An Update on Novel Taxa and Revised Taxonomic Status of Bacteria (Including Members of the Phylum Planctomycetota) Isolated from Aquatic Host Species Described in 2018 to 2021

Claire R Burbick; Erik Munson; Sara D Lawhon; Amanda Zapp; Maia Villaflor; Elizabeth Thelen

doi:10.1128/jcm.01426-22

. 2023 Jan 31;61(2):e01426-22. doi: 10.1128/jcm.01426-22

An Update on Novel Taxa and Revised Taxonomic Status of Bacteria (Including Members of the Phylum Planctomycetota) Isolated from Aquatic Host Species Described in 2018 to 2021

Claire R Burbick ^a, Erik Munson ^b,^✉, Sara D Lawhon ^c, Amanda Zapp ^b, Maia Villaflor ^b, Elizabeth Thelen ^b

Editor: Romney M Humphries^d

PMCID: PMC9945501 PMID: 36719221

ABSTRACT

Increased interest in farmed aquatic species, aquatic conservation measures, and microbial metabolic end-product utilization have translated into a need for awareness and recognition of novel microbial species and revisions to bacterial taxonomy. Because this need has largely been unmet, through a 4-year literature review, we present lists of novel and revised bacterial species (including members of the phylum Planctomycetota) derived from aquatic hosts that can serve as a baseline for future biennial summaries of taxonomic revisions in this field. Most new and revised taxa were noted within oxidase-positive and/or nonglucose fermentative Gram-negative bacilli, including members of the Tenacibaculum, Flavobacterium, and Vibrio genera. Valid and effectively published novel members of the Streptococcus, Erysipelothrix, and Photobacterium genera are additionally described from disease pathogenesis perspectives.

KEYWORDS: microbial taxonomy, Planctomycetes, veterinary microbiology

INTRODUCTION

Aquatic microbiology is a rich area of discovery and has become especially important with the increase in farmed aquatic animal systems and in conservation efforts. As we develop methodology to cultivate aquatic bacteria, which grow at various temperatures and salinities, we can describe new species and, importantly, identify pathogens both new and old. As more interest grows in aquatic microbiology we are faced with evolving analysis of current taxa and description of new taxa that can be difficult to keep up with. Therefore, a compendium of additions and changes is critical for those working in aquatic environments and supporting aquatic animal health. Additionally, the metabolic properties of some of the species identified have important uses for denitrification, resistance to heavy metals, or breakdown of other products. Lastly, aquatic microbiology has human clinical relevance, with Vibrio spp. a classic example, and may prove valuable for human medical professionals.

To satisfy an unmet need in clinical veterinary microbiology practice, novel bacterial taxa and nomenclature revisions were searched from 2018 through 2021. Of the greater than 475 cumulative novel taxa/revisions, approximately 30% were related to bacteria (including members of the phylum Planctomycetota) of aquatic host origin. Planctomycetes are distinctive prokaryotic forms with traits that have elicited confusion among scientists for approximately one hundred years. At times, they have been thought to be comprised of a cellular architecture independent of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, to be classified as a “nucleated” bacterium, and to be devoid of peptidoglycan (1). Truly divergent characteristics of planctomycetes (which also apply to chlamydial bacteria) versus other free-living prokaryotes include asymmetrical cell division and lack of division protein FtsZ (2, 3). Newer taxa within the phylum Planctomycetota have been associated with diverse marine environments such as hydrothermal vent systems, natural or artificial marine surfaces, jellyfishes, biofilms, and kelp forests (1).

Data pertinent to prokaryotes derived from aquatic hosts are presented in the current report. Other taxonomic changes of veterinary importance relative to bacteria derived from domestic animals (4) and nondomestic wildlife animals (5) are presented in other reports in this issue of Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

METHODS

Valid and effectively published novel and revised taxa pertinent to prokaryotic species must satisfy two requirements. First, original investigations are published in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM). One example is provided (6). In addition, type strains are to be deposited into recognized culture collections in two separate countries.

As an alternative to primary publication in IJSEM, studies may be published in another journal, with subsequent acceptance by IJSEM. One past example relative to prokaryotes derived from aquatic hosts is the effective description of Photobacterium sanguinicancri (7), with subsequent acceptance on an IJSEM Validation List (8). Six times per year, IJSEM publishes papers that are now entitled “Valid publication of new names and new combinations effectively published outside the IJSEM.” To be considered for inclusion on these validation lists, authors must submit a copy of the previously published manuscript to the editorial office of IJSEM for confirmation that all elements necessary for valid publication (including culture collection deposition) have been met. It must be noted that taxa within primary publication and those on validation lists may be subject to reclassification based on a synonym designation or transfer to another genus. We attempt to capture additional revisions in this report.

In such fashion, journals that have recently published studies providing an effective description of novel taxa from aquatic hosts which may be relevant to the practice of clinical veterinary microbiology include Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, Archives of Microbiology, Current Microbiology, Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal of Microbiology, Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, and Systematic and Applied Microbiology. Journals that have recently published studies reflecting revisions in prokaryotic taxonomy relative to aquatic hosts include Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek and Frontiers in Microbiology.

All issues of IJSEM published from January 2018 through December 2021 (including 24 validation lists) were searched for original articles describing new species taxonomy or accepted changes in taxonomic nomenclature. This audit was further filtered by organisms recovered from aquatic host species. Published or accepted taxa that were isolated directly from seawater or freshwater were excluded from further investigation.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A compilation of novel prokaryotic taxa recovered from aquatic host species stratified by Gram reaction and cellular morphology is presented in Table 1. Correct and updated Enterobacterales family designations (9) for selected taxa are concomitantly provided. It should be noted that within Table 1, a subset of biochemical testing results was derived from methods that are potentially antiquated, time-consuming, and/or not routinely available in veterinary microbiology laboratories; furthermore, definitive identification of other novel taxa may necessitate molecular, MALDI-TOF MS, or sequencing modalities. Table 2 provides taxonomic revisions for organisms originally recovered from aquatic host species. It should be further noted that alternate means of classifying novel and revised species can be based on higher-level phylogenetic-based nomenclature, some of which has recently undergone significant revision at the phylum level (10).

TABLE 1.

Novel bacterial species (including members of the phylum Planctomycetota) recovered from aquatic veterinary material reported from January 2018 through December 2021

