS around the implant (n=12), and the two methods combined (n=12) were used to induce peri-implantitis, the rest 3 rats were untreated as control group. All procedures were conducted under 5% isoflurane inhalation anesthesia. The rats were sacrificed 2 weeks and 4 weeks after induction through carbon dioxide asphyxiation method. The maxilla of the rats in the test groups were collected and marginal bone loss was observed by micro-CT. The gingival tissues around the implants were collected for further real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis, specifically the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) as well as interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and gingival index (GI) of each rat in the experimental group were recorded before induction of inflammation and before death.

Results

After 4 weeks of implantation, the osseointegration of implants were confirmed. All the three test groups showed red and swollen gums, obvious marginal bone loss around implants. After 2 weeks and 4 weeks of inflammation induction, PD, GI and BOP of the three test groups increased compared with those before induction, but only BOP was statistically significant among the three test groups (P < 0.05). At the end of 2 weeks of inflammation induction, marginal bone loss was observed at each site in the cotton thread ligation group and the combined group. At each site, the bone resorption in the combined group was greater than that in the cotton thread ligation group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05), bone resorption was observed at some sites of some implants in LPS local injection group. At the end of 4 weeks of inflammation induction, marginal bone loss was observed at all sites in each group. The marginal bone loss in the cotton thread ligation group and the combined group was greater than that in the LPS local injection group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). At the end of 2 weeks and 4 weeks of induction, the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in the test groups were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Compared with local injection of LPS around the implant, cotton thread ligature and the two methods combined can induce peri-implantitis in rats better and faster.

Keywords: Peri-implantitis, Animal models, Rats, Cotton thread ligation, Lipopolysaccharide local injection


随着种植技术不断成熟发展,越来越多的牙列缺损、牙列缺失患者选择口腔种植修复重建,以获得兼具功能与美观舒适的修复体。随着种植修复体的数量逐年增加,种植体周围疾病的增加也逐渐受到关注。

种植体周围疾病包括种植体周黏膜炎和种植体周炎,其中种植体周炎在种植体水平的5年发病率高达43.9%[1],其治疗主要集中在牙周洁治和刮治、牙周手术、植体表面去污化、再生性治疗等[2]。种植体周炎预后较差,5年复发率在12%左右[3]。目前,关于种植体周炎的病因、发生发展过程以及治疗方案的研究仍在进行中[4],因此,建立动物种植体周炎模型有着十分重要的意义。

与犬、兔、小型猪等相比,大鼠模型具有成本低廉、操作简单、存活率高等优点,而与小鼠相比,其口腔操作空间更大,是建立种植体周炎模型较为理想的动物[5-8]。本研究通过比较传统棉线结扎、种植体周围局部注射牙龈卟啉单胞菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS), 以及两种方法联合应用诱导种植体周炎的效果,以明确并筛选大鼠种植体周炎模型建立的优选方法。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 大鼠种植体周炎模型的建立

本研究样本为39只3周龄无特定病原体(specific pathogen free,SPF)级雄性SD大鼠,体质量(150±25) g,由斯贝福(北京)生物技术有限公司购入,饲养于军事医学科学研究院SPF级动物房,所有动物实验均经军事医学科学研究院实验动物管理与使用委员会批准(伦理号IACUC-DWZX-2022-851),且实验操作均在5%(体积分数)异氟烷吸入麻醉下进行。

大鼠于室温(20~22 ℃)下饲养,12 h ∶12 h明暗循环(8:00开灯,20:00关灯),可自由饮食和饮水。适应性喂养1周后,拔除大鼠左侧上颌第一磨牙。拔牙窝愈合4周后,于左侧上颌第一磨牙位置植入直径1.5 mm,长度4 mm的喷砂酸蚀(Sandblasting and acid etching,SLA)处理的钛种植体(威高洁利康生物材料有限公司)。4周骨结合后,将39只大鼠随机分为4组:局部注射组(n=12)、棉线结扎组(n=12)、联合组(n=12)及对照组(n=3)。

棉线结扎组使用棉线在植体颈部结扎并外科结固定,每日查看1次以防棉线松动脱落,如有松动脱落及时重新结扎;对于种植体与骨边缘平齐,棉线结扎不牢固的部分位点采用在种植体邻牙上粘接树脂的方法,并使树脂延伸至植体头部上方压住棉线以固定棉线。局部注射组使用牙龈卟啉单胞菌LPS(美国Bio-Legend公司,0.08 g/L)在种植体周围牙龈多点注射,每3天注射1次,每次0.02 mL。联合组同时采用棉线结扎和LPS局部注射诱导种植体围炎。诱导2周时采用二氧化碳窒息法随机处死各实验组的6只大鼠,诱导4周时处死剩余大鼠。对照组不进行炎症诱导处理,也不进行处死操作,仅采集种植体周围牙龈组织。大鼠拔牙、种植及种植体周炎诱导过程实验操作见图 1

图 1.

