Table 2.

Main findings on RBCs-based EVs as a drug delivery carrier.

Reference	EV Production Method	Cargo-Loading Method	Cargo	Application	In Vitro	Pre-Clinical	Clinical
[196]	Chemical method, calcium chloride	Incubation under hypo-osmotic conditions	Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) particles	Magnetic resonance imaging	X	X
[182]	Chemical method, calcium ionophore	Post-loading method, electroporation	Antisense oligonucleotides, Cas9 mRNA, and guide RNAs	Cancer therapy	X	X
[185]	Physical method, extrusion	Post-loading method, incubation	Technetium-99m	In vivo imaging		X
[197]	Physical method, extrusion	Pre-loading method, hemolysis and incubation	Camptothecin and amphiphilic fluorophore	Cancer therapy	X	X
[7]	Chemical method, calcium ionophore	Post-loading method, incubation	Doxorubicin	Cancer therapy	X	X
[194]	Chemical method, calcium ionophore	Post-loading method, transfection and electroporation	Rig-I agonists, small RNAs	Cancer therapy	X	X
[198]	Chemical method, calcium ionophore	Post-loading method, transfection	Antisense oligonucleotides, doxorubicin and sorafenib	Acute liver failure, cancer therapy	X	X
[199]	Isolation of naturally produced RBCEVs	Post-loading method, incubation	Antimalarial drug, atovaquone and tafenoquine	Anti-malarial treatment	X
[200]	Chemical method, calcium ionophore	Post-loading method, transfection	Peptide, Antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA	Cancer therapy	X	X