Table 2.
In silico studies of berberine in several diseases and the protein targets.
| Diseases | Protein Targets | References |
|---|---|---|
| Diabetes mellitus | Insulin receptor (IR) | [116,117] |
| α-Amylase | [118,119] | |
| α-Glucosidase | [117,119,120] | |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) | [117,121] | |
| Glycogen phosphorylase | [122] | |
| Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4) | [116] | |
| Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β), and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap-1) | [123] | |
| Cytokine signaling 3 (Socs3), Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP), C-Jun N-terminal kinases-1 (JNK1), lamin A/C, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPAR-γ), adiponectin, aldose reductase | [119] | |
| Cancer | BRAF and CRAF kinases | [124] |
| AKT | [125,126] | |
| Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK), Extracellular-Regulated Kinase (ERK1/2) | [126] | |
| Human proteome | [127] | |
| Survivin | [128] | |
| Retinoid X Receptor (RXRα) | [129] | |
| Alzheimer’s | Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide | [130,131,132] |
| Beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) | [131] | |
| Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF Alpha Converting Enzyme (TACE) | [133] | |
| Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) | [133,134,135] | |
| Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) | [135] | |
| Parkinson’s | Phosphodiesterase (PDE4 and PDE10), α-synuclein, monoamine oxidase (MAO-B), Adenosine A2A receptors (A2Ar) | [136] |
| Hyperlipidemia | Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9), HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) | [137] |
| Niemann Pick C1 Like-1 (NPC1L1), Lanosterol 14α-Demethylase (LDM), Squalene Synthase (SqS) | [138] | |
| Hyperuricemia | Urate transporter 1 (URAT1) | [106] |
| Anti-inflammatory | 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) | [139] |
| Epidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 (EGFR) | [140] | |
| Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) | [141] | |
| Hepatoprotective | p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK), Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap-1) | [142] |
| Dermatitis | Toll-like receptors (TLR1-TLR2 heterodimer) | [143] |
| Leishmanial | N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT), Methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS), Pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1), Oligopeptidase B (OPB) | [144] |
| Zika Virus | ZIKV NS2B-NS3 protease | [145] |
| Antibacterial | Bacterial efflux pump proteins and biofilm proteins of bacteria of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus | [146] |
| The inner membrane transporter (MexY) | [147,148] | |
| The filamentous temperature-sensitive Z protein (FtsZ) | [149,150,151] | |
| Antifungal | Mucormycosis Proteins | [152] |
| Anticholinesterase | R. microplus acetylcholinesterase (RmAChE 1) | [153] |
| Anti-Influenza | Neuraminidase (NA) | [154,155] |
| Neuraminidase (NA) of different subtypes of influenza A: A/H1N1/1918, A/H1N1/2009pdm, H3N2/2010 wild type, H3N2/2010 D151G mutant, H5N1 wild type, and H5N1 H274Y mutant | [156] | |
| Immunomodulatory | Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL-1β and IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) | [157] |
| COVID-19 | ACE2 receptor | [158,159,160] |
| COVID-19 main protease (Mpro or 3CLpro) | [160,161,162,163,164,165,166] | |
| Spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 | [159,160] | |
| SARS spike glycoprotein–Human ACE2 complex | [167] | |
| RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of SARS-CoV-2 | [166] | |
| Non-structural protein 15 (Nsp15) | [168] | |
| NFκB1, CHUK, MAPK3, MAPK1, NFκB1A, CASP3, IL6, MAPK8, BAX, TNF, TMPRSS2, PLpro, RdRp | [160] |