ABSTRACT
Revisions and new additions to bacterial taxonomy can have a significant widespread impact on clinical practice, infectious disease epidemiology, veterinary microbiology laboratory operations, and wildlife conservation efforts. The expansion of genome sequencing technologies has revolutionized our knowledge of the microbiota of humans, animals, and insects. Here, we address novel taxonomy and nomenclature revisions of veterinary significance that impact bacteria isolated from nondomestic wildlife, with emphasis being placed on bacteria that are associated with disease in their hosts or were isolated from host animal species that are culturally significant, are a target of conservation efforts, or serve as reservoirs for human pathogens.
KEYWORDS: bacterial taxonomy, veterinary microbiology
INTRODUCTION
Understanding diseases of wildlife is important for a variety of reasons. Many human populations depend on wildlife for food and livelihoods, while maintaining wildlife diversity and protecting animal health are crucial for maintaining ecosystem health (1–5). Microbes are fundamental to animal and ecosystem health both positively and to its detriment (6). Additionally, microbes can move among wildlife, domestic animals, and humans and, as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic clearly demonstrated, ultimately have the potential to significantly impact human health (7–9). Moreover, historic accounts have clearly demonstrated this paradigm with respect to Yersinia pestis (10).
In order to satisfy an unmet need in clinical veterinary microbiology practice, this taxonomy minireview focuses on bacteria isolated from nondomestic wildlife, with emphasis being placed largely on bacteria that cause disease in animal hosts or are found in animals that could serve as reservoirs for human disease. Novel bacterial taxa and nomenclature revisions relative to veterinary medicine were searched from 2018 through 2021. Of the >350 novel taxa observed, around 40% were related to prokaryotes derived from nondomestic wildlife animals. These data, along with notations of revised taxonomy relative to prokaryotes derived from these wildlife hosts, are presented in the current report. Other taxonomic changes relative to organisms derived from domestic animals (11) and aquatic hosts (12) are presented in other reports in this issue of the Journal of Clinical Microbiology.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Valid and effectively published novel and revised taxa pertinent to prokaryotic species must satisfy two requirements set forth by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes within the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (13). First, original investigations are published in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM). One example is provided by Niu et al. (14). In addition, type strains are to be deposited into recognized culture collections in two separate nations.
As an alternative to primary publication in the IJSEM, studies may be published in another journal, with later acceptance by the IJSEM. One previous example relative to nondomestic animal-derived bacteria is the effective description of Microbacterium gilvum (15), with subsequent acceptance on an IJSEM validation list (16). Six times per year, the IJSEM publishes papers that are now entitled Valid Publication of New Names and New Combinations Effectively Published Outside the IJSEM. To be considered for inclusion in a validation list, authors must submit a copy of the previously published manuscript to the editorial office of the IJSEM for confirmation that all elements necessary for valid publication (including culture collection deposition) have been met. It must be noted that taxa within a primary publication or in validation lists may be subject to reclassification on the basis of a synonym designation or transfer to another genus. We attempt to capture additional revisions in this report.
In such a fashion, journals that have recently published studies providing an effective description of nondomestic wildlife animal-derived novel taxa that may be relevant for the practice of clinical veterinary microbiology include Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Archives of Microbiology, Avian Diseases, Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, Frontiers in Microbiology, MicrobiologyOpen, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Research in Microbiology, Standards in Genomic Sciences, and Systematic and Applied Microbiology. Journals that have recently published studies reflecting revisions in prokaryotic taxonomy relative to nondomestic animal hosts include Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek and Frontiers in Microbiology.
All issues of the IJSEM published from January 2018 through December 2021 (including 24 validation lists) were manually searched for original articles describing new species taxonomy or accepted changes in taxonomic nomenclature. This audit was further filtered by organisms recovered from nondomestic wildlife animals. Not included within the definition of nondomestic wildlife animals are companion animals, animals found in agricultural settings, and farmed avian species.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A compilation of novel taxa recovered from nondomestic wildlife animal sources stratified by Gram reaction, cellular morphology, and oxygen growth requirements is presented in Table 1. Correct and updated Enterobacterales family designations (17) for selected taxa are concomitantly provided. It should be noted that in Table 1, a subset of biochemical testing results was derived using methods that are potentially time-consuming, antiquated, and/or not routinely available in veterinary microbiology laboratories; furthermore, a definitive identification of other novel taxa may necessitate matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry, molecular, or sequencing modalities. Table 2 provides taxonomic revisions for organisms originally recovered from nondomestic wildlife animal sources.
TABLE 1.
Novel bacterial species recovered from nondomestic wildlife veterinary material reported from January 2018 through December 2021
| Scientific name | Family | Source(s) | Growth characteristicsq | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gram-positive cocci | ||||
| Lactococcus petauri sp. nov. | Streptococcaceae | Sugar glider abscess | Facultative, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive coccus; orange-pigmented, beta-hemolytic colonies on tryptic soy agar with 5% sheep blood; optimal growth at 20°C–40°C; d-ribose, amygdalin, sucrose, d-tagatose, and leucine arylamidase positive; d-xylose, lactose, melibiose, raffinose, and β-glucuronidase negative | 18 |
| Kocuria uropygioeca sp. nov. | Micrococcaceae | Preen gland of great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) from Germany | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive coccus; 1- to 2-mm-diam nonviscous, convex, circular, pale-orange-pigmented, gamma-hemolytic colonies on Columbia agar supplemented with sheep blood; optimal growth at 35°C; α-glucosidase, gelatin hydrolysis, and maltose positive; acid phosphatase, esculin hydrolysis, and nitrate reduction negative | 69 a |
| Kocuria uropygialis sp. nov. | Micrococcaceae | Preen gland of great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) from Germany | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive coccus; 1- to 2-mm-diam nonviscous, convex, circular, pale-orange-pigmented, gamma-hemolytic colonies on Columbia agar supplemented with sheep blood; optimal growth at 35°C; acid phosphatase, gelatin hydrolysis, and maltose positive; α-glucosidase, esculin hydrolysis, and nitrate reduction negative | 69 a |
| Streptococcus respiraculi sp. nov. | Streptococcaceae | Respiratory tract of Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana) from Tibet-Qinghai Plateau, China | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive coccus; 0.5- to 1-mm-diam nontranslucent, nonpigmented, alpha-hemolytic colonies on Columbia blood agar; growth range at 22°C–42°C; does not react with Lancefield A, B, C, D, F, or G antisera; growth in up to 2.5% NaCl; inulin and d-sorbitol positive; β-glucosidase and gentiobiose negative | 25 |
| Brachybacterium avium sp. nov. | Dermabacteraceae | Fecal sample from Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) from South Korea | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive coccus; 0.5- to 1-mm-diam ivory-colored, low-convex, circular colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 30°C; glucose, arabinose, maltose, l-arabinose, d-adonitol, d-trehalose, and d-arabitol positive; dulcitol, β-glucuronidase, and urease negative; possesses β-lactamase; possesses a genetic determinant encoding a vancomycin B-type resistance protein | 70 b |
| Brachybacterium vulturis sp. nov. | Dermabacteraceae | Fecal sample from an Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) from South Korea | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive coccus; 0.5- to 1-mm-diam ivory-colored, low-convex, circular colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 30°C; dulcitol, β-glucuronidase, and urease positive; glucose, arabinose, maltose, l-arabinose, d-adonitol, d-trehalose and d-arabitol negative; possesses β-lactamase | 70 b |
| Kocuria tytonis sp. nov. | Micrococcaceae | Preen gland of American barn owl (Tyto furcata) from Germany | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive coccus; 1- to 2-mm-diam orange, convex, opaque colonies on Columbia agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood; optimal growth at 30°C; esterase, esterase lipase, and gelatin hydrolysis positive; assimilates mannitol and malate; β-galactosidase, α-glucosidase, and urease negative; decreased MIC values for amoxicillin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and vancomycin; elevated MIC for polymyxin B | 71 |
| Streptococcus chenjunshii sp. nov. | Streptococcaceae | Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) feces from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive coccus; 0.5- to 1.3-mm-diam gray, opaque, rough-surfaced, alpha-hemolytic colonies on brain heart infusion agar; growth range at 25°C–39°C in brain heart infusion broth; inulin, raffinose, potassium, and 5-keto-glutarate positive; glycerol, d-tagatose, acid phosphatase, urea, and β-glucosidase negative | 72 |
| Vagococcus xieshaowenii sp. nov. | Enterococcaceae | Cloacal content of snow finch (Montifringilla taczanowskii) from Tibet-Qinghai Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive coccus; 0.1- to 0.2-mm-diam pale white, smooth, circular, alpha-hemolytic colonies on brain heart infusion agar with 5% defibrinated sheep blood; optimal growth at 37°C; C4 esterase, pyroglutamic acid arylamidase, d-mannitol, and d-ribose positive; leucine arylamidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, lactose, trehalose, and sucrose negative; reported susceptibility to β-lactam agents, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and vancomycin; reported resistance to macrolides, clindamycin, and metronidazole | 73 |
| Jeotgalibaca ciconiae sp. nov. | Carnobacteriaceae | Feces of Oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana) from South Korea | Facultative, motile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive coccus; opaque, pale yellow, circular colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 30°C; gentiobiose, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine, d-glucose-6-phosphate, d-fructose-6-phosphate, stachyose, raffinose, and β-glucuronidase positive; ribose, α-galactosidase, glycerol, gluconate, and arabinose negative | 74 |
| Arthrobacter yangruifuii sp. nov. | Micrococcaceae | Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive coccus; 0.9- to 1.2-mm-diam yellow, round, convex colonies on brain heart infusion agar supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood; growth range at 4°C–37°C; d-xylose and β-glucosidase positive; cellobiose and β-galactosidase negative | 75 |
| Arthrobacter zhaoguopingii sp. nov. | Micrococcaceae | Ruddy shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea) feces from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive coccus; 0.8- to 1-mm-diam rose/pink, circular, convex colonies on brain heart infusion agar with 5% defibrinated sheep blood; growth range at 4°C–30°C; cystine arylamidase positive; d-xylose and β-glucosidase negative | 75 |
| Streptococcus catagoni sp. nov. | Streptococcaceae | Lung of Chacoan peccary (Catagonus wagneri) with purulent pneumonia | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive coccus; 0.4- to 0.8-mm-diam beta-hemolytic colonies on blood agar cultivated at 37°C; glycogen and Voges-Proskauer test positive; β-glucosidase, α-galactosidase, pyrrolidonyl arylamidase, d-mannitol, and raffinose negative | 26 |
| Staphylococcus durrellii sp. nov. | Staphylococcaceae | Oropharynx of captive Livingstone’s fruit bat (Pteropus livingstonii) from the United Kingdom | Catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, clumping factor-negative, coagulase-negative, nonhemolytic, Gram-positive coccus; 1- to 2-mm-diam smooth, shiny, domed, yellow colonies on Columbia agar with 5% sheep blood; isolate cultivated in a 37°C aerobic environment; β-glucuronidase, alkaline phosphatase, trehalose, and d-mannitol positive; acetoin, maltose, DNase, urease, and ornithine decarboxylase negative; resistant to novobiocin and susceptible to polymyxin B | 35 |
| Staphylococcus lloydii sp. nov. | Staphylococcaceae | Skin of captive Livingstone’s fruit bat (Pteropus livingstonii) from the United Kingdom | Catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, clumping factor-negative, coagulase-negative, nonhemolytic, Gram-positive coccus; 1- to 2-mm-diam smooth, shiny, domed, white or yellow/cream colonies on Columbia agar with 5% sheep blood; isolate cultivated in a 37°C aerobic environment; acetoin and maltose positive; β-glucuronidase, DNase, urease, and ornithine decarboxylase negative; resistant to novobiocin and susceptible to polymyxin B | 35 |
| Streptococcus pacificus sp. nov. | Streptococcaceae | Lung tissue of California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from the United States with acute domoic acid toxicity | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive coccus; ≤1-mm-diam gray, translucent, incomplete alpha-hemolytic colonies on blood agar; growth at 37°C; does not react with Lancefield A, B, C, D, F, or G antisera; Voges-Proskauer test and esculin hydrolysis positive; hippurate, H2S, and nitrite reduction negative | 27 |
| Streptococcus zalophi sp. nov. | Streptococcaceae | Lung tissue of California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from the United States with chronic domoic acid toxicity | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive coccus; ≤1-mm-diam gray, translucent, incomplete alpha-hemolytic colonies on blood agar; growth at 37°C; does not react with Lancefield A, B, C, D, F, or G antisera; hippurate and Voges-Proskauer test positive; H2S and nitrate reduction negative | 27 |
| Gram-positive bacilli | ||||
| Virgibacillus phasianinus sp. nov. | Bacillaceae | Feces of Swinhoe’s pheasant (Lophura swinhoii) from South Korea | Aerobic, motile, catalase-positive, Gram-positive bacillus; 0.5- to 1-mm-diam beige, convex, circular colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 30°C; acid phosphatase positive; produces acid from glycerol, d-galactose, d-glucose, d-mannose, d-mannitol, maltose, sucrose, l-fucose, and d-arabitol; assimilates d-mannose, d-mannitol, N-acetylglucosamine, maltose, and potassium gluconate; urease, β-glucuronidase, and d-xylose negative | 76 |
| Tumebacillus avium sp. nov. | Alicyclobacillaceae | Gut of cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) from South Korea | Facultative, motile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; circular, smooth, white colonies on Reasoner’s 2A agar; optimal growth at 25°C–30°C; ribose and N-acetylglucosamine positive; nitrate reduction, DNase, and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase negative | 77 |
| Actinomyces tangfeifanii sp. nov. | Actinomycetaceae | Rectal swab from wild vulture (Aegypius monachus) from Tibet-Qinghai Plateau, China; taxon has been subject to subsequent revision to the novel genus Boudabousia (Table 2) | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive bacillus; 0.6- to 1-mm-diam gray/white, opaque, shiny colonies on sheep blood agar; cultivated at 37°C; produces acid from d-xylose and d-galactose; positive for nitrate reduction, gelatin hydrolysis, and α-fucosidase; negative for melibiose, sucrose, trehalose, melezitose, raffinose, d-mannose, l-sorbose, starch, and α-glucosidase | 78 |
| Nocardioides houyundeii sp. nov. | Nocardioidaceae | Feces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, nonmotile, Gram-positive bacillus; cream-colored, convex, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar with 5% sheep agar; optimal growth at 28°C; positive reactions for α-glucosidase and d-tagatose; negative reactions for trypsin, d-arabitol, and d-mannitol | 79 |
| Cohnella faecalis sp. nov. | Paenibacillaceae | Animal feces collected from a karst cave in China | Aerobic, motile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; white, convex, smooth colonies on Reasoner’s 2A agar; optimal growth at 30°C; positive reaction for potassium gluconate; negative reactions for d-mannose, d-mannitol, N-acetyl-gluconate, and α-galactosidase | 80 |
| Salinibacterium hongtaonis sp. nov. | Microbacteriaceae | Feces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; pale yellow, opaque, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar with 5% sheep blood; optimal growth at 28°C; positive reactions for l-arabinose, α-galactosidase, and β-glucosidase; negative reactions for d-mannose, starch, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, and β-galactosidase | 81 |
| Mycetocola zhujimingii sp. nov. | Microbacteriaceae | Feces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; yellow, opaque, shiny, thick colonies on brain heart infusion agar; optimal growth at 28°C; positive reactions for d-tagatose, cystine arylamidase, and α-mannosidase; negative reactions for d-glucose, maltose, d-gentiobiose, and α-glucosidase | 82 |
| Paraliobacillus zengyii sp. nov. | Bacillaceae | Feces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Facultative, motile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1-mm-diam creamy white to pale yellow, convex, round colonies on brain heart infusion agar with 3% NaCl; optimal growth at 28°C; positive reactions for melibiose, d-mannitol, and d-xylose; negative reactions for leucine arylamidase, α-glucosidase, raffinose, sucrose, turanose, and melezitose | 83 |
| Filibacter tadaridae sp. nov. | Caryophanaceae | Isolated from guano of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) from the United States | Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 2- to 3-mm-diam beige, convex, circular colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 25°C–28°C; negative reactions for urease, d-glucose, and β-galactosidase | 84 |
| Fudania jinshanensis gen. nov., sp. nov. | Actinomycetaceae | Feces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Facultative, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; <1-mm-diam white, opaque, convex, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar with 5% sheep blood; optimal growth at 37°C; positive reactions for d-galactose, starch, and glycogen; negative reaction for trehalose | 85 |
| Actinomyces lilanjuaniae sp. nov. | Actinomycetaceae | Feces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; white, dry, opaque, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar; optimal growth at 37°C; positive reactions for d-adonitol and d-xylose; negative reactions for d-mannose, d-melibiose, and esterase | 86 |
| Nocardioides yefusunii sp. nov. | Nocardioidaceae | Feces of Tibetan wild ass (Equus kiang) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam yellow, convex, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar with 5% sheep blood; optimal growth at 28°C; positive reactions for β-glucosidase, d-fructose, and d-ribose; negative reactions for cellobiose, trehalose, and α-glucosidase | 87 |
| Actinomyces qiguomingii sp. nov. | Actinomycetaceae | Feces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1-mm-diam white, convex, circular colonies on brain heart infusion-sheep blood agar; optimal growth at 37°C; positive reactions for d-mannitol, inulin, and alkaline phosphatase; negative reactions for d-arabitol and C4 esterase | 88 |
| Microbacterium wangchenii sp. nov. | Microbacteriaceae | Fecal sample from Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; yellowish, convex, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar with 5% sheep blood; optimal growth at 30°C; positive reactions for nitrate reduction, α-mannosidase, d-arabinose, and d-lyxose; negative reaction for β-galactosidase | 89 |
| Psychrobacillus vulpis sp. nov. | Caryophanaceae | Feces of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from Spain | Facultative, motile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; gray, transparent, vortex colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 28°C; positive reactions for l-tyrosine, N-acetylglucosamine, and adipic acid; negative reactions for gelatin hydrolysis, urea hydrolysis, and starch | 90 |
