A. INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND
The National Institute on Drug Abuse’s (NIDA) mission is to advance the science on the causes and consequences of drug use and addiction and to apply that knowledge to improve individual and public health. Crucial to this mission is the wide and effective translation and dissemination of research findings achieved via a variety of approaches tailored for target audiences, which will be the focus of this chapter.
It is widely reported that it takes approximately 17 years for research evidence to make its way to day-to-day clinical practice, depriving adults and youth of timely and appropriate clinical care.1 There are several barriers to dissemination at the patient level (e.g. lack of patient involvement in proposed research, use of narrow eligibility criteria in clinical trials), provider level (limited access to publications in research journals, limited educational and training opportunities for clinical staff, reluctance to treat youth with substance use problems, stigma); and organizational/system level (e.g. stigma, lack of resources, inadequate reimbursement, lack of prioritization of substance use needs, etc.). In 2016, NIH published a policy (https://bit.ly/NOTOD-16-149) on the dissemination of NIH-funded clinical research requiring that all clinical trials investigators register and submit summary results to ClincalTrials.gov.com for public posting, as a means to advance the translation of research findings.2 However, successful communication of scientific knowledge to the community requires additional efforts. Given the vast scope of materials and approaches to NIDA dissemination efforts, in this chapter we focus on initiatives/campaigns and web portals pertaining to adolescent substance use. These resources are divided into 3 categories: I. clinician/health care provider education; II. research-studies and translational research resources (drug topics); and III. materials for teens, families, and educators. The resources described in this chapter, and other content on the NIDAMED website, are available at no cost and may be freely reproduced for educational/research purposes. We also notify the readers that NIDA websites are regularly assessed for relevance and utility, resulting in a dynamic process where new content is created, and existing content is either updated or removed (so website links at the time of this publication may not be functional in the future).
B. APPROACH
I. EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES FOR CLINICIANS/HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS
In addition to conducting and funding cutting-edge basic and clinical research on addiction, NIDA aims to transfer this scientific knowledge into clinical practice and disseminate it broadly. A substantial portion of NIDA’s mission to disseminate science is executed through NIDAMED, an initiative that connects adolescent health professionals and other health care providers (HCPs) with science-based information, resources, tools, and training on substance use disorder (SUD), screening, prevention, intervention, and treatment that can be applied in the direct care of their patients. The NIDAMED website (drugabuse.gov/nidamed) is a portal for HCPs and those in training to access science-based resources on addressing addiction in practice. Through various methods, including communication with panels of HCPs, partnerships with key health care professional organizations, online surveys, and semi-structured interviews, the NIDAMED initiative seeks to identify HCPs’ needs for information about addiction and their communication preferences for receiving this information. This feedback loop allows NIDAMED to develop targeted resources and dissemination strategies that increase awareness of the resources, information, and products available for HCPs on addiction.
Fostering partnerships with medical professional organizations that represent HCPs is key to the success of the NIDAMED initiative. Through these partnerships, NIDA is able to develop and share with partners and their members the most up-to-date, evidence-based resources on addiction. Partnerships and information sharing with these organizations has taken many forms, from holding webinars with their members with NIDA staff, to writing articles for their magazines, to partnering on awareness events (e.g., American Society of Addiction Medicine’s [ASAM] Addiction Treatment Week), to participating/speaking at meetings and conferences, to interviewing members for spotlight pieces, to working together on systematic reviews, and more.
Dissemination of NIDAMED’s resources is conducted via multiple channels, including monthly and ad hoc e-blasts to 87,000+ HCPs; NIDA’s social media platforms (e.g., Twitter, LinkedIn); and communications (e.g., social media posts, newsletters, magazines, webinars) from partners (e.g., medical professional organizations) to their members. Through these dissemination efforts, past year sessions on the NIDAMED web portal increased by 26.03% to 399,828 when compared with the 317,259 sessions recorded from the previous year. Resources outlined in this section were generally disseminated via these channels, unless otherwise noted. Key components of the NIDAMED web portal are highlighted below to include a) NIDA-funded SUD screening tools; b) Medical Health Professionals Education; c) National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network’s Dissemination Initiative; d) CTN Dissemination Library; e) Science to Medicine: Clinicians in Action; f) Information on Stigma and Health Disparities; and g) Resources on SUD Prevention and Treatment.