Scientific name	Family	Source	Growth characteristics	Reference(s)
Gram-positive cocci
Tessaracoccus aquimaris sp. nov.	Propionibacteriaceae	Intestine of Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii)	Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative Gram-positive coccus; 0.5- to 1.0-mm diam circular, slightly convex, pale yellow colonies on Reasoner’s 2A agar; optimal growth at 30°C; α-mannosidase-, α-fucosidase-, d-mannitol-, dulcitol-, d-sorbitol-, methyl α-d-galactoside-positive; C4 esterase-, methyl α-d-glucopyranoside-, inulin-, potassium 5-ketogluconate-, d-fructose-, pyruvate-negative	46
Streptococcus penaeicida sp. nov.	Streptococcaceae	Diseased farmed Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) from Guatemala	Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative Gram-positive coccus; 0.75- to 1.0-mm diam α-hemolytic, circular, nonpigmented colonies on blood agar; growth range at 20–40°C; reacts with Lancefield group B antisera; positive reactions for β-galactosidase, arbutin, cellobiose, melezitose, gentiobiose, glycogen, l-sorbose, mannitol, starch; negative reactions for acetoin, arginine dihydrolase, sucrose, d-tagatose, indole, glycerol, inulin, l-arabinose	14
Salinicoccus cyprini sp. nov.	Staphylococcaceae	Gastrointestinal tract of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Specularis) from India	Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-positive coccus; 0.8- to 1.8-mm diam smooth, circular, orange-to-pink-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30°C; also cultivated on nutrient agar, Luria Bertani agar, brain heart infusion agar; limited growth on yeast mannitol agar; DNase, arginine dihydrolase-, nitrate reduction-, urease-, d-fructose-, d-glucose-, maltose-, sucrose-positive; esculin-, Voges-Proskauer-, d-galactose-, glycerol-, d-mannitol-negative	47
Pseudokineococcus galaxeicola sp. nov.	Kineosporiaceae	Mucus of coral (Galaxea spp.) from China	Aerobic, motile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive Gram-positive coccus; opaque, deep orange colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 25–35°C; d-mannose-positive; weakly reactive for melibiose, l-fucose, d-sorbitol, malic acid; d-arabinose-, urease-, starch-, gelatin-, nitrate reduction-, turanose-, xylitol-, glycogen-, arbutin-negative	48
Gram-positive bacilli
Paenibacillus crassostreae sp. nov.	Paenibacillaceae	Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) from Korea	Facultative, motile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, spore-forming Gram-positive bacillus; 1.0- to 1.5-mm diam cream-colored, circular, slightly convex colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 25°C; hydrolyzes starch, but not urea or casein; l-arabinose-, inulin-, melibiose-, α-galactosidase-, β-galactosidase-, β-glucosidase-positive; d-fructose-, d-galactose-, gluconate-, d-mannitol-, trehalose-, d-xylose-, acid phosphatase-, alkaline phosphatase-, leucine arylamidase-, α-glucosidase-negative	49
Rhodococcus electrodiphilus sp. nov.	Nocardiaceae	Coral reef from India	Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming Gram-positive mycelium-forming filaments (in early stages of development); cells are filamentous in early growth phase, then transition to bacillus- or coccoid-shaped elements; small, smooth, convex, dark red-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30°C; hydrolyzes casein and Tween 80, fails to hydrolyze urea and Tween 40; m-inositol-, esculin-, phenol-, cellobiose-, cellulose-, rhamnose-positive; uric acid-, sodium gluconate-, maltose-negative	11
Streptomyces reniochalinae sp. nov.	Streptomycetaceae	Marine sponge from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, non-acid-fast, Gram-positive mycelium-forming filaments; hooked and looped aerial hyphae differentiated into chains of smooth-surfaced spores; growth range at 20–40°C; weakly positive reactions for Tween 20 hydrolysis, l-alanine, l-arginine, l-asparagine, glycine, l-histidine, l-hydroxyproline; negative reactions for l-valine, esculin	50
Streptomyces diacarni sp. nov.	Streptomycetaceae	Marine sponge from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, non-acid-fast, Gram-positive mycelium-forming filaments; hooked and looped aerial hyphae differentiated into chains of smooth-surfaced spores; growth range at 20–40°C; positive reactions for Tween 20 hydrolysis, l-alanine, l-arginine, l-asparagine, glycine, l-histidine, l-hydroxyproline; weakly positive reactions for l-valine, esculin	50
Spongiactinospora rosea gen. nov., sp. nov.	Streptosporangiaceae	Marine sponge (Craniella spp.) from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, Gram-positive mycelium-forming filaments; aerial hyphae differentiated into pseudosporangia and chains of ridge-surfaced spores; light yellowish/brown pigments produced on International Streptomyces Project (ISP) 1–3, modified Bennett, and nutrient agar media; growth range at 20–40°C; positive for gelatin hydrolysis, Tweens 20, 40, and 60 hydrolysis, milk coagulation, peptonization; negative for esculin hydrolysis, starch hydrolysis, carboxymethylcellulose hydrolysis, melanin production, H₂S production; major menaquinones MK-10(H₄), MK-10(H₆)	51
Micromonospora craniellae sp. nov.	Micromonosporaceae	Marine sponge (Craniella spp.) from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, Gram-positive mycelium-forming filaments; single or clustered smooth-surfaced spores; growth range at 20–34°C; positive for nitrate reduction, gelatin hydrolysis, Tweens 40 and 60 hydrolysis, carboxymethylcellulose hydrolysis; negative for Tweens 20 and 80 hydrolysis, esculin hydrolysis, melanin production, milk coagulation and peptonization, starch hydrolysis, H₂S production; major menaquinone MK-9(H₄); major fatty acids iso-C_16:0, iso-C_15:0, C_17:1w8c, C_18:1 w9c	52
Actinomadura craniellae sp. nov.	Thermomonosporaceae	Marine sponge (Craniella spp.) from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, Gram-positive mycelium-forming filaments; white aerial mycelia and curved spore-chains form on ISP 3 medium with 5–8 spherical spores; diffusible pigments absent on other media (including modified Bennett, nutrient, and tryptic soy agar); growth range at 20–40°C; positive for nitrate reduction, Tweens 20, 40, 60, and 80 hydrolysis; negative for carboxymethylcellulose hydrolysis, esculin hydrolysis, gelatin liquefaction, melanin production, milk peptonization, starch hydrolysis, H₂S production; major menaquinones MK-9(H₆), MK-9(H₈); major fatty acids iso-C_16:0, iso-C_18:0, 10-methyl C_17:0, C_18:1 w9c	53
Geodermatophilus marinus sp. nov.	Geodermatophilaceae	Marine sponge (Leucetta chagosensis) from China	Catalase-positive mycelium-forming filaments; black-pigmented colonies without diffusible pigments on ISP, modified Bennett, nutrient agar, potato dextrose agar, and tryptic soy agar media; growth range at 20–40°C; positive for gelatin hydrolysis; negative for carboxymethylcellulose hydrolysis, Tweens 20, 40, 60, and 80 hydrolysis, esculin hydrolysis, melanin production, milk coagulation and peptonization, nitrate reduction, starch hydrolysis, H₂S production; major fatty acids iso-C_16:0, iso-C_16:1 h; major menaquinone MK-9(H₄)	54
Erysipelothrix piscisicarius sp. nov.	Erysipelotrichaceae	Diseased ornamental fish from United States	Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative Gram-positive bacillus; small, gray, convex, γ-hemolytic colonies on tryptic soy agar with 5% sheep blood; optimal growth at 37°C after 48 hours; phenotypically like E. rhusiopathiae but lacks ability to metabolize lactose and l-rhamnose; possesses surface protective antigen C (spaC determinant)	16
Arthrobacter ulcerisalmonis sp. nov.	Micrococcaceae	Ulcer of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from Chile	Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, irregular Gram-positive bacillus; 0.5-mm diam creamy/whitish to beige, nontranslucent colonies on tryptic soy agar; growth range at 10–35°C; esculin hydrolysis-, d-ribose-positive; d-xylose-, d-sorbitol-, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-negative; major fatty acids anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, anteiso-C_17:0; major menaquinone MK-9(H₂)	18
Saccharopolyspora coralli sp. nov.	Pseudonocardiaceae	Stony coral (Porites spp.) from China; taxon has been subsequently revised to novel genus Allosaccharopolyspora (refer to Table 2)	Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive mycelium-forming filaments; no soluble pigments or spores produced; white to pale yellow substrate mycelium on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 25–30°C; gelatin hydrolysis-, l-arabinose-, trisodium citrate-, urease-, valine arylamidase-positive; p-nitrophenol-β-d-galactopyranoside-, α-chymotrypsin-, β-glucosidase-negative; major fatty acids iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, C_17:1 w8c	55
Glutamicibacter mishrai sp. nov.	Micrococcaceae	Coral (Favia veroni) from India	Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-positive bacillus; 1-mm diam smooth, light yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 28–37°C; citrate-, starch-, DNase, gelatin-, C4 esterase-, C8 esterase lipase-, and leucine arylamindase-positive; indole-, Voges Proskauer-, nitrate reduction-, urease-, esculin-, cellulose-, casein-, C14 lipase-, alkaline phosphatase-, and valine arylamidase-negative; reported susceptibility to vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, polymyxin B, gentamicin	56 ^a
Aeromicrobium piscarium sp. nov.	Nocardioidaceae	Intestine of Collichthys lucidus from China	Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative Gram-positive bacillus; <1-mm diam circular, white smoke-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 28°C; positive for starch hydrolysis, gelatinase, Tweens 20 and 40 hydrolysis, α-d-glucose, d-serine, d-gluconic acid; negative for carboxymethylcellulose hydrolysis, nitrate reduction, C4 esterase, indole, urease, H₂S, casein hydrolysis, alginate hydrolysis, maltose, Tweens 60 and 80 hydrolysis	57
Streptomyces dysideae sp. nov.	Streptomycetaceae	Marine sponge (Dysidea tupha) from Croatia	Aerobic, Gram-positive mycelium-forming filaments; aerial hyphae differentiate into spiral chains of spores; growth range at 25–30°C on nutrient agar; blue pigment forms on Reasoner’s 2A agar at 25°C; assimilates d-fructose, lactose, raffinose, ribose, sucrose; major menaquinones MK-9(H₄) and MK-9(H₆); major fatty acids iso-C_16:0, C_16:0, anteiso-C_17:1 w9c, anteiso-C_17.0, iso-C_16:1 h	58
Nocardiopsis coralli sp. nov.	Nocardiopsaceae	Coral (Galaxea astreata) from China	Nonmotile, catalase-positive, Gram-positive mycelium-forming filaments; aerial hyphae and substrate mycelia differentiated into short chains of smooth-surfaced spores; convex, irregular colonies on all media, except ISP 3 agar; color of substrate mycelium is light-yellow to orange-yellow; optimal growth at 28°C; d-xylose-, d-arabinose-, melibiose-, d-galactose-, d-glucose-positive; raffinose-, l-serine-, l-valine-, l-phenylalanine-, l-asparagine-, l-threonine-, l-glycine, l-proline-negative; major menaquinones MK-10(H₈), MK-10(H₆), MK-10(H₄)	59
Brachybacterium subflavum sp. nov.	Dermabacteraceae	Foregut of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming Gram-positive actinobacterium; circular, smooth, pale-yellow colonies on Luria Bertani agar; growth range at 4–37°C; positive for starch hydrolysis, gelatin hydrolysis, d-maltose, milk coagulation and peptonization, acid phosphatase, C14 lipase, β-galactosidase; negative for nitrate reduction, H₂S production, d-fructose, d-arabitol, urease, Tweens 20, 40, 60, and 80 hydrolysis; major menaquinone MK-7(H₄); major fatty acids anteiso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_17:0, iso-C_16:0	60
Rhodococcus spongiicola sp. nov.	Nocardiaceae	Marine sponge from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-positive bacillus; circular, opaque, convex, light yellow colonies; best growth on nutrient agar, with optimal growth temp 28°C; d-fructose-, glycerol-, sodium acetate-, sodium pyruvate-positive; d-ribose-, d-xylose-, Tween 80 hydrolysis-negative; weakly hydrolyzes esculin; major menaquinone MK−8(H₄); major fatty acids C_16:0, C_18:1 w9c	12
Rhodococcus xishaensis sp. nov.	Nocardiaceae	Marine sponge from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-positive bacillus; circular, opaque, convex, light yellow colonies; best growth on nutrient agar, with optimal growth temp 28°C; d-fructose-, glycerol-, sodium acetate-, sodium pyruvate-, d-ribose-, d-xylose-positive; Tween 80 hydrolysis-, esculin hydrolysis-negative; major menaquinone MK-8(H₄); major fatty acids C_16:0, C_18:0 10 methyl, TBSA, C_18:1 w9c	12
Streptomyces bathyalis sp. nov.	Streptomycetaceae	Sponge collected from Atlantic Ocean	Aerobic, Gram-positive mycelium-forming filaments; aerial hyphae only observed on ISP 3, 7 agars; spores not detected on any medium; good growth on ISP 2, 3, 4, and 5 agars (sparse growth on agars 6 and 7) without diffusible pigment; optimal growth at 25–30°C; trypsin-, β-galactosidase-positive; C14 lipase-, β-glucosidase-, cellulose-negative; major menaquinone MK-9(H₈); major fatty acids iso-C_16:0, anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0	61 ^b
Gram-negative cocci
Roseomonas coralli sp. nov.	Acetobacteraceae	Gorgonian coral sample from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative coccus; pink-pigmented colonies on Reasoner’s 2A agar; optimal growth at 28°C; capable of resisting heavy metal; d-adonitol-, methyl α-d-mannopyranoside-, methyl α-d-glucopyranoside-, lactose-, trehalose-, raffinose-, alkaline phosphatase-, acid phosphatase-positive; d-fructose-, cellobiose-, gentiobiose-, d-tagatose-negative; reported susceptibility to erythromycin, gentamicin, clindamycin, cephazolin, minocycline, levofloxacin	62
Gram-negative bacilli and coccobacilli
Thalassotalea coralli sp. nov.	Colwelliaceae	Torch coral (Euphyllia glabrescens) from Taiwan	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 1.0- to 2.2-mm diam circular, convex, white colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 25–30°C; hydrolyzes starch, casein, chitin, DNA, and Tweens 20, 40, 60, and 80; fails to hydrolyze urea, alginate; C8 esterase lipase-, C14 lipase-, α-chymotrypsin-, d-fructose-, trehalose-positive; cellobiose-, d-glucose-, d-mannose-, succinate-, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase-negative; reported susceptibility to penicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid	63
Litoribrevibacter euphylliae sp. nov.	Oceanospirillaceae	Torch coral (Euphyllia glabrescens) from Taiwan	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 0.5- to 1.5-mm diam circular, convex, translucent colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 25°C; urease-, acetoin-, d-arabinose-, l-arabinose-, d-xylose-, galactose-, glucose-, rhamnose-, cellobiose-, mannose-, maltose-, lactose-, melbiose-, sucrose-, trehalose-, d-fucose-, l-fucose-, erythritol-, adonitol-, inositol-, sortibol-positive; β-galactosidase-, arginine dihydrolase-, tryptophan deaminase-, valine arylamidase-, indole-, arabinose-negative	64
Agaribacterium haliotis gen. nov., sp. nov.	Cellvibrionaceae	Feces from abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) from China	Oxidase-positive, catalase-negative Gram-negative bacillus; 0.8-mm diam white, small, circular, crater-like colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 28–30°C; acid phosphatase-, β-galactosidase-, α-glucosidase-, nitrate reduction-positive; cellulose-, esculin-, indole-, citrate-, C8 esterase lipase-, Voges Proskauer-, H₂S-negative	65
Hydrogenophaga crassostreae sp. nov.	Comamonadaceae	Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) from Republic of Korea	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; convex, elevated, circular, yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 25°C; nitrate reduction-, hypoxanthine hydrolysis-, Tween 80 hydrolysis-, β-galactosidase-, C8 esterase lipase-, acid phosphatase-positive; denitrification-, DNase, esculin hydrolysis-, Tween 20 hydrolysis-, C4 esterase-, α-galactosidase-, α-glucosidase-, β-glucosidase-negative	66
