Antidiabetic activity of Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam

Abstract

One of the traditional plants used in Siddha medicine is Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam. It is said to possess antiaging, life-strengthening, and disease-preventing activities that have an enormous influence on health care. It has significant therapeutic potential and ethnobotanical significance. The aim of this study is to investigate the antidiabetic activity of Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam. The antidiabetic potential of Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam was determined in vitro using established methods such as alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase activity. We used one-way ANOVA to see the statistical difference among the groups. The significance thresholds were considered at the P < 0.05 level. In comparison with the healthy group, the extract showed a significant antidiabetic effect. The proportion of inhibition increased as the concentrations increased. Previous studies established the antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antiasthmatic, immunomodulatory, and antipyretic effects of Kabasura Kudineer or Choornam. The current findings demonstrated that the Chooranam has good antidiabetic action at a significant concentration. Plant-based products have recently proven to be effective and economical antidiabetic items.

INTRODUCTION

Vedic medicine is one of the world's oldest medicinal systems. This method is widely used in India, especially in the Southern states. As a result of several outbreaks of infectious and highly contagious diseases such as chikungunya, dengue fever, and swine flu, Siddha medications are becoming increasingly popular.[1] Many viral infections are a major problem in today's globe due to a lack of effective vaccines. The enormous rise in the rate of disease and the world population is due to pollution, unsustainable lifestyles, and chemical pollutants produced by people.[2] Researchers in the fields of medicine and health care are primarily concerned with tackling the negative consequences of drug misuse, which has prompted assurance of the treatment's safety, potency, and quality. Immunization is one of the most efficient ways to block and eliminate infectious diseases, which kill over 5 million people each year. Immunity boosting is a popular approach for gaining immunity due to its limited understanding and vulnerability in the field of medicine and health care. Kabasura Kudineer is one of the ancient and most traditional systems of medicine. Siddha developed in Tamil Nadu, India's southernmost state. Internal and external medicines in Siddha form are divided into 32 categories based on their application, durability, and form.[3]

Among the 32 central medicines, the most effective medicine recommended to treat infections is Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam. It is used in Siddha medicine to treat fever and related symptoms, as stated in the “Citta Vaittiyattirattu,” a Siddha manuscript. This Siddha preparation is also useful for treating common respiratory diseases like the flu and cold. Siddha practitioners testify by this herbal preparation for relief of respiratory symptoms such as severe phlegm, dry and wet cough, and fever.

The predominant mode of management of diabetes is artificial hypoglycemic drugs and insulin substitute therapy. However, it has numerous unwanted consequences. For that reason, management of diabetes complications with minimal impact on clinical exercise is still the main undertaking. Medicinal vegetation preserves a notable remedy for diabetes.[4,5,6] Flavonoids and phenolic contents of these plants have strong antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities. It is effective in the treatment of a number of ailments, including diabetes. Our knowledge and research have resulted in the production of high-quality publications from our team.[7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Inhibition of alpha-amylase by plant extract

The usual method for determining inhibition of alpha-amylase with our drug, we used with minimal modifications (Ademiluyi and Oboh, 2013). In a 96-well plate, a reaction mixture containing 50 μL of phosphate buffer was preincubated at 37°C for 20 min. After that, 20 L of 1% soluble starch was added as a substrate and incubated for another 30 min at 37°C; 100 L of DNS color reagent was added and boiled for 10 min. The absorbance was measured at 540 nm using a microwell plate Reader (Robonik). In this study, we used acarbose as a standard, and the percentage of inhibition was calculated as inhibitory activity (%) = (1 − As/Ac) × 100.

Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase

The alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity of the extract was analyzed by standard protocol. In a 96-well plate, a reaction mixture of 50 μl phosphate buffer and 20 μl extract at varying concentrations (0.1–0.5 mg/l) was preincubated at 37°C for 15 min. The substrate was then replaced with 20 l P-NPG and incubated for another 20 min at 37°C. The reaction was stopped with 50 l Na2CO3 (0.1 M). As a control, acarbose was used at varying concentrations (0.1–0.5 mg/ml). The absorbance was measured at 540 nm using a microwell plate reader (Robonik). In this study, we used acarbose as a standard, and the percentage of inhibition was calculated as inhibitory activity (%) = (1 − As/Ac) × 100.