大鼠拔牙、种植及种植体周炎诱导过程

Tooth extraction, implant surgery and induction of peri-implantitis

A, extraction of maxillary first molars; B, implantation preparation; C, implant insertion and suture; D, ligarue around the implant.

图 1

1.2. 检测内容及方法

1.2.1. 牙周检查

记录炎症诱导前和诱导开始后种植体周围(颊侧、舌侧、近中和远中)牙龈探诊深度(probing depth,PD)、探诊出血(bleeding on probing,BOP)和牙龈指数(gingival index,GI)。采用0.245 N(25 g)力在种植体的颊侧、舌侧、近中、远中4个位点进行探诊,测量PD(即龈缘到龈沟底的距离)。记录每一个种植体BOP阳性位点占总受检位点百分比。GI计分标准:0分为健康的种植体周围黏膜;1分为黏膜轻度炎症,黏膜颜色有轻度改变并有轻度水肿,探诊不出血;2分为黏膜中度炎症,黏膜色红,水肿光亮,探诊出血;3分为黏膜严重炎症,黏膜明显红肿或有溃疡,并有自动出血倾向。

1.2.2. 组织采集与保存

处死大鼠前,手术刀环切并收集实验组及对照组大鼠种植体周围的牙龈组织,将其分别存储在EP管中,冻存于-80 ℃冰箱,待后续用于实时荧光定量分析(real time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)。实验组大鼠实施安乐死,取上颌骨,将骨组织在4%(体积分数)多聚甲醛中固定2 d。

1.2.3. 微型CT测量边缘骨吸收

完整取下大鼠上颌骨进行固定,垂直于种植体长轴拍摄微型CT(micro-CT),通过IMAGE J软件测量分析图像,使用已知的种植体长度校准所有图像,分别从4个方向(颊侧、舌侧、近中、远中)测量边缘骨吸收(marginal bone loss,MBL)来判断种植体周炎的发展。

1.2.4. RT-qPCR检测

将冻存的种植体周围的牙龈组织解冻,使用TRIzol Reagent(Invitrogen,美国)提取总RNA,使用Qubit® 2.0荧光定量仪测定RNA浓度。PCR仪上合成cDNA,使用7500 real-time system(Thermo fisher,美国)进行实时PCR反应,确定种植体周围牙龈组织中白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)的表达。使用的引物见表 1

表 1.

RT-qPCR不同基因的引物序列

The primer sequences of different genes for RT-qPCR

Gene Primer sequences
TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
TNF-α Forward: 5′-CTTCTCATTCCTGCTCGTG-3′
Reverse: 5′-TTTGGGAACTTCTCCTCCT-3′
IL-1β Forward: 5′-TTCATCTTTGAAGAAGAGCCC-3′
Reverse: 5′-CTGTCTAATGGGAACATCACAC-3′
GAPDH Forward: 5′-AACTCCCATTCTTCCACCT-3′
Reverse: 5′-TTGTCATACCAGGAAATGAGC-3′

1.3. 统计学方法

应用SPSS 26.0进行实验数据的处理与分析。计量资料以均值±标准差表示,计数资料以相对数或统计图表描述。各实验组间MBL、PD的比较采用方差分析,GI的比较采用Kruskall-Wallis H检验(秩和检验),BOP的比较采用卡方检验;各组诱导前后PD的比较采用配对样本t检验,GI的比较采用Wilcoxin秩和检验,BOP的比较采用卡方检验;各实验组与对照组间牙龈组织TNF-α和IL-1β表达量的比较采用独立样本t检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 牙周检查结果

种植体植入4周后,39颗种植体骨结合良好。

炎症诱导前后的比较:诱导2周时,各实验组PD、GI和BOP阳性位点百分比均较诱导前增加,但局部注射组仅BOP阳性位点百分比诱导前后差异有统计学意义,而棉线结扎组和联合组的GI和BOP阳性位点百分比诱导前后差异均有统计学意义(表 2);炎症诱导4周时,各实验组PD、GI和BOP阳性位点百分比均较诱导前增加,但PD仅在棉线结扎组和联合组的部分位点诱导前后差异有统计学意义,而GI和BOP阳性位点百分比在各实验组诱导前后差异均有统计学意义(表 2)。

表 2.