Colwellia echini sp. nov.	Colwelliaceae	Sea urchin from Denmark	Facultative, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; circular, convex, mucoid colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 20°C; starch hydrolysis-, agar hydrolysis-, K-carrageenan hydrolysis-, d-glucose-, urease-, mannitol-, alginate hydrolysis-, acid phosphatase-, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase-positive; gelatin hydrolysis-, valine arylamidase-, trypsin-, α-chymotrypsin-, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase-negative	67
Photobacterium toruni sp. nov.	Vibrionaceae	Diseased farmed fish from Spain	Facultative, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 1.5-mm to 2.5-mm diam colonies on tryptic soy agar (supplemented with 1.5% NaCl) without diffusible pigment; growth range at 4–30°C; growth on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar; lysine decarboxylase-, acetoin-, nitrate reduction-, amylase-, d-glucose-, d-galactose-positive; indole-, ONPG-, gelatinase-, d-mannitol-, sucrose-, l-arabinose-, cellobiose-, trehalose-negative	33
Acinetobacter piscicola sp. nov.	Moraxellaceae	Diseased farmed Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii) from China	Facultative, nonmotile, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative coccobacillus; 1.0-mm to 3.0-mm diam smooth, convex, milky-yellow, circular colonies on Luria Bertani agar; optimal growth at 25–28°C; nonhemolytic on sheep blood agar; β-alanine-, l-arginine-, azelate-, citrate-, DL-lactate-, l-glutamate-, glutarate-, d-malate-positive; gelatin liquefaction-, adipate-, l-arabinose-, l-aspartate-, 2,3-butanediol-, ethanol-, l-histidine-, phenylacetate-, l-phenylalanine-negative	68
Bizionia berychis sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Intestinal tract of splendid alfonsino (Beryx splendens) from Pacific Ocean	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, Gram-negative bacillus; 1.0-mm to 2.0-mm diam circular, smooth, glistening, yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 25°C; no growth at 35°C; positive for casein, gelatin, l-tyrosine, Tweens 20, 60, and 80 hydrolysis; nitrate reduction-, C4 esterase-, valine arylamidase-positive; cystine arylamidase-negative; reported susceptibility to chloramphenicol and oleandomycin	69
Vitellibacter todarodis sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Intestinal tract of a squid (Todarodes pacificus) from South Korea; taxon has been subject to subsequent revision to novel genus Aequorivita (refer to Table 2)	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, Gram-negative bacillus; 1.0-mm to 1.5-mm diam circular, smooth, glistening, vivid orange/yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30–35°C; positive for Tween 80 hydrolysis; cystine arylamidase-, trypsin-, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase-negative; weakly reactive for α-chymotrypsin; reported susceptibility to carbenicillin, tetracycline; reported resistance to penicillin G, streptomycin	70
Tenacibaculum todarodis sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Isolated from squid (Todarodes pacificus) from Korea	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; 0.5-mm to 1.0-mm diam circular, slightly convex, yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 25°C; DNase, Tween 80 hydrolysis-positive; nitrate reduction-, Tweens 20, 40, and 60 hydrolysis-, C4 esterase-, C8 esterase lipase-, α-chymotrypsin-negative; weakly reactive for cystine arylamidase	71
Winogradskyella pocilloporae sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Healthy tissue coral (Pocillopora damicornis)	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; circular, slightly convex, shiny, orange/yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 25°C; growth on Reasoner’s 2A and tryptic soy agars only when supplemented with 3% NaCl; positive for starch hydrolysis, Tweens 40 and 60 hydrolysis; negative for tyrosine hydrolysis, Tweens 20 and 80 hydrolysis, gelatin hydrolase, cystine arylamidase; weakly reactive for leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase	72
Sansalvadorimonas verongulae gen. nov., sp. nov.	Hahellaceae	Marine sponge (Verongula gigantea) from San Salvador	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; initial punctiform, translucent colonies transition to cream/pale yellow colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30°C; arginine dihydrolase-, C4 esterase-, C8 esterase lipase-, dextrin-, d-cellobiose-, d-fructose-, d-mannitol-, d-mannose-, sucrose-, trehalose-, acetate-positive; nitrate reduction-, esculin-, gelatin-, β-galactosidase-, cysteine arylamidase-, d-melibiose-, l-rhamnose-negative	13
Zhouia spongiae sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Sponge from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 1-mm to 2-mm diam circular, smooth, opaque, pale yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 28°C; hydrolyze Tweens 20, 40, and 80; β-glucosidase-, acetoin-, nitrate reduction-, denitrification-positive; starch hydrolysis-, α-chymotrypsin-, β-galactosidase-, α-fucosidase-, gelatin hydrolysis-negative	73
Aquimarina spongiicola sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Spongin from South Korea	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; 1-mm to 2-mm diam circular, convex, opaque, orange-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30°C; l-arabinose-, d-glucose-, DL-lactate-, d-mannitol-, d-mannose-, l-serine-, d-sorbitol-, C4 esterase-, C8 esterase lipase-positive; DNase, Tween 80 hydrolysis-, cellulose-, arginine dihydrolase-, inositol-, propionate-, l-rhamnose-, urease, cystine arylamidase-negative	74
Parendozoicomonas haliclonae gen. nov., sp. nov.	Endozoicomonadaceae	Marine sponge (genus Haliclona)	Facultative, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, Gram-negative bacillus; 1-mm to 2-mm diam circular, convex, shiny, transparent white-, later orange-, pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 25–30°C; DNase, esculin-positive; gelatin hydrolysis-negative; major fatty acids summed feature 8 (C_18:1 w7c/C_18:1 w6c), summed feature 3 (C_16:1 w7c/C_16:1 w6c), C_16:0; major ubiquinone Q-9	75 ^c
Lelliottia jeotgali sp. nov.	Enterobacteriaceae	Traditional Korean fermented clam from Republic of Korea	Facultative, motile, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 4-mm to 5-mm diam irregularly circular, smooth, translucent, flat or raised, beige-pigmented colonies on nutrient agar; optimal growth at 30°C (growth also at 45°C); growth on MacConkey, tryptic soy, Luria Bertani, M17 agars; potassium gluconate-, potassium 5-ketogluconate-, γ-glutamyltransferase-, α-glucosidase-, l-proline arylamidase-positive; arbutin-, salicin-, d-tagatose-, sucrose-, β-xylosidase-, β-glucosidase-negative	76
Coralloluteibacterium stylophorae gen. nov., sp. nov.	Lysobacteraceae	Reef-building coral (Stylophora spp.) from Taiwan	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; 0.5-mm to 3-mm diam round, smooth, convex, yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30–35°C; indole-, C14 lipase-, valine arylamidase-, cystine arylamidase-, esculin hydrolysis-positive; nitrate reductase-, trypsin-, α-chymotrypsin-, starch hydrolysis-, urease-negative	77 ^d
Motiliproteus coralliicola sp. nov.	Oceanospirillaceae	Coral from China	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; circular, convex, light brown-pigmented colonies on 2216E agar; optimal growth at 30°C; denitrification-, acid phosphatase-, alkaline phosphatase-positive; starch-, Tween hydrolysis-, H₂S-negative	78
Hanstruepera crassostreae sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Pacific oyster (Crassostrea spp.) from China; taxon now considered to be synonym (refer to Table 2)	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 1-mm to 2-mm diam circular, convex, opaque, orange-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 33°C; α-chymotrypsin-, maltose-, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-positive; cystine arylamidase-, urease-, ornithine decarboxylase-, gelatin-, l-proline-negative	79
Cohaesibacter celericrescens sp. nov.	Cohaesibacteraceae	Gut of sea catfish from China	Facultative, motile, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 1-mm to 2-mm diam circular, convex, opaque, orange-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30°C; turanose-, acid phosphatase-, leucine arylamidase-, d-mannose-, cellobiose-positive; raffinose-, alkaline phosphatase-, l-rhamnose-, l-fucose-negative	80
Photobacterium andalusiense sp. nov.	Vibrionaceae	Diseased farmed fish from Spain	Facultative, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; regular colonies without diffusible pigment cultivated on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 1.5% NaCl; growth range at 4–35°C (no growth at 45°C); β-galactosidase-, ONPG-positive	34 ^e
Photobacterium malacitanum sp. nov.	Vibrionaceae	Diseased farmed fish from Spain	Facultative, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; regular colonies without diffusible pigment cultivated on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 1.5% NaCl; growth range at 4–30°C (weak growth at 35°C); β-galactosidase-negative; weakly reactive for ONPG	34 ^e
Motilimonas pumila sp. nov.	No family assignment	Gut of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) from China	Facultative, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 0.5-mm diam circular, beige-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 28–30°C; starch-, arginine dihydrolase-, acid phosphatase-, mannose-, maltose-positive; sodium citrate-, C8 esterase lipase-negative	81
Erythrobacter spongiae sp. nov.	Erythrobacteraceae	Sponge from China; taxon now considered to be synonym (refer to Table 2)	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 0.7-mm to 1.0-mm diam smooth, circular, opaque, orange/yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 28°C; hydrolysis of Tweens 20, 40, and 80; C4 esterase-, C8 esterase lipase-, α-chymotrypsin-, acid phosphatase-, β-glucosidase-, capric acid-, trisodium citrate-positive; nitrate reductase-, Voges-Proskauer-, C14 lipase-, gelatin hydrolysis-, trypsin-, β-galactosidase-negative	82
Lysobacter spongiae sp. nov.	Lysobacteraceae	Isolated from spongin from Republic of Korea	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 0.5-mm to 2-mm diam smooth, convex, circular, yellow/orange-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30°C; growth on MacConkey, Reasoner’s 2A, nutrient, tryptic soy agars; l-arabinose-, malate-, l-fucose-, l-histidine-, l-proline-, d-ribose-, d-sucrose-, l-alanine-, α-chymotrypsin-, α-glucosidase-, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase-positive; valerate-, 3-hydroxy-butyrate-, malonate-, glycogen-, valine arylamidase-negative	83 ^f
Altererythrobacter spongiae sp. nov.	Erythrobacteraceae	Sponge from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 0.8-mm to 1-mm diam circular, smooth, opaque, yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 28°C; trypsin-, valine aminopeptidase-, α-chymotrypsin-, Voges-Proskauer-positive; casein hydrolysis-, β-galactosidase-, β-glucuronidase-negative	84
Pelagibaculum spongiae gen. nov., sp. nov.	Alcanivoracaceae	Marine sponge from Iceland	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; 1-mm to 2-mm diam circular, raised, tan-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 20–22°C; alkaline phosphatase-, esterase-, leucine arylamidase-positive; valine arylamidase-, trypsin-, urease-, arginine dihydrolase-, d-glucose-negative	85
Corallincola holothuriorum sp. nov.	Psychromonadaceae	Sea cucumber intestine from China	Facultative, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, Gram-negative bacillus; creamy, white colonies; optimal growth at 28–30°C; starch hydrolysis-, gelatin hydrolysis-, d-fructose-positive; agar hydrolysis-, sucrose-negative	86
Empedobacter tilapiae sp. nov.	Weeksellaceae	Intestine of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from Republic of Korea	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; 1-mm to 2-mm diam circular, slightly convex, smooth, pale yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30°C; trypsin-positive; esculin hydrolysis-, d-glucose-, starch-, α-glucosidase-negative; reported susceptibility to oleandomycin; reported resistance to kanamycin, lincomycin, novobiocin, streptomycin	87
Paracoccus tegillarcae sp. nov.	Rhodobacteraceae	Gastrointestinal tract of blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) from Republic of Korea	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, Gram-negative bacillus; circular, convex, glossy, pale yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 20°C; valine arylamidase-, d-galactose-, potassium 5-keto-gluconate-positive; cystine arylamidase-, trisodium citrate-, d-adonitol-, d-sorbitol, maltose-, trehalose-negative	88
Oceaniglobus ichthyenteri sp. nov.	Rhodobacteraceae	Gut microflora of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; 0.8-mm to 1-mm diam circular, elevated, smooth, whitish/yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 28–30°C; starch hydrolysis-, l-arabinose-, d-mannose, d-sorbitol-positive; nitrate reduction-, acid phosphatase-negative	89
Undibacterium piscinae sp. nov.	Oxalobacteraceae	Intestinal tract of Korean shiner (Coreoleuciscus splendidus) from Republic of Korea	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; creamy, translucent, colonies with a wavy rim on Reasoner’s 2A agar; optimal growth at 20°C; nitrate reduction-, maltose-positive; C4 esterase-, esculin hydrolysis-, mannose-, cellobiose-negative	90
Cohaesibacter intestini sp. nov.	Cohaesibacteraceae	Intestine of adult abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) from China	Facultative, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 1-mm to 2-mm diam circular, milky white colonies on agar plate; optimal growth at 28–33°C; malic acid-, maltose-, l-arabinose-positive; urease-, lipase-, d-glucose-, d-mannose-negative	91
Parashewanella tropica sp. nov.	Shewanellaceae	Marine sponge from Federated States of Micronesia	Facultative, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; 1-mm to 1.5-mm diam circular, convex, smooth, pale tan-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 24–32°C; l-glutamic acid-, l-alanine-, l-arginine-, l-aspartic acid-, Tween 40 hydrolysis-positive; gelatin hydrolysis-, esculin hydrolysis-, β-galactosidase-, l-lactic acid-negative	92
Muricauda hymeniacidonis sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Sponge sample (Hymeniacidon sinapium) from Republic of Korea	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; circular, orange-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30°C; malate-, l-fucose-, 2-ketoglutarate-positive; inositol-, α-chymotrypsin-, valine arylamidase-negative	93
Pseudomonas tructae sp. nov.	Pseudomonadaceae	Kidney of moribund rainbow trout	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming gram-negative bacillus; can grow on tryptic soy agar, nutrient agar, and cytophaga medium; optimal growth at 25–30°C; gelatinase-, glucose-, arginine dihydrolase-positive; esculin hydrolysis-negative	94
Ottowia flava sp. nov.	Comamonadaceae	Fish intestine from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; smooth, yellow-pigmented colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 28°C; gelatin hydrolysis-, adipic acid-, phenylacetic acid-, alkaline-phosphatase-, C14 lipase-, cystine arylamidase-, acid phosphatase-, trypsin-, valine arylamidase-positive; nitrate reduction-, esculin hydrolysis-, maltose-, malic acid-, urease-negative	95 ^g
Pedobacter nototheniae sp. nov.	Sphingobacteriaceae	Black rock cod (Notothenia coriiceps) from Chilean Antarctica	Nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; <0.5-mm diam circular, smooth, pink-pigmented colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 25°C; no growth on MacConkey and thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agars; starch hydrolysis-, C8 esterase lipase-, leucine arylamidase-, α-galactosidase-, β-galactosidase-, α-glucosidase-, β-glucosidase-, gelatin-positive; casein hydrolysis-, C4 esterase-, α-chymotrypsin-, nitrate reduction-, l-arabinose-, malic acid-negative	96 ^g