| Weissella muntiaci sp. nov. | Leuconostocaceae | Feces of Formosan barking deer (Muntiacus reevesi) from Taiwan | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam white, flat, circular colonies on MRS agar; optimal growth at 30°C; positive reactions for l-arabinose and acetoin production; negative reactions for d-fructose, d-mannose, maltose, and esculin hydrolysis | 91 |
| Cellulomonas shaoxiangyii sp. nov. | Cellulomonadaceae | Feces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive bacillus; 0.5- to 1.1-mm-diam yellow, moist, circular colonies on Reasoner’s 2A agar; optimal growth at 28°C; positive reactions for l-rhamnose, urea, and Voges-Proskauer tests; negative reactions for raffinose, d-mannitol, and gelatinase | 92 |
| Mumia zhuanghuii sp. nov. | Nocardioidaceae | Intestinal contents of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 0.2- to 0.5-mm-diam white, opaque, dry colonies on brain heart infusion agar; optimal growth at 28°C; positive reactions for d-arabinose, methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside, arbutin, and d-lyxose; negative reactions for d-ribose, d-galactose, d-fucose, and l-fucose | 93 |
| Agromyces badenianii sp. nov. | Microbacteriaceae | Intestinal contents of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, Gram-positive bacillus; yellow, convex, circular colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 28°C; negative reactions for d-fructose, arbutin, salicin, starch, and leucine arylamidase | 94 |
| Georgenia wutianyii sp. nov. | Bogoriellaceae | Intestinal contents of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive bacillus; 0.8- to 1.1-mm-diam yellow, opaque, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar; optimal growth at 28°C; positive reactions for l-xylose, acid phosphatase, and arbutin; negative reactions for d-ribose, alkaline phosphatase, and α-glucosidase | 95 |
| Georgenia yuyongxinii sp. nov. | Bogoriellaceae | Intestinal contents of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive bacillus; 0.6- to 1-mm-diam yellow, opaque, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar; optimal growth at 28°C; positive reactions for d-ribose, alkaline phosphatase, and α-glucosidase; negative reactions for arbutin, d-galactose, gentiobiose, and acid phosphatase | 95 |
| Corynebacterium silvaticum sp. nov. | Corynebacteriaceae | Gross lesions caused by lamellar lymph node abscesses of wild boar and roe deer from Germany | Aerobic, microaerophilic, motile, catalase-variable, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; white, waxy, small colonies on sheep blood agar; optimal growth at 37°C; positive reactions for urea, glucose, ribose, and maltose; negative reactions for glycogen, esculin, gelatin, mannitol, and sucrose | 36 |
| Nocardioides jishulii sp. nov. | Nocardioidaceae | Feces of Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; yellowish, convex, opaque colonies on brain heart infusion agar with 5% sheep blood; optimal growth at 28°C; positive reactions for acid phosphatase, cellobiose, and d-fructose; negative reactions for d-ribose, melibiose, and mannitol | 96 |
| Actinomyces wuliandei sp. nov. | Actinomycetaceae | Feces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Nonmotile Gram-positive bacillus; white, smooth, moist colonies on brain heart infusion-sheep blood agar; optimal growth at 37°C; positive reactions for d-xylose, melezitose, glycogen, starch, and C4 esterase; negative reactions for valine arylamidase, α-galactosidase, and β-galactosidase | 97 |
| Corynebacterium liangguodongii sp. nov. | Corynebacteriaceae | Feces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 0.8- to 1.5-mm-diam white, opaque, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar with 5% sheep blood; optimal growth at 37°C; positive reactions for d-fructose, 5-potassium ketogluconate, and α-chymotrypsin; negative reactions for lactose, d-tagatose, and nitrate reduction | 97 |
| Corynebacterium yudongzhengii sp. nov. | Corynebacteriaceae | Feces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 0.1- to 0.5-mm-diam yellow, dry, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar with 5% sheep blood; optimal growth at 37°C; positive reactions for esculin, ribose, 5-potassium ketogluconate, and α-chymotrypsin; negative reactions for lactose and nitrate reduction | 97 |
| Oceanobacillus zhaokaii sp. nov. | Bacillaceae | Feces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, motile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 1.8-mm-diam white, convex, circular colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 35°C; positive reactions for amygdalin, glycerol, l-arabinose, and alkaline phosphatase; negative reactions for d-xylose, melibiose, raffinose, and acid phosphatase | 97 |
| Aeromicrobium chenweiae sp. nov. | Nocardioidaceae | Feces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; white, convex, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar; optimal growth at 28°C; positive reactions for N-acetylglucosamine, mannitol, α-fucosidase, and α-mannosidase; negative reactions for glycerol, maltose, and β-glucosidase | 98 |
| Aeromicrobium yanjiei sp. nov. | Nocardioidaceae | Intestinal contents of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; white, convex, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar; optimal growth at 28°C; positive reactions for d-glucose, maltose, and β-glucosidase; negative reactions for inositol, l-arabinose, acid phosphatase, and cysteine arylamidase | 98 |
| Gulosibacter macacae sp. nov. | Microbacteriaceae | Feces of Macaca mulatta from China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 0.5- to 0.8-mm-diam white, convex, circular colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 30°C–37°C; positive reactions for d-fructose, d-mannitol, trypsin, and β-glucuronidase; negative reactions for inositol, trehalose, salicin, and C4 esterase | 99 |
| Flaviflexus ciconiae sp. nov. | Actinomycetaceae | Feces of Oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana) from South Korea | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; beige, raised, circular colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 30°C–37°C; l-xylose, inositol, methyl-β-d-glucoside, N-acetyl-neuraminic acid, inosine, d-arabitol, myo-inositol, d-gluconic acid, Tween 40, l-xylose, inositol, and β-galactosidase positive; l-malic acid, leucine arylamidase, d-xylose, and raffinose negative | 100 |
| Corynebacterium anserum sp. nov. | Corynebacteriaceae | Feces of white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) from China | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam creamy/white, convex, circular colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 35°C–37°C; acid phosphatase, galactose, and glucose positive; urease, cellobiose, trehalose, and ribose negative; reported susceptibility to penicillin, erythromycin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and gentamicin | 101 |
| Microbacterium caowuchunii sp. nov. | Microbacteriaceae | Intestinal contents of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive bacillus; 1.2- to 2.6-mm-diam ivory, opaque, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar; optimal growth at 28°C; positive reactions for d-arabitol, erythritol, and C8 esterase lipase; negative reactions for salicin, amygdalin, and melezitose | 102 |
| Microbacterium lushaniae sp. nov. | Microbacteriaceae | Intestinal contents of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive bacillus; 0.3- to 0.6-mm-diam white, opaque, dry colonies on brain heart infusion agar; optimal growth at 28°C; positive reactions for d-arabitol, erythritol, and C8 esterase lipase; negative reactions for salicin, amygdalin, and melezitose | 102 |
| Actinomyces marmotae sp. nov. | Actinomycetaceae | Respiratory tract of Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; white, opaque, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar with 5% sheep blood; optimal growth at 35°C; positive reactions for d-ribose, d-xylose, and arginine arylamidase; negative reactions for lactose, d-mannitol, inulin, and β-glucuronidase | 30 |
| Actinomyces procaprae sp. nov. | Actinomycetaceae | Feces of Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; white, opaque, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar with 5% sheep blood; optimal growth at 37°C; positive reactions for lactose, melezitose, and α-galactosidase; negative reactions for d-ribose, arginine arylamidase, and β-glucosidase | 30 |
| Corynebacterium lizhenjunii sp. nov. | Corynebacteriaceae | Respiratory tract of Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam pale yellow, convex, opaque colonies on brain heart infusion agar; optimal growth at 37°C; positive reactions for esculin, d-fructose, and sucrose; negative reactions for alkaline phosphatase, d-galactose, and maltose | 31 |
| Corynebacterium qintianiae sp. nov. | Corynebacteriaceae | Lung tissue of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam bright yellow, convex, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar; optimal growth at 37°C; positive reactions for alkaline phosphatase, d-mannose, d-glucose, and d-fructose; negative reactions for esculin and d-mannitol | 31 |
| Microbacterium chengjingii sp. nov. | Microbacteriaceae | Feces of bats (Hipposideros spp.) from China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive bacillus; white, round, moist, convex colonies on brain heart infusion agar; optimal growth at 28°C; α-mannosidase, β-glucosidase, d-adonitol, and d-ribose positive; α-galactosidase and methyl-β-d-xylopyranoside negative | 103 |
| Microbacterium fandaimingii sp. nov. | Microbacteriaceae | Feces of bats (Rousettus spp.) from China | Aerobic, motile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive bacillus; white, round, moist, convex colonies on brain heart infusion agar; optimal growth at 28°C; α-galactosidase and methyl-β-d-xylopyranoside positive; α-mannosidase, β-glucosidase, d-adonitol, and d-ribose negative | 103 |
| Gordonia jinghuaiqii sp. nov. | Gordoniaceae | Rectum of Himalayan marmot (Marmot himalayana) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Facultative, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive bacillus; beige, convex, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar with 5% sheep blood; optimal growth at 35°C; positive reactions for ribose, glucose, esculin, and urease; negative reactions for galactose, maltose, citrate, and alkaline phosphatase | 104 |
| Gordonia zhaorongruii sp. nov. | Gordoniaceae | Feces of wild ass (Equus kiang) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam creamy, convex, round colonies on brain heart infusion agar with 5% sheep blood; optimal growth at 28°C; positive reactions for glucose, fructose, maltose, and alkaline phosphatase; negative reactions for urease, galactose, and maltose | 104 |
| Nocardioides dongkuii sp. nov. | Nocardioidaceae | Feces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; cream-colored, convex, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar with 5% sheep blood; optimal growth at 28°C; positive reactions for d-galactose, d-xylose, and l-arabinose; negative reactions for alkaline phosphatase and C14 lipase | 105 |
| Ruania zhangjianzhongii sp. nov. | Ruaniaceae | Feces of bats (Hipposideros spp.) from China | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, Gram-positive bacillus; circular, opaque, oyster white, convex colonies on sheep blood agar; optimal growth at 25°C; α-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, leucine arylamidase, melibiose, and trehalose positive; nitrate reduction, citrate, acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and methyl-β-d-xylopyranoside negative | 106 |
| Corynebacterium zhongnanshanii sp. nov. | Corynebacteriaceae | Trachea of Himalayan marmot (Marmot himalayana) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam gray, convex, circular colonies on brain heart infusion agar with 5% defibrinated sheep blood; optimal growth at 35°C–37°C; positive reactions for C8 esterase lipase, urease, d-glucose, and ribose; negative reactions for leucine arylamidase, cellobiose, galactose, and lactose | 32 |
| Corynebacterium heidelbergense sp. nov. | Corynebacteriaceae | Preen glands of Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus) from Germany | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 0.5-mm-diam circular, nonpigmented, nonviscous, convex colonies on Columbia blood agar when cultivated at 37°C; positive for pyrazinamidase, urease, lipophilism, and acid from glucose; negative for pyrrolidonyl arylamidase and acid from ribose; MIC of ≤1 μg/mL reported for ampicillin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and vancomycin; polymyxin B MIC of >64 μg/mL | 107 c |
| Gram-negative diplococci | ||||
| Neisseria zalophi sp. nov. | Neisseriaceae | Oral cavity of California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative diplococcus and coccobacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam circular, opaque, convex, gray-pigmented, nonhemolytic colonies cultivated on Columbia agar incubated at 36°C with 5% CO2; no growth on MacConkey agar or modified Thayer-Martin agar; positive for nitrate reductase, proline arylamidase, C8 esterase lipase, cystine acrylamidase, and acid phosphatase; negative for d-glucose and alkaline phosphatase | 108 d |
| Neisseria weixii sp. nov. | Neisseriaceae | Rectal contents of Tibetan Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Facultative, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative diplococcus; 1.0- to 1.2-mm-diam raised, moist, ivory/white colonies on nutrient agar; growth at 22°C–42°C; no growth on MacConkey agar; nitrate reduction, alkaline phosphatase, leucine arylamidase, acid phosphatase, glucose, fructose, sucrose, proline arylamidase, and gluconate positive; C8 esterase lipase, ornithine decarboxylase, erythritol, mannose, and xylitol negative | 109 |
| Roseomonas wenyumeiae sp. nov. | Acetobacteraceae | Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) feces from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, motile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative coccus; 0.28- to 0.96-mm-diam pink, moist, opaque, circular, smooth colonies on Reasoner’s 2A agar; optimal growth at 28°C–30°C; glycerol, d-galactose, d-glucose, d-mannitol, valeric acid, l-arabinose, and β-glucuronidase positive; adipic acid, alkaline phosphatase, C4 esterase, C8 esterase lipase, leucine arylamidase, acid phosphatase, and l-arginine negative | 110 |
| Gram-negative bacilli and coccobacilli | ||||
| Flavobacterium kingsejongi sp. nov. | Flavobacteriaceae | Feces of penguins from Antarctica | Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative bacillus; yellow/orange, circular colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 25°C; amygdalin, gelatin, starch, β-galactosidase, and tryptophan deaminase positive; nitrate reductase, l-arabinose, d-mannose, maltose, casein, and acid phosphatase negative | 111 |
| Oceanisphaera avium sp. nov. | Aeromonadaceae | Gut of cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) in South Korea | Aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, Gram-negative bacillus; smooth, circular, beige colonies on modified tryptone-yeast extract-salt agar; optimal growth at 15°C–25°C; positive for C4 esterase and d,l-lactic acid; negative for nitrate reduction, urease, alkaline phosphatase, valine arylamidase, and acid phosphatase; unable to assimilate glycogen, succinamic acid, l-proline, monomethyl ester, hydroxy-l-proline, d-serine, and α-ketoglutaric acid | 112 |
| Gorillibacterium massiliense gen. nov., sp. nov. | Paenibacillaceae | Feces of a gorilla from Cameroon | Facultative, nonmotile, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative bacillus; 0.5- to 1-mm-diam bright gray colonies on blood-enriched Columbia agar; optimal growth at 37°C; salicin, d-trehalose, d-melezitose, and glycogen positive; ribose, d-galactose, and amygdalin negative | 113 e |
| Enterobacter oligotrophica sp. nov. | Enterobacteriaceae | Initially recovered from leaf soil from Japan; recent report of isolation from a Caribbean lizard described in reference 114 | Aerobic, motile, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative bacillus; 5-mm-diam light yellow, circular, smooth, glistening colonies on nutrient broth plates; optimal growth at 20°C; growth observed in nutrient-deficient medium; l-rhamnose, d-sorbitol, d-arabinose, l-fucose, d-lyxose, arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, and ornithine decarboxylase positive; d-sucrose, d-melibiose, d-turanose, Voges-Proskauer test, inositol, and d-arabitol negative | 115 f |
| Iodobacter ciconiae sp. nov. | Chromobacteriaceae | Fecal sample from Oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana) collected from a zoo in South Korea | Facultative, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, Gram-negative bacillus; circular, beige, raised colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 15°C; utilization of sucrose, acetoacetic acid, and l-lactic acid; N-acetylglucosamine, maltose, alkaline phosphatase, and valine arylamidase positive; d-mannose, d-fructose, l-histidine, d-arabinose, and arginine dihydrolase negative | 116 |
| Klebsiella africana sp. nov. | Enterobacteriaceae | Initial characterization from human isolate described in reference 117 and discussed previously in reference 118; recent report of isolation from Australian fruit bats (Pteropus poliocephalus) in reference 119 | General characteristics analogous to those of Klebsiella pneumoniae (urease, Voges-Proskauer test, ONPG, and lysine decarboxylase positive; indole and ornithine decarboxylase negative); differentiated from other K. pneumoniae complex members by its inability to metabolize d-arabitol | 117 g |
| Rickettsia monacensis sp. nov. | Rickettsiaceae | Initially recovered in 2002 from Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe; recent report of isolation from bats in reference 53 | Intracellular propagation in cultures of mouse L-929, African green monkey Vero, I. ricinus IRE11, Ixodes scapularis ISE6, and Dermacentor andersoni DAE100 cells; organisms found free within the cytoplasm of host cells (occasionally within nuclei); ultrastructure similar to those of other rickettsiae (size range, 1–1.5 μm by 0.3–0.4 μm) | 49 g |
| Flavobacterium macacae sp. nov. | Flavobacteriaceae | Feces of primate (Macaca mulatta) from China | Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative bacillus; yellow, viscous colonies on Luria-Bertani agar, nutrient agar, Reasoner’s 2A agar, and tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 28°C; arabinose, C4 esterase, and C8 esterase lipase positive; gelatin hydrolysis, starch hydrolysis, amygdalin, gluconate, valine arylamidase, α-chymotrypsin, and adipate negative | 120 |
| Psychrobacter pygoscelis sp. nov. | Moraxellaceae | Gentoo penguin chick (Pygoscelis papua) in Chilean Antarctica | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, Gram-negative coccobacillus; white/beige, circular, shiny, smooth colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 4°C–30°C; urease, dextrin, and lipase positive; Tween 80, d-glucosamine, 5-keto-d-gluconic acid, alkaline phosphatase, and cystine arylamidase negative | 121 |
| Pseudomonas leptonychotis sp. nov. | Pseudomonadaceae | Anal mucous membrane of seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) from Antarctica | Motile, oxidase-positive, Gram-negative bacillus; 2-mm-diam circular, yellow, irregular, smooth, shiny colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 25°C; growth on MacConkey agar; beta-hemolysis not observed on blood agar; malonate, gelatin, casein, l-histidine, and d-serine positive; l-serine and DNase negative | 122 |
| Apibacter raozihei sp. nov. | Weeksellaceae | Feces of bats (Hipposideros spp. and Taphozous spp.) from China | Facultative, nonmotile, oxidase-negative, Gram-negative bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam shiny, convex, yellow colonies on sheep blood agar; optimal growth at 35°C; growth on MacConkey agar; β-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, gentiobiose, and starch positive; negative for trypsin activity | 123 |
| Faecalibacter macacae gen. nov., sp. nov. | Flavobacteriaceae | Feces of monkey (Macaca assamensis) from China | Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, Gram-negative bacillus; 1- to 8-mm-diam colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 37°C–42°C; starch, Tween 80, urease, and nitrate reductase positive; d-glucose and indole negative; reported susceptibility to ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, penicillin, polymyxin B, and vancomycin; reported resistance to ampicillin | 124 |
| Paracoccus liaowanqingii sp. nov. | Rhodobacteraceae | Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) feces from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative bacillus; circular, orange, shiny, thin colonies on marine agar; optimal growth at 28°C; N-acetylglucosamine, C14 lipase, and β-glucuronidase positive; d-fucose, leucine arylamidase, and α-glucosidase negative | 125 |
| Bartonella kosoyi sp. nov. | Bartonellaceae | Blood of black rats (Rattus rattus) from Israel | Capnophilic, oxidase-negative, Gram-negative bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam smooth, circular colonies on chocolate agar; optimal growth at 37°C; arginine arylamidase and leucine arylamidase positive; proline, urease, and acetoin negative | 40 |
