Table 1.

Selected examples of psychoactive mushrooms with ethnopharmacology relevance around the world.

Scientific Name	Common Name	Community (Country)	Uses	Ref.
Amanita muscaria	Miskwedo	Ojibwa and Algonquin (North America)	Used in sacred ancestral ceremonies and for the treatment of mental and spiritual ailments, supplying states of happiness and relaxation.	[27,28]
Cordyceps sinensis	Chong xia cao	Tibet (China)	In traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicine, this fungus was recognized for its aphrodisiacal properties. In addition, alcoholic extracts of this mushroom are used for mood improvement and as energy drinks because of its ginseng-like effects.	[29]
Gymnopilus purpuratus	Badiadimurobuni The ear of the spirit	Amazonian natives (Brazil)	In the XVII century, Jesuits reported that tribes of central Amazonia in Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador prepared Gymnopilus-based inebriating beverages for shamanic and healing purposes.	[21]
Inocybe aeruginascens	Fibrous head	No specified (Hungary)	This mushroom is also recognized in different Europe countries as the “good trip”, because after its consumption people describe an exceptionally pleasant sensation with sparkling fantasies, experience of a flying soul and euphoric feelings.	[30]
Panaeolus papilionaceus	Waraitake or odoritake Laughing mushroom	(Japan)	Reports of recreative use date back to the 11th century; traditional reports indicate that Waraitake consumers became particularly happy, dancing, singing, and laughing compulsively, and this behavior was similar to drunk states.	[31]
Psilocybe aztecorum	Apipitzin	Nahuatls/Popocatépetl (México)	Popularly known as “rainwater child”, one of the main species used in central Mexico indigenous civilizations for entheogenic purposes.	[26]
Psilocybe caerulescens and P. mexicana	Tenanácatl	Nahuatls (Mexico)	Sacred mushroom used in religious and sacred ceremonies.	[26]
Tricholoma muscarium	No reported	No specified (Japan)	This is an important edible agaric mushroom with significant economic value in Japan. The Tricholoma species have an important ecological role because of the ectomycorrhizal formation with different plan families, being considered markers of conservation value measurements.	[32]