Flammeovirga pectinis sp. nov.	Flammeovirgaceae	Gut of Korean scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) from Korea	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, Gram-negative bacillus; reddish orange-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 25°C; l-fucose-positive; trehalose-, α-chymotrypsin-negative	97
Roseovarius spongiae sp. nov.	Rhodobacteraceae	Marine sponge from China	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; 0.5-mm to 1-mm diam circular, opaque, smooth, pale yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 37°C; urea hydrolysis-, acid phosphatase-, valine aminopeptidase-positive; Voges-Proskauer-, d-glucose, l-arabinose, d-mannose-negative; reported susceptibility to minocycline, furazolidone, ampicillin; reported resistance to erythromycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, vancomycin, polymyxin B	98
Paracoccus luteus sp. nov.	Rhodobacteraceae	Intestinal tract of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; punctiform, circular, convex, smooth, orange yellow-pigmented colonies on Luria Bertani agar; optimal growth at 25–28°C; nitrate reduction-, trypsin-, valine arylamidase-, rhamnose-positive; acid phosphatase-, cystine arylamidase-, d-mannitol-negative	99
Pseudooceanicola onchidii sp. nov.	Rhodobacteraceae	Marine invertebrate (Onchidium spp.) from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, Gram-negative bacillus; smooth, convex, opaque, cream-pigmented colonies; optimal growth at 35–37°C; d-galactose-, d-mannitol-, d-gluconate-, trisodium citrate-positive; esculin hydrolysis-, phenylacetic acid-, cystine arylamidase-negative	100
Muricauda alvinocaridis sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Shrimp gill sample from China	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-negative, catalase-negative Gram-negative bacillus; round, regular, smooth, yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 37°C; starch hydrolysis-, C8 esterase lipase-, α-glucosidase-positive; urease-, l-arabinose-, d-xylose-, trypsin-, β-glucosidase-negative	101
Mangrovimonas spongiae sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Marine sponge from China	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 1-mm to 2-mm diam smooth, circular, opaque, yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 25°C; esterase-, cystine aminopeptidase-, β-galactosidase-, arginine dihydrolase-positive; casein hydrolysis-, α-glucosidase-, d-glucose-, l-arabinose-negative	102
Carideicomes alvinocaridis gen. nov., sp. nov.	Rhodobacteraceae	Shrimp gill sample from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; round, regular, smooth, white colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 37°C; starch hydrolysis-, cystine arylamidase-, valine arylamidase-positive; acid phosphatase-, α-galactosidase-, β-glucosidase-negative	103
Endozoicomonas coralli sp. nov.	Endozoicomonadaceae	Coral (Acropora spp.) from Taiwan	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; 0.5-mm to 2-mm diam circular, convex, creamy white colonies with irregular margins on marine agar; optimal growth at 30°C; starch hydrolysis-, C4 esterase-, p-nitrophenyl-β-galactosidase-, C8 esterase lipase-, trypsin-, l-fucose-, d-mannitol-, glucuronamide-, l-histidine-positive; esculin-, DNase, cystine arylamidase-, α-galactosidase-, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase-, l-alanine-, l-serine-, gentibiose-, sucrose-negative	104 ^h
Fulvivirga aurantia sp. nov.	Fulvivirgaceae	Marine sponge (Aplysina fistularis) from the Bahamas	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; smooth, glistening, deep orange-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30–37°C; l-alanine-, d-arabitol-, l-histadine-, citric acid-positive; β-glucosidase-, stachyose-, d-salacin-, glycyl-l-proline-negative	105
Xanthovirga aplysinae gen. nov., sp. nov.	Flammeovirgaceae	Marine sponge (Aplysina fistularis) from the Bahamas	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; smooth, shiny, slightly raised, translucent to yellow colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30–37°C; nitrate reduction-, l-arginine dihydrolase-, d-galactose-positive; d-mannose-, α-hydroxy-butyric acid-negative	105
Tabrizicola piscis sp. nov.	Rhodobacteraceae	Whole intestinal tract of Korean indigenous freshwater fish (Acheilognathus koreensis)	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, Gram-negative bacillus; creamy-pink colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30°C; α-galactosidase-, β-glucuronisase-, acid phosphatase-, gentiobiose-positive; alkaline phosphatase-, d-glucose-, d-galactose-negative	106
Teredinibacter waterburyi sp. nov.	Cellvibrionaceae	Gills of wood-boring mollusc (Bankia setacea) from United States	Aerobic, motile, Gram-negative bacillus; <0.5-mm diam circular, translucent, white to beige colonies; optimal growth at 20°C; cellulose hydrolysis-positive; agar hydrolysis-negative	107
Pseudomonas piscis sp. nov.	Pseudomonadaceae	Profound head ulcers of farmed Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii) from China	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; 4-mm to 5-mm diam circular, smooth, light yellow-pigmented colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 28°C; maltose-, capric acid-, melibiose-, lysine decarboxylase-positive; gelatin hydrolysis-, d-mannitol-, trehalose-negative	108
Pelagivirga dicentrarchi sp. nov.	Rhodobacteraceae	Gut microflora of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; 0.3-mm to 1.0-mm diam convex, opaque, circular, pale yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 28–30°C; Tween 20 hydrolysis-, nitrate reduction-, glycerol-, d-tagatose-, l-alanine-, l-glutamic acid-, acetoacetic acid-, propionic acid-, acid phosphatase-, alkaline phosphatase-, decarboxylase/dihydrolase enzymes-positive; Tween 40 hydrolysis-, casein hydrolysis-, d-adonitol-, d-fucose-, l-malic acid-, tryptophan deaminase-negative	109 ⁱ
Patiriisocius marinistellae gen. nov., sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Surface of starfish (Patiria pectinifera) from Japan	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; circular, slightly convex, yellow-pigmented colonies; optimal growth at 25°C; flexirubin-, gelatin hydrolysis-positive; urease-, acetoin production-negative; reported weak susceptibility to gentamycin, neomycin; reported resistance to kanamycin	110
Pukyongiella litopenaei gen. nov., sp. nov.	Rhodobacteraceae	Gut content of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) from South Korea	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; <2-mm diam circular, flat, bright ivory-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30°C; alkaline phosphatase-, C4 esterase-, cystine arylamidase-, trypsin-positive; urea hydrolysis-, l-rhamnose-, melibiose-negative	111
Photobacterium lucens sp. nov.	Vibrionaceae	Cultured shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) from Mexico	Facultative, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative Gram-negative bacillus; isolate cultivated on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar; lysine decarboxylase-, β-galactosidase-, O/129 (10 μg and 150 μg)-, d-fructose-negative; variable mannitol reactivity; d-ribose-, sucrose-negative	112 ^a
Yersinia thracica sp. nov.	Yersiniaceae	Unknown source from fish (also isolated from pig, bird, and wild boar); archival isolate from reference laboratory in France	Facultative, oxidase-negative Gram-negative bacillus; 50% of strains nonmotile when tested at 28°C; 2.5-mm diam circular colonies with deep red center surrounded by pale transparent border on cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin agar at 28°C; urease-, ornithine decarboxylase (75% of tested strains)-, β-galactosidase (75% of tested strains)-positive; citrate-, arginine dihydrolase-, lysine decarboxylase-, tryptophan deaminase-, indole-, Voges Proskauer-, gelatinase-negative	113
Poritiphilus flavus gen. nov., sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Stony coral (Porites lutea) from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; circular, smooth, yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; growth at 15–33°C; arginine dihydrolase-, urease-, gelatin hydrolysis-, arabinose-positive; maltose-negative	114
Aliikangiella coralliicola sp. nov.	Kangiellaceae	Stony coral (Porites lutea) from China	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; circular, pale yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 25–30°C; starch hydrolysis-, β-glucosidase-, β-galactosidase-positive; Tween 40 hydrolysis-, Tween 80 hydrolysis-negative	115
Tenacibaculum singaporense sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Commercially reared Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) with symptoms of tenacibaculosis from Singapore	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, Gram-negative bacillus; 10-mm to 15-mm diam circular, iridescent, nonadherent, orange-pigmented colonies on LBM medium; growth range at 20–45°C; growth in 1–7% NaCl; nitrate reductase-, chymotrypsin-positive; trypsin-negative	20 ^j
Tenacibaculum piscium sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Skin ulcer of farmed Atlantic salmon from Norway	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, filamentous Gram-negative bacillus; shiny, circular, iridescent, bright yellow-pigmented colonies with undulating margins on marine agar; optimal growth at 15–22°C; nonhemolytic colonies on blood agar with 2% NaCl; gelatin-, trypsin-positive; H₂S-, casein hydrolysis-, l-tyrosine hydrolysis-, C8 esterase lipase-negative; weakly reactive for l-proline, d-(+)-sucrose, d-(–)-ribose	21
Tenacibaculum finnmarkense sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Skin ulcer of farmed Atlantic salmon from Norway	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, filamentous Gram-negative bacillus; shiny, circular, pale yellow-pigmented colonies with undulating margins on marine agar; growth range at 4–15°C; no growth on blood agar with 2% NaCl; gelatin-, H₂S-, casein hydrolysis-, l-tyrosine hydrolysis-, C8 esterase lipase-positive; d-(+)-sucrose, d-(–)-ribose-, trypsin-negative	21
Flavobacterium salmonis sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry culture from Chile	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; circular, convex, yellowish colonies on tryptic soy agar; translucent, circular, orange-pigmented colonies on tryptone yeast extract salts agar; nonhemolytic colonies on Columbia agar; optimal growth at 25°C; sucrose-, nitrate reduction-, C14 lipase-positive; trehalose-, cellobiose-, d-mannose-, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-, d-fructose-, l-malate-negative	22
Flavobacterium bizetiae sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Diseased fish from Canada	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; yellow-pigmented colonies on tryptic soy and Reasoner’s 2A agars; optimal growth at 25°C; N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-, melibiose-, l-rhamnose-, α-glucosidase-, nitrate reductase-positive; variable reactions for l-arabinose, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, α-galactosidase, β-glucosidase	23
Pseudopuniceibacterium antarcticum sp. nov.	Rhodobacteraceae	Marine sponge from west Antarctica	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 1.0-mm diam smooth, round, pale, opaque colonies on tryptone yeast extract sea salt agar; optimal growth at 25°C; β-galactosidase-, citrate-, β-glucosidase-, d-xylose-, d-glucose-, l-rhamnose-, d-mannitol-, d-arabitol-positive; arabinose-, C4 esterase-, d-fucose-, l-lactic acid-, formic acid-negative	116
Lacinutrix chionocetis sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Gut of red snow crab	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive gram-negative bacillus; 0.5- to 1.0-mm diam circular, convex, glistening, yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 20°C; hydrolysis of esculin, starch, Tween 40, Tween 60; d-glucose-, d-mannose-, d-maltose-, leucine arylamidase-positive; l-arabinose-, d-mannitol-, trypsin-negative; reported resistance to gentamicin; reported susceptibility to penicillin, vancomycin, nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline	117 ^k
Pseudomonas ovata sp. nov.	Pseudomonadaceae	Skin ulcer of farmed Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii) tail from China	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; isolates cultivated between 4–37°C (optimal growth at 28°C); l-arabinose-, phenylacetic acid-, d-fucose-, 5-ketogluconate-positive; gelatinase-, arginine dihydrolase-, nitrate reduction-, d-arabinitol-, d-arabinose-, d-sucrose-, d-mannitol-, d-sorbitol-, β-glucosidase-negative	118 ^k
Jannaschia marina sp. nov.	Rhodobacteraceae	Gut of gastropod (Onchidium reevesii) from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, Gram-negative bacillus; 1.0- to 1.5-mm diam smooth, regular, pale orange/yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30°C; urease-, esculin-, β-galactosidase-, C14 lipase-positive; gelatin hydrolysis-, ornithine decarboxylase-, arginine dihydrolase-, citrate-, tryptophan deaminase-, gelatinase-, glucose-, mannitol-, α-chymotrypsin-, α-galactosidase-, α-glucosidase-negative; weakly reactive for cystine aminopeptidase, β-glucosidase	119
Lysobacter penaei sp. nov.	Lysobacteraceae	Intestinal content of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, Gram-negative bacillus; 0.5-mm diam light yellow, circular, convex, smooth colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 20–30°C; positive for Tween 20 hydrolysis, negative for Tween 80 hydrolysis; nitrate reduction-, d-glucose-, N-acetyl-glucosamine-, maltose-positive; starch hydrolysis-, C14 lipase-, trypsin-, α-galactosidase-, α-glucosidase-, denitrification-, l-arabinose, d-mannose-, d-mannitol-negative	120
Pseudorhodobacter turbinis sp. nov.	Rhodobacteraceae	Gut of Korean turban shell (Turbo cornutus) from Republic of Korea	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, Gram-negative bacillus; cream-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30°C; alkaline phosphatase-, d-fructose-, l-fucose-, glycerol-, N-acetyl-β-d-mannosamine-, inosine-, α-keto-butyric acid-, l-alanine-, l-histidine-, d-malic acid-, propionic acid-positive; α-galactosidase-, β-galactosidase-, α-glucosidase-, maltose-, trehalose-, formic acid-, citric acid-, d-galactose-, α-d-glucose-, l-arginine-, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-negative	121
Pseudomonas mucoides sp. nov.	Pseudomonadaceae	Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Turkey	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 4-mm diam round, opaque, γ-hemolytic, very mucoid, beige-pigmented colonies on King B agar; growth range at 4–37°C; fluorescein pigment produced, not pyocyanin; positive for nitrate reduction, gelatin hydrolysis, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine assimilation, d-galacturonic acid, d-galactonic acid lactone, myo-inositol, d-glucuronic acid, d-saccharic acid; negative for indole, phenylacetate, inosine	122
Pseudomonas neuropathica sp. nov.	Pseudomonadaceae	Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Turkey	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 5-mm diam round, opaque, β-hemolytic, mucoid, beige-pigmented colonies on King B agar; growth range at 4–37°C; fluorescein pigment produced, not pyocyanin; positive for gelatin hydrolysis, Tween 40 hydrolysis, trehalose, d-arabitol, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, l-histidine, l-malic acid; negative for glycyl-l-proline, myo-inositol, l-pyroglutamic acid, d-serine, formic acid	122
Pseudomonas piscicola sp. nov.	Pseudomonadaceae	Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Turkey	Taxon designated Pseudomonas piscium in primary publication; aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 1- to 2-mm diam round, opaque, α-hemolytic, flat beige-pigmented colonies on King B agar; growth range at 4–37°C; fluorescein pigment produced, not pyocyanin; positive for indole, phenylacetate, Tween 40 hydrolysis, inosine; negative for nitrate reduction, gelatin hydrolysis, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine assimilation, d-galacturonic acid, d-galactonic acid lactone, myo-inositol, d-glucuronic acid, d-saccharic acid	122