| Lysobacter pythonis sp. nov. | Lysobacteraceae | Respiratory tract of a python (Python regius) experiencing respiratory distress | Motile Gram-negative bacillus; yellow-pigmented colonies on peptone-yeast extract agar; growth also observed on 5% sheep blood agar and Sabouraud agar (weak growth); no growth on MacConkey agar; acetate, trans-aconitate, citrate, dl-lactate, oxoglutarate, and pyruvate positive; hydrolyzes pNP-phenyl-phosphonate and pNP-phosphoryl-choline; d-cellobiose, d-fructose, d-glucose, d-maltose, d-xylose, d-trehalose, d-ribose, fumarate, sucrose, salicin, l-aspartate, l-proline, and l-serine negative | 46 h |
| Oceanivirga miroungae sp. nov. | Leptotrichiaceae | Oral cavity of wild northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) from California | Facultative, nonmotile, oxidase-negative, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative bacillus; capable of growth on PPLO, Columbia, brain heart infusion, and Wilkins-Chalgren anaerobic agars supplemented with 10–15% serum (1- to 3-mm-diam smooth, creamy colonies that slightly resemble a fried egg); optimal growth at 34°C–37°C; mild alpha-hemolysis when grown on media containing blood; no growth on MacConkey agar; arginine arylamidase, glycogen, sucrose, urease, leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, α-chymotrypsin, and α-glucosidase positive; l-pyrrolidonyl-arylamidase, phenylphosphonate, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase negative | 126 |
| Yersinia thracica sp. nov. | Yersiniaceae | Feces of wild boar (also isolated from pig, fish, and bird); archival isolate from reference laboratory in France | Facultative, oxidase-negative, Gram-negative bacillus; 50% of strains nonmotile when tested at 28°C; 2.5-mm-diam circular colonies with deep-red center surrounded by a pale transparent border on cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin agar at 28°C; urease, ornithine decarboxylase (75% of tested strains), and β-galactosidase (75% of tested strains) positive; citrate, arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, tryptophan deaminase, indole, Voges Proskauer test, and gelatinase negative | 127 |
| Acinetobacter lanii sp. nov. | Moraxellaceae | Feces of Tibetan wild ass (Equus kiang) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-negative, Gram-negative coccobacillus; opaque, milky white, convex colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 28°C; beta-hemolysis not observed on blood agar; β-alanine positive; citrate, l-arginine, l-glutamate, and gentisate negative | 128 |
| Acinetobacter shaoyimingii sp. nov. | Moraxellaceae | Feces of Tibetan wild ass (Equus kiang) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-negative, Gram-negative coccobacillus; opaque, milky white, convex colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 28°C; beta-hemolysis not observed on blood agar; β-alanine and l-glutamate positive; citrate, l-arginine, and gentisate negative; respiratory quinone distribution of 7.0% Q-8, 88.0% C-9, 4.1% Q-10 | 128 |
| Acinetobacter wanghuae sp. nov. | Moraxellaceae | Feces of Tibetan wild ass (Equus kiang) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Aerobic, nonmotile, oxidase-negative, Gram-negative coccobacillus; opaque, milky white, convex colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 28°C; beta-hemolysis not observed on blood agar; l-glutamate and β-alanine positive; citrate, l-arginine, and gentisate negative; respiratory quinone distribution of 3.6% Q-8, 89.3% Q-9, 7.0% Q-10 | 128 |
| Jinshanibacter xujianqingii sp. nov. | Budviciaceae | Cloacal content of snow finch (Montifringilla taczanowskii); taxon now considered to be homotypic synonym (Table 2) | Facultative, motile, oxidase-negative, Gram-negative bacillus; small, circular, convex, cream-colored colonies on nutrient agar; optimal growth at 28°C; positive for acid phosphatase, esterase, leucine arylamidase, l-arabinose, and gentiobiose; negative for valine arylamidase, d-fructose, d-mannitol, hydrogen sulfide, salicin, and inositol | 129 |
| Jinshanibacter zhutongyuii sp. nov. | Budviciaceae | Cloacal content of snow finch (Montifringilla taczanowskii) | Facultative, motile, oxidase-negative, Gram-negative bacillus; small, circular, convex, cream-colored colonies on nutrient agar; optimal growth at 28°C; positive for acid phosphatase, esterase, leucine arylamidase, l-arabinose, gentiobiose, valine arylamidase, d-fructose, and d-mannitol; negative for hydrogen sulfide, salicin, and inositol | 129 |
| Pelistega ratti sp. nov. | Alcaligenaceae | Feces of rats (Rattus norvegicus) from China | Facultative, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative bacillus; 1-mm-diam convex, opaque, circular, milky white colonies on brain heart infusion-sheep blood agar; optimal growth at 37°C; gelatinase, C8 esterase lipase, and tyrosine arylamidase positive; l-lactate, malic acid, and valine arylamidase negative | 130 |
| Spirabiliibacterium falconis comb. nov. | Pasteurellaceae | Bronchopneumonia in a kestrel | Phenotypic characteristics are largely consistent with those of other Pasteurellaceae; nonmotile, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative coccobacillus; does not require hemin for growth; pinpoint-sized to 1.5-mm-diam nonhemolytic colonies; growth may be enhanced by incubation on enhanced chocolate agar in 35°C CO2; V-factor requirement, d-xylose, trehalose, α-glucosidase, and β-glucosidase positive; catalase, sucrose, and esculin negative | 47 |
| Spirabiliibacterium pneumoniae comb. nov. | Pasteurellaceae | Pneumonia in a pigeon hawk | Phenotypic characteristics are largely consistent with those of other Pasteurellaceae; nonmotile, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative coccobacillus; does not require hemin for growth; pinpoint-sized to 1.5-mm-diam nonhemolytic colonies; growth may be enhanced by incubation on enhanced chocolate agar in 35°C CO2; catalase positive; d-xylose, sucrose, esculin, β-glucosidase, V-factor requirement, trehalose, and α-glucosidase negative; formerly classified as Bisgaard taxon 32 | 47 |
| Faecalibacter rhinopitheci sp. nov. | Flavobacteriaceae | Feces of wild Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) from China | Facultative, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, Gram-negative bacillus; yellow colonies on tryptic soy agar; optimal growth at 28°C–35°C; d-glucose, α-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, α-mannosidase, and Tween 60 positive; cellulose and nitrate reduction negative | 131 |
| Luteolibacter ambystomatis sp. nov. | Verrucomicrobiaceae | Skin lesion of Anderson’s salamander (Ambystoma andersoni) from Austria | Nonmotile, oxidase-negative, Gram-negative bacillus; optimal growth at 20°C–28°C under aerobic conditions; beta-hemolysis not observed on blood agar; leucine arylamidase, α-galactosidase, C4 esterase, and C8 esterase lipase positive; α-chymotrypsin, α-mannosidase, trypsin, α-glucosidase, and urease negative | 132 |
| Paralysiella testudinis gen. nov., sp. nov. | Neisseriaceae | Inflamed cloaca of zoo-kept toad-headed turtle (Mesoclemmys nasuta) | Aerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, Gram-negative bacillus; 5-mm-diam beige-pigmented, nonhemolytic colonies on 3.3× peptone-yeast extract agar; growth range at 20°C–37°C; no growth on MacConkey agar; d-arabinose, C4 esterase, leucine arylamidase, cysteine arylamidase, α-galactosidase, and d-mannose positive; d-melezitose, maltose, d-glucose, d-sorbitol, sucrose, dulcitol, raffinose, lactose, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase, esculin, gelatinase, urease, and citrate negative | 133 |
| Gram-positive anaerobes | ||||
| Bifidobacterium callitrichidarum sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of emperor tamarin (Sanguinus imperator) from Italy | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerophilic and microaerophilic conditions), nonmotile, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam white, opaque, smooth colonies on tryptone-yeast extract agar; optimal growth at 45°C; hydrolyzes esculin; α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, α-arabinosidase, and arginine dihydrolase positive; d-ribose, alkaline phosphatase, leucyl glycine arylamidase, glycine arylamidase, and urease negative | 134 |
| Bifidobacterium vansinderenii sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of emperor tamarin (Sanguinus imperator) | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic conditions), nonmotile, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2.5-mm-diam white, circular colonies on MRS agar; anaerobic growth range at 25°C–42°C; aerobic growth range at 35°C–42°C; strong fermentation of fructose, galactose, glucose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, melibiose, raffinose, and sucrose; weak fermentation of glycogen and xylose; arginine dihydrolase, α-glucosidase, and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase positive; β-glucuronidase, glutamic acid decarboxylase, pyroglutamic acid arylamidase, and serine arylamidase negative | 135 |
| Bifidobacterium catulorum sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam white, opaque, smooth, circular colonies on tryptone-yeast extract agar; optimal growth at 37°C; d-ribose, d-sorbitol, turanose, d-arabitol, α-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, and arginine arylamidase positive; glycerol, d-galactose, d-mannose, l-rhamnose, salicin, cellobiose, raffinose, urease, l-arginine, and alanine arylamidase negative | 136 |
| Bifidobacterium aerophilum sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus L.) from Italy | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam white, opaque, smooth, circular colonies on the surface of tryptone-yeast extract agar; embedded colonies are lens shaped or elliptical; optimal growth at 40°C; α-arabinosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, d-mannose, arbutin, d-maltose, and d-saccharose positive; l-xylose, gentiobiose, and arginine dihydrolase negative | 137 i |
| Bifidobacterium avesanii sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus L.) from Italy | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1.5- to 2.5-mm-diam white, opaque, smooth, circular colonies on the surface of tryptone-yeast extract agar; embedded colonies are lens shaped or elliptical; optimal growth at 40°C; d-saccharose and l-xylose positive; α-arabinosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, d-mannose, arbutin, d-maltose, d-ribose, β-glucosidase, gentiobiose, and arginine dihydrolase negative | 137 j |
| Bifidobacterium ramosum sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus L.) from Italy | Anaerobic (can also grow under microaerophilic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2.5-mm-diam white, opaque, smooth, circular colonies on the surface of tryptone-yeast extract agar; embedded colonies are lens shaped or elliptical; optimal growth at 40°C; α-arabinosidase, d-ribose, gentiobiose, and arginine dihydrolase positive; N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, d-mannose, arbutin, d-maltose, β-glucosidase, d-saccharose, and l-xylose negative | 137 i |
| Bifidobacterium callimiconis sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of Goeldi’s marmoset (Callimico goeldii) | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2.5-mm-diam white, circular colonies on MRS agar; optimal growth at 30°C–37°C; positive reactions for d-mannitol, d-arabinose, turanose, trehalose, d-sorbitol, and l-rhamnose; negative reaction for N-acetyl-d-galactosamine | 138 |
| Bifidobacterium castoris sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of European beaver (Castor fiber) | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2.5-mm-diam white, circular colonies on MRS agar; optimal growth at 30°C–37°C; positive reactions for N-acetyl-d-galactosamine and trehalose; negative reactions for d-fructose and d-arabinose | 138 |
| Bifidobacterium dolichotidis sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of Patagonian mara (Dolichotis patagonum) | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2.5-mm-diam white, circular colonies on MRS agar; optimal growth at 35°C–37°C; positive reactions for d-arabinose and d-xylose; negative reactions for N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, trehalose, and turanose | 138 |
| Bifidobacterium goeldii sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of Goeldi’s marmoset (Callimico goeldii) | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2.5-mm-diam white, circular colonies on MRS agar; optimal growth at 30°C–37°C; positive reactions for d-fructose and d-glucose; negative reactions for maltodextrin, d-mannitol, and trehalose | 138 |
| Bifidobacterium samirii sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of black-capped squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis subsp. peruviensis) | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam white, circular colonies on MRS agar; optimal growth at 35°C–40°C; positive reactions for d-fructose and raffinose; negative reactions for d-xylose, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, turanose, and trehalose | 138 |
| Bifidobacterium jacchi sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of baby common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam white, opaque, circular colonies on tryptone-yeast extract agar; optimal growth at 37°C; positive reactions for N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, d-ribose, d-galactose, and arbutin; negative reactions for melezitose, esculin, and alanine arylamidase | 139 |
| Alloscardovia theropitheci sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of adult gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada) from Italy | Anaerobic, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam circular, white, opaque, smooth colonies on tryptone-yeast extract agar; optimal growth at 37°C; α-arabinosidase, α-fucosidase, α-mannosidase, leucyl glycine arylamidase, proline arylamidase, alanine arylamidase, glycine arylamidase, and arbutin positive; d-xylose, cellobiose, lactose, starch, glycogen, and turanose negative | 140 |
| Bifidobacterium primatium sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) from Italy | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam white, opaque, smooth, circular colonies on the surface of tryptone-yeast extract agar; embedded colonies are lens shaped or elliptical; optimal growth at 37°C; arginine arylamidase, leucyl glycine arylamidase, glycine arylamidase, d-galactose, d-sorbitol, arbutin, d-lactose, d-raffinose, glycogen, and d-arabitol positive; α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, α-arabinosidase, d-adonitol, glutamyl glutamic acid, and amygdalin negative | 141 h |
| Bifidobacterium scaligerum sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) from Italy | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, nonhemolytic, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam white, opaque, smooth, circular colonies on the surface of tryptone-yeast extract agar; embedded colonies are lens shaped or elliptical; optimal growth at 37°C; α-arabinosidase, arginine arylamidase, leucyl glycine arylamidase, glycine arylamidase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, d-galactose, amygdalin, d-lactose, d-raffinose, and glutamyl glutamic acid positive; d-sorbitol, arbutin, glycogen, d-adonitol, and d-arabitol negative | 141 h |
| Bifidobacterium felsineum sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator) from Italy | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, nonhemolytic, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam white, opaque, smooth, circular colonies on the surface of tryptone-yeast extract agar; embedded colonies are lens shaped or elliptical; optimal growth at 37°C; leucyl glycine arylamidase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, d-adonitol, d-raffinose, and arbutin positive; α-arabinosidase, arginine arylamidase, glycine arylamidase, d-galactose, amygdalin, d-lactose, glutamyl glutamic acid, d-sorbitol, glycogen, and d-arabitol negative | 141 h |
| Bifidobacterium simiarum sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator) from Italy | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1.5- to 2-mm-diam white, opaque, smooth, circular colonies on the surface of tryptone-yeast extract agar; embedded colonies are lens shaped or elliptical; optimal growth at 37°C; α-arabinosidase, arginine arylamidase, glycine arylamidase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, d-galactose, amygdalin, d-lactose, and arbutin positive; leucyl glycine arylamidase, d-raffinose, glutamyl glutamic acid, d-sorbitol, glycogen, d-adonitol, and d-arabitol negative | 141 h |
| Bifidobacterium erythrocebi sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) from Czechia | Anaerobic, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 2- to 3-mm-diam white, circular (with a 2nd slimy layer) colonies on the surface of supplemented Wilkins-Chalgren medium; embedded colonies are white and elliptical; optimal growth at 37°C; amygdalin, melibiose, raffinose, d-ribose, d-sorbitol, turanose, gentiobiose, and glycogen positive; arbutin, d-mannitol, d-mannose, melezitose, d-xylose, and salicin negative | 142 |
| Bifidobacterium moraviense sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of Goeldi’s marmoset (Callimico goeldii) from Czechia | Anaerobic (can also grow under microaerophilic conditions), nonmotile, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 2- to 3-mm-diam white, circular colonies on the surface of supplemented Wilkins-Chalgren medium; embedded colonies are white and elliptical; optimal growth at 37°C; d-xylose and l-arabinose positive; amygdalin, melibiose, raffinose, d-ribose, d-sorbitol, turanose, gentiobiose, glycogen, arbutin, d-mannitol, d-mannose, melezitose, d-xylose, and salicin negative | 142 |
| Bifidobacterium oedipodis sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) from Czechia | Anaerobic (can also grow under microaerophilic conditions), nonmotile, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 2- to 3-mm-diam white, circular colonies on the surface of supplemented Wilkins-Chalgren medium; embedded colonies are white and elliptical; optimal growth at 37°C; d-mannitol, d-mannose, melezitose, melibiose, raffinose, d-ribose, turanose, d-xylose, l-arabinose, and salicin positive; arbutin, d-sorbitol, and gentiobiose negative | 142 |
| Bifidobacterium olomucense sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of mustached tamarin (Saguinus mystax) from Czechia | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions), nonmotile, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam white, circular colonies on the surface of supplemented Wilkins-Chalgren medium; embedded colonies are white and elliptical; optimal growth at 37°C; amygdalin, arbutin, d-mannose, melezitose, melibiose, raffinose, d-xylose, gentiobiose, and salicin positive; d-mannitol, d-ribose, d-sorbitol, turanose, and glycogen negative | 142 |
| Bifidobacterium panos sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) from Czechia | Anaerobic (can also grow under microaerophilic conditions), nonmotile, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1-mm-diam transparent white, slightly irregular colonies on supplemented Wilkins-Chalgren medium; optimal growth at 37°C; d-mannose, melibiose, raffinose, d-ribose, turanose, and d-xylose positive; amygdalin, arbutin, cellobiose, d-mannitol, melezitose, d-sorbitol, gentiobiose, and salicin negative | 142 |
| Bifidobacterium rousetti sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, nonhemolytic, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam white, opaque, smooth, circular colonies on tryptone-yeast extract agar; optimal growth at 37°C; sorbitol, esculin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase positive; d-xylose, sucrose, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, alkaline phosphatase, leucyl glycine arylamidase, and pyroglutamic acid arylamidase negative | 143 k |
| Bifidobacterium vespertilionis sp. nov. | Bifidobacteriaceae | Feces of Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming, nonhemolytic, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam white, opaque, smooth, circular colonies on tryptone-yeast extract agar; optimal growth at 37°C; d-xylose, sucrose, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, alkaline phosphatase, leucyl glycine arylamidase, and pyroglutamic acid arylamidase positive; sorbitol, esculin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase negative | 143 k |
| Lactobacillus xujianguonis sp. nov. | Lactobacillaceae | Feces of Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | Anaerobic (can also grow under microaerophilic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; white, irregular, circular colonies on MRS agar; optimal growth at 37°C–40°C; positive reactions for potassium-5-ketogluconate, l-arabinose, and d-ribose; negative reactions for galactose, d-mannose, and trehalose | 144 |
| Limosilactobacillus agrestis sp. nov. | Lactobacillaceae | Jejunum of field vole (Microtus agrestis) from Lithuania | Anaerobic, nonmotile, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 2.2- to 5.2-mm-diam yellow, translucent, flat colonies on MRS agar; optimal growth at 37°C; positive reactions for l-arabinose and esculin; negative reactions for d-fructose, lactose, and glycerol | 145 |
