Fig. 1. Study overview and workflow.

(A) An overview of the study design. We used multimodal retinal and brain imaging data to understand the phenotypic and genetic connections between the brain and the eye. We considered multiple brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities, including structural MRI, diffusion MRI, resting-state functional MRI (fMRI), and task-based fMRI. For the eye, we used traits derived from retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) and extracted from fundus retinal images using pre-trained transfer learning models. (B) A brief description of the overall workflow and major analyses in each part.