Statistical analysis

In this study, we used one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to see if the statistical significance between groups was determined using Duncan's multiple range test. The significance thresholds were considered at the P < 0.05 level.

RESULTS

The results obtained are analyzed and are represented as bar graphs [Figures 1 and 2].

Figure 1.

The figure shows the alpha amylase inhibitory activity of the plant material. Each value represents the mean ± SD of six independent repeats. p < 0.05 (significance). a in comparison to 100 μg; b in comparison to 200 μg; c in comparison to 300 μg and d in comparison to 400μg

Figure 2.

Kabasura kudineer extract has anti-alpha glucosidase action. Each value represents the mean ± SD of six independent repeats. p < 0.05 (significance). a in comparison to 100 μg; b in comparison to 200 μg; c in comparison to 300 μg and d in comparison to 400μg

Figure 1 indicates the alpha amylase inhibitory and activity and Figure 2 indicates the alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity of kabasura kudineer. Both assays showed that the inhibitory activity of the kabasura kudineer increases with increase in concentration.

DISCUSSION

Previous study reported that methanolic extract of Kabasura Kudineer showed good free-radical scavenging activity and its modulatory effect against streptozotocin showed good antidiabetic activity in male Wister rats. He concluded that the MEBD showed significant antidiabetic and antioxidant activity.[5,6,21] Similar results were obtained from the present study. In a present study, it is reported that Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam showed significant antidiabetic activity. In a previous study, it is reported that Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam is a traditional plant that is a good source of nutritional supplements. It showed therapeutic activities such as immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective activity, anticancer activity, spasmodic activity, antifibrinolytic activity, renal activity, antimicrobial activity, hypoglycemic activity, and anti-inflammatory activity.[5,6,21,22]

The study reported that Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam showed a significant antidiabetic effect in rats. The extract has shown a 55.78% decrease in inflammatory activity in rat paw edema. They stated that it can be applied locally or orally in cases of snake and scorpion bites for wound healing.[21,22,23] Alloxan-induced diabetic rats showed a nondose-dependent reduction in sugar level upon administration of the extract of Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam. Both Kabasura Kudineer Choornam and Nilavembu Kudineer Choornam are polyherbal preparations made up of a dizzying array of phytochemicals whose synergistic effect is said to balance the tridoshas and restore normality to the body.[24] The author's ability to specify the mechanism of action is limited due to the intricacy of phytomolecules.

The Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam has shown potential antidiabetic activity.[25,26] There is no ethnobotanical and traditional evidence of the antidiabetic activity of Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam.[27] However, the present study reported that formulations of the Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam indicated significant antidiabetic activity. In a previous study, it is reported that Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam showed rotenoids which are interpreted by the spectroscopic data and resulted that the extract is rotenoid rich and it showed values of 21.7 ± 0.5 ± 0.6 μm which exhibited a good antidiabetic activity when evaluated in carrageenan-induced raw paw models.[27,28] The drug proved to possess antidiabetic action in the current investigation in a concentration-dependent manner. That is at 50 μL it showed 11% absorbance which depicts significant antidiabetic activity. In a study with the diabetic rat, the extract showed inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase, lipoxygenase, and acetylcholinesterase enzymes.[29]

There are some potential drawbacks, such as the fact that the study solely considers the methanolic extract. Micro titrations have been performed in situations when there is a substantial risk of mistakes. The study was conducted in vitro, so the results of antidiabetic activities cannot be considered to be transferred into clinical effectiveness, which is a restriction. In future, the extract will need to be studied on a variety of cell lines to determine its efficacy and formulated as an alternative medication, and commercial items prepared, all of which will have a high potential value in the herbal market.

CONCLUSION

As a result of the foregoing findings, the Kabasura Kudineer exhibited promising antidiabetic potential and hence it could be considered a therapeutic antidiabetic natural candidate.

Financial support and sponsorship

The present study was supported by the following organizations.

• Saveetha Dental College

• Saveetha University

• SKR Pack Tech Pvt Limited, Thiruvallur, Tamil Nadu.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.