Table 3.
Experiences, attitudes, and beliefs about COVID-19 (booster) vaccination, by PAPM stage of decision-making.
| Unengaged | Undecided | Decided NOT to have booster | Decided to have booster | Had booster |
†Univariate analyses |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 135) | (N = 262) | (N = 31) | (N = 1,415) | (N = 161) | N | pseudo r2 | ||||||
| Previous COVID-19 vaccine experience | ||||||||||||
| Previous vaccine – N (%) - Pfizer/BioNTech - Oxford/AstraZeneca |
23 107 |
(3.99) (7.62) |
45 215 |
(7.80) (15.31) |
7 23 |
(1.21) (1.64) |
393 1,008 |
(68.11) (71.79) |
109 51 |
(18.89) (3.63) |
1,791 | 0.008*** |
| Overall experience – M (SD) | 4.18 | (0.75) | 4.21 | (0.65) | 3.35 | (0.95) | 4.60 | (0.49) | 4.72 | (0.47) | 1,811 | 0.056*** |
| Healthcare environment – M (SD) | 4.65 | (0.54) | 4.59 | (0.56) | 4.42 | (0.87) | 4.77 | (0.43) | 4.84 | (0.36) | 1,812 | 0.013*** |
| Patient-provider connection – M (SD) | 4.56 | (0.64) | 4.47 | (0.70) | 4.14 | (1.04) | 4.75 | (0.53) | 4.85 | (0.38) | 1,812 | 0.023*** |
| Access – M (SD) | 4.46 | (0.74) | 4.43 | (0.72) | 4.60 | (0.55) | 4.63 | (0.59) | 4.77 | (0.45) | 1,812 | 0.011*** |
| Perceived benefits – M (SD) | 4.09 | (0.75) | 4.04 | (0.64) | 3.45 | (0.97) | 4.45 | (0.57) | 4.59 | (0.53) | 1,694 | 0.049*** |
| Psychological constructs | ||||||||||||
| Perceived severity – M (SD) | 3.05 | (1.05) | 3.17 | (1.02) | 3.16 | (0.97) | 3.38 | (1.02) | 3.50 | (1.06) | 1,812 | 0.008*** |
| Perceived susceptibility – M (SD) | ||||||||||||
| - likelihood coming into contact with person with COVID-19 | 3.14 | (0.92) | 3.30 | (1.01) | 2.94 | (1.12) | 3.44 | (0.93) | 3.52 | (0.96) | 1,812 | 0.007*** |
| - good immunity to COVID-19 | 3.66 | (0.79) | 3.55 | (0.81) | 3.52 | (1.03) | 3.85 | (0.80) | 4.12 | (0.84) | 1,812 | 0.015*** |
| - immune system strong enough | 3.49 | (0.87) | 3.30 | (0.97) | 3.68 | (0.79) | 3.17 | (1.05) | 3.57 | (1.16) | 1,812 | 0.006*** |
| Perceived benefits – M (SD) | 3.76 | (0.74) | 3.77 | (0.61) | 2.62 | (0.93) | 4.26 | (0.56) | 4.26 | (0.57) | 1,812 | 0.084*** |
| Perceived safety – M (SD) | 3.60 | (0.87) | 3.44 | (0.84) | 2.21 | (1.10) | 4.20 | (0.69) | 4.46 | (0.61) | 1,812 | 0.104*** |
| Booster vaccine attitudes – M (SD) | 3.92 | (0.71) | 3.86 | (0.62) | 2.58 | (0.95) | 4.58 | (0.50) | 4.74 | (0.42) | 1,812 | 0.167*** |
| Subjective norms – M (SD) | 3.58 | (0.78) | 3.64 | (0.65) | 2.94 | (0.81) | 4.21 | (0.63) | 4.46 | (0.62) | 1,812 | 0.098*** |
| Perceived control – M (SD) | 3.91 | (0.95) | 3.83 | (0.89) | 3.94 | (1.03) | 4.49 | (0.70) | 4.71 | (0.53) | 1,812 | 0.076*** |
| Anticipated regret – M (SD) | 4.02 | (1.34) | 4.15 | (1.22) | 2.72 | (1.23) | 4.69 | (0.92) | 4.62 | (1.05) | 1,812 | 0.035*** |
| Booster vaccine knowledge – M (SD) | 3.32 | (1.02) | 3.38 | (0.90) | 2.92 | (0.99) | 4.21 | (0.70) | 4.53 | (0.53) | 1,812 | 0.132*** |
| Trust – M (SD) | 3.53 | (0.90) | 3.47 | (0.86) | 2.10 | (1.22) | 4.09 | (0.84) | 4.29 | (0.80) | 1,812 | 0.057*** |
| Fear of needles – N (%) - Yes - No |
28 102 |
(9.18) (6.13) |
53 203 |
(17.38) (12.19) |
8 21 |
(2.62) (1.26) |
196 1,199 |
(64.26) (72.01) |
20 140 |
(6.56) (8.41) |
1,781 | 0.004*** |
Note. PAPM = precaution adoption process model. † based on univariate multinomial regression model, with reference category ‘Stage 5: Decided to have booster’; stages 4 (decided NOT to have booster) and 6 (had booster) were excluded from regression analyses. * p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.