Pseudomonas pisciculturae sp. nov.	Pseudomonadaceae	Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Turkey	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 2-mm diam round, translucent, γ-hemolytic, flat, beige-pigmented colonies on King B agar; growth range at 4–37°C; fluorescein pigment produced, not pyocyanin; indole-, esculin-, phenylacetate-, p-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid-, d-galactonic acid lactone-, d-malic acid-, l-rhamnose-positive; nitrate reduction-, adipate-, gelatin-, Tween 40 hydrolysis-, sucrose-, d-fructose-6-phosphate-, d-serine-negative	122
Mesobaculum littorinae gen. nov., sp. nov.	Rhodobacteraceae	Sea snail (Littorina scabra) from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; smooth, white colonies on ISP 4 agar; optimal growth at 28°C; positive for Tween 60 hydrolysis, urease, l-arabinose, sorbitol, d-xylose, turanose, d-tagatose, d-arabinitol, potassium gluconate, β-galactosidase, α-glucosidase; negative for trehalose, melezitose, raffinose, xylitol, valine arylamidase; reported resistance to ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, vancomycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, novobiocin	123
Flavobacterium muglaense sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Healthy rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Turkey	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 2.9- to 3.2-mm diam convex, circular, yellow-pigmented colonies on Reasoner’s 2A agar; optimal growth at 25°C; growth also observed on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose, tryptic soy, tryptone yeast extract salts agars; flexirubin pigment present; starch hydrolysis-, sucrose-, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase-, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase-, gelatin-, dextrin-, d-mannose-, maltose-positive; d-mannitol-, trypsin-negative; resistant to nalidixic acid, aztreonam, tetrazolium blue	24
Pseudomonas arcuscaelestis sp. nov.	Pseudomonadaceae	Healthy rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Turkey	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 3- to 5-mm diam flat, opaque, beige-pigmented colonies with irregular margins on Luria Bertani agar; growth range at 4–37°C; fluorescein pigment produced, not pyocyanin; nitrate reduction-, gluconate-, glycogen-, l-aspartic acid-, l-glutamic acid-, l-histidine-, l-pyroglutamic acid-, formic acid-positive; esculin hydrolysis-, arabinose-, mannitol-, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-, phenylacetate-, p-hydroxy-phenyl acetic acid-, d-galacturonic acid-, sucrose-, inosine-negative	124
Chitinibacter bivalviorum sp. nov.	Chromobacteriaceae	Gut of freshwater mussel (Anodonta arcaeformis) from Republic of Korea	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; raised, circular, milky-white colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 30°C; growth observed on Luria Bertani, MacConkey, Reasoner’s 2A agars, but not nutrient agar; d-ribose-, cellobiose-, maltose-, d-mannose-, turanose-, nitrate reduction-, α-glucosidase-, d-fructose-6-phosphate-, glucuronamide-positive; raffinose-, starch-, glycerol-, gelatin hydrolysis-, d-mannose-, l-alanine-, l-aspartic acid-, l-glutamic acid-, l-histidine-, l-serine-negative	125
Cochleicola gelatinilyticus gen. nov., sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Marine gastropod (Reichia luteostoma) from Korea	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 1.0-mm diam convex, viscous, yellow, circular colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 25°C; flexirubin-type pigments not observed; casein hydrolysis-, gelatin hydrolysis-, l-tyrosine hydrolysis-, starch hydrolysis-, Tweens 40, 80 hydrolysis, C4 esterase-, C8 esterase lipase-, α-chymotrypsin-positive; nitrate reduction-, DNase, trypsin-, carboxymethylcellulose hydrolysis-negative; isoprenoid quinone is MK-6	126 ^l
Flavobacterium kayseriense sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Diseased rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Turkey	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 1.8 to 2.0-mm diam convex, circular, undulate, yellow-pigmented colonies on Reasoner’s 2A agar; optimal growth at 25°C; no growth on MacConkey, marine, and thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agars; positive for Tween 80 hydrolysis, starch hydrolysis, arginine dihydrolase, d-mannitol, trypsin, d-galacturonic acid, l-galactonic acid lactone, glycerol, d-glucuronic acid, acetate, bromo-succinic acid; negative for d-mannose, β-glucosidase, d-raffinose, α-d-lactose, d-trehalose, quinic acid, d-saccharic acid	25 ^l
Flavobacterium turcicum sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Diseased rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Turkey	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 2.0 to 2.4-mm diam convex, circular, entire, yellow-pigmented colonies on Reasoner’s 2A agar; optimal growth at 25°C; no growth on MacConkey, marine, and thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agars; positive for d-mannose, β-glucosidase, d-raffinose, α-d-lactose, d-trehalose, quinic acid, d-saccharic acid; negative for Tween 80 hydrolysis, starch hydrolysis, arginine dihydrolase, d-mannitol, trypsin, d-galacturonic acid, l-galactonic acid lactone, glycerol, d-glucuronic acid, acetate, bromo-succinic acid	25 ^l
Pseudidiomarina piscicola sp. nov.	Idiomarinaceae	Cultured European seabass (Dicenthrarchus labrax) from Spain	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; opaque and transparent colonies propagated from liver of fish specimen on marine agar; optimal growth at 26–30°C; positive for gelatin hydrolysis; negative results for urea hydrolysis, esculin hydrolysis, C4 esterase, C8 esterase lipase, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, β-glucosidase, α-mannosidase, d-fructose, amygdalin, arbutin, cellobiose, sucrose, trehalose	127 ^l
Pseudomonas anatoliensis sp. nov.	Pseudomonadaceae	Abdominal cavity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Turkey	Motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; 3- to 6-mm diam round, flat, beige, opaque colonies on Luria Bertani agar; optimal growth at 30°C; Tween 40 hydrolysis-, gelatin hydrolysis-, phenylacetate-, d-galacturonic acid-, d-trehalose-, d-glucuronic acid-, mucic acid-positive; arginine dihydrolase-, d-galactonic acid lactone-negative; unable to grow in lithium chloride	128 ^l
Pseudomonas iridis sp. nov.	Pseudomonadaceae	Abdominal cavity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Turkey	Motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; 3- to 6-mm diam round, flat, beige, opaque colonies on Luria Bertani agar; optimal growth at 30°C; gelatin hydrolysis-, phenylacetate-, d-galacturonic acid-, d-trehalose-, d-glucuronic acid-, mucic acid-, arginine dihydrolase-, d-galactonic acid lactone-positive; weak hydrolysis of Tween 40; able to grow in lithium chloride	128 ^l
Marixanthomonas spongiae sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Marine sponge from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 0.8- to 1.0-mm diam circular, smooth, yellow, opaque colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 28°C; positive for cystine aminopeptidase; negative for casein hydrolysis, Tween 80 hydrolysis; weak reactions for C8 esterase lipase, acid phosphatase; major fatty acids iso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 3-OH	129
Muricauda onchidii sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Mouth of marine invertebrate (Onchidium spp.) from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 0.45- to 0.55-mm diam circular, moist, convex, cream-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30°C; α-chymotrypsin-, cystine arylamidase-, C4 esterase-, valine arylamidase-positive; α-galactosidase-, β-galactosidase-, β-glucosidase-, α-mannosidase-negative; weakly reactive for C8 esterase lipase, trypsin, α-glucosidase; respiratory quinone MK-6	130
Ruegeria haliotis sp. nov.	Rhodobacteraceae	Gut of abalone (Haliotis rubra) from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 1.5-mm diam smooth, circular white-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 25–28°C; positive for casein hydrolysis, alginate hydrolysis, urease, l-arabinose-, d-glucose, d-fructose, d-cellobiose, d-maltose, d-turanose, d-arabitol, C4 esterase; negative for Tween 80 hydrolysis, d-mannose, d-melibiose, d-melezitose, l-fucose, α-galactosidase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase	131 ^b
Tamlana haliotis sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Gut of abalone (Haliotis rubra) from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 1-mm diam smooth, circular, yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 25°C and with 2% NaCl; positive for d-turanose, starch hydrolysis, alginate hydrolysis, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, α-chymotrypsin; negative for Tween 80 hydrolysis, d-galactose, amygdalin, d-cellobiose, gentiobiose, β-galactosidase, α-glucosidase	132 ^b
Algibacter onchidii sp. nov.	Flavobacteriaceae	Marine invertebrate (Onchidium spp.) from China	Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 1- to 2-mm diam smooth, convex, orange colonies on marine agar; positive for nitrate reduction, denitrification, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase; d-glucose-, β-galactosidase-, β-glucosidase-, α-fucosidase-negative; weak hydrolysis of Tweens 20 and 80; weakly reactive for C14 lipase, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin	133
Pseudoalteromonas ostreae sp. nov.	Pseudoalteromonadaceae	Hemolymph of oyster (Ostrea edulis) from France	Aerobic, motile, non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacillus; 2- to 3-mm diam convex, opaque, cream/orange-pigmented colonies on marine agar; growth range at 4–30°C; growth also observed on tryptic soy agar and Mueller-Hinton agar; no growth on MacConkey or cetrimide agars; trypsin-, α-chymotrypsin-, maltose-, trisodium citrate-positive; nitrate reduction-, esculin hydrolysis-, arginine dihydrolase-, C4 esterase-, cystine arylamidase-, α-galactosidase-, β-glucosidase-, l-arabinose-, d-mannose-, d-mannitol-, adipic acid-negative	134
Paenihalocynthiibacter styelae gen. nov., sp. nov.	Rhodobacteraceae	Intestine of stalked sea squirt (Styela clava) from Republic of Korea	Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 1- to 2-mm diam circular, grayish yellow, smooth colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 20–25°C; nitrate reduction-, hypoxanthine hydrolysis-, l-tyrosine hydrolysis-, acetate-, citrate-, succinate-, acid phosphatase-positive; esculin hydrolysis-, d-fructose-, d-glucose-, cellobiose-, pyruvate-, salicin-, α-glucosidase-negative; reported susceptibility to lincomycin, novobiocin, polymyxin B	135
Curved bacteria
Arcobacter haliotis sp. nov.	Arcobacteraceae	Abalone species (Haliotis gigantea) from Japan; taxon now considered to be a synonym (refer to Table 2)	Aerobic/microaerophilic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 1-mm diam white colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 25°C, no growth at 37°C or 42°C; no growth on MacConkey agar or Campylobacter blood-free charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar; tolerates 4% NaCl and 0.01% 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride; urease-, nitrate reduction-, indoxyl acetate-positive; γ-glutamyltransferase-, pyrrolidonyl arylamidase-, alkaline phosphatase-, esculin-, hippurate-, starch-, gelatin-, DNase-negative	136
Vibrio echinoideorum sp. nov.	Vibrionaceae	Epidermal lesions of green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) from Norway	Facultative, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; 1.5- to 2-mm diam circular, smooth, slightly convex, beige-pigmented colonies on marine agar; growth range at 4–28°C; appear as green colonies on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar; β-galactosidase-, arginine dihydrolase-, gelatin hydrolysis-, nitrate reduction-, gentibiose-, malate-, d-galactose-, d-mannose-, glycogen-positive; acetoin-, esculin hydrolysis-, C14 lipase-, valine arylamidase-, trypsin-, raffinose-, xylitol-negative; susceptible to O/129	30
Helicobacter delphinicola sp. nov.	Helicobacteraceae	Gastric fluid of common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncates) with gastric disease from Japan	Microaerophilic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming, curved Gram-negative bacillus; 2- to 5-mm diam translucent, α-hemolytic, nonswarming circular colonies on blood agar; growth observed at 37°C (no growth at 42°C); urease-, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive; nitrate reduction-, indoxyl acetate-, alkaline phosphatase-, hippurate-, triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride reduction-negative; susceptible to cephalothin and nalidixic acid	35 ^m
Poseidonibacter parvus sp. nov.	Arcobacteraceae	Squid from Republic of Korea; taxon now considered to be a synonym (refer to Table 2)	Aerobic (can grow in microaerophilic conditions), motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive Gram-negative bacillus; circular, convex, pinkish-brown colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 25°C; no growth on MacConkey, Reasoner’s 2A, tryptic soy agars or on nutrient agar supplemented with 4% sea salt; indole-, hippurate-, nitrate reduction-, alkaline phosphatase-positive; C4 esterase-, leucine arylamidase-, valine arylamidase-negative; weakly reactive for DNase, C8 esterase lipase	137
Teredinibacter franksiae sp. nov.	Cellvibrionaceae	Gill and cecum of shipworm (Bankia setacea) from United States	Microaerophilic, motile, slightly curved Gram-negative bacillus; small translucent colonies initially observed on Bacto agar shipworm basal medium (supplemented with cellulose), with transition to inverted dome of cells with off-white or beige coloration beneath agar surface; clearing zone due to hydrolysis of cellulose; growth range at 15–20°C; marine salt (magnesium, calcium) requirement; negative for nitrogen fixation, 0.1% starch, 0.1% chitin, 0.1% dextran, 0.1% pyruvate	138
Teredinibacter haidensis sp. nov.	Cellvibrionaceae	Gill and cecum of shipworm (Bankia setacea) from United States	Microaerophilic, motile, slightly curved Gram-negative bacillus; small translucent colonies initially observed on Bacto agar shipworm basal medium (supplemented with cellulose), with transition to inverted dome of cells with off-white or beige coloration beneath agar surface; clearing zone due to hydrolysis of cellulose; growth range at 15–30°C; no marine salt (magnesium, calcium) requirement; positive for nitrogen fixation, 0.1% starch, 0.1% chitin, 0.1% dextran, 0.1% pyruvate	138
Teredinibacter purpureus sp. nov.	Cellvibrionaceae	Gill and cecum of shipworm (Bankia setacea) from United States	Microaerophilic, motile, slightly curved Gram-negative bacillus; small translucent colonies initially observed on Bacto agar shipworm basal medium (supplemented with cellulose), with transition to inverted dome of cells with deep purple coloration beneath agar surface; clearing zone due to hydrolysis of cellulose; growth range at 10–25°C; marine salt (magnesium, calcium) requirement; positive for 0.1% pyruvate; negative for nitrogen fixation, 0.1% starch, 0.1% chitin, 0.1% dextran	138
Curvivirga aplysinae gen. nov., sp. nov.	Kiloniellaceae	Marine sponge (Aplysina fistularis) from the Bahamas	Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, curved-to-spiral Gram-negative bacillus; circular, smooth, shiny, light-yellow to beige colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30–37°C; NaCl is required for growth (range 0.5–10%); casein hydrolysis-, starch hydrolysis-, acid phosphatase-positive; nitrate reduction-, glucose fermentation-, urease-, esculin hydrolysis-, gelatin hydrolysis-, C14 lipase-negative	139
Vibrio ulleungensis sp. nov.	Vibrionaceae	Mussel (Mytilus coruscus) from Republic of Korea	Facultative, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative bacillus; 0.8- to 1.4-mm diam smooth, convex, light-yellow-pigmented colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 25–30°C; gelatin hydrolysis-, β-galactosidase-, β-glucosidase-, salicin-, acetate-, l-proline-, d-ribose-, C8 esterase lipase-, valine arylamidase-positive; indole-, arginine dihydrolase-, d-mannose-, maltose-, gluconate-, citrate-, glycogen-, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase-negative	140