诱导前、诱导2周时和诱导4周时不同实验组的PD、GI和BOP(n=6)

PD, GI and BOP at baseline, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks of different induction methods (n=6)

Time point Group Items PD/mm, x±s GI BOP+/%
Medial Distal Palatal Buccal
PD, probing depth; GI, gingival index; BOP+, the percentage of bleeding on probing positive sites of the total detected sites; LPS, local injection of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide; Ligation, cotton thread ligation.
2 weeks LPS Baseline 0.75±0.31 0.42±0.15 0.92±0.45 0.50±0.18 0.67±0.21 0
2 weeks 1.50±0.48 0.83±0.28 1.58±0.52 1.08±0.44 1.33±0.42 20.8
P 0.220 0.220 0.359 0.246 0.240 0.025
Ligation Baseline 2.58±0.33 1.75±0.36 1.67±0.42 2.08±0.37 0.33±0.21 0
2 weeks 3.00±0.26 2.83±0.31 2.67±0.21 3.00±0.26 2.00±0.00 50.0
P 0.341 0.045 0.060 0.072 0.002 < 0.001
LPS+Ligation Baseline 2.50±0.34 2.25±0.40 1.75±0.44 2.17±0.30 0.17±0.17 0
2 weeks 2.91±0.20 2.75±0.25 2.83±0.21 2.92±0.27 2.00±0.00 83.3
P 0.318 0.317 0.052 0.097 0.002 < 0.001
4 weeks LPS Baseline 1.67±0.48 0.75±0.48 1.08±0.47 1.00±0.43 0.67±0.21 0
4 weeks 2.17±0.38 1.33±0.42 2.00±0.48 1.67±0.44 1.83±0.17 58.3
P 0.432 0.382 0.205 0.304 0.009 < 0.001
Ligation Baseline 1.75±0.36 1.58±0.37 2.08±0.45 2.00±0.37 0.50±0.22 0
4 weeks 2.83±0.28 2.91±0.20 2.92±0.20 3.00±0.13 2.17±0.17 91.7
P 0.039 0.011 0.125 0.027 0.002 < 0.001
LPS+Ligation Baseline 2.17±0.31 2.00±0.45 1.67±0.42 2.17±0.40 0.17±0.17 0
4 weeks 2.92±0.20 3.08±0.27 3.17±0.17 3.17±0.28 2.33±0.21 95.8
P 0.068 0.065 0.008 0.068 0.002 < 0.001

不同实验组间的比较:炎症诱导2周和4周时,仅BOP阳性位点百分比在各实验组间差异均有统计学意义(2周时P < 0.001,4周时P=0.002,表 2)。

不同诱导时间的比较:局部注射组和棉线结扎组的BOP阳性位点百分比,诱导4周时明显大于诱导2周时(58.3% vs. 20.8%,P=0.009;91.7% vs. 50.0%,P=0.002),差异有统计学意义(表 2)。

2.2. 边缘骨吸收

炎症诱导2周时,联合组和棉线结扎组各位点均可见MBL(图 2),且联合组各位点MBL均大于棉线结扎组[近中:(0.652±0.202) mm vs.(0.485±0.190) mm;远中:(0.605±0.180) mm vs. (0.545±0.101) mm;腭侧:(0.440±0.239) mm vs. (0.395±0.111) mm;颊侧:(0.520±0.301) mm vs. (0.337±0.160) mm],但差异不具有统计学意义(P > 0.05,图 3);局部注射组仅部分种植体的部分位点可见MBL。

图 2.

炎症诱导2周时Micro-CT下的边缘骨吸收形态

Micro-CT images regarding marginal bone loss after 2 weeks of induction

LPS, local injection of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide; Ligation, cotton thread ligation.

图 2

图 3.

炎症诱导2周时各组种植体周围边缘骨吸收情况(n=6)

The peri-implant marginal bone loss of different groups after 2 weeks of induction (n=6)

LPS, local injection of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide; Ligation, cotton thread ligation; .M, medial; D, distal; P, palatal; B, buccal; ns, no statistically significant difference. *P < 0.001.