| Limosilactobacillus balticus sp. nov. | Lactobacillaceae | Jejunum of yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) from Lithuania | Anaerobic, nonmotile, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1.2- to 3.2-mm-diam white, opaque, circular colonies on MRS agar; optimal growth at 37°C; positive reactions for l-arabinose, esculin, and maltose; negative reactions for erythritol, glycerol, and d-arabinose | 145 |
| Limosilactobacillus fastidiosus sp. nov. | Lactobacillaceae | Jejunum of root vole (Microtus oeconomus) from Lithuania | Anaerobic, nonmotile, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1.2- to 2.2-mm-diam whitish, opaque, circular colonies on MRS agar; optimal growth at 37°C; positive reactions for l-arabinose and esculin; negative reactions for dulcitol, inositol, trehalose, and inulin | 145 |
| Limosilactobacillus rudii sp. nov. | Lactobacillaceae | Feces of striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio) from the United States | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic conditions), nonmotile, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2.2-mm-diam whitish, opaque, circular colonies on MRS agar; optimal growth at 37°C; positive reactions for maltose, lactose, and sucrose; negative reactions for l-xylose, d-fructose, and starch | 145 |
| Lactobacillus nasalidis sp. nov. | Lactobacillaceae | Forestomach contents of a captive proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) from Japan | Anaerobic (can also grow under aerobic conditions), nonmotile Gram-positive bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam white, convex, smooth colonies on MRS agar; optimal growth at 20°C–45°C; positive reactions for salicin, trehalose, and acid phosphatase; negative reactions for d-galactose, starch, and chymotrypsin | 146 |
| Nanchangia anserum gen. nov., sp. nov. | Actinomycetaceae | Feces of greater white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) from China | Anaerobic, nonmotile, catalase-negative, oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus; <1-mm-diam white, convex, opaque colonies on sheep blood agar; acid production from xylose, d-sorbitol, and trehalose; positive for α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, and β-glucosidase; whole-cell sugars comprised of galactose, arabinose, and glucose | 147 |
| Clostridium chrysemydis sp. nov. | Clostridiaceae | Fecal material of painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) from the United States | Anaerobic, motile, rare-spore-forming, slender, Gram-positive bacillus; nonpigmented, beta-hemolytic colonies on tryptic soy agar with 5% sheep blood that grow under the surface of the medium; growth range at 25°C–45°C; lecithinase, alkaline phosphatase, arginine dihydrolase, β-galactosidase, α-glucosidase, β-glucuronidase, and nitrate reductase positive; indole, raffinose, urease, leucine arylamidase, α-fucosidase, and α-galactosidase negative | 148 |
| Gram-negative anaerobes | ||||
| Phascolarctobacterium wakonense sp. nov. | Acidaminococcaceae | Feces of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) from Japan | Anaerobic, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative bacillus; 1-mm-diam circular, smooth, transparent, nonhemolytic colonies cultivated on peptone-yeast extract agar supplemented with succinate at 37°C; susceptibility to ≤0.5% bile; alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and esterase positive; nitrate reduction, urease, arginine dihydrolase, esculin, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, α-glucosidase, and β-glucosidase negative; succinate (propionic acid as the major end product) and pyruvate (propionic acid and acetic acid as end products) utilized for growth | 149 |
| Spirochetes and curved bacteria | ||||
| Campylobacter blaseri sp. nov. | Campylobacteraceae | Common seal (Phoca vitulina) from The Netherlands | Microaerophilic, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, slightly curved, Gram-negative bacillus; 1- to 2-mm-diam raised, circular, smooth colonies on Columbia agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood; growth observed at 25°C, 37°C, and 42°C; urease, alkaline phosphatase, nitrate reduction, and indoxyl acetate positive; γ-glutamyl-transferase and hippurate negative; susceptible to cephalothin; most strains susceptible to nalidixic acid; growth slightly inhibited in the absence of hydrogen | 150 |
| Helicobacter labacensis sp. nov. | Helicobacteraceae | Gastric mucosa of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from Slovenia | Microaerophilic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, large helical, Gram-negative bacillus; capable of thin-film growth on fresh, moist blood agar and chocolate agar at 37°C (not at 25°C or 42°C); alkaline phosphatase, esterase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, nitrate reduction, and urease positive; indoxyl acetate and hippurate negative; susceptible to cephalothin and nalidixic acid | 151 |
| Helicobacter mehlei sp. nov. | Helicobacteraceae | Gastric mucosa of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from Slovenia | Microaerophilic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, large helical, Gram-negative bacillus; capable of thin-film growth on fresh, moist blood agar and chocolate agar at 37°C (not at 25°C or 42°C); esterase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and urease positive; alkaline phosphatase, indoxyl acetate, nitrate reduction, and hippurate negative; susceptible to cephalothin and nalidixic acid | 151 |
| Helicobacter vulpis sp. nov. | Helicobacteraceae | Gastric mucosa of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from Slovenia | Microaerophilic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, large helical, Gram-negative bacillus; capable of thin-film growth on fresh, moist blood agar and chocolate agar at 37°C (not at 25°C or 42°C); esterase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, nitrate reduction, and urease positive; indoxyl acetate and hippurate negative; susceptible to cephalothin and nalidixic acid | 151 |
| Helicobacter enhydrae sp. nov. | Helicobacteraceae | Inflamed gastric tissue of southern sea otter from California; nonvalidly published as “H. enhydrae sp. nov.” until 2020 | Microaerophilic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, slightly curved, Gram-negative bacillus; entire colonies observed on blood agar after 3–5 days of incubation at 37°C and 42°C (not at 25°C); growth in 1% glycine; γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, urease, indoxyl acetate, alkaline phosphatase, and nitrate reduction negative; resistant to cephalothin; susceptible to nalidixic acid | 56 l |
| Leptospira tipperaryensis sp. nov. | Leptospiraceae | Greater white-toothed shrew (Crocidura russula) from Ireland | No phenotypic characterization provided | 152 m |
| Campylobacter novaezeelandiae sp. nov. | Campylobacteraceae | Bird feces (3 starlings, 1 duck) from New Zealand | Microaerophilic, motile, oxidase-positive, Gram-negative, spiral bacillus; 0.5- to 1-mm-diam gray, smooth, entire colonies on Columbia agar with strong, dark alpha-hemolysis; growth at 37°C and 42°C but faster growth exhibited at 37°C; catalase, indoxyl acetate, and nitrate reduction positive; hippurate hydrolysis, alkaline phosphatase, hydrogen sulfide, and urease negative; resistant to cephalothin; susceptible to nalidixic acid | 153 |
| Campylobacter aviculae sp. nov. | Campylobacteraceae | Feces of laboratory-maintained zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) from the United States | Microaerophilic, motile, oxidase-positive, Gram-negative, slightly curved bacillus; growth at 37°C and 42°C but no growth at 25°C; variable growth in 1% glycine; hippurate hydrolysis positive; catalase, urease, indoxyl acetate, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase negative; resistant to cephalothin; susceptible to nalidixic acid | 154 n |
| Campylobacter estrildidarum sp. nov. | Campylobacteraceae | Feces of laboratory-maintained zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) from the United States | Microaerophilic, motile, oxidase-positive, Gram-negative, slightly curved bacillus; growth at 37°C and 42°C but no growth at 25°C; variable growth in 1% glycine; variable catalase and hippurate hydrolysis activities; urease, indoxyl acetate, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase negative; resistant to cephalothin; variable resistance to nalidixic acid | 154 n |
| Campylobacter taeniopygiae sp. nov. | Campylobacteraceae | Feces of laboratory-maintained zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) from the United States | Microaerophilic, motile, oxidase-positive, Gram-negative, slightly curved bacillus; growth at 37°C and 42°C but no growth at 25°C; no growth in 1% glycine; hippurate hydrolysis and catalase positive; urease, indoxyl acetate, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase negative; resistant to cephalothin; variable resistance to nalidixic acid | 154 n |
| Helicobacter monodelphidis sp. nov. | Helicobacteraceae | Colon of opossum (Monodelphis domestica) with cloacal prolapse from the United States | Microaerophilic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, slender, slightly curved, Gram-negative bacillus; capable of spreading-film growth on blood agar at 37°C (not at 25°C or 42°C); γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase positive; urease and indoxyl acetate negative; resistant to cephalothin and nalidixic acid | 57 |
| Helicobacter didelphidarum sp. nov. | Helicobacteraceae | Feces of opossum (Monodelphis domestica) with cloacal prolapse from the United States | Microaerophilic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, fusiform, Gram-negative bacillus; capable of spreading-film growth on blood agar at 37°C (not at 25°C or 42°C); γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and urease positive; indoxyl acetate negative; resistant to cephalothin; susceptible to nalidixic acid | 57 |
| Campylobacter vulpis sp. nov. | Campylobacteraceae | Cecal contents of wild red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from Italy | Microaerophilic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, sigmoid-shaped, Gram-negative bacillus; 2- to 3-mm-diam gray, translucent, flat, irregular-edged, alpha-hemolytic colonies on nutrient agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood; growth observed at 37°C and 42°C (no growth at 25°C); indoxyl acetate positive; most strains reduce nitrate; ~50% of strains are alkaline phosphatase positive; urease, nitrate, and hippurate negative; does not require hydrogen supplementation; most strains grow in 1% glycine; susceptible to nalidixic acid and cephalothin | 155 c |
| Mollicutes | ||||
| Mycoplasma tullyi sp. nov. | Mycoplasmataceae | Dead Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) from the United Kingdom | Pleomorphic (some are spherical and some are flask shaped), cell wall-deficient organisms that are filterable through 220- and 450-nm membranes; fried-egg-shaped colonies grow within 2 days; optimal growth at 37°C; serum or sterol required for growth; acid produced from glucose; no hydrolysis of arginine or urea; resistant to penicillin | 60 |
| Mycoplasma enhydrae sp. nov. | Mycoplasmataceae | Oropharynx of wild southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) from California | Cell wall-deficient organisms that are filterable through 220- and 450-nm membranes; fried-egg-shaped colonies on SP4 agar with arginine grow within 3–5 days; optimal growth at 35°C–37°C; serum or sterol required for growth; no acid produced from glucose; hydrolyzes arginine but not urea; resistant to penicillin | 156 |
| Mycoplasma hafezii sp. nov. | Mycoplasmataceae | Trachea of healthy captive adult peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) | Nonhelical, nonmotile cells that are filterable through 450-nm membranes; fried-egg-shaped colonies on solid SP4 medium grow within 24 h; optimal growth at 37°C; sterol required for growth; acid produced from glucose; no hydrolysis of arginine or urea | 157 |
| Ureaplasma miroungigenitalium sp. nov. | Mycoplasmataceae | Vagina of wild northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) from California | Cell wall-deficient organisms that are filterable through 450-nm membranes and less filterable through 220-nm membranes; tiny, rough, granular colonies on A8 agar; optimal growth at 35°C–37°C; serum required for growth; hydrolysis of urea but not arginine; resistant to penicillin and lincomycin; phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and rpoB genes important for final differentiation | 158 |
| Ureaplasma zalophigenitalium sp. nov. | Mycoplasmataceae | Vagina and preputium of wild sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from California | Cell wall-deficient organisms that are filterable through 450-nm membranes and less filterable through 220-nm membranes; tiny, rough, granular colonies on A8 agar; optimal growth at 35°C–37°C; serum required for growth; hydrolysis of urea but not arginine; resistant to penicillin and lincomycin; phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and rpoB genes important for final differentiation | 158 |
| Mycoplasma procyoni sp. nov. | Mycoplasmataceae | Oral cavity of raccoon (Procyon lotor) from Canada | Facultative, cell wall-deficient organisms that are filterable through 220- and 450-nm membranes; fried-egg-shaped colonies on PPLO agar with glucose grow within 5–7 days; optimal growth at 35°C–37°C; serum or sterol required for growth; acid produced from glucose; no hydrolysis of arginine or urea; resistant to penicillin G | 159 o |
| Mycoplasma nasistruthionis sp. nov. | Mycoplasmataceae | Ostrich (Struthio camelus) with respiratory disease | Near-spherical, nonmotile cells filterable through a 220-nm membrane; cells do not revert to walled forms in the absence of antibiotics; fried-egg-shaped colonies on solid medium within 48 h; optimal growth at 37°C; serum or sterol required for growth; weak acid produced from glucose; no hydrolysis of arginine, esculin, casein, gelatin, or urea | 62 p |
| Mycoplasma struthionis sp. nov. | Mycoplasmataceae | Ostrich (Struthio camelus) with respiratory disease | Near-spherical (some are flask shaped with tip-like structures), nonmotile cells filterable through a 220-nm membrane; cells do not revert to walled forms in the absence of antibiotics; fried-egg-shaped colonies on solid medium within 48 h; optimal growth at 37°C; serum or sterol required for growth; acid not produced from glucose; hydrolyzes arginine; no hydrolysis of esculin, casein, gelatin, or urea | 62 p |
a
Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in validation list no. 182 (160).
b
Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in validation list no. 184 (161).
c
Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in validation list no. 201 (162).
d
Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in validation list no. 183 (163).
e
Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in validation list no. 174 (164).
f
Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in validation list no. 191 (165).
g
Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in validation list no. 189 (166).
h
Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in validation list no. 192 (167).
i
Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in validation list no. 175 (168).
j
Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in validation list no. 185 (169).
k
Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in validation list no. 198 (170).
l
Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in validation list no. 194 (171).
m
Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in validation list no. 195 (172).
n
Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in validation list no. 202 (173).
o
Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in validation list no. 193 (174).
p
Taxonomic designation subsequently accepted in validation list no. 197 (175).
q
MRS, De Man-Rogosa-Sharpe; ONPG, o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside.
TABLE 2.
Revised bacterial taxa relative to nondomestic wildlife animal sources of veterinary material from January 2018 through December 2021
| Former name | Revised name | Other information | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gram-positive bacilli | |||
| Arthrobacter nasiphocae | Falsarthrobacter nasiphocae gen. nov., comb. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former A. nasiphocae from common seal in reference 176 | 177 |
| Limosilactobacillus reuteri | Limosilactobacillus reuteri subsp. kinnaridis subsp. nov. | Initial description and recovery of Lactobacillus reuteri in reference 178 and accepted in reference 179; taxon transitioned to Limosilactobacillus genus designation in 2020, as described in reference 180; L. reuteri subsp. kinnaridis subsp. nov. observed in the gastrointestinal tract of a pheasant | 145 |
| Actinomyces liubingyangii | Boudabousia liubingyangii comb. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former A. liubingyangii from vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) in reference 181 | 30 |
| Actinomyces tangfeifanii | Boudabousia tangfeifanii comb. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former A. tangfeifanii in reference 78 (Table 1) | 30 |
| Actinomyces marimammalium | Boudabousia marimammalium comb. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former A. marimammalium from 2 dead seals and a porpoise in reference 67 | 68 a |
| Gram-negative bacilli and coccobacilli | |||
| Flavobacterium ceti | Myroides ceti comb. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former F. ceti from beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) in reference 182 | 183 b |
| Duganella danionis | Pseudoduganella danionis sp. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former D. danionis from beaked whales in reference 184 and accepted in reference 185; initial description and recovery of P. danionis from zebrafish in reference 186; D. danionis is a later homotypic synonym of P. danionis | 186 |
| Jinshanibacter xujianqingii | Insectihabitans xujianqingii comb. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former J. xujianqingii in reference 129 (Table 1) | 187 |
| Pseudomonas hussainii | Atopomonas hussainii comb. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former P. hussainii from seashore bird droppings in reference 188 | 189 |
| Gram-positive anaerobes | |||
| Asaccharobacter celatus | Adlercreutzia equolifaciens subsp. celatus subsp. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former A. celatus from rat cecum in reference 190 | 68 a |
| Gram-negative anaerobes | |||
| Bacteroides chinchillae | Phocaeicola chinchillae comb. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former B. chinchillae from chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) feces in reference 191 | 183 b |
| Spirochetes | |||
| Borrelia bavariensis | Borrelia garinii subsp. bavariensis | Initial description and recovery of the former B. bavariensis in reference 192 and accepted in reference 193; the significance of this organism in oceanic avian species is discussed in reference 194 | 195 c |
| Mollicutes | |||
| Mycoplasma lagogenitalium | Mesomycoplasma lagogenitalium comb. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former M. lagogenitalium from preputial smegma of Afghan pika (Ochotona rufescens rufescens) in reference 65 | 61 a |
| Mycoplasma moatsii | Mesomycoplasma moatsii comb. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former M. moatsii from imported grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in reference 196 | 61 a |
| Mycoplasma phocicerebrale | Metamycoplasma phocicerebrale comb. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former M. phocicerebrale from harbor seals (Phoca vitulina L.) in reference 197 | 61 a |
| Mycoplasma agassizii | Mycoplasmopsis agassizii comb. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former M. agassizii from upper respiratory tract specimens of 2 species of tortoises (Gopherus spp.) in reference 198 | 61 a |
| Mycoplasma felifaucium | Mycoplasmopsis felifaucium comb. nov. | Initial description of the former M. felifaucium from puma respiratory tract specimens in reference 199 and accepted in reference 200 | 61 a |
| Mycoplasma alligatoris | Mycoplasmopsis alligatoris comb. nov. | Initial description of the former M. alligatoris from alligator polyserositis and multifocal arthritis involving multiple organs (peripheral blood, synovial fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid specimens) in reference 66 | 61 a |
| Mycoplasma phocirhinis | Mycoplasmopsis phocirhinis comb. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former M. phocirhinis from harbor seals (Phoca vitulina L.) in reference 197 | 61 a |
| Mycoplasma microti | Malacoplasma microti comb. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former M. microti from prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) in reference 201 | 61 a |
| Mycoplasma neophronis | Metamycoplasma neophronis comb. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former M. neophronis from the upper respiratory tract of Canarian Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus majorensis) in reference 202 | 61 a |
| Mycoplasma ciconiae | Mycoplasmopsis ciconiae comb. nov. | Initial description and recovery of the former M. ciconiae from the trachea of white stork nestlings (Ciconia ciconia) in reference 203 and accepted in reference 204 | 61 a |
Novel taxa.