a). NIDA-funded SUD Screening Tools
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends universal screening in pediatric primary care settings, as it provides a unique opportunity to address substance use with their patients and families. To address this need, two NIDA-funded, brief, validated screening tools, Screening to Brief Intervention (S2BI)3 and Brief Screener for Tobacco, Alcohol and other Drugs (BSTAD)4 which providers can use to assess SUD risk among adolescents 12–17 years old, have been posted online. They are both brief, empirically validated, and self- or-clinician administered electronically. Both the BSTAD and S2BI (https://bit.ly/BstadS2bi) ask patients about frequency of past year use and triage them into one of three levels of SUD risk: no reported use, lower risk and higher risk. The implications of scores and suggested actions, based on subject matter expert consensus, are available to guide treatment planning.
b). Medical Health Professionals Education
NIDAMED also offers educational materials for preceptors and providers to expand their knowledge and stay up to date on the latest trends in substance use and addiction. Following are a few of note on adolescent SUD, several of which offer continuing medical education (CME) credit for providers:
The Research-based Clinical Strategies to Prevent and Address Adolescent Substance Use and Prescription Medication Misuse: Being Part of the Solution course (https://bit.ly/TeenSUCME) aims to help providers navigate confidentiality in discussions with adolescent patients about their substance use; it includes provider videos and tips and talking points for patients at all risk levels. NIDAMED convened a coalition of HCPs and organizations (the Coalition) to inform the development of this course. More than 28,000 HCPs participated in the course, with more than 15,160 receiving a certificate of completion. This course was disseminated through the Coalition and partner organizations, NIDA’s dissemination channels, and via Peer-Audience.com—an organization focusing on audience generation for CME activities.
The Centers of Excellence for Physician Information website offers supplemental curriculum resources (CRs) for preceptors, with one focused on the adolescent population. The web-based module, Substance Use Disorders in Adolescents: Screening and Engagement in Primary Care Settings (https://bit.ly/NIDATeenCR) offers educational tools to assist in the prevention, screening, evaluation, and referral to treatment of adolescents with or at risk for SUDs and includes a video and facilitator’s guide. Results from a study on this module indicated that residents who were exposed to the CR had increased confidence in the efficacy of SUD treatment and their preparedness to care for patients with SUD. HCPs’ attitudes and skills—enhanced from exposure to this CR— can help improve patient care.5 CRs were disseminated via NIDAMED’s channels, via medical schools who authored them, and through Mededportal.org.
In collaboration with The Addiction Medicine Foundation, NIDAMED has created the Addiction Medicine Toolkit for Health Care Providers in Training. Designed as an introduction for health care providers in training before entering their fellowship programs, these resources can help prepare them on their journey to becoming certified in Addiction Medicine
The Science to Medicine Series and Engaging Adolescent Patients About Marijuana (described below) are also accredited to offer CME credit.
Publications; CMEs and other courses; and resources specific to Pediatricians on opioids, marijuana, treatment, and prevention are also compiled in the Discipline Spotlight: Pediatrician’s page (https://bit.ly/DSPeds).
c). National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network’s Dissemination Initiative (CTN DI)
The CTN DI (https://bit.ly/CTNDI) aims to reduce the persistent gap between the publication of research findings on treatment of substance use disorders and implementation, and adoption in clinical practice, of interventions and strategies grounded in that research evidence. (Although focused mainly on CTN studies, it also includes other NIDA research.) The initiative’s resources are developed and disseminated through partnerships among researchers, clinicians, and trainers/stake holders, in addition to inclusion in the NIDAMED website.
Following are examples of CTN DI resources on adolescent substance use:
Engaging Adolescent Patients About Marijuana - This online interactive, avatar-based, learning module provides the user with an introduction to Motivational Interviewing (MI) within the pediatric primary care setting. It includes a brief overview of MI and an interactive role-play conversation with a virtual patient. Through this conversation, the user experiences how the spirit of MI can be employed in appointments with adolescent patients who report marijuana use. Reported users of this resource include social workers, nurses, and medical and osteopathic doctors. For the year 2020, there were 5,015 health care professionals who received CME/CE credit. In the first and second quarter of 2021 (January – June 2021), 1,437 healthcare professionals obtained CME/CE credit.