图 3

炎症诱导4周时,各实验组各位点均可见MBL(图 4),其中棉线结扎组和联合组各位点MBL均大于局部注射组[近中:(0.605±0.174) mm和(0.628±0.213) mm vs. (0.413±0.338) mm;远中:(0.843±0.305) mm和(0.923±0.121) mm vs. (0.262±0.218) mm;腭侧:(0.697±0.270) mm和(0.692±0.166) mm vs. (0.283±0.219) mm;颊侧:(0.562±0.301) mm和(0.683±0.240) mm vs. (0.385±0.287) mm],差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05,图 5)。

图 4.

炎症诱导4周时Micro-CT下的边缘骨吸收形态

Micro-CT images regarding marginal bone loss after 4 weeks of induction

LPS, local injection of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide; Ligation, cotton thread ligation.

图 4

图 5.

炎症诱导4周时各组种植体周围边缘骨吸收情况(n=6)

The peri-implant marginal bone loss of different groups after 4 weeks of induction (n=6)

LPS, local injection of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide; Ligation, cotton thread ligation; .M, medial; D, distal; P, palatal; B, buccal; ns, no statistically significant difference. *P < 0.001.

图 5

对诱导2周和4周时的MBL进行比较发现,诱导4周时各实验组各位点的MBL均大于诱导2周时,但仅棉线结扎组腭侧、远中位点及联合组远中位点差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。

2.3. RT-qPCR结果

诱导2周时和4周时,各实验组TNF-α和IL-1β均较对照组表达增加,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。同一诱导方法诱导4周时的TNF-α和IL-1β表达较2周时低,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05,图 6)。

图 6.

种植体周围牙龈组织TNF-α和IL-1β表达情况(n=3)

Relative TNF-α and IL-1β expression in peri-implant gingival tissure (n=3)

TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; LPS, local injection of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide; Ligation, cotton thread ligation. *P < 0.05, vs. control; #P < 0.05, vs. same group at 2 weeks.

图 6

3. 讨论

本研究发现,炎症诱导2周时联合组和棉线结扎组种植体各位点均出现MBL,且TNF-α和IL-1β的表达较对照组增加,说明2周时通过棉线结扎联合LPS局部注射或者单纯棉线结扎均可成功建立大鼠种植体周炎模型。此时,局部注射组仍有部分位点未出现MBL,且micro-CT三维重建显示,没有形成临床上典型的“弹坑样”种植体周炎病变,因此,尚不能判定为建模成功。炎症诱导4周时,各实验组各位点均出现MBL,且TNF-α和IL-1β的表达也较对照组增加,此时,三种炎症诱导方法均可成功建立大鼠种植体周炎模型,但相比于联合组和棉线结扎组,局部注射组各位点MBL较低,且差异有统计学意义。上述结果表明,LPS局部注射诱导种植体周炎模型需要更长的时间,且最终MBL低。

同一诱导方法下,4周时各位点MBL均大于2周时,但仅棉线结扎组和联合组的部分位点差异有统计学意义,提示尽管4周时部分位点MBL仍继续增加,但增加程度有限,如果需要进一步增加MBL,可能需要引入其他的诱导方法。此外,本研究还发现,同一诱导方法下诱导4周时先天免疫的重要炎症因子TNF-α和IL-1β的表达均低于2周时,分析原因可能为诱导2周时正处于急性炎症期,而诱导4周时炎症趋于慢性化,因此,TNF-α和IL-1β表达较前降低,但此现象的确切机制仍需进一步实验探究[9]。此外,炎症诱导4周时的PD虽均较诱导2周时增加,但两者差异并无统计学意义,这与各实验组诱导4周时仅部分位点MBL进一步增加有关。

既往文献报道的动物种植体周炎模型建立方法包括单纯结扎法、致病菌接种法、牙周炎模型基础上建立种植体周炎法、咬合创伤法以及多种方法联合应用等[10-13]。其中,单纯结扎法是种植体周炎动物模型中最经典的建模方法[14],该法操作简单,易形成菌斑的持续堆积,其主要的结扎材料有棉线、丝线、正畸用钢丝等。此方法虽不能完全模拟人口腔内种植体周炎的发生与进展,但可模拟菌斑堆积的过程。Reinedahl等[14]的研究显示,在种植体周炎中采用棉线结扎导致的MBL要大于丝线或牙线,故本研究采用棉线作为结扎材料。在使用单纯结扎法时,需要在种植体颈部结扎并打外科结固定,因此所使用的种植体形态设计会影响结扎材料的固定效果,一般会使种植体头部直径大于颈部直径以便于结扎操作,或在种植体颈部设计凹槽,以起到防止结扎材料脱落的作用。