Acid-fast bacilli
Mycobacterium syngnathidarum sp. nov.	Mycobacteriaceae	Clinically ill lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) and alligator pipefish (Syngnathoides biaculeatus) from United States	Rapid-growing (3–5 days of incubation between 30°C and 37°C) acid-fast bacillus; growth demonstrated on 7H11, Lowenstein Jensen and 5% sheep blood agars; catalase-, arylsulfatase-positive; oxidase-, Tween 80 hydrolysis-negative; no growth observed in mannitol, myoinositol, sorbitol, trehalose, and l-rhamnose; susceptibility to clarithromycin, amikacin; resistance/elevated minimum inhibitory concn values for tobramycin, linezolid, doxycycline, fluoroquinolones, imipenem, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxide	39

Phylum Planctomycetota
Planctopirus ephydatiae sp. nov.	Planctomycetaceae	Sponge (Ephydatia spp.) from freshwater lake	Ovoid-shaped, motile cells forming in aggregates in liquid culture, producing large amounts of fibers; crateriform structures distributed evenly over cell surface; pink-pigmented colonies on MM1 medium supplemented with N-acetyl-d-glucosamine; optimal growth at 30°C; alkaline phosphatase, esterase, esterase lipase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, and α-galactosidase activities observed	141 ^j
Aureliella helgolandensis gen. nov., sp. nov.	Pirellulaceae	Jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) from Helgoland (Germany)	Acorn-shaped cells with aggregate formations; crateriform structure at one pole, holdfast structure present at opposite pole; lucid white-pigmented colonies on M1H NAG artificial seawater medium; optimal growth at 27°C; aerobic heterotroph	142 ^k
Poriferisphaera corsica gen. nov., sp. nov.	Phycisphaeraceae	Calcareous sponge (Clathrina clathrus) from France	Spherical, motile cells forming in aggregates; cell surface covered with outer membrane vesicles; no crateriform, stalk, or holdfast structures observed; white-pigmented colonies on M1H NAG artificial seawater medium solidified with gellan gum; optimal growth at 27°C; aerobic heterotroph	143 ^m

