Table 1.
COVID-19 patient characteristics of (A) patients during hospitalization (B) hospitalized patients at follow-up, (C) hospitalized patients with in-hospital new-onset diabetes at follow-up, and (D) non-hospitalized patients at follow-up.
| COVID-19 | (A) Hospitalized patients during hospitalization (N = 8216) |
(B) All hospitalized patients at follow-up (N = 4982) |
(C) Subset of hospitalized patients with in-hospital DM at follow-up (N = 1034) |
(D) Non-hospitalized patients at follow-up (N = 1942) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New-onset I-DM (N = 1854, 22.6%) | No I-DM (N = 6362, 77.4%) | Post-COVID P-DM (N = 834, 16.7%) | No P-DM (N = 4148, 83.3%) | Post-COVID P-DM (N = 383, 37.0%) | No P-DM (N = 651, 63.0%%) | Post-COVID P-DM (N = 142, 7.3%) | No P-DM (N = 1800 92.7%) | |
| Age, yo, median (IQR) | 66 (55, 78) | 41 (30, 59) | 62 (50, 75) | 45 (32, 62) | 66 (55, 77) | 63 (53, 76) | 54.9 ± 18.3 | 40.9 ± 16.0 |
| Female, n (%) | 818 (44.1%) | 3896 (61.2%) | 405 (48.6%) | 2519 (60.7%) | 161 (42.0%) | 311 (47.8%) | 74 (52.1%) | 1250 (69.4%) |
| White, not hispanic | 191 (10.3%) | 610 (9.6%) | 92 (11.0%) | 373 (9.0%) | 50 (13.1%) | 70 (10.8%) | 18 (12.7%) | 245 (13.6%) |
| Black, not hispanic | 572 (30.9%) | 1930 (30.3%) | 280 (33.6%) | 1266 (30.5%) | 129 (33.7%) | 227 (34.9%) | 43 (30.3%) | 475 (26.4%) |
| Hispanic | 791 (42.7%) | 2957 (46.5%) | 354 (42.4%) | 1941 (46.8%) | 171 (44.6%) | 272 (41.8%) | 48 (33.8%) | 594 (33.0%) |
| Other | 300 (16.2%) | 865 (13.6%) | 108 (12.9%) | 568 (13.7%) | 33 (8.6%) | 82 (12.6%) | 33 (23.2%) | 486 (27.0%) |
| BMI | 29.0 (25.1, 34.3) | 28.0 (23.9, 32.8) | 28.9 (24.8, 34.4)∗∗ | 28.7 (24.6, 33.2) | 29.1 (25.1, 34.9) | 29.8 (26.1, 34.4) | 29.5 (26.6, 33.9) | 28.2 (24.6, 32.1) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||||
| CHF | 221 (11.9%)∗∗∗ | 384 (6.0%) | 167 (20.0%)∗∗∗ | 279 (6.7%) | 88 (23.0%)∗∗∗ | 72 (11.1%) | 15 (10.6%)∗∗∗ | 49 (2.7%) |
| CKD | 106 (5.7%)∗∗ | 283 (4.4%) | 81 (9.7%)∗∗∗ | 204 (4.9%) | 34 (8.9%)∗ | 32 (4.9%) | 10 (7.0%)∗∗∗ | 43 (2.4%) |
| Hypertension | 487 (26.3%)∗∗∗ | 1436 (22.6%) | 352 (42.2%)∗∗∗ | 1068 (25.7%) | 154 (40.2%)∗∗ | 196 (30.1%) | 55 (38.7%)∗∗∗ | 295 (16.4%) |
| COPD/Asthma | 122 (6.6%)∗∗∗ | 1088 (17.1%) | 109 (13.1%)∗∗ | 726 (17.5%) | 31 (8.1%) | 61 (9.4%) | 19 (13.4%) | 245 (13.6%) |
| Steroid usage | 462 (24.9%)∗∗∗ | 423 (6.6%) | 125 (15.0%)∗∗∗ | 430 (10.4%) | 87 (22.7%) | 187 (28.7%) | ||
| ICU admission | 77 (4.2%) | 270 (4.2%) | 21 (2.5%)∗∗∗ | 222 (5.4%) | 17 (4.4%) | 43 (6.6%) | ||
| In-hospital death, n (%) | 313 (16.9%)∗∗∗ | 167 (2.6%) | na | na | na | na | ||
| Lab at admission, median (IQR) | ||||||||
| CRP | 8.3 (3.6, 16.0)∗∗∗ | 3.5 (0.9, 8.9) | 6.1 (2.2, 13.7)∗∗∗ | 4.6 (1.2, 10.5) | 6.8 (2.6, 5.1) | 7.7 (3.08, 15.2) | ||
| Ferritin | 647 (308, 1305)∗∗ | 355 (131, 921) | 559 (235, 1302)∗ | 441 (168, 1053) | 631 (292, 1292) | 615 (276, 1235) | ||
| LDH | 370 (276, 530)∗∗∗ | 283 (213, 393) | 330 (251, 477)∗∗ | 304 (227, 429) | 351 (260, 508) | 360 (267, 516) | ||
| BNP | 60 (15, 243) | 60 (14, 219) | 86 (27, 647)∗∗∗ | 60 (13, 171) | 66 (22, 410) | 60 (14, 187) | ||
| Cr | 1.06 (0.81, 1.50)∗∗∗ | 0.83 (0.70, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.36)∗∗∗ | 0.84 (0.70, 1.11) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.52) | 1.02 (0.79, 1.37) | ||
| D-dimer | 1.33 (0.74, 2.80)∗ | 0.94 (0.50, 1.98) | 1.22 (0.66, 2.87)∗∗∗ | 1.00 (0.55, 2.05) | 1.31 (0.72, 3.19) | 1.29 (0.75, 2.46) | ||
| TNT | 0.01 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) | ||
| ALT | 31 (20, 51)∗∗∗ | 23 (15, 37) | 26 (17, 43) | 25 (16, 41) | 28 (18, 47) | 31 (20, 51) | ||
| LYMPH | 1.1 (0.7, 1.4)∗∗∗ | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.4) | ||
| WBC | 7.2 (5.4, 10.0)∗∗∗ | 6.4 (4.8, 8.6) | 6.8 (5.0, 9.5)∗∗∗ | 5.7 (5.4, 6.2) | 7.5 (5.6, 10.5)∗ | 6.9 (5.2, 9.6) | ||
| PT | 13.8 (13.1, 14.9)∗∗ | 13.6 (13.0, 14.4) | 13.9 (13.3, 15.1)∗∗∗ | 13.6 (13.1, 14.4) | 14.0 (13.3, 15.1) | 13.8 (13.1, 14.7)∗ | ||
| SBP | 131 (116, 147) | 129 (117, 144) | 134 (120, 150)∗∗∗ | 129 (116, 144) | 133 (119, 150) | 131 (116, 147)∗ | ||
| SPO2 | 95 (91, 98)∗∗∗ | 98 (96, 99) | 97 (94, 98)∗∗∗ | 98 (96, 99) | 95 (92, 98) | 95 (92, 98) | ||
| TEMP | 98.7 (98.1, 99.7)∗∗∗ | 98.6 (98.2, 99.4) | 98.7 (98.1, 99.6)∗ | 98.7 (98.2, 99.5) | 98.7 (98.1, 99.7) | 98.7 (98.2, 99.7) | ||
Laboratory test data were obtained at admission. SD: standard deviation. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 between new diabetes and no diabetes within each group.