Mentor-Facilitated Training Awards (MFT) in Substance Use Disorders Science Dissemination (https://bit.ly/CTNDI) – This CTN DI initiative aims to enhance trainee HCP expertise in SUD dissemination activities. Trainees are funded for a year to conduct a project, through a mentored experience, and disseminate the findings at their respective professional society annual meetings and publish in a scientific journal. The awardees can also present their findings to their peers and within their local communities to help minimize gaps in current knowledge and practices. These awards are made available in partnership with participating health care professional organizations. Goals of the program include teaching awardees more about SUD and supporting innovative ways to address gaps in current knowledge. The MFT program has partnered with several health care organizations since 2012, two of which target professionals working with adolescents such as the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Additional health care organizations who have been in partnership with the MFT program include the: American College of Emergency Physicians/Emergency Medicine Foundation, Society of Teachers of Family Medicine, American Academy of Physician Assistants, American Association of Colleges of Nursing, American Association of Nurse Practitioners, and the Society of General Internal Medicine. Awardees have selected topics that focused on the treatment, screening, and prevention of SUDs involving (but not limited to) alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and opioids. Many of the dissemination projects have resulted in the development of highly impactful training series, workshop curricula, and innovative technological tools/resources.
d). CTN Dissemination Library (https://bit.ly/CTNLibrary) –
This CTN initiative consists of a digital repository of resources created by and about the CTN. It provides CTN members and the public with a single point of access to research findings and other materials. The Dissemination Library provides detailed information on CTN studies/protocols, dissemination products, the CTN Bulletin, presentations, workshops and webinars, and links to the CTN study pages and to the NIDA data share website. Examples of detailed information on completed CTN studies with youth are as follows:
CTN 0028 Osmotic-Release Methylphenidate for ADHD in Adolescents with Substance Use Disorders (https://bit.ly/CTN0028). The primary objective of this multisite, RCT was to evaluate the efficacy of OROS-MPH (Concerta), relative to placebo, in treating Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and decreasing substance use in adolescents with ADHD and an SUD.
CTN-0010 - Buprenorphine/Naloxone-Facilitated Rehabilitation for Opioid Dependent Adolescents/Young Adults (https://bit.ly/CTN-0010). The objective of this study was to compare buprenorphine/naloxone (Bup/Nx) treatment for 9 weeks and taper for 3 weeks to treatment as usual (Bup/Nx detox for 2 weeks). Both arms received counseling for 12 weeks.
CTN-0014 - Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) for Adolescent Drug Abusers (https://bit.ly/CTN-0014). This study was designed to compare BSFT to treatment as usual.
e). Science to Medicine: Clinicians in Action
Taking the latest research and sharing insights from clinicians about implementing it in clinical practice, Science to Medicine (STM) features real-world examples from a variety of practice settings and clinician types—operationalizing research to improve patient care. Working with partners at medical professional organizations, NIDAMED was able to identify and connect with pioneers in the field who were then interviewed by the NIDAMED team. These resources have been disseminated broadly, and with the assistance of partnership organizations and the HCPs interviewees to their networks. Following are STM stories develop for adolescent HCPs.
Screening for Substance Use in the Pediatric/Adolescent Medicine Setting (https://bit.ly/STMScreen). Adolescent Medicine providers Jennifer George Caffaro, PA-C, Physician Assistant, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Kentucky Children’s Hospital, and Dawn Garzon Maaks, PhD, CPNP, PNP-BC, PMHS, FAANP, Nurse Practitioner, LifeStance Health, St. Peters and Chesterfield, Missouri, discussed their screening practices; workflow for a typical patient; facilitators and barriers to screening and referral; and success stories. Their stories offer tips and considerations for other providers on screening adolescents for substance use—including how to get started and what to do with a positive screen.
Medication Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) in the Pediatric (Adolescent Medicine) Setting (https://bit.ly/STMTreat). Deepa Camenga, MD, Pediatrician and Addiction Medicine Specialist, Assistant Professor, Yale School of Medicine, describes her experiences with treating her adolescent patients with OUD, using Medications for OUD, in a primary care setting. She shared tips and considerations for other providers on how to get started.