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Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 195 (144).

Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 202 (145).

Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 182 (146).

Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 183 (147).

Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 185 (148).

Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 187 (149).

Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 191 (150).

Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 192 (151).

ⁱ

Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 193 (152).

Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 196 (153).

Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 198 (154).

Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 200 (155).

Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 199 (156).

TABLE 2.

Revised bacterial taxa (including members of the phylum Planctomycetota) relative to aquatic veterinary material reported from January 2018 through December 2021

Former name	Revised name	Other information	Reference(s)
Gram-positive bacilli
Verrucosispora andamanensis	Micromonospora andamanensis comb. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former V. andamanensis from marine sponge found in (157)	158 ^a
Bacillus crassostreae	Metabacillus crassostreae comb. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former B. crassostreae from oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis) found in (159)	160
Bacillus galliciensis	Metabacillus galliciensis comb. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former B. galliciensis from feces of wild seahorses (Hippocampus guttulatus) found in (161)	160
Bacillus hemicentroti	Alkalihalobacillus haemicentroti comb. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former B. hemicentroti from sea urchin (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus) found in (162)	160
Bacillus aquimaris	Rossellomorea aquimaris comb. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former B. aquimaris from seawater found in (163); recovery of this organism from shrimp found in (164)	165
Saccharopolyspora coralli	Allosaccharopolyspora coralli comb. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former S. coralli from stony coral found in (55) and Table 1	166

Gram-negative bacilli and coccobacilli
Hanstruepera crassostreae	Pseudobizionia ponticola	Initial description and recovery of the former H. crassostreae from oyster found in (79); H. crassostreae (Table 1) is a later heterotypic synonym of P. ponticola	167
Idiomarina aquimaris	Pseudidiomarina aquimaris comb. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former I. aquimaris from reef-building coral (Isopora palifera) found in (168)	169 ^b
Labilibacter aurantiacus	Saccharicrinis aurantiacus comb. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former L. aurantiacus from sea squirt (Styela clava) found in (170)	171 ^c
Formosa spongicola	Xanthomarina spongicola comb. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former F. spongicola from marine sponge (Hymeniacidon flavia) found in (172)	171 ^c
Labrenzia alba	Roseibium album comb. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former Stappia alba from Mediterranean oysters found in (173) and accepted (174); subsequent revision to Labrenzia alba documented in (175)	171 ^d
Flavobacterium spartansii	Flavobacterium tructae	Initial description and recovery of the former F. spartansii from kidney of feral adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) found in (42); F. spartansii is a later heterotypic synonym of F. tructae	22
Altererythrobacter troitsensis	Tsuneonella troitsensis comb. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former A. troitsensis from sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius found in (176)	177
Erythrobacter spongiae	Aurantiacibacter spongiae comb. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former E. spongiae from marine sponge found in (81) and Table 1	177
Duganella danionis	Pseudoduganella danionis	Initial description and recovery of the former D. danionis from beaked whales found in (178) and accepted (153); initial description and recovery of P. danionis from zebrafish found in (179); D. danionis is a later homotypic synonym of P. danionis	153, 178
Pseudomonas pachastrellae	Halopseudomonas pachastrellae comb. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former P. pachastrellae from sponge (Pachastrella spp.) found in (180)	181
Vitellibacter todarodis	Aequorivita todarodis comb. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former V. todarodis from squid found in (70) and Table 1	182

Curved bacteria
Arcobacter haliotis	Arcobacter lekithochrous	Initial description and recovery of the former A. haliotis from abalone species Haliotis gigantea found in (136); A. haliotis (Table 1) is a later heterotypic synonym of A. lekithrochrous	183
Vibrio aestuarianus	Vibrio aestuarianus subsp. aestuarianus subsp. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former Vibrio aestuarianus from Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) found in (184)	44
Vibrio aestuarianus	Vibrio aestuarianus subsp. cardii subsp. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former Vibrio aestuarianus from Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) found in (184); Vibrio aestuarianus subsp. Cardii subsp. nov. isolated from edible cockles (Cerastoderma edule) in France	44
Vibrio aestuarianus	Vibrio aestuarianus subsp. francensis subsp. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former Vibrio aestuarianus from Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) found in (184); V. aestuarianus subsp. Francensis subsp. nov. isolated from a diseased oyster in France	44
Poseidonibacter parvus	Arcobacter parvus comb. nov.	Initial description of the former P. parvus from squid found in (137) and Table 1	185

Phylum Planctomycetota
Blastopirellula cremea	Bremerella cremea comb. nov.	Initial description and recovery of the former B. cremea from dead ark clam (Scapharca broughtonii) found in (186)	187 ^e

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Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 184 (188).

Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 185 (148).

Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 193 (152).

Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 194 (189).

Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in Validation List no. 198 (154).

Most new descriptions are derived from surveys of normal aquatic animal tissue or intestinal tract, which has resulted in the naming of a multitude of new taxa. Identification of normal or colonizing flora from coral, sponges, and other invertebrates as well as fish aids in understanding the breadth of diversity of bacteria, of which we know little. These include representatives from familiar families like Nocardiaceae which includes Rhodococcus electrodiphilus (11), an electroactive bacterium that can provide electrical power during metabolism and is an important area of investigation for alternative fuels. Also, numerous actinomycotic Gram-positive bacilli, including Rhodococcus xishaensis sp. nov. (12) and multiple Streptomyces spp., have been identified which are remarkably thermotolerant with optimal growth at 20 to 40°C. Other familiar genera such as Pseudomonas are present in this review, as well as more obscure genera that colonize aquatic species like Sansalvadorimonas gen. nov. (13).