接种致病菌法也经常被用于诱导种植体周炎,接种的致病菌主要有牙龈卟啉单胞菌、伴放线放线杆菌、具核梭杆菌等[10],根据使用细菌的状态不同可分为活菌和细菌致病因子。Sun等[10]在大鼠口内接种伴放线放线杆菌,Deng等[15]将丝线浸泡于牙龈卟啉单胞菌后结扎在种植体颈部,这些方法均成功诱导了种植体周炎。吴亚菲等[16]使用了丝线结扎+高糖喂养+牙周致病菌喂饲的方法诱导大鼠牙周炎,发现三种手段联合使用在两周时即可成功诱导牙周炎。与本研究不同的是,该实验直接使用活菌管饲,虽然操作相对简单,但活菌的使用以及细菌倍速增长的特点会导致细菌大量繁殖,有可能出现严重骨吸收,导致种植体松动或脱落的现象发生,影响牙周炎/种植体周围炎的治疗甚至实验的完成。本研究使用细菌致病因子牙龈卟啉单胞菌LPS,理论上可以通过调整LPS注射频率和浓度来调控炎症进展,较活菌更为可控。但本研究中也发现局部注射LPS诱导种植体周围炎时MBL出现较慢,且不均匀,因此,LPS局部注射联合棉线结扎能更好地保证模型的建立。

关于局部注射法中LPS的注射部位,He等[17]选择在种植体周围龈沟注射,虽然成功诱导了种植体周炎,但考虑到龈沟内注射容易被唾液稀释导致LPS浓度逐渐降低而失效,本研究选择在种植体周围牙龈软组织内注射。软组织内注射LPS还可招募并激活巨噬细胞,促进巨噬细胞向M1型极化,激活破骨细胞[18-19],加速种植体周围骨吸收及炎症反应。

近年来,部分学者还报道了其他改良方法诱导大鼠种植体周围炎。李星佳等[13]用丝线结扎合并高糖喂养在2周内成功建立了大鼠种植体周炎模型,但并没有与其他建模方式进行比较。Park等[20]通过即刻种植后的即刻丝线结扎,快速诱导了犬种植体周炎;Hasani-Sadrabadi等[21]将种植体浸泡于含有伴放线放线杆菌的溶液过夜后,植入大鼠切牙和磨牙间的生理间隙,成功建立大鼠种植体周炎。这些方法虽然可以快速建立种植体周炎模型,但与患种植体周炎的自然过程不同,能否用于种植体周炎发病机制研究仍需探讨。

本研究存在一定的局限性。首先,受micro-CT条件影响,本研究未能在同一动物的同一种植体上测定不同炎症诱导时间点种植体周围牙槽骨MBL及免疫反应情况;其次,各实验组间的初始PD均值差异有统计学意义,可能与种植体植入深度不同以及不同大鼠个体牙龈黏膜厚度不同有关;再次,考虑到对照组的作用主要是在PCR检测时为实验组提供参考依据,故本研究未对对照组进行micro-CT检测;最后,本研究样本量较小且观察周期较短。后续将注意实验分组初始条件的均质化,并扩大样本量,延长观察时间,以进一步深入研究。

综上所述,本研究比较了单纯棉线结扎、局部注射LPS及联合使用两种方法诱导建立大鼠种植体周炎模型的效果,发现相比于种植体周围局部注射LPS,棉线结扎及两种方法联合可以更好且更快地诱导大鼠种植体周炎,为研究种植体周炎发病机制及治疗方法奠定了基础。

Funding Statement

国家重点研发计划(2020YFC2009005)、国家重大疾病多学科合作诊疗能力建设项目(PKUSSNMP-202004)和北京市自然科学基金(7222228)

Supported by the National Key R & D Program of China (2020YFC2009005), National Program for Multidisciplinary Cooperative Treatment on Major Diseases (PKUSSNMP-202004)and Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7222228)

Contributor Information

张 毅 (Yi ZHANG), Email: zhangyi612@hotmail.com.

潘 韶霞 (Shao-xia PAN), Email: panshaoxia@vip.163.com.

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