Multiple new taxa have been accepted within the families Streptococcaceae and Staphylococcaceae. With respect to the Streptococcaceae, the majority of new additions were associated with disease in their host animal species. For example, Lactococcus petauri sp. nov. (18) was isolated from a facial abscess in a sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps). Sugar gliders are small arboreal marsupials indigenous to Australia and New Guinea that are frequently kept as pets. Although they are omnivorous, sugar gliders have a specialized dental structure that allows them to peel bark from trees to allow them access to tree sap or gum. As a result of their unique feeding behaviors, they are prone to diseases of the oral cavity and facial abscesses caused by trauma. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism analyses, Lactococcus petauri sp. nov. was determined to be most closely related to Lactococcus garvieae (18). L. garvieae was first isolated from a cow with mastitis and was granted the taxon Streptococcus garvieae (19). It is also a common fish pathogen that has been associated with gastrointestinal disorders and infective endocarditis in humans and has been described as an emerging zoonotic pathogen (20–23). Biochemically, L. petauri sp. nov. can be differentiated from L. garvieae based on the ability of L. petauri sp. nov. to produce acid from sucrose and d-tagatose (18). Interestingly, L. petauri is also now understood to be a significant pathogen of aquatic animals (24).
Four additional members of the Streptococcaceae, Streptococcus respiraculi sp. nov., Streptococcus catagoni sp. nov., Streptococcus pacificus sp. nov., and Streptococcus zalophi sp. nov., were isolated from the respiratory tracts of their host species (25–27). These species cause infections in locations similar to those of other members of the genus, namely, the lungs and tonsils, with potential migration to the brain in severe cases. S. respiraculi sp. nov. (25) was isolated from the respiratory tract of a Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana). The Himalayan marmot is an important reservoir of Yersinia pestis, and cases of human plague have been associated with the disruption of the habitat of Himalayan marmots as well as the skinning and eating of these animals (28, 29). Also identified from the Himalayan marmot were three novel Gram-positive bacilli, Actinomyces marmotae sp. nov. (30), Corynebacterium lizhenjunii sp. nov. (31), and Corynebacterium zhongnanshanii sp. nov. (32). Understanding the respiratory tract microbiota of Himalayan marmots could have direct implications for public health and may influence future investigations in this host.
Streptococcus catagoni sp. nov. (26) was isolated from the lungs, tonsils, and brains of Chacoan peccaries (Catagonus wagneri). The Chacoan peccary is native to the Gran Chaco region of Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina. This species was thought to be extinct until its discovery in 1971. This host is currently under threat due to human encroachment on its territory. The type strain of Streptococcus catagoni sp. nov. was isolated from a young female animal with purulent pneumonia. Phylogenetic analysis determined that S. catagoni sp. nov. is most closely related to Streptococcus didelphis and can be distinguished by a positive Voges-Proskauer test and the production of acid from d-sorbitol and glycogen. Streptococcus pacificus sp. nov. and Streptococcus zalophi sp. nov. (27) were isolated from the lung tissue of a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) with domoic acid toxicity. Domoic acid is a neurotoxin that is produced during blooms of the alga Pseudonitzschia australis and accumulates in small fish that are consumed by sea lions. Subsequent feeding may cause damage to the brain and heart and may impact the subsequent immune response mounted by the sea lion (33, 34).
Within the Staphylococcaceae, two new members were described in healthy animals, Staphylococcus durrellii sp. nov. from the oropharynx and Staphylococcus lloydii sp. nov. from the skin of captive Livingstone’s fruit bats (Pteropus livingstonii) (35). Livingstone’s fruit bat is an endangered bat from the Comoros Islands between Africa and northern Madagascar. These two staphylococcal species are most closely related to Staphylococcus kloosii. They can be differentiated from each other through the production of acetoin in the Voges-Proskauer test and the production of acid from maltose by S. lloydii sp. nov. Both novel species can be differentiated from S. kloosii through the production of urease by S. kloosii (35).
Within the Gram-positive bacilli, Corynebacterium silvaticum sp. nov. was identified from lesions consistent with caseous lymphadenitis, including lamellar lymph node abscesses with an “onion ring” appearance in wild boar (Sus scrofa) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from Germany (36). Wild boar and roe deer are commonly hunted animals and are important economically and as a human food source. Corynebacterium silvaticum sp. nov. is most closely related to Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, both of which are human pathogens, with C. pseudotuberculosis being a significant pathogen in small ruminants and horses (37–39). C. silvaticum sp. nov. is similar to C. ulcerans in that it ferments glucose, ribose, and maltose but (similar to C. pseudotuberculosis) does not utilize d-xylose, mannitol, lactose, sucrose, and glycogen (36).
Gram-negative bacilli and coccobacilli comprise one of the largest groups of organisms routinely isolated from veterinary patients. A notable example from the taxa presented in Table 1, Bartonella kosoyi sp. nov., was isolated from the blood of black rats (Rattus rattus) from Israel (40). The genus Bartonella includes nearly 40 species at the time of writing, with these organisms being hemotropic, facultative, intracellular bacteria that are transmitted by arthropod vectors (40). Bartonella kosoyi sp. nov. is most closely related to the zoonotic species Bartonella elizabethae (41). B. elizabethae has previously been reported from dogs (Canis lupus subsp. familiaris) (42). Although there are currently no reported human cases of infection by B. kosoyi sp. nov., it has now been isolated from rodents from Thailand, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and the Canary Islands (43–45).
Another novel Gram-negative bacillus is Lysobacter pythonis sp. nov. (46), isolated from the respiratory tract of a python (Python regius) experiencing respiratory distress, and a second isolate was obtained from a python with a respiratory infection following antibiotic therapy. 16S rRNA gene, 16S-23S intergenic spacer region, and groEL sequences from both isolates were found to be most similar to those of Lysobacter tolerans, although similarities to Luteimonas aestuarii and Luteimonas mephitis were noted (46). Colonies of L. pythonis sp. nov. are nonhemolytic and yellow and do not grow on MacConkey agar but do grow weakly on Sabouraud agar. Phenotypic differentiation between L. pythonis sp. nov. and closely related and similar organisms required several biochemical tests, including the assimilation of acetate, trans-aconitate, citrate (weakly), dl-lactate, oxoglutarate, and pyruvate (46).
Within the Pasteurellaceae are two novel organisms that cause pneumonia in birds, Spirabiliibacterium falconis comb. nov., isolated from a kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) with bronchopneumonia, and Spirabiliibacterium pneumoniae comb. nov., isolated from a pigeon hawk (Falco columbarius) (47). These two organisms were previously classified as belonging to Bisgaard taxon 14, which included bacteria from birds with respiratory tract infections (48). Bisgaard and Christensen (47) provided a highly informative, substantive review of changes in nomenclature within taxa 14 and 32. They also established the S. falconis comb. nov. and S. pneumoniae comb. nov. taxa based on 16S rRNA gene analysis and whole-genome sequencing and provided supportive phenotypic data that differentiate these two organisms from each other and their close relative Spirabiliibacterium mucosae sp. nov.
Rickettsia monacensis sp. nov. (49) is an obligate intracellular organism that was initially recovered in 2002 from Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe and was recently reported in bats as well as an apparently healthy dog from Cape Verde (50). R. monacensis sp. nov. is a member of the spotted fever group that causes Mediterranean spotted fever in humans and has been reported from dogs, bats, and a migratory songbird captured in Texas (51–55). The identification of R. monacensis sp. nov. in a tick found on a migratory bird highlights the potential for the expansion of the range of this organism.
Helicobacter enhydrae sp. nov., Helicobacter monodelphidis sp. nov., and Helicobacter didelphidarum sp. nov. (56, 57) are selected curved bacteria listed in Table 1. H. enhydrae sp. nov. was isolated from inflamed tissue from the gastric body of a southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris) from California but was nonvalidly published as “H. enhydrae sp. nov.” until 2020 (56). Enhydra lutris is a threatened species that has been slow to recover due to substantial infectious disease challenges. In addition to the valid publication of H. enhydrae sp. nov., Shen et al. describe the impact of bacterial populations on E. lutris and the origin of the tissues from which H. enhydrae sp. nov. was originally isolated (56). H. monodelphidis sp. nov. and H. didelphidarum sp. nov. (57) were isolated from the colons of gray short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica) with cloacal prolapse. Gray short-tailed opossums are a widely used laboratory animal species, and cloacal (rectal) prolapse has been described as a common health problem in laboratory-reared opossums (58, 59). In a study of 94 opossums from two different colonies, 40 helicobacter strains were isolated (57). Of these isolates, 25 were H. monodelphidis sp. nov., while the remaining 15 isolates were H. didelphidarum sp. nov. based on 16S rRNA gene, hsp60, and gyrB analyses. Detailed descriptions and images of the lesions were provided, along with detailed histories of the animals and the disease. These novel Helicobacter spp. should be considered in gray short-tailed opossums with rectal prolapse.
Within the class Mollicutes, three novel Mycoplasma species associated with disease in avian species were described. Mycoplasma tullyi sp. nov. was isolated from the liver of a deceased 10-day-old Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) in the United Kingdom (60). While it was unclear how the organism infected the penguin chick, the isolation of this organism as the sole agent from the liver supports the hypothesis that it was associated with disease in this host. M. tullyi sp. nov. was also isolated as part of the mixed upper respiratory tract microbiota from healthy adult Humboldt penguins. In initial pathogenesis studies, M. tullyi sp. nov. caused ciliostasis in chicken embryo tracheal organ cultures and caused mortality and stunting of growth in embryonated chicken egg tests (60). M. tullyi sp. nov. is most closely related to Mycoplasma gallisepticum, the taxonomy of which has recently been revised to Mycoplasmoides gallisepticum comb. nov. (61).
Similarly, in a study of 10 ostriches with respiratory disease from farms in Namibia, Mycoplasma nasistruthionis sp. nov. and Mycoplasma struthionis sp. nov. (62) were isolated from 2 different ostriches (Struthio camelus). M. nasistruthionis sp. nov. is most closely related to Mycoplasma verecundum, now known as Mycoplasmopsis verecunda comb. nov. (61, 62). M. struthionis sp. nov. is most closely related to Mycoplasma falconis, the taxonomy of which has transitioned to Metamycoplasma falconis comb. nov. (61, 62). In light of additional changes to Mycoplasma spp. described in Table 2, it seems likely that the designations of M. tullyi sp. nov., M. nasistruthionis sp. nov., and M. struthionis sp. nov. may undergo revision at the genus level.
Taxonomic revisions.
As alluded to above, a major revision to the phylogenetic framework within the phylum “Tenericutes” (recently reclassified as the phylum Mycoplasmatota [63]) was based on the evaluation of the genome sequences of 140 members of the phylum (61). The novel order Mycoplasmoidales was proposed to include the families Metamycoplasmataceae fam. nov. and Mycoplasmoidaceae fam. nov. Included within Metamycoplasmataceae fam. nov. were the newly proposed genera Mesomycoplasma gen. nov., Metamycoplasma gen. nov., and Mycoplasmopsis gen. nov. Mycoplasmoidaceae fam. nov. included the newly proposed genera Malacoplasma gen. nov. and Mycoplasmoides gen. nov. Species names were maintained, and the novel genus designations carry the same first letter as Mycoplasma, simplifying the transitions listed in Table 2. Revised taxa impacting domestic veterinary hosts have been summarized in a recent report (11), while additional revisions for the class Mollicutes were reviewed previously (64). The class Mollicutes affects a wide variety of wildlife species in a variety of ways, from being present in the urogenital tract of healthy Afghan pikas (65) to causing polyserositis and multifocal arthritis in alligators (66). The broad impact of these organisms on animals and the magnitude of the changes to the phylum make this likely the most significant nomenclature revision discussed in this report.
In addition to changes in Mycoplasma spp., organisms that cause disease in wildlife have undergone taxonomic revision. Notably, Actinomyces marimammalium, which was originally isolated from two dead seals and a porpoise (67), has transitioned from the Actinomyces genus to Boudabousia marimammalium comb. nov. (68). This organism was originally isolated from multiple organs (lung, spleen, liver, kidney, and mesenteric lymph node) of a dead male hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) that had pneumonia, the lung of a dead harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and the small intestine of a dead gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) that was shot (67). Although speculative, the presence of this organism in the intestine of an otherwise healthy gray seal that died from trauma, the respiratory tract of a porpoise, and multiple locations in a seal with pneumonia suggests that this organism may be an opportunistic rather than a primary pathogen.
CONCLUSION
While the numerous changes in the taxonomy of bacteria isolated from wildlife represent a challenge for veterinary microbiology laboratories, detailed genetic knowledge of these bacteria and their relationships with better-studied organisms may offer insights into their roles in their wildlife hosts. Given the challenges of studying bacterial pathogenesis in wildlife, the results of these comprehensive phylogenetic studies may provide clues to help those who manage and care for these unique animal populations and ultimately may promote ecosystem health. Here, we strive to summarize the additions and changes to the taxonomy of bacteria associated with wildlife from 2018 through 2021 and to provide insights into the relevance of these agents in their host species. The continuing efforts to describe the microbiota in various animal species and to determine the clinical significance of novel organisms indicate that this effort will be sustainable in the future.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This report was not subject to influence from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Contributor Information
Erik Munson, Email: erik.munson@marquette.edu.
