Table 3.

Plant-based nanoparticles and their cytotoxicity against human cell lines.

Type of NPs	Plant Name	Plant Part Used	Size and Shape of NPs	Cell Line	IC50	Ref.
AgNPs	Litchi chinensis	Leaf	41–55 nm (spherical)	MCF-7	40.9 μg/mL	[222]
AgNPs	Putranjiva roxburgi	Seed	8 nm (spherical)	MDA-MB-231, HCT-116, and PANC-1	260, 540, 0.25 μg/mL	[223]
AgNPs	Alternanthera sessilis	Leaf	30–50 nm (spherical)	PC3	6.8 μg/mL	[224]
AgNPs	Euprenolepis procera	Leaf	60 nm (spherical)	MCF-7	9.63 μM	[225]
AgNPs	Solanum trilobatum	Fruit	41.90 nm (spherical, polygonal)	MCF-7	30 μg/mL	[226]
AgNPs	Zingiber officinale	Leaf	18.93 nm (spherical)	AsPC-1, PANC-1, and MIA PaCa-2	295, 312, 220 µg/mL	[227]
AgNPs	Punica granatum	Leaf	46.1 nm	HeLa	100 μg/mL	[228]
AgNPs	Ganoderma neo-japonicum	Whole	5–8 nm (spherical)	MDA-MB-231	6.0 μg/mL	[229]
AgNPs	Derris trifoliate	Seed	16.92 nm (spherical)	A549	86.23 μg/mL	[230]
AgNPs	Detarium microcarpum	Leaf	81 nm (cubic)	HeLA, PANC-1	31.5, 84 μg/mL	[231]
AuNPs	Gelidium pusillum.	Whole	12 ± 4.2 nm (spherical)	MDA-MB-231	43.09 ± 1.6 μg/mL	[232]
AuPs	Artocarpus hirsutus	Leaf	5–40 nm (spherical)	HeLa, RKO, and A549	210, 210, 205 μg/mL	[233]
AuNPs conjugated with activated folic acid (FA, receptor) and chlorambucil	Artocarpus hirsutus	Leaf	5–40 nm (spherical)	HeLa, RKO, and A549	130, 132, 133 μg/mL	[233]
AuNPs	Musa paradisiaca	Peel	50 nm (triangular)	A549	58 μg/mL	[234]
AuNPs	Ferula persica	Gum	37.05 nm (spherical)	CT26	2.4 μg/mL	[235]
AuNPs	Nigella sativa	Essential oil from seed	15.6–28.4 nm (spherical)	A549	28.37 μg/mL	[236]
AuNPs	Cajanus cajan	Seed coat	9–41 nm (spherical)	HepG2	6 μg/mL	[237]
AuNPs	Rhus chinensis	Plant gall	20–40 nm (oval and spherical)	Hep3B	150 μg/mL	[238]
AuNPs	Commelina nudiflora	NA	24–150 nm (spherical, triangular)	HCT116	200 μg/mL	[239]
AuNPs	Butea monosperma	Bark	35 nm (spherical)	MCF7	0.024 μg/mL	[240]
CuNPs	Olea europaea	NA	20–50 nm (spherical)	SKOV-3	2.27 μg/mL	[186]
CuNPs	Ficus religiosa	Leaf	577 nm (spherical)	A549	200 μg/mL	[187]
CuNPs	Olea europaea		20–50 nm (spherical)	AMJ-13	1.47 μg/mL	[186]
CuNPs	Azadirachta indica, Hibiscus rosa-sinensi, Murraya koenigii, Moringa oleifera, and Tamarindus indica	Leaf	12 nm (spherical)	HeLa	26.3, 21.63, 23.22, 30.08, 20.32, μg/mL	[241]
		Leaf	12 nm (spherical)	MCF-7	25.55, 22.45, 25.32, 26.1, 29.1 μg/mL	[241]
		Leaf	12 nm (spherical)	A549	26.03, 20.15, 25.05, 34.3, 18.11 μg/mL	[241]
		Leaf	12 nm (spherical)	Hep-2	28.59, 22.59, 25.59, 29.58, 21.66 μg/mL	[241]
ZnO NPs	Geranium wallichianum	Leaf	18 nm (hexagonal)	HepG2	39.26 μg/mL	[242]
ZnO NPs	Raphanus sativus	Leaf	209 nm (spherical and hexagonal)	A549	40 μg/mL	[243]
ZnO NPs	Rubia tinctorum	Leaf	40 nm (spherical)	MCF-7	40 μg/mL	[244]
ZnO NPs	Pongamia pinnata	Seed	30.2 nm (face centered, cubic)	MCF-7	32.8 μg/mL	[245]
ZnO NPs	Withania somnifera	Root	32 nm (hexagonal wurtzite)	MCF-7	6.84 μg/mL	[246]
ZnO NPs	Abutilon indicum	Leaf	50–500 nm (spherical)	Hela	45.82 μg/mL	[247]
Fe2O3 NPs	Albizia adianthifolia	Leaf	32–100 nm (spherical)	AMJ-13, MCF-7	1.8, 7.7 μg/mL	[206]
Fe2O3 NPs	Couroupita guianensis	Fruit	17 nm (spherical)	HepG2	44.51 μg/mL	[248]
Fe2O3 NPs	Sargassum muticum	Whole	18 nm (cubic)	Jurkat, MCF-7, HeLa, and HepG2	6.4, 18.5, 12.5, 23.83 μg/mL	[249]
PtNPs	Dioscorea bulbifera	Tuber	2–5 nm (spherical)	HeLa	10 μg/mL	[250]
Palladium (Pd) NPs	Dioscorea bulbifera	Tuber	10–20 nm (spherical and blunt ended)	HeLa	10 μg/mL	[250]
Pt-Pd	Dioscorea bulbifera	Tuber	20–25 nm (irregular)	HeLa	10 μg/mL	[250]
Tin oxide (SnO2) NPs	Annona squamosa	Peel	2.5 nm (spherical)	HepG2	1–500 μg/mL	[251]