f). Information on Stigma and Health Disparities
People with SUDs face discrimination and negative bias from society, including from people who provide healthcare or other services in the community. Stereotypes that generate prejudice, and ultimately discrimination, stem from misinformed beliefs about addiction. Unfortunately, stigmatizing views of people with substance use disorder are common; this stereotyping can lead others to feel pity, fear, anger, and a desire for social distance from people with an SUD. Stigmatizing language can negatively influence health care provider or professional perceptions of people with substance use disorder, which can impact the care they provide.6,7 Although some language that may be considered stigmatizing is commonly used within social communities of people who struggle with SUD, HCPs can show leadership in how language can destigmatize the disease of addiction. In the Addressing Stigma and Health Disparities page (bit.ly/StigmaPage), there are resources for HCPs including links to scientific publications, the NIDA director’s blog on stigma, as well as quick facts, some of which were developed in partnership with other Federal agencies (e.g. NIAAA). The seminal resource on this page, Words Matter: Terms to Use and Avoid When Talking about Addiction (https://bit.ly/WordsMatterHCP), was developed from identifying a need in conversation with partner organization, American Pharmacists Association. The language guide offers background information and tips for providers to keep in mind while using person-first language, terms to avoid to reduce stigma and negative bias when discussing addiction, and research-based reasons for using one term vs another. NIDAMED saw a need for (and developed) similar guides for 1) HCPs who treat pregnant women and mothers, featuring stories from women with SUD (https://bit.ly/WomensWordsMatter) and 2) the general public (https://bit.ly/WordsMatterPublic)—to learn more about what stigma is, how it affects people with SUD, and how to make a change. In 2020, the Association of American Medical Colleges held a webinar on MTV’s documentary series 16 and Recovering, which told the story of a Recovery high school and its students, and this Words Matter guide was linked onto the documentary’s webpage. These resources were widely distributed by partners and through NIDAMED channels—and continue to be extremely popular among HCPs.
g). Resources on SUD Prevention and Treatment
Prevention efforts can help reduce adolescent substance use and the negative effects associated with substance use.8 NIDAMED’s Screening and Prevention page (https://bit.ly/NIDAPrevention) also provides links to prevention resources for providers to learn about evidence-based substance use prevention strategies—including a guide on substance use prevention in early childhood, adolescents, and young adults and a guide on how to dispose of unused medicine. Another NIDA publication, NIDA Notes “Preventive Interventions Delivered in Childhood May Reduce Substance Use Over Two Generations” (bit.ly/ChildSUDPrevent) provides a distilled synopsis of The Raising Healthy Children (RHC) study, administered to children grades 1 to 6 at elementary schools in disadvantaged Seattle neighborhoods along with specialized training for teachers, parents, and children. Children of RHC recipients showed improved developmental functioning before age 5, as well as fewer problem behaviors; better academic, cognitive, and emotional skills; less risk behavior from ages 6 to 18; and sustained positive impact between ages 21–27, in the areas of education, employment, mental health, crime rates and socio-economic attainment.
Treatment information is made available through infographics, links to resources and publications of guides. An example of the latter is the Principles of Adolescent Substance Use Disorder Treatment: A Research-Based Guide (https://bit.ly/PrinciplesGuide). This is a comprehensive reference document that lists 13 principles of adolescent SUD treatment; provides a summary description of various SUD treatment settings; summarizes evidence-based behavioral, family-based, medication and recovery support services; and links to treatment referral resources and answers to frequently asked questions.
II. RESEARCH AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH RESOURCES
In this section, we highlight two resources that clinicians may access to gain the most up to date information on: 1) two large longitudinal studies and 2) translational research resources (titled drug topics), which provide the most up to date information on drug use, trends, brain development and outcomes. Regular updates on progress related to these studies, and other relevant substance use research are shared via NIDA’s social media and e-news communication channels.
a). Monitoring the Future Study (MTF) (https://bit.ly/MTFStudy) -
Since 1975, this annual, NIDA-funded survey, conducted by researchers at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, has measured drug and alcohol use and related attitudes among eighth, 10th and 12th grade students.9 A nationally representative sample of survey participants report their drug use behaviors across three time periods: lifetime, past year, and past month.
More than 11,800 students from 112 schools across the United States participated in the 2020 survey. One example of the key 2020 MTF findings is that while there was a dramatic increase in the 30-day prevalence of any vaping (nicotine and/or marijuana) by adolescents, in the 2017–2019 surveys, rates had leveled and even reversed some in 2020. Trends in use among a nationwide sample of middle and high school students provides valuable information about opportunities for prevention/treatment, helps measure the impact of prevention strategies, and may be used to shape future directions at NIDA, and by other key healthcare and policy stakeholders. NIDA also disseminates infographics (https://bit.ly/MTFInfographics), annually, after the results of the MTF survey are released, which serve as valuable visual aids for education and dissemination purposes.
b). Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ Study (ABCD Study®) (https://bit.ly/ABCDNIDAStudy)-
The ABCD study is the largest long-term study of brain development and child health ever conducted in the United States. The objectives of this ongoing study are to recruit 11,900 healthy children, ages 9 to 10 across the United States, with the goal of retaining 10,000 into early adulthood; use advanced brain imaging to observe brain growth with unprecedented precision; and examine how biology and environment interact and relate to developmental outcomes such as physical health, mental health, and life achievements including academic success. The results of this project will increase our understanding of environmental, social, genetic, substance use and other biological factors (such as physical activity, screen time, and sleep, mental illness, state and local policies, etc.) that affect brain and cognitive development and that can impact children’s/adolescents’ life trajectories.
c). Drug Topics: Translational Research Resources
Each Drug Topics webpage includes a brief overview of a commonly used substances’ effect on the brain and body; statistics and trends; and relevant publications and articles written by NIDA researchers and scientists. Select Drug Topics resources on substances commonly used by youth are highlighted below:
Marijuana (https://bit.ly/DrugTopicsMJ). This section offers a wealth of scientific facts regarding cannabis, including marijuana concentrates. Very briefly we list the content areas: describing what marijuana is, how it is used, types of marijuana extracts (e.g., hash, wax, etc.), short-term and long-term use of cannabis on the developing adolescent brain and physical health, as well as information on NIDA marijuana research; data on the rising potency and emerging variations of the marijuana products; and methods of use. Infographics on drugged driving and cannabis use trends featuring data from the MTF survey provide visual aids to convey the science to a broader audience.
Tobacco/Nicotine Vaping (https://bit.ly/TobaccoNicconeVape). Here you will find drug facts on vaping devices (electronic cigarettes) and a publication on managing tobacco addiction. Also included is a Tobacco, Nicotine, and E-Cigarettes Research Report, a valuable guide covering a range of pertinent issues such as the impact of tobacco on youth and society, how tobacco delivers its effect, effects of secondhand and thirdhand smoke, and tobacco use trends. The NIDAMED web portal on Vaping, Marijuana, and Other Drugs (https://bit.ly/MJandVaping) is another resource on this topic. This portal was created to offer recent news and emerging trends related to vaping, based on recent trends (i.e., last 5 years) from the MTF Study showing an increased use of vaping and marijuana among adolescents.
Alcohol (https://bit.ly/AlcoholDrugTopic). The Alcohol Drug Facts page provides links to information on alcohol and alcohol use disorder, treatment, research and prevention. NIDA works closely with the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), the lead NIH institute supporting and conducting research on the impact of alcohol use on human health and well-being and the dissemination of these findings. NIDA funds research on the co-use of alcohol with marijuana, opioids and other substances and provides updates on the MTF survey results on alcohol use (https://bit.ly/AlcoholTrendsStats).
III. RESOURCES AND INFORMATION FOR TEENS, FAMILIES, AND EDUCATORS
Teens today confront many challenges to avoiding drug use. Rates of trauma and mental health disorders are high,10 and teen suicide rates have increased in the past decade.11 Legal cannabis, counterfeit pills, and vaping present new substance use opportunities for teens. Educating teens and their families about drug use and addiction is paramount to supporting prevention.
Educational Resources from NIDA.
NIDA Ed offers timely content on priority health topics, to include multimedia educational resources, skills-based lessons, health-education standards-mapped prevention resources and curricula in a variety of formats, as well as brief online videos to supplement health topic content. Content is disseminated through its own Web site, local and state health departments, academic institutions, addiction treatment programs and other partners. E-blasts, online webinars and social media are additional ways information is disseminated. The site has many offerings for its three primary audiences: teens, educators, and parents.
Educators
The Educators page (https://bit.ly/NIDAEducators) provides lessons and activities that elevate evidence-based resources on drugs and addiction that are standards- and skills-driven to help facilitate learning for students served by K‒12 educators and counselors, college professors and instructors, and educators/parents/caregivers in homeschool settings. The latest resources include:
- Nurturing my Mental Health
- Supports teens in developing healthy coping skills for managing stress and challenging circumstances in the future.
- Educates teens on how to practice health-enhancing behaviors, like mindfulness, which can support management of stress and reduce the chances of exploring substance use as an alternative.