Romney M. Humphries, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
REFERENCES
- 1.World Bank. 2014. Why you should care about wildlife. World Bank, Washington, DC. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/03/03/why-you-should-care-about-wildlife. Accessed 8 September 2022. [Google Scholar]
- 2.World Health Organization. 2018. Health, environment and climate change: Human health and biodiversity. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/biodiversity-and-health. Accessed 8 September 2022. [Google Scholar]
- 3.World Health Organization. 2015. Biodiversity and health. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/biodiversity-and-health. Accessed 8 September 2022. [Google Scholar]
- 4.Conrad PA, Meek LA, Dumit J. 2013. Operationalizing a One Health approach to global health challenges. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 36:211–216. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.03.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Vasiliev D, Greenwood S. 2020. Pollinator biodiversity and crop pollination in temperate ecosystems, implications for national pollinator conservation strategies: mini review. Sci Total Environ 744:140880. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140880. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Nulkar G, Bedarkar M, Ghate K, Nulkar S. 2021. Hitchhiking microbes: declining biodiversity & emerging zoonoses. Indian J Med Res 153:367–374. doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_620_21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Kruse H, Kirkemo AM, Handeland K. 2004. Wildlife as source of zoonotic infections. Emerg Infect Dis 10:2067–2072. doi: 10.3201/eid1012.040707. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Shehata AA, Attia YA, Rahman MT, Basiouni S, El-Seedi HR, Azhar EI, Khafaga AF, Hafez HM. 2022. Diversity of coronaviruses with particular attention to the interspecies transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Animals (Basel) 12:378. doi: 10.3390/ani12030378. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Carpenter A, Waltenburg MA, Hall A, Kile J, Killerby M, Knust B, Negron M, Nichols M, Wallace RM, Behravesh CB, McQuiston JH, The Vaccine Preventable Zoonotic Disease Working Group . 2022. Vaccine preventable zoonotic diseases: challenges and opportunities for public health progress. Vaccines (Basel) 10:993. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10070993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Barbieri R, Signoli M, Chevé D, Costedoat C, Tzortzis S, Aboudharam G, Raoult D, Drancourt M. 2021. Yersinia pestis: the natural history of plague. Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00044-19. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00044-19. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Munson E, Lawhon SD, Burbick CR, Zapp A, Villaflor M, Thelen E. 2022. An update on novel taxa and revised taxonomic status of bacteria isolated from domestic animals described in 2018 to 2021. J Clin Microbiol. doi: 10.1128/jcm.00281-22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- 12.Burbick CR, Munson E, Lawhon SD, Zapp A, Villaflor M, Thelen E. 2022. An update on novel taxa and revised taxonomic status of bacteria and planctomycetes isolated from aquatic host species described in 2018 to 2021. J Clin Microbiol. doi: 10.1128/jcm.00281-22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Parker CT, Tindall BJ, Garrity GM. 2019. International code of nomenclature of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:S1–S111. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.000778. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Niu L, Lu S, Hu S, Jin D, Lai X, Yang J, Chen C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Bai X, Lan R, Lv G, Xie Y, Ye C, Xu J. 2016. Streptococcus marmotae sp. nov., isolated from the respiratory tract of Marmota himalayana. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 66:4315–4322. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001350. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Chen X, Li QY, Li GD, Xu FJ, Jiang Y, Han L, Jiang CL, Huang XS. 2016. Microbacterium gilvum sp. nov., isolated from civet faeces. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 109:1177–1183. doi: 10.1007/s10482-016-0718-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2016. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 66:4299–4305. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001585. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Adeolu M, Alnajar S, Naushad S, Gupta RS. 2016. Genome-based phylogeny and taxonomy of the ‘Enterobacteriales’: proposal for Enterobacterales ord. nov. divided into the families Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae fam. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. nov., Yersiniaceae fam. nov., Hafniaceae fam. nov., Morganellaceae fam. nov., and Budviciaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 66:5575–5599. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001485. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Goodman LB, Lawton MR, Franklin-Guild RJ, Anderson RR, Schaan L, Thachil AJ, Wiedmann M, Miller CB, Alcaine SD, Kovac J. 2017. Lactococcus petauri sp. nov., isolated from an abscess of a sugar glider. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 67:4397–4404. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002303. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Collins MD, Farrow JA, Phillips BA, Kandler O. 1983. Streptococcus garvieae sp. nov. and Streptococcus plantarum sp. nov. J Gen Microbiol 129:3427–3431. doi: 10.1099/00221287-129-11-3427. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Wang CY, Shie HS, Chen SC, Huang JP, Hsieh IC, Wen MS, Lin FC, Wu D. 2007. Lactococcus garvieae infections in humans: possible association with aquaculture outbreaks. Int J Clin Pract 61:68–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00855.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Navas ME, Hall G, El Bejjani D. 2013. A case of endocarditis caused by Lactococcus garvieae and suggested methods for identification. J Clin Microbiol 51:1990–1992. doi: 10.1128/JCM.03400-12. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Ferrario C, Ricci G, Milani C, Lugli GA, Ventura M, Eraclio G, Borgo F, Fortina MG. 2013. Lactococcus garvieae: where is it from? A first approach to explore the evolutionary history of this emerging pathogen. PLoS One 8:e84796. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084796. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Meyburgh CM, Bragg RR, Boucher CE. 2017. Lactococcus garvieae: an emerging bacterial pathogen of fish. Dis Aquat Organ 123:67–79. doi: 10.3354/dao03083. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Kotzamanidis C, Malousi A, Bitchava K, Vafeas G, Chatzidimitriou D, Skoura L, Papadimitriou E, Chatzopoulou F, Zdragas A. 2020. First report of isolation and genome sequence of L. petauri strain from a rainbow trout lactococcosis outbreak. Curr Microbiol 77:1089–1096. doi: 10.1007/s00284-020-01905-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Niu L, Hu S, Lu S, Lai XH, Yang J, Jin D, Rao L, Lu G, Xu J. 2018. Isolation and characterization of Streptococcus respiraculi sp. nov. from Marmota himalayana (Himalayan marmot) respiratory tract. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:2082–2087. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002806. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Mühldorfer K, Szentiks CA, Wibbelt G, van der Linden M, Ewers C, Semmler T, Akimkin V, Blom J, Rau J, Eisenberg T. 2020. Streptococcus catagoni sp. nov., isolated from the respiratory tract of diseased Chacoan peccaries (Catagonus wagneri). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:5734–5739. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004471. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Volokhov DV, Zagorodnyaya TA, Shen Z, Blom J, Furtak VA, Eisenberg T, Fan P, Jeong KC, Gao Y, Zhang S, Amselle M. 2021. Streptococcus vicugnae sp. nov., isolated from faeces of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and cattle (Bos taurus), Streptococcus zalophi sp. nov., and Streptococcus pacificus sp. nov., isolated from respiratory tract of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004826. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004826. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Wang X, Wei X, Song Z, Wang M, Xi J, Liang J, Liang Y, Duan R, Tian K, Zhao Y, Tang G, You L, Yang G, Liu X, Chen Y, Zeng J, Wu S, Luo S, Qin G, Hao H, Jing H. 2017. Mechanism study on a plague outbreak driven by the construction of a large reservoir in southwest China (surveillance from 2000-2015). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11:e0005425. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005425. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Xi J, Duan R, He Z, Meng L, Xu D, Chen Y, Liang J, Fu G, Wang L, Chun H, Qin S, Lv D, Mu H, Tang D, Wu W, Xiao M, Jing H, Wang X. 2022. First case report of human plague caused by excavation, skinning, and eating of a hibernating marmot (Marmota himalayana). Front Public Health 10:910872. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.910872. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Yang C, Bai Y, Dong K, Yang J, Lai X-H, Lu S, Zhang G, Cheng Y, Jin D, Zhang S, Lv X, Huang Y, Xu J. 2021. Actinomyces marmotae sp. nov. and Actinomyces procaprae sp. nov. isolated from wild animals and reclassification of Actinomyces liubingyangii and Actinomyces tangfeifanii as Boudabousia liubingyangii comb. nov. and Boudabousia tangfeifanii comb. nov., respectively. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004696. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004696. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Zhou J, Xu M, Guo W, Yang J, Pu J, Lai X-H, Jin D, Lu S, Zhang S, Huang Y, Zhu W, Huang Y, Zheng H, Xu J. 2021. Corynebacterium lizhenjunii sp. nov., isolated from the respiratory tract of Marmota himalayana, and Corynebacterium qintianiae sp. nov., isolated from the lung tissue of Pseudois nayaur. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004803. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004803. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Zhang G, Yang J, Lai X-H, Jin D, Lu S, Ren Z, Qin T, Pu J, Ge Y, Cheng Y, Yang C, Lv X, Jiao Y, Huang Y, Xu J. 2021. Corynebacterium zhongnanshanii sp. nov. isolated from trachea of Marmota himalayana, Corynebacterium lujinxingii sp. nov. and Corynebacterium wankanglinii sp. nov. from human faeces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e005069. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005069. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Silvagni PA, Lowenstine LJ, Spraker T, Lipscomb TP, Gulland FM. 2005. Pathology of domoic acid toxicity in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Vet Pathol 42:184–191. doi: 10.1354/vp.42-2-184. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Levin M, Joshi D, Draghi A, II, Gulland FM, Jessup D, De Guise S. 2010. Immunomodulatory effects upon in vitro exposure of California sea lion and southern sea otter peripheral blood leukocytes to domoic acid. J Wildl Dis 46:541–550. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-46.2.541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Fountain K, Gibbon MJ, Loeffler A, Feil EJ. 2021. Closed genome sequences of Staphylococcus lloydii sp. nov. and Staphylococcus durrellii sp. nov. isolated from captive fruit bats (Pteropus livingstonii). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004715. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004715. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Dangel A, Berger A, Rau J, Eisenberg T, Kämpfer P, Margos G, Contzen M, Busse HJ, Konrad R, Peters M, Sting R, Sing A. 2020. Corynebacterium silvaticum sp. nov., a unique group of NTTB corynebacteria in wild boar and roe deer. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:3614–3624. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004195. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37.Peel MM, Palmer GG, Stacpoole AM, Kerr TG. 1997. Human lymphadenitis due to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: report of ten cases from Australia and review. Clin Infect Dis 24:185–191. doi: 10.1093/clinids/24.2.185. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 38.Hacker E, Antunes CA, Mattos-Guaraldi AL, Burkovski A, Tauch A. 2016. Corynebacterium ulcerans, an emerging human pathogen. Future Microbiol 11:1191–1208. doi: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0085. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 39.Torres LDFC, Ribeiro D, Hirata R, Jr, Pacheco LGC, Souza MC, dos Santos LS, dos Santos CS, Salah M, da Costa MM, Ribeiro MG, Selim SA, Azevedo VADC, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. 2013. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction to identify and determine the toxigenicity of Corynebacterium spp with zoonotic potential and an overview of human and animal infections. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 108:272–279. doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762013000300003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 40.Gutiérrez R, Shalit T, Markus B, Yuan C, Nachum-Biala Y, Elad D, Harrus S. 2020. Bartonella kosoyi sp. nov. and Bartonella krasnovii sp. nov., two novel species closely related to the zoonotic Bartonella elizabethae, isolated from black rats and wild desert rodent-fleas. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:1656–1665. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003952. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 41.Daly JS, Worthington MG, Brenner DJ, Moss CW, Hollis DG, Weyant RS, Steigerwalt AG, Weaver RE, Daneshvar MI, O’Connor SP. 1993. Rochalimaea elizabethae sp. nov. isolated from a patient with endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol 31:872–881. doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.4.872-881.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 42.Mexas AM, Hancock SI, Breitschwerdt EB. 2002. Bartonella henselae and Bartonella elizabethae as potential canine pathogens. J Clin Microbiol 40:4670–4674. doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.12.4670-4674.2002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 43.Saengsawang P, Morand S, Desquesnes M, Yangtara S, Inpankaew T. 2021. Molecular detection of Bartonella species in rodents residing in urban and suburban areas of central Thailand. Microorganisms 9:2588. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9122588. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 44.Böge I, Pfeffer M, Htwe NM, Maw PP, Sarathchandra SR, Sluydts V, Piscitelli AP, Jacob J, Obiegala A. 2021. First detection of Bartonella spp. in small mammals from rice storage and processing facilities in Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Microorganisms 9:658. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9030658. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 45.Abreu-Yanes E, Abreu-Acosta N, Izquierdo-Rodriguez E, Martin-Carrillo N, Foronda P. 2020. Bartonella species and haplotypes in rodents and their fleas in Lanzarote and El Hierro in the Canary Islands, Spain. J Vector Ecol 45:254–261. doi: 10.1111/jvec.12396. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 46.Busse HJ, Huptas C, Baumgardt S, Loncaric I, Spergser J, Scherer S, Wenning M, Kämpfer P. 2019. Proposal of Lysobacter pythonis sp. nov. isolated from royal pythons (Python regius). Syst Appl Microbiol 42:326–333. doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2019.02.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 47.Bisgaard M, Christensen H. 2021. Classification of Bisgaard’s taxa 14 and 32 and a taxon from kestrels demonstrating satellitic growth and proposal of Spirabiliibacterium gen. nov., including the description of three species: Spirabiliibacterium mucosae sp. nov., Spirabiliibacterium pneumoniae sp. nov. and Spirabiliibacterium falconis sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004758. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004758. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 48.Bisgaard M, Mutters R. 1986. A new facultatively anaerobic gram-negative fermentative rod obtained from different pathological lesions in poultry and tentatively designated taxon 14. Avian Pathol 15:117–127. doi: 10.1080/03079458608436271. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 49.Simser JA, Palmer AT, Fingerle V, Wilske B, Kurtti TJ, Munderloh UG. 2002. Rickettsia monacensis sp. nov., a spotted fever group Rickettsia, from ticks (Ixodes ricinus) collected in a European city park. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:4559–4566. doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.9.4559-4566.2002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 50.Lauzi S, Maia JP, Epis S, Marcos R, Pereira C, Luzzago C, Santos M, Puente-Payo P, Giordano A, Pajoro M, Sironi G, Faustino A. 2016. Molecular detection of Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis, Hepatozoon canis and Rickettsia monacensis in dogs from Maio Island of Cape Verde archipelago. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 7:964–969. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.05.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 51.Cohen EB, Auckland LD, Marra PP, Hamer SA. 2015. Avian migrants facilitate invasions of neotropical ticks and tick-borne pathogens into the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 81:8366–8378. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02656-15. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 52.Seto J, Tanaka S, Kawabata H, Ito Y, Ikeda T, Mizuta K. 2021. Detection of tick-borne pathogens in ticks from dogs and cats in the Yamagata Prefecture of Japan in 2018. Jpn J Infect Dis 74:122–128. doi: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2020.462. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 53.Matei IA, Corduneanu A, Sándor AD, Ionică AM, Panait L, Kalmár Z, Ivan T, Papuc I, Bouari C, Fit N, Mihalca AD. 2021. Rickettsia spp. in bats of Romania: high prevalence of Rickettsia monacensis in two insectivorous bat species. Parasit Vectors 14:107. doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04592-x. (Erratum, 14:187, doi:.) [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 54.Wijnveld M, Schötta AM, Stelzer T, Duscher G, Leschnik M, Stockinger H, Lindgren PE, Stanek G. 2021. Novel protozoans in Austria revealed through the use of dogs as sentinels for ticks and tick-borne pathogens. Microorganisms 9:1392. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9071392. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 55.Sgroi G, Iatta R, Lia RP, Napoli E, Buono F, Bezerra-Santos MA, Veneziano V, Otranto D. 2022. Tick exposure and risk of tick-borne pathogens infection in hunters and hunting dogs: a citizen science approach. Transbound Emerg Dis 69:e386–e393. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14314. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 56.Shen Z, Batac F, Mannion A, Miller MA, Bakthavatchalu V, Ho C, Manning S, Paster BJ, Fox JG. 2017. Novel urease-negative Helicobacter sp. ‘H. enhydrae sp. nov.’ isolated from inflamed gastric tissue of southern sea otters. Dis Aquat Organ 123:1–11. doi: 10.3354/dao03082. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 57.Shen Z, Mannion A, Lin M, Esmail M, Bakthavatchalu V, Yang S, Ho C, Feng Y, Smith B, Elliott J, Gresham V, VandeBerg JL, Samollow PB, Fox JG. 2020. Helicobacter monodelphidis sp. nov. and Helicobacter didelphidarum sp. nov., isolated from grey short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica) with endemic cloacal prolapses. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:6032–6043. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004424. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 58.Samollow PB. 2006. Status and applications of genomic resources for the gray, short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica, an American marsupial model for comparative biology. Aust J Zool 54:173–196. doi: 10.1071/ZO05059. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 59.Hubbard GB, Mahaney MC, Gleiser CA, Taylor DE, VandeBerg JL. 1997. Spontaneous pathology of the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica). Lab Anim Sci 47:19–26. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 60.Yavari CA, Ramirez AS, Nicholas RAJ, Radford AD, Darby AC, Bradbury JM. 2017. Mycoplasma tullyi sp. nov., isolated from penguins of the genus Spheniscus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 67:3692–3698. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002052. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 61.Gupta RS, Sawnani S, Adeolu M, Alnajar S, Oren A. 2018. Phylogenetic framework for the phylum Tenericutes based on genome sequence data: proposal for the creation of a new order Mycoplasmoidales ord. nov., containing two new families Mycoplasmoidaceae fam. nov. and Metamycoplasmataceae fam. nov. harbouring Eperythrozoon, Ureaplasma and five novel genera. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 111:1583–1630. doi: 10.1007/s10482-018-1047-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 62.Spergser J, Botes A, Nel T, Ruppitsch W, Lepuschitz S, Langer S, Ries S, Dinhopl N, Szostak M, Loncaric I, Busse HJ. 2020. Mycoplasma nasistruthionis sp. nov. and Mycoplasma struthionis sp. nov. isolated from ostriches with respiratory disease. Syst Appl Microbiol 43:126047. doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2019.126047. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 63.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2021. Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e005056. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005056. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 64.Munson E. 2020. Moving targets of bacterial taxonomy revision: what are they and why should we care? Clin Microbiol Newsl 42:111–120. doi: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2020.06.002. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 65.Kobayashi H, Runge M, Schmidt R, Kubo M, Yamamoto K, Kirchhoff H. 1997. Mycoplasma lagogenitalium sp. nov., from the preputial smegma of Afghan pikas (Ochotona rufescens rufescens). Int J Syst Bacteriol 47:1208–1211. doi: 10.1099/00207713-47-4-1208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 66.Brown DR, Farley JM, Zacher LA, Carlton JM, Clippinger TL, Tully JG, Brown MB. 2001. Mycoplasma alligatoris sp. nov., from American alligators. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:419–424. doi: 10.1099/00207713-51-2-419. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 67.Hoyles L, Pascual C, Falsen E, Foster G, Grainger JM, Collins MD. 2001. Actinomyces marimammalium sp. nov., from marine mammals. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:151–156. doi: 10.1099/00207713-51-1-151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 68.Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Goker M. 2018. Genome-based taxonomic classification of the phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 9:2007. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02007. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 69.Braun MS, Wang E, Zimmermann S, Boutin S, Wink M. 2018. Kocuria uropygioeca sp. nov. and Kocuria uropygialis sp. nov., isolated from the preen glands of great spotted woodpeckers (Dendrocopos major). Syst Appl Microbiol 41:38–43. doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2017.09.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 70.Tak EJ, Kim PS, Hyun D-W, Kim HS, Lee J-Y, Kang W, Sung H, Shin N-R, Kim M-S, Whon TW, Bae J-W. 2018. Phenotypic and genomic properties of Brachybacterium vulturis sp. nov. and Brachybacterium avium sp. nov. Front Microbiol 9:1809. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01809. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 71.Braun MS, Wang E, Zimmermann S, Wagner H, Wink M. 2019. Kocuria tytonis sp. nov., isolated from the uropygial gland of an American barn owl (Tyto furcata). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:447–451. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003170. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 72.Tian Z, Lu S, Jin D, Yang J, Pu J, Lai XH, Bai XN, Wu XM, Li J, Wang S, Xu J. 2019. Streptococcus chenjunshii sp. nov. isolated from feces of Tibetan antelopes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:1237–1243. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 73.Ge Y, Yang J, Lai XH, Zhang G, Jin D, Lu S, Wang B, Huang Y, Huang Y, Ren Z, Zhang X, Xu J. 2020. Vagococcus xieshaowenii sp. nov., isolated from snow finch (Montifringilla taczanowskii) cloacal content. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:2493–2498. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004061. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 74.Lee SY, Kang W, Kim PS, Kim HS, Sung H, Shin NR, Yun JH, Lee JY, Lee JY, Jung MJ, Jeong YS, Tak EJ, Han JE, Hyun DW, Kang MS, Lee KE, Lee BH, Bae JW. 2020. Jeotgalibaca ciconiae sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of an Oriental stork. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:3247–3254. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004163. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 75.Ge Y, Tao Y, Yang J, Lai X-H, Jin D, Lu S, Huang Y, Luo X, Zhou J, Zhang X, Xu J. 2020. Arthrobacter yangruifuii sp. nov. and Arthrobacter zhaoguopingii sp. nov., two new members of the genus Arthrobacter. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:5287–5295. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004414. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 76.Tak EJ, Kim HS, Lee JY, Kang W, Sung H, Kim PS, Hyun DW, Shin NR, Roh JR, Park SD, Shim HE, Bae JW. 2018. Virgibacillus phasianinus sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium isolated from faeces of a Swinhoe’s pheasant, Lophura swinhoii. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:1190–1196. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002650. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 77.Sung H, Kim HS, Lee JY, Kang W, Kim PS, Hyun DW, Tak EJ, Jung MJ, Yun JH, Kim MS, Shin NR, Whon TW, Rho JR, Park SD, Shim HE, Bae JW. 2018. Tumebacillus avium sp. nov., isolated from the gut of a cinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:1659–1664. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002725. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 78.Meng X, Lai X-H, Lu S, Liu S, Chen C, Zhou D, Yang J, Jin D, Xu J. 2018. Actinomyces tangfeifanii sp. nov., isolated from the vulture Aegypius monachus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:3701–3706. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 79.Wang X, Yang J, Lu S, Lai XH, Jin D, Pu J, Zhang G, Huang Y, Zhu W, Wu X, Liang H, Xu J. 2018. Nocardioides houyundeii sp. nov., isolated from Tibetan antelope faeces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:3874–3880. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003076. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 80.Zhu HZ, Liu XD, Jiang CY, Liu SJ. 2019. Cohnella faecalis sp. nov., isolated from animal faeces in a karst cave. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:572–577. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003228. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 81.Li J, Lu S, Jin D, Yang J, Lai XH, Zhang G, Tian Z, Zhu W, Pu J, Wu X, Ying H, Wang S, Xu J. 2019. Salinibacterium hongtaonis sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:1093–1098. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003277. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 82.Li J, Yang J, Lu S, Jin D, Lai XH, Zhang G, Tian Z, Pu J, Wu X, Huang Y, Wang S, Xu J. 2019. Mycetocola zhujimingii sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Tibetan antelopes (Pantholops hodgsonii). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:1117–1122. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003280. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 83.Wang X, Yang J, Lu S, Lai XH, Jin D, Pu J, Niu L, Zhu W, Liang J, Huang Y, Wang B, Wu X, Liang H, Xu J. 2019. Paraliobacillus zengyii sp. nov., a slightly halophilic and extremely halotolerant bacterium isolated from Tibetan antelope faeces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:1426–1432. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003333. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 84.Kämpfer P, Bizet C, Clermont D, Criscuolo A, Kloepper LN, Duncan MB, McInroy JA, Kloepper JW, Schumann P, Glaeser SP. 2019. Filibacter tadaridae sp. nov., isolated from within a guano pile from a colony of Mexican free-tailed bats Tadarida brasiliensis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:1438–1442. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003334. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 85.Zhu W, Yang J, Lu S, Lai XH, Jin D, Pu J, Wang X, Huang Y, Zhang S, Huang Y, Tao Y, Ren Z, Wu X, Zhang X, Xu J, Xu J. 2019. Fudania jinshanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from faeces of the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) in China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:2942–2947. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003586. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 86.Li J, Lu S, Yang J, Pu J, Lai XH, Jin D, Tian Z, Dong K, Zhang S, Lei W, Zhu W, Zhang W, Ren Z, Wu X, Huang Y, Wang S, Meng X, Xu J. 2019. Actinomyces lilanjuaniae sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:3485–3491. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003649. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 87.Huang Y, Wang X, Yang J, Lu S, Lai XH, Jin D, Pu J, Huang Y, Ren Z, Zhu W, Meng J, Dong K, Ge Y, Zhou J, Zhang G, Zhang S, Lei W, Liang H, Xu J. 2019. Nocardioides yefusunii sp. nov., isolated from Equus kiang (Tibetan wild ass) faeces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:3629–3635. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003674. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 88.Zhu W, Yang J, Lu S, Lai XH, Jin D, Wang X, Pu J, Ren Z, Huang Y, Wu X, Zhang X, Xu J, Xu J. 2020. Actinomyces qiguomingii sp. nov., isolated from the Pantholops hodgsonii. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:58–64. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003709. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 89.Dong K, Yang J, Lu S, Pu J, Lai XH, Jin D, Li J, Zhang G, Wang X, Zhang S, Lei W, Ren Z, Wu X, Huang Y, Wang S, Xu J. 2020. Microbacterium wangchenii sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Tibetan gazelles (Procapra picticaudata) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:1307–1314. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003912. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 90.Rodríguez M, Reina JC, Béjar V, Llamas I. 2020. Psychrobacillus vulpis sp. nov., a new species isolated from faeces of a red fox in Spain. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:882–888. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003840. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 91.Lin S-T, Wang L-T, Wu Y-C, Guu J-RJ, Tamura T, Mori K, Huang L, Watanabe K. 2020. Weissella muntiaci sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Formosan barking deer (Muntiacus reevesi). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:1578–1584. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003937. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 92.Tian Z, Lu S, Jin D, Yang J, Pu J, Lai XH, Ren ZH, Wu XM, Li J, Wang S, Xu J. 2020. Cellulomonas shaoxiangyii sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:2204–2210. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003939. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 93.Tian Z, Lu S, Jin D, Yang J, Pu J, Lai XH, Li J, Zhang S, Dong K, Lei W, Huang Y, Ren Z, Zhang D, Wang S, Xu J. 2020. Mumia zhuanghuii sp. nov., isolated from the intestinal contents of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:2233–2238. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003979. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 94.Li J, Lu S, Jin D, Yang J, Lai XH, Mi F, Zhang D, Zhang G, Tian Z, Dong K, Zhang S, Lei W, Pu J, Wu X, Huang Y, Ren Z, Wang S, Xu J. 2020. Agromyces badenianii sp. nov., isolated from plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:2247–2253. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003987. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 95.Tian Z, Zhang D, Lu S, Jin D, Yang J, Pu J, Lai XH, Huang Y, Lei W, Zhang S, Li J, Dong K, Wang S, Xu J. 2020. Georgenia wutianyii sp. nov. and Georgenia yuyongxinii sp. nov. isolated from plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:2318–2324. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004042. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 96.Dong K, Lu S, Yang J, Pu J, Lai XH, Jin D, Li J, Zhang G, Wang X, Liang J, Tian Z, Zhang S, Huang Y, Ge Y, Zhou J, Ren Z, Wu X, Huang Y, Wang S, Xu J. 2020. Nocardioides jishulii sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:3665–3672. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004218. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 97.Zhu W, Li J, Wang X, Yang J, Lu S, Lai XH, Jin D, Huang Y, Zhang S, Pu J, Zhou J, Ren Z, Huang Y, Wu X, Xu J. 2020. Actinomyces wuliandei sp. nov., Corynebacterium liangguodongii sp. nov., Corynebacterium yudongzhengii sp. nov. and Oceanobacillus zhaokaii sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Tibetan antelope in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:3763–3774. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004232. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 98.Li J, Lei W, Yang J, Lu S, Jin D, Lai XH, Zhang S, Cheng Y, Mi F, Huang Y, Pu J, Dong K, Tian Z, Wu X, Huang Y, Wang S, Xu J. 2020. Aeromicrobium chenweiae sp. nov. and Aeromicrobium yanjiei sp. nov., isolated from Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) and plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae), respectively. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:4683–4690. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004331. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 99.Li G, Li Q, Chen X, Jiang L, Zhang K, An D, Lang L, Jiang Y, Han L, Huang X, Jiang C. 2020. Gulosibacter macacae sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from Macaca mulatta faeces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:5115–5122. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004389. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 100.Lee JY, Kang W, Kim PS, Lee SY, Shin NR, Sung H, Lee JY, Yun JH, Jeong YS, Han JE, Jung MJ, Hyun DW, Kim HS, Tak EJ, Bae JW. 2020. Flaviflexus ciconiae sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of the oriental stork, Ciconia boyciana. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:5439–5444. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004435. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 101.Liu Q, Wu K, Fan G, Bai X, Yang X, Pan Y, Cao L, Song W, Chen S, Xiong Y, Chen H. 2021. Corynebacterium anserum sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons) at Poyang Lake, PR China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e04637. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004637. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 102.Tian Z, Yang J, Lai X-H, Pu J, Jin D, Luo X, Huang Y, Li J, Zhang G, Wang S, Xu J. 2021. Microbacterium caowuchunii sp. nov. and Microbacterium lushaniae sp. nov., isolated from plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of PR China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004662. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004662. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 103.Zhou J, Huang Y, Yang J, Lai X-H, Jin D, Lu S, Pu J, Zhang S, Zhu W, Xu M, Huang Y, Liang J, Zheng H, Xu J. 2021. Microbacterium chengjingii sp. nov. and Microbacterium fandaimingii sp. nov., isolated from bat faeces of Hipposideros and Rousettus species. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004858. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004858. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 104.Zhang G, Huang Y, Yang J, Lai X-H, Jin D, Lu S, Cheng Y, Yang C, Pu J, Liang J, Huang Y, Xu J. 2021. Gordonia jinghuaiqii sp. nov. and Gordonia zhaorongruii sp. nov., isolated from Tibetan Plateau wildlife. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004897. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004897. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 105.Cheng Y, Jiao Y, Zhang S, Yang J, Lu S, Jin D, Lai X-H, Pu J, Huang Y, Zheng H, Bai Y, Wang S, Xu J. 2021. Nocardioides dongkuii sp. nov. and Nocardioides lijunqiniae sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) and leaves of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), respectively, on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004920. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004920. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 106.Xu M, Dai Y, Huang Y, Yang J, Lai X-H, Jin D, Lu S, Zhou J, Zhang S, Bai Y, Jiao Y, Qiao L, Jiang Y, Xu J. 2021. Identification of Haloactinobacterium kanbiaonis sp. nov. and Ruania zhangjianzhongii sp. nov., two novel species of the family Ruaniaceae isolated from faeces of bats (Hipposideros spp.). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004953. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004953. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 107.Braun MS, Wang E, Zimmermann S, Wink M. 2018. Corynebacterium heidelbergense sp. nov., isolated from the preen glands of Egyptian geese (Alopochen aegyptiacus). Syst Appl Microbiol 41:564–569. doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2018.06.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 108.Volokhov DV, Amselle M, Bodeis-Jones S, Delmonte P, Zhang S, Davidson MK, Gulland FM, Chizhikov VE. 2018. Neisseria zalophi sp. nov., isolated from oral cavity of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Arch Microbiol 200:819–828. doi: 10.1007/s00203-018-1499-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 109.Zhang G, Yang J, Lai XH, Jin D, Pu J, Bai X, Xiong Y, Ren Z, Luo X, Huang Y, Lu S, Xu J. 2019. Neisseria weixii sp. nov., isolated from rectal contents of Tibetan Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:2305–2311. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003466. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 110.Tian Z, Lu S, Jin D, Yang J, Pu J, Lai XH, Wang XX, Wu XM, Li J, Wang S, Xu J. 2019. Roseomonas wenyumeiae sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Tibetan antelopes (Pantholops hodgsonii) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:2979–2986. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003479. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 111.Choi JY, Kim JH, Lee PC. 2018. Flavobacterium kingsejongi sp. nov., a carotenoid-producing species isolated from Antarctic penguin faeces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:911–916. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002610. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 112.Sung H, Kim HS, Lee JY, Kang W, Kim PS, Hyun DW, Tak EJ, Jung MJ, Yun JH, Kim MS, Shin NR, Whon TW, Rho JR, Park SD, Shim HE, Bae JW. 2018. Oceanisphaera avium sp. nov., isolated from the gut of the cinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:2068–2073. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002797. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 113.Keita MB, Padhmanabhan R, Caputo A, Robert C, Delaporte E, Raoult D, Fournier P-E, Bittar F. 2014. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Gorillibacterium massiliense gen. nov, sp. nov., a new member of the family Paenibacillaceae. Stand Genomic Sci 9:807–820. doi: 10.4056/sigs.5199182. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 114.Pot M, Ducat C, Reynaud Y, Couvin D, Ferdinand S, Breurec S, Talarmin A, Guyomard-Rabenirina S. 2021. Draft genome sequence of Enterobacter oligotrophicus isolated from the microbiome of a lizard in the Caribbean. Microbiol Resour Announc 10:e00602-21. doi: 10.1128/MRA.00602-21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 115.Akita H, Matsushika A, Kimura ZI. 2019. Enterobacter oligotrophica sp. nov., a novel oligotroph isolated from leaf soil. Microbiologyopen 8:e00843. doi: 10.1002/mbo3.843. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 116.Lee JY, Kang W, Kim PS, Lee SY, Shin NR, Sung H, Lee JY, Yun JH, Jeong YS, Han JE, Jung MJ, Hyun DW, Kim HS, Tak EJ, Kang MS, Lee KE, Lee BH, Bae JW. 2019. Iodobacter ciconiae sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from feces of Oriental stork, Ciconia boyciana. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:2948–2953. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003583. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 117.Rodrigues C, Passet V, Rakotondrasoa A, Diallo TA, Criscuolo A, Brisse S. 2019. Description of Klebsiella africanensis sp. nov., Klebsiella variicola subsp. tropicalensis subsp. nov. and Klebsiella variicola subsp. variicola subsp. nov. Res Microbiol 170:165–170. doi: 10.1016/j.resmic.2019.02.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 118.Munson E, Carroll KC. 2021. Summary of novel bacterial isolates derived from human clinical specimens and nomenclature revisions published in 2018 and 2019. J Clin Microbiol 59:e01309-20. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01309-20. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 119.McDougall FK, Wyres KL, Judd LM, Boardman WSJ, Holt KE, Power ML. 2021. Novel strains of Klebsiella africana and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Australian fruit bats (Pteropus poliocephalus). Res Microbiol 172:103879. doi: 10.1016/j.resmic.2021.103879. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 120.Li GD, Jiang Y, Li YL, Chen X, Zhang K, Shen R, Han L, Huang XS, Jiang CL. 2020. Flavobacterium macacae sp. nov., isolated from Macaca mulatta faeces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:51–57. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003708. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 121.Kämpfer P, Glaeser SP, Irgang R, Fernández-Negrete G, Poblete-Morales M, Fuentes-Messina D, Cortez-San Martín M, Avendaño-Herrera R. 2020. Psychrobacter pygoscelis sp. nov. isolated from the penguin Pygoscelis papua. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:211–219. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003739. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 122.Nováková D, Švec P, Zeman M, Busse H-J, Mašlaňová I, Pantůček R, Králová S, Krištofová L, Sedláček I. 2020. Pseudomonas leptonychotis sp. nov., isolated from Weddell seals in Antarctica. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:302–308. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003753. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 123.Huang Y, Wang X, Yang J, Lu S, Lai XH, Jin D, Pu J, Huang Y, Ren Z, Zhu W, Liang H, Zhou P, Shi Z, Xu J. 2020. Apibacter raozihei sp. nov. isolated from bat feces of Hipposideros and Taphozous spp. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:611–617. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003801. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 124.Chen X, Li GD, Wei YF, Li YL, Yu H, Zhang K, Jiang CL, Jiang Y. 2020. Faecalibacter macacae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of Macaca assamensis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:751–758. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003815. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 125.Li J, Lu S, Jin D, Yang J, Lai XH, Huang Y, Tian Z, Dong K, Zhang S, Lei W, Pu J, Zhang G, Wu X, Huang Y, Ren Z, Wang S, Xu J. 2020. Paracoccus liaowanqingii sp. nov., isolated from Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:744–750. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003807. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 126.Volokhov DV, Blom J, Amselle M, Delmonte P, Gao Y, Shen Z, Zhang S, Gulland FM, Chizhikov VE, Eisenberg T. 2020. Oceanivirga miroungae sp. nov., isolated from oral cavity of northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:3037–3048. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004127. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 127.Le Guern AS, Savin C, Angermeier H, Brémont S, Clermont D, Mühle E, Orozova P, Najdenski H, Pizarro-Cerdá J. 2020. Yersinia artesiana sp. nov., Yersinia proxima sp. nov., Yersinia alsatica sp. nov., Yersina vastinensis sp. nov., Yersinia thracica sp. nov. and Yersinia occitanica sp. nov., isolated from humans and animals. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:5363–5372. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004417. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 128.Zhu W, Dong K, Yang J, Lu S, Lai X-H, Pu J, Jin D, Huang Y, Zhang S, Zhou J, Huang Y, Xu J. 2021. Acinetobacter lanii sp. nov., Acinetobacter shaoyimingii sp. nov. and Acinetobacter wanghuae sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Equus kiang. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004567. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004567. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 129.Ge Y, Wang B, Yang J, Lai X-H, Zhang G, Lu S, Jin D, Huang Y, Cheng Y, Zhang X, Xu J. 2021. Jinshanibacter, a new genus of Budviciaceae: identification of Jinshanibacter zhutongyuii sp. nov. and Jinshanibacter xujianqingii sp. nov. isolated from cloacal content of snow finch (Montifringilla taczanowskii). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004653. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004653. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 130.Zhou X, Xuan D, Hu S, Du J, Pu J, Jin D, Zhao F, Yin F, Cui X, Huang Y, Wang G, Wu Q, Lu G, Niu L. 2021. Pelistega ratti sp. nov. from Rattus norvegicus of Hainan Island. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004733. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004733. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 131.Wang Q, Han X-L, Huang Z-P, Huang S, An D-F, Shen J-Q, Lai J-D, He X-M, Ba S, Li C, Li Y-P, Zhang C-L, Fang Z-Q, Jiang Y, Jiang C-L, Lu T. 2021. Faecalibacter rhinopitheci sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from the faeces of Rhinopithecus bieti. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004932. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004932. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 132.Busse H-J, Kämpfer P, Szostak MP, Spergser J. 2021. Luteolibacter ambystomatis sp. nov., isolated from the skin of an Anderson’s salamander (Ambystoma andersoni). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e005043. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005043. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 133.Busse H-J, Kämpfer P, Szostak MP, Rückert C, Spergser J. 2021. Paralysiella testudinis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the cloaca of a toad-headed turtle (Mesoclemmys nasuta). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e005114. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005114. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 134.Modesto M, Michelini S, Sansosti MC, De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Qvirist L, Andlid T, Spiezio C, Sandri C, Pascarelli S, Sgorbati B, Mattarelli P. 2018. Bifidobacterium callitrichidarum sp. nov. from the faeces of the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:141–148. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002472. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 135.Duranti S, Mangifesta M, Lugli GA, Turroni F, Anzalone R, Milani C, Mancabelli L, Ossiprandi MC, Ventura M. 2017. Bifidobacterium vansinderenii sp. nov., isolated from faeces of emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 67:3987–3995. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002243. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 136.Modesto M, Michelini S, Oki K, Biavati B, Watanabe K, Mattarelli P. 2018. Bifidobacterium catulorum sp. nov., a novel taxon from the faeces of the baby common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:575–581. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 137.Michelini S, Modesto M, Filippini G, Spiezio C, Sandri C, Biavati B, Pisi A, Mattarelli P. 2018. Corrigendum to “Bifidobacterium aerophilum sp. nov., Bifidobacterium avesanii sp. nov. and Bifidobacterium ramosum sp. nov.: three novel taxa from the faeces of cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus L.)” [Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 39 (2016) 229-236]. Syst Appl Microbiol 41:528. doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2018.05.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 138.Duranti S, Lugli GA, Napoli S, Anzalone R, Milani C, Mancabelli L, Alessandri G, Turroni F, Ossiprandi MC, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. 2019. Characterization of the phylogenetic diversity of five novel species belonging to the genus Bifidobacterium: Bifidobacterium castoris sp. nov., Bifidobacterium callimiconis sp. nov., Bifidobacterium goeldii sp. nov., Bifidobacterium samirii sp. nov. and Bifidobacterium dolichotidis sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:1288–1298. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 139.Modesto M, Watanabe K, Arita M, Satti M, Oki K, Sciavilla P, Patavino C, Camma C, Michelini S, Sgorbati B, Mattarelli P. 2019. Bifidobacterium jacchi sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of a baby common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:2477–2485. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003518. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 140.Modesto M, Satti M, Watanabe K, Sciavilla P, Felis GE, Sandri C, Spiezio C, Arita M, Mattarelli P. 2019. Alloscardovia theropitheci sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of gelada baboon, the ‘bleeding heart’ monkey (Theropithecus gelada). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:3041–3048. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003584. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 141.Modesto M, Puglisi E, Bonetti A, Michelini S, Spiezio C, Sandri C, Sgorbati B, Morelli L, Mattarelli P. 2018. Bifidobacterium primatium sp. nov., Bifidobacterium scaligerum sp. nov., Bifidobacterium felsineum sp. nov. and Bifidobacterium simiarum sp. nov.: four novel taxa isolated from the faeces of the cotton top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) and the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator). Syst Appl Microbiol 41:593–603. doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2018.07.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 142.Neuzil-Bunesova V, Lugli GA, Modrackova N, Vlkova E, Bolechova P, Burtscher J, Longhi G, Mancabelli L, Killer J, Domig K, Ventura M. 2021. Five novel bifidobacterial species isolated from faeces of primates in two Czech zoos: Bifidobacterium erythrocebi sp. nov., Bifidobacterium moraviense sp. nov., Bifidobacterium oedipodis sp. nov., Bifidobacterium olomucense sp. nov. and Bifidobacterium panos sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004573. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004573. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 143.Modesto M, Satti M, Watanabe K, Puglisi E, Morelli L, Huang C-H, Liou J-S, Miyashita M, Tamura T, Saito S, Mori K, Huang L, Sciavilla P, Sandri C, Spiezio C, Vitali F, Cavalieri D, Perpetuini G, Tofalo R, Bonetti A, Arita M, Mattarelli P. 2019. Characterization of Bifidobacterium species in feaces of the Egyptian fruit bat: description of B. vespertilionis sp. nov. and B. rousetti sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 42:126017. doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2019.126017. (Erratum, 44:126169, 2021, doi:.) [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 144.Meng J, Jin D, Yang J, Lai XH, Pu J, Zhu W, Huang Y, Liang H, Lu S. 2020. Lactobacillus xujianguonis sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Marmota himalayana. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:11–15. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003598. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 145.Li F, Cheng CC, Zheng J, Liu J, Quevedo RM, Li J, Roos S, Gänzle MG, Walter J. 2021. Limosilactobacillus balticus sp. nov., Limosilactobacillus agrestis sp. nov., Limosilactobacillus albertensis sp. nov., Limosilactobacillus rudii sp. nov. and Limosilactobacillus fastidiosus sp. nov., five novel Limosilactobacillus species isolated from the vertebrate gastrointestinal tract, and proposal of six subspecies of Limosilactobacillus reuteri adapted to the gastrointestinal tract of specific vertebrate hosts. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004644. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004644. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 146.Suzuki-Hashido N, Tsuchida S, Hayakawa T, Sakamoto M, Azumano A, Seino S, Matsuda I, Ohkuma M, Ushida K. 2021. Lactobacillus nasalidis sp. nov., isolated from the forestomach of a captive proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004787. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004787. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 147.Liu Q, Xue L, Wu K, Fan G, Bai X, Yang X, Cao L, Sun H, Song W, Pan Y, Chen S, Xiong Y, Chen H. 2021. Nanchangia anserum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from feces of greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004978. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004978. (Erratum, 72:e005301, 2022, doi:.) [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 148.Hunter KC, Lawson PA, Dowd SE, McLaughlin RW. 2021. Clostridium chrysemydis sp. nov., isolated from the faecal material of a painted turtle. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e005023. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 149.Shigeno Y, Kitahara M, Shime M, Benno Y. 2019. Phascolarctobacterium wakonense sp. nov., isolated from common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) faeces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:1941–1946. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 150.Gilbert MJ, Zomer AL, Timmerman AJ, Spaninks MP, Rubio-Garcia A, Rossen JW, Duim B, Wagenaar JA. 2018. Campylobacter blaseri sp. nov., isolated from common seals (Phoca vitulina). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:1787–1794. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002742. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 151.Gruntar I, Papić B, Pate M, Zajc U, Ocepek M, Kušar D. 2020. Helicobacter labacensis sp. nov., Helicobacter mehlei sp. nov., and Helicobacter vulpis sp. nov., isolated from gastric mucosa of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:2395–2404. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004050. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 152.Vincent AT, Schiettekatte O, Goarant C, Neela VK, Bernet E, Thibeaux R, Ismail N, Mohd Khalid MKN, Amran F, Masuzawa T, Nakao R, Amara Korba A, Bourhy P, Veyrier FJ, Picardeau M. 2019. Revisiting the taxonomy and evolution of pathogenicity of the genus Leptospira through the prism of genomics. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13:e0007270. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007270. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 153.Bloomfield S, Wilkinson D, Rogers L, Biggs P, French N, Mohan V, Savoian M, Venter P, Midwinter A. 2020. Campylobacter novaezeelandiae sp. nov., isolated from birds and water in New Zealand. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:3775–3784. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004231. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 154.Bryant E, Shen Z, Mannion A, Patterson M, Buczek J, Fox JG. 2020. Campylobacter taeniopygiae sp. nov., Campylobacter aviculae sp. nov., and Campylobacter estrildidarum sp. nov., novel species isolated from laboratory-maintained zebra finches. Avian Dis 64:457–466. doi: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-20-00019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 155.Parisi A, Chiara M, Caffara M, Mion D, Miller WG, Caruso M, Manzari C, Florio D, Capozzi L, D’Erchia AM, Manzulli V, Zanoni RG. 2021. Campylobacter vulpis sp. nov. isolated from wild red foxes. Syst Appl Microbiol 44:126204. doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2021.126204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 156.Volokhov DV, Batac F, Gao Y, Miller M, Chizhikov VE. 2019. Mycoplasma enhydrae sp. nov. isolated from southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:363–370. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003144. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 157.Ziegler L, Moller Palau-Ribes F, Enderlein D, Herbst W, Schmidt L, Lierz M. 2019. Mycoplasma hafezii sp. nov., isolated from the trachea of a peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:773–777. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003235. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 158.Volokhov DV, Gulland FM, Gao Y, Chizhikov VE. 2020. Ureaplasma miroungigenitalium sp. nov. isolated from northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) and Ureaplasma zalophigenitalium sp. nov. isolated from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:153–164. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003729. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 159.Volokhov DV, Gao Y, Davidson MK, Chizhikov VE. 2020. Acholeplasma equirhinis sp. nov. isolated from respiratory tract of horse (Equus caballus) and Mycoplasma procyoni sp. nov. isolated from oral cavity of raccoon (Procyon lotor). Arch Microbiol 202:411–420. doi: 10.1007/s00203-019-01786-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 160.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2018. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:2130–2133. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002831. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 161.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2018. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:3379–3393. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003071. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 162.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2021. Valid publication of new names and new combinations effectively published outside the IJSEM. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004943. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004943. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 163.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2018. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:2707–2709. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002945. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 164.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2017. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 67:529–531. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001845. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 165.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2020. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:1–5. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003881. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 166.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2019. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:2627–2629. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003624. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 167.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2020. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:1443–1446. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003991. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 168.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2017. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 67:1095–1098. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001986. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 169.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2019. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:5–9. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003174. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 170.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2021. List of new names and combinations that have appeared in effective publications outside of the IJSEM and are submitted for valid publication. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004688. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004688. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 171.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2020. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:4043–4049. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 172.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2020. List of new names and combinations that have appeared in effective publications outside of the IJSEM and are submitted for valid publication. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:4844–4847. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004366. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 173.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2021. Valid publication of new names and new combinations effectively published outside the IJSEM. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e005096. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005096. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 174.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2020. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:2960–2966. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004156. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 175.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2021. List of new names and new combinations that have appeared in effective publications outside of the IJSEM and are submitted for publication. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004600. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004600. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 176.Collins MD, Hoyles L, Foster G, Falsen E, Weiss N. 2002. Arthrobacter nasiphocae sp. nov., from the common seal (Phoca vitulina). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:569–571. doi: 10.1099/00207713-52-2-569. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 177.Busse H-J, Moore ERB. 2018. Reclassification of Arthrobacter nasiphocae (Collins et al. 2002) as Falsarthrobacter nasiphocae gen. nov., comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:1361–1364. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002680. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 178.Kandler O, Stetter K-O, Köhl R. 1980. Lactobacillus reuteri sp. nov., a new species of heterofermentative lactobacilli. Zentralbl Mikrobiol 1:264–269. doi: 10.1016/S0172-5564(80)80007-8. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 179.Anonymous. 1982. Validation of publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSB. Int J Syst Bacteriol 32:266–268. doi: 10.1099/00207713-32-2-266. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 180.Zheng J, Wittouck S, Salvetti E, Franz CMAP, Harris HMB, Mattarelli P, O’Toole PW, Pot B, Vandamme P, Walter J, Watanabe K, Wuyts S, Felis GE, Gänzle MG, Lebeer S. 2020. A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:2782–2858. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 181.Meng X, Lu S, Lai XH, Wang Y, Wen Y, Jin D, Yang J, Xu J. 2017. Actinomyces liubingyangii sp. nov. isolated from the vulture Gypaetus barbatus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 67:1873–1879. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001884. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 182.Vela AI, Fernandez A, Sánchez-Porro C, Sierra E, Mendez M, Arbelo M, Ventosa A, Domínguez L, Fernández-Garayzábal JF. 2007. Flavobacterium ceti sp. nov., isolated from beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57:2604–2608. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.65154-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 183.García-López M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Tindall BJ, Gronow S, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Hahnke RL, Göker M. 2019. Analysis of 1,000 type-strain genomes improves taxonomic classification of Bacteroidetes. Front Microbiol 10:2083. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02083. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 184.Lu HB, Cai ZP, Yang YG, Xu MY. 2020. Duganella rivus sp. nov., Duganella fentianensis sp. nov., Duganella qianjiadongensis sp. nov. and Massilia guangdongensis sp. nov., isolated from subtropical streams in China and reclassification of all species within genus Pseudoduganella. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 113:1155–1165. doi: 10.1007/s10482-020-01422-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 185.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2020. List of new names and new combinations that have appeared in effective publications outside of the IJSEM and are submitted for valid publication. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:5596–5600. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004484. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 186.Kämpfer P, Irgang R, Busse HJ, Poblete-Morales M, Kleinhagauer T, Glaeser SP, Avendaño-Herrera R. 2016. Pseudoduganella danionis sp. nov., isolated from zebrafish (Danio rerio). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 66:4671–4675. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 187.Lee SD, Byeon Y-S, Kim S-M, Yang HL, Kim IS. 2021. Jinshanibacter allomyrinae sp. nov., isolated from larvae of Allomyrina dichotoma, proposal of Insectihabitans xujianqingii gen. nov., comb. nov. and emended descriptions of the genera Jinshanibacter, Limnobaculum and Pragia. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e004938. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004938. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 188.Hameed A, Shahina M, Lin SY, Liu YC, Young CC. 2014. Pseudomonas hussainii sp. nov., isolated from droppings of a seashore bird, and emended descriptions of Pseudomonas pohangensis, Pseudomonas benzenivorans and Pseudomonas segetis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 64:2330–2337. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.060319-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 189.Rudra B, Gupta RS. 2021. Phylogenomic and comparative genomic analyses of species of the family Pseudomonadaceae: proposals for the genera Halopseudomonas gen. nov. and Atopomonas gen. nov., merger of the genus Oblitimonas with the genus Thiopseudomonas, and transfer of some misclassified species of the genus Pseudomonas into other genera. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:e005011. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 190.Minamida K, Ota K, Nishimukai M, Tanaka M, Abe A, Sone T, Tomita F, Hara H, Asano K. 2008. Asaccharobacter celatus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from rat caecum. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:1238–1240. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.64894-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 191.Kitahara M, Tsuchida S, Kawasumi K, Amao H, Sakamoto M, Benno Y, Ohkuma M. 2011. Bacteroides chinchilla sp. nov. and Bacteroides rodentium sp. nov., isolated from chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) faeces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 61:877–881. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.024026-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 192.Adeolu M, Gupta RS. 2014. A phylogenomic and molecular marker based proposal for the division of the genus Borrelia into two genera: the emended genus Borrelia containing only the members of the relapsing fever Borrelia, and the genus Borreliella gen. nov. containing the members of the Lyme disease Borrelia (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex). Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 105:1049–1072. doi: 10.1007/s10482-014-0164-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 193.Oren A, Garrity GM. 2015. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 65:1105–1111. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.000178. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 194.Munro HJ, Ogden NH, Lindsay LR, Robertson GJ, Whitney H, Lang AS. 2017. Evidence for Borrelia bavariensis infections of Ixodes uriae within seabird colonies of the north Atlantic Ocean. Appl Environ Microbiol 83:e01087-17. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01087-17. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 195.Hördt A, López MG, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Schleuning M, Weinhold LM, Tindall BJ, Gronow S, Kyrpides NC, Woyke T, Göker M. 2020. Analysis of 1,000+ type-strain genomes substantially improves taxonomic classification of Alphaproteobacteria. Front Microbiol 11:468. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00468. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 196.Madden DL, Moats KE, London WT, Matthew EB, Sever JL. 1974. Mycoplasma moatsii, a new species isolated from recently imported grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Int J Syst Bacteriol 24:459–464. doi: 10.1099/00207713-24-4-459. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 197.Giebel J, Meier J, Binder A, Flossdorf J, Poveda JB, Schmidt R, Kirchhoff H. 1991. Mycoplasma phocarhinis sp. nov. and Mycoplasma phocacerebrale sp. nov., two new species from harbor seals (Phoca vitulina L.). Int J Syst Bacteriol 41:39–44. doi: 10.1099/00207713-41-1-39. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 198.Brown MB, Brown DR, Klein PA, McLaughlin GS, Schumacher IM, Jacobson ER, Adams HP, Tully JG. 2001. Mycoplasma agassizii sp. nov., isolated from the upper respiratory tract of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) and the gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:413–418. doi: 10.1099/00207713-51-2-413. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 199.Hill AC. 1986. Mycoplasma felifaucium, a new species isolated from the respiratory tract of pumas. J Gen Microbiol 132:1923–1928. doi: 10.1099/00221287-132-7-1923. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 200.Anonymous. 1988. Validation of publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSB. Int J Syst Bacteriol 38:449. doi: 10.1099/00207713-38-4-449. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 201.Brown DR, Talkington DF, Thacker WL, Brown MB, Dillehay DL, Tully JG. 2001. Mycoplasma microti sp. nov., isolated from the respiratory tract of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:409–412. doi: 10.1099/00207713-51-2-409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 202.Suarez-Perez A, Ramirez AS, Rosales RS, Calabuig P, Poveda C, Rossello-Mora R, Nicholas RAJ, Poveda JB. 2012. Mycoplasma neophronis sp. nov., isolated from the upper respiratory tract of Canarian Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus majorensis). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 62:1321–1325. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.033803-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 203.Möller Palau-Ribes F, Enderlein D, Hagen N, Herbst W, Hafez HM, Lierz M. 2016. Description and prevalence of Mycoplasma ciconiae sp. nov. isolated from white stork nestlings (Ciconia ciconia). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 66:3477–3484. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001220. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 204.Skerman VBD, McGowan V, Sneath PHA. 1980. Approved lists of bacterial names. Int J Syst Bacteriol 30:225–420. doi: 10.1099/00207713-30-1-225. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]