Table 2.

The cases of insect cell-based models applied to omics technology.

Omics	Organism	Cell	Compounds	Year	Main Results and Conclusions
Proteomics	Bombyx mori	BmN cells	BmNPV	2018	A total of 4205 identified proteins, among which 4194 are on the quantitative level. During BmNPV infection, several transcription factors and epigenetically modified proteins show substantially different abundance levels. In particular, proteins with binding activity display considerable changes in their molecular functions. Disabled non-homologous end joining by BmNPV reflects irreversible breakage of DNA. Nevertheless, highly abundant superoxide dismutase suggests that the cellular defense system is constantly functional in maintaining biochemical homeostasis.	[126]
		N cells	NaF	2015	Two-dimensional electrophoresis of whole cells extracted from BmN shows that treatment with 300 mu M NaF upregulated 32 proteins and downregulated 11 proteins when compared with controls. Identification of five different proteins through MALDI-TOF MS, four of which are identified for the first time, involving two upregulated proteins (mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH2 and prohibitin protein WPH) and tqo downregulated proteins (calreticulin precursor CRT and DNA supercoiling factor SCF).	[26]
		Hemocytes	Destruxin A	2014	A total of 47 differently expressed protein spots are detected and 22 proteins in 26 spots are identified. There are eight immunity-related proteins, containing three downregulated proteins (antitrypsin isoform 3, p50 protein and calreticulin precursor) and five upregulated proteins (C-type lectin 10 precursor, serine proteinase-like protein, paralytic peptide, PPO-1 and PPO-2). Four resistance- and/or stress-related proteins (arginine kinase, carboxylesterase clade H, member 1, aminoacylase and thiol peroxiredoxin) are upregulated. Ten proteins with other or unknown functions are also recorded.	[27]
	Apis mellifera	Head cells	Carbendazim	2021	Handling with carbendazim seriously alters 266 protein expression patterns in the heads of adults and 218 of them exhibit downregulation after carbendazim exposure. Remarkably, major royal jelly proteins, a crucial multifunctional protein family with irreplaceable function in maintaining the development of colonies, are greatly suppressed in carbendazim-treated bees. The result is checked in both the head and hypopharyngeal gland of nurse bees. Furthermore, visual and olfactory loss, immune functions, muscular activity, social behavior, neural and brain development, protein synthesis and modification and metabolism-related proteins are likely inhibited by carbendazim treatment.	[127]
	Helicoverpa zea	AM1 cells	Prostaglandins (PG)	2020	Significant phosphorylation changes were observed in 31 proteins, with decreases in 15, increases in 15, and one protein showgin increased or decreased phosphorylation, depending on PG treatment. Increasing PG exposure times leads to changes in fewer proteins; 20 min incubations led to changes in 16 proteins, 30 min to changes in 13, and 40 min to changes in 2 proteins. The proteins are identified using bioinformatic analyses, involving transcript description, calculated molecular weights and isoelectric points, molecular weight search score, total ion score, numbers of peptides, percent protein coverage, E-value and highest peptide score.	[128]
	Spodoptera frugiperda	Sf9 cells	AcMNPV mutants (lacking p35 gene)	2016	A total of 4004 sf9 proteins were identified using iTRAQ. After comparison of the substantially expressed 483 proteins from p35k0AcMNPV-infected Sf9 cells and the considerably expressed 413 proteins from wtAcMNPV-infected Sf9 cells, it was found that 226 proteins were specific to p35koAcMNPV-infected Sf9 cells. The most upregulated proteins relate to Epstein–Barr virus infection, RNA transport, calcium signaling pathway, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, oxidative phosphorylation and N-Glycan biosynthesis.	[129]
Transcriptomics	Aedes albopictus	U4.4 cells	West Nile virus (WNV) and Lammi virus (LamV)	2022	WNV-infected cells have upregulation of a broad range of immune-related genes, while, in LamV-infected cells, many genes related to stress, such as various heat-shock proteins, are upregulated. The transcriptome profile of the dual-infected cells is a mix of up- and downregulated genes triggered by both viruses.	[130]
	Drosophila melanogaster	Ovary cells	Cyromazine	2022	Cyromazine reduces the number of germ cells by interfering with the ecdysone signaling pathway. Results indicate a significant decrease in the expression of ecdysone signaling-related genes compared to the control group. Furthermore, the titer of the ecdysone hormone is also markedly reduced (90%) in cyromazine-treated adult ovaries, suggesting that ecdysone signaling is immediately related to the decrease in the number of germline stem cells and cystoblasts.	[131]
		Kc cells	Deltamethrin (DM)	2020	Identified 268 DEGs in Kc cells treated with DM, including 180 upregulated genes and 88 downregulated genes. When the cells are treated with DM in the case of overexpression of the Keap1 gene, the cytochrome P450 family genes are considerably downregulated, and some disease-related genes and non-coding genes also are changed. The data show that the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway may play an important role in DM stress.	[132]
	Spodoptera frugiperda	Midgut cells	Camptothecin (CPT)	2021	A total of 915 and 3560 DEGs were identified from samples treated with 1.0 and 5.0 µg/g CPT, respectively. Among the identified genes are those encoding detoxification-related proteins and components of the peritrophic membrane such as mucins and cuticle proteins. KEGG pathway enrichment analyses indicate that part of DEGs is involved in DNA replication, digestion, immunity, endocrine system and metabolism.	[133]
	Achaea janata	Midgut cells	Bt formulation	2019	A total of 34,612 and 41,109 transcripts were detected in controls and larval midgut samples exposed to toxins, out of which 18,836 in the control and 21,046 exposed to toxins of samples are elucidated. Microarray data analysis employed to monitor the gene expression in Cry toxin exposure revealed that 375 genes are upregulated and 579 genes are downregulated during all the time points (12–60 h) of toxin exposure. The differentially expressed transcripts contain Cry toxin receptors, gut proteases, arylphorin, REPATs, detoxification enzymes and aquaporins. Validation of microarray data is performed with real time quantitative PCR using few randomly selected genes and the results obtained are in corroboration.	[134]
	Mamestra configurata	Midgut cells	MacoNPV-A	2014	The earliest genes identified by each method have substantial overlap, comprising known early genes as well as genes unique to MacoNPV-A and genes of unknown function. The RNAseq data also disclose a wide variety of expression levels across all ORFs, which could not be measured using qPCR. This dataset provides a first whole genome transcriptomic analysis of viral genes required for virus infection in vivo and will provide the basis for operationally evaluating specific genes that may be critical elements in baculovirus midgut infection and host scope.	[135]
Transcriptomics and proteomics	Spodoptera frugiperda	Sf9 cells	Harmine	2020	Transcriptomic analysis revealed 2463 upregulated and 689 downregulated genes following harmine treatment. The most commonly enriched pathways of DEGs are mostly concerned in drug and xenobiotic metabolism. Proteomics analysis revealed 36 upregulated and 77 downregulated proteins, and the results show a non-linear relationship with mRNA expression. All the genes connected to detoxification and resistance in the transcriptome and DEGs are identified and annotated. Complete open reading frames of 27 cytochrome P450s (CYPs), 27 glutathione 5-transferases (GSTs), 11 carboxylesterases (CarEs), 10 UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and 29 heat shock proteins (HSPs) are gathered and verified using qRT-PCR.	[136]