Novel taxa.

Of the four Gram-positive cocci described, Streptococcus penaeicida sp. nov. (14) is ascribed clinical significance in Pacific white shrimp. Isolated from the hepatopancreas of diseased shrimp, it adds another pathogen to the small but important group of streptococcal species (Streptococcus iniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus parauberis, and Streptococcus phocae) impacting fish and other aquatic animal health (15). This is the first full description of a Streptococcus spp. causing health impacts in shrimp, which is of concern, as most bacterial disease prevention and treatment in the industry has focused on Gram-negative bacilli. S. penaeicida sp. nov. is thermotolerant with growth up to 40°C, relatively salt tolerant, and grows in a highly alkaline pH. In comparison to other aquatic streptococcal species, S. penaeicida sp. nov. utilizes a large variety of sugars as carbon sources.

Two novel Gram-positive bacilli taxa were described as causing disease in ornamental fish and Atlantic salmon. Erysipelothrix piscisicarius sp. nov. (16) was originally isolated from multiple types of ornamental fish with various lesions, including cellulitis, dermatitis, myositis, and more systemic infection (17). The isolates from diseased fish were originally identified as Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, an important pathogen of swine and poultry, as well as being a zoonotic agent of infection. Further genetic characterization determined that the isolates were significantly divergent from E. rhusiopathiae due to the presence of a spaC gene and likely represented a new taxon. Interestingly, a closely related spaC-positive Erysipelothrix spp. has been isolated from swine but was not included in this description. E. piscisicarius sp. nov. is slow growing in comparison to E. rhusiopathiae with colonies prominent at 60 h. E. piscisicarius sp. nov. further differs in carbohydrate utilization as it does not metabolize l-rhamnose or lactose.

The second novel taxon, Arthrobacter ulcerisalmonis sp. nov. (18), was isolated from ulcers from Atlantic salmon. This organism adds to the long list of bacilli (majority Gram-negative) associated with cutaneous lesions in salmonids. However, the pathogenicity of this isolate can be debated as it was found accompanying Flavobacterium psychrophilum, a significant and well-known pathogen of salmon. Arthrobacter spp. have been uncommonly associated with human infection and only described in immunocompromised patients (19). Taken together, this genus is considered widespread in the environment but of low pathogenicity.

Most pathogenic taxa described in Table 1 are Gram-negative bacilli or curved bacilli, which is consistent with groups of bacteria affecting aquatic species most. The Flavobacteriaceae family is well represented, with eight novel species divided between the Tenacibaculum (20, 21) and Flavobacterium (22 –25) genera. Both genera historically contain common pathogens of fish, including Tenacibaculum maritimum, causing significant cutaneous lesions in numerous marine fish species (26), and Flavobacterium pyschrophilum and Flavobacterium columnaris, causing bacterial cold-water disease in freshwater-raised salmonids and columnaris disease in multiple freshwater fish species (27, 28). These bacteria are known for gliding motility and can be difficult to culture. Three new Tenacibaculum spp. include Tenacibaculum singaporense sp. nov. (20) from farmed Asian seabass, and Tenacibaculum piscium sp. nov. and Tenacibaculum finnmarkense sp. nov. (21) from farmed Atlantic salmon. Disease associated with all species was consistent with traditional tenacibaculosis in farmed marine environments. Flavobacterium bizetiae sp. nov. (23) was initially isolated in the late 1970s from diseased freshwater fish for which no description of fish species or details on clinical disease was given. Despite subsequent full characterization and taxon description, pathogenicity of this species remains unclear due to lack of clinical information or in vivo infection studies. Flavobacterium kayseriense sp. nov. and Flavobacterium turcicum sp. nov. were isolated from the kidney and spleen of farmed rainbow trout demonstrating signs of systemic disease, including skin discoloration, exophthalmia, and swimming abnormalities (25). While F. kayseriense sp. nov. and F. turcicum sp. nov. are genetically closely related, they do express phenotypic differences in sugar and carbon utilization. These novel species also possess important differences in antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, with F. kayseriense sp. nov. demonstrating resistance to important classes such as folate pathway inhibitors and quinolones.

Vibrionaceae is an important family of marine pathogenic Gram-negative bacilli and curved bacteria affecting aquatic animals and humans. The most well-known of these organisms is Vibrio cholerae, an important diarrheal disease of humans (29). Other important species, including Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, affect aquatic animals and can be zoonotic when humans are exposed to seafood and marine environments. Novel Vibrio spp. taxa described in Table 1 include Vibrio echinoideorum sp. nov. (30), which was recently isolated from a lesion on the hard exoskeleton (test) of a sea urchin. The organism was determined to be a member of the Vibrio splendidus clade, with utilization of glycogen and gentiobiose among other biochemical differences aiding in discrimination from other members. Photobacterium is a second important genus within the Vibrionaceae family. Perhaps the most well-known member is Photobacterium damselae (now designated Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae), first reported in 1982 as a cause of wound infection in six people (31) and later isolated from numerous marine animals with a variety of cutaneous and systemic manifestations (32). Three effectively published Photobacterium spp. were isolated from diseased redbanded seabream in Spain and published within the past 5 years: Photobacterium toruni sp. nov., Photobacterium andalusiense sp. nov., and Photobacterium malacitanum sp. nov. (33, 34). All were obtained from culture of internal organs during outbreaks of an undescribed disease and were determined to be genetically distinct from known Photobacterium spp. The isolates have similar utilization of sugars and amino acids but differ in lipase activity.

An additional Gram-negative bacillus of clinical interest, Helicobacter delphinicola sp. nov. (35), was isolated from gastric fluid of a captive common bottlenose dolphin and is a member of the Helicobacteraceae family. The dolphin was diagnosed with gastric ulcers and a spiral-shaped bacterium was isolated from the affected area. Because helicobacters are commonly implicated in gastric pathology in humans and cetaceans (36 –38), this report provided additional support for the role of Helicobacter spp. in causing disease across multiple human and animal species. While genetic similarity to Helicobacter cetorum was high utilizing selected housekeeping genes, H. delphinicola sp. nov. was biochemically distinct due to resistance to 2% NaCl, which had not previously been described in the Helicobacter genus. Interestingly, captivity or stranding appears to be associated with the development of gastric ulcers in cetaceans and, similar to human disease, appears multifactorial.

Lastly, one new mycobacterial species associated with clinical disease in multiple marine animals (captive lined seahorse and alligator pipefish) was validly and effectively published as Mycobacterium syngnathidarum sp. nov. (39). Mycobacteria are important, difficult-to-manage aquatic pathogens which frequently impact the health of captive or farmed aquatic animals (40). Additionally, aquatic nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) cause sporadic human infection and are of zoonotic concern, with Mycobacterium marinum a common example (41). M. syngnathidarum sp. nov. is a nonpigmented, rapidly growing Mycobacterium spp., with growth observed in 3 to 5 days. As NTM can be intrinsically resistant to common antimicrobial agents, it is important to note this species has variable susceptibility to commonly used agents, including linezolid, doxycycline, moxifloxacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxide.

Taxonomic revisions.

In addition to reports of novel species within the Flavobacterium genera, several taxonomic designations have been revised. Flavobacterium spartansii, originally isolated from Chinook salmon and described in 2014 (42), has subsequently been determined to be a heterotypic synonym of Flavobacterium tructae (22). F. tructae was originally isolated from diseased rainbow trout (43) and validly published the same year as the valid and effective publication of F. spartansii. Subsequent analysis during the description of a closely related species, Flavobacterium salmonis (22), determined these two species should not be separately named based on an average nucleotide identity of ~98%, in silico DNA-DNA hybridization of ~80%, and 100% similarity between 16S rRNA genes. Interestingly, significant phenotypic differences appear to exist, relative to motility and nitrate reduction.

Vibrio aestuarianus, a significant cause of mortality in oysters, has been assigned three subspecies designations (44). Vibrio aestuarianus subsp. aestuarianus was assigned to the original isolate originating from various American aquatic animals. Vibrio aestuarianus subsp. cardii was assigned to an isolate obtained from diseased edible cockles, and Vibrio aestuarianus subsp. francensis to an isolate from a diseased oyster in France. While phenotypic variation was noted to be significant enough to warrant consideration of subspecies designation in 2008 for the pathogenic oyster strain V. aestuarianus subsp. francensis (45), this was fully realized in the evaluation of the edible cockle strain (44) and thus three subspecies were proposed. Differences between the subspecies were noted through genetic and phenotypic characterizations; however, most important differences relate to virulence. The type subspecies V. aestuarianus subsp. aestuarianus is not pathogenic for oysters and is quite salt tolerant, while V. aestuarianus subsp. francensis and V. aestuarianus subsp. cardii have demonstrated to be pathogenic in oysters and cockles, respectively.

CONCLUSION

An incredible microbial diversity is being uncovered in aquatic environments. Bacteria impacting aquatic animal health have become a more pressing issue with the increased reliance on farmed products to spare wild stocks. We face similar challenges to aquatic animal production as in terrestrial food production where diseases of management have significant impacts. Additionally, population-limiting bacterial infections in threatened or endangered aquatic species are increasingly challenging with stresses to the environment in waterways. Human health is impacted by disease transmission directly from these special environments and/or animals through contaminated food products (food safety), as we rely on aquaculture in place of capture fisheries, for food security. Lastly, bacteria from aquatic and aquatic animal habitats with unique metabolism or by-products can aid in combating some of our most critical challenges in waste mitigation and energy utilization.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This report was not subject to influence from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Contributor Information

Erik Munson, Email: erik.munson@marquette.edu.

Romney M. Humphries, Vanderbilt University Medical Center

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PERMALINK

An Update on Novel Taxa and Revised Taxonomic Status of Bacteria (Including Members of the Phylum Planctomycetota) Isolated from Aquatic Host Species Described in 2018 to 2021

Claire R Burbick

Erik Munson

Sara D Lawhon

Amanda Zapp

Maia Villaflor

Elizabeth Thelen

Roles

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

METHODS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

TABLE 1.

TABLE 2.

Novel taxa.

Taxonomic revisions.

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Contributor Information

REFERENCES

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Cite

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PERMALINK

An Update on Novel Taxa and Revised Taxonomic Status of Bacteria (Including Members of the Phylum Planctomycetota) Isolated from Aquatic Host Species Described in 2018 to 2021

Claire R Burbick

Erik Munson

Sara D Lawhon

Amanda Zapp

Maia Villaflor

Elizabeth Thelen

Roles

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

METHODS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

TABLE 1.

TABLE 2.

Novel taxa.

Taxonomic revisions.

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Contributor Information

REFERENCES

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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