- Is This Legit? Accessing Valid and Reliable Health Information
- Health literacy can play a role in how teens interpret messages about alcohol and other substances and can shape their expectations about what may happen if they consume drugs and alcohol.
- Supports teens in developing skills in analyzing, evaluating, and comparing different sources of health information to empower them to reject misinformation and make choices to access content that is evidence-based.
Parents
The Parents page (https://bit.ly/NIDAParents) provides information and resources, such as Start A Conversation: 10 Questions Teens Ask About Drugs and Health, to help parents to talk with their teens about drugs and their effects and where to go for assistance if needed.
In addition, NIDA for Teens offers resources and activity ideas for those who participate in National Drug and Alcohol Facts Week® (NDAFW) (https://bit.ly/NDAFWeek). Launched in 2010, NDAFW is an annual, week-long, health observance that inspires dialogue about the science of drug use and addiction among teens. It provides an opportunity to bring together scientists, students, educators, HCPs, and community partners—to help advance the science and improve the prevention and awareness of substance use in communities and nationwide.
C. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Timely and wide translation of science and research findings educates providers, informs policy makers and consumers, and ultimately improves public health. Learning from our experiences outlined above, our emphasis for effective dissemination has been to build and leverage partnerships among various stakeholders; to seek and apply the input of our partners and audiences to inform content development and dissemination; and to make content readily accessible, user-friendly, clearly articulated and reproducible with no fees levied. Building on our current partnerships we plan to enhance dissemination and explore a few new directions:
Partnering with national organizations representing diversity in medicine and other health professional disciplines could help increase the visibility and importance of serving these populations
Enhancing our outreach to Child Psychiatrists, Adolescent Medicine Providers, Nurse Practitioners, and Physician Assistants, and expanding the target audiences to include Pediatricians, Dentists, and Pharmacists.
Expanding communication efforts beyond the primary care community to include tailored messaging to providers in other settings where youth receive care, such as emergency departments, school-based health care, and homeless healthcare.
Performing due diligence to provide the most relevant, useful and timely information to providers to fill gaps in current knowledge. Through formative research with researchers, our partners in professional organization and HCP panels, we will continue to seek input and feedback to further improve our dissemination efforts
We hope this sets the stage for a call to health care providers to educate youth on the dangers of substance use, and to treat youth who may have already developed an SUD.
Key Points:
Timely and wide translation of NIDA’s science and research findings is necessary to educate health care providers, and to inform policy makers and youth and their families, and it ultimately improves adolescent and public health
NIDA’s web portals such as NIDAMED, CTN Dissemination Initiative, Research Studies/Translational Research Resources (Drug Topics), NIDA for Teens and CTN Dissemination Library disseminate empirically based evidence regarding adolescent substance use
Dissemination of scientific information involves active partnerships with researchers; professional organizations; youth and their families; and educators and policy makers, to ensure bidirectional exchange, and to inform a constantly evolving process to make relevant information readily available in user-friendly and cost-free formats.
Synopsis:
The wide and effective dissemination of research findings is crucial to the mission of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). This article describes NIDA dissemination efforts and resources that are available to inform clinicians, teens, families, and educators about youth and substance use. Resources that are available include content on addressing facts about youth drug use, trends in use, and stigma, in addition to substance use disorder prevention and treatment. Information is provided about resources such as infographics, research-based practice guides, training, educational events, and online videos. How input is solicited to inform dissemination efforts is described and future directions for NIDA’s dissemination efforts are outlined.
Acknowledgements:
This work was supported in part by the Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, under contract number 75N95020C00028RFP (CTN Dissemination Initiative, the Bizzell Group, LLC); 75N95020C00006 (Outreach and Education to Health Care Providers on Substance use, JBS International). The authors thank David Liu, Erika Capinguian and Ashley Matus for their contributions.
Footnotes
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Disclosures: Drs. Subramaniam and Huntley, Mss. Blackeney, Corbin and Linton are employees of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Dr. Subramaniam, Mss. Corbin, Linton and Blackeney have no other conflicts to report. Dr. Huntley’s spouse is eligible for a defined benefit plan through Pfizer from previous employment. Laura Nolan is an employee of JBS International and has no conflicts to report. Dr. Todd Mandell and Ms. Kenyatta Crenshaw are employees of the Bizzell Group and have no conflicts to report.
Disclaimer
This manuscript reflects the views of the authors and may not reflect the opinions, views, and official policy or position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or any of its affiliated institutions or agencies.
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