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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2023 Feb;37(2):208–214. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202210060

细胞外囊泡治疗椎间盘退变的研究进展

Advances in the role of extracellular vesicles in intervertebral disc degeneration

Helong ZHANG 1, Yifan WEI 1, Cheng MA 1, Lingzhi LI 1, Zhiwen TAO 1, Yongxin REN 1,*
PMCID: PMC9970767  PMID: 36796818

Abstract

Objective

To review the mechanism of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in treating intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD).

Methods

The literature about EVs was reviewed and the biological characteristics and mechanism of EVs in the treatment of IVDD were summarized.

Results

EVs are a kind of nano-sized vesicles with a double-layered lipid membrane structure secreted by many types of cells. EVs contain many bioactive molecules and participate in the exchange of information between cells, thus they play important roles in inflammation, oxidative stress, senescence, apoptosis, and autophagy. Moreover, EVs are found to slow down the process of IVDD by delaying the pathological progression of the nucleus pulposus, cartilage endplates, and annulus fibrosus.

Conclusion

EVs is expected to become a new strategy for the treatment of IVDD, but the specific mechanism remains to be further studied.

Keywords: Extracellular vesicles, intervertebral disc degeneration, nucleus pulposus, cartilage endplates, annulus fibrosus


椎间盘退变(intervertebral disc degeneration,IVDD)是多种脊柱疾病发生发展的重要病理基础,其引起的腰椎间盘突出、退变性腰椎管狭窄、退变性腰椎滑脱等疾病在临床上常见,严重影响患者生活和工作[1]。髓核、软骨终板、纤维环等结构的异常病理变化均可促进IVDD进展,目前临床上针对IVDD的治疗方法主要为物理治疗、药物治疗和必要时手术治疗,但均以缓解患者临床症状为主,并不能从病因上逆转病理状态[2]

细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EVs)是直径为30 nm~3 μm的双层脂质膜囊泡,由细胞分泌到外环境中。随着研究的深入,人们发现EVs有着强大的生物学功能,在多种疾病的发生发展过程中起着重要作用。本文对EVs治疗IVDD的作用及其机制研究进展进行综述,以期为后续研究和治疗提供新思路、新方法。

1. EVs生物学特性

1.1. EVs概况

关于EVs的研究最早可追溯到1967年,是由Wolf团队[3]发现的具有血小板功能的脂质微粒。20世纪80年代,Pan等[4]在研究羊网织红细胞时发现了EVs的亚型外泌体,并认为它是细胞清除胞内垃圾物质的一种方式。EVs可由人体大多数细胞分泌[5],并且广泛分布在生物流体中,如血浆、尿液、唾液、腹水、胆汁液、脑脊液和羊水等。近年研究发现EVs通过富集其亲代细胞的活性信号分子,包括蛋白质、miRNA、mRNA及环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)、脂质等[6],改变靶细胞功能。在不同生理和病理情况下,EVs中的成分存在差异性表达,这种变化将直接影响EVs对细胞的作用机制,如炎症、氧化应激、自噬、衰老、凋亡等(图1)。根据直径、标志物以及生成方式,EVs可以分为外泌体、微囊泡及凋亡小体3种亚型(表1)。

图 1.

图 1

The mechanism of EVs on target cells

EVs对靶细胞的作用机制

表 1.

Classification criteria for three subtypes of EVs

EVs的3种亚型分型标准

类型
Classification
直径
Size
标志物
Landmark
生成方式
Generative process
外泌体 30~150 nm CD9、CD63、肿瘤易感基因101蛋白、Alix、CD81、热休克蛋白70 多泡体与细胞膜融合后释放
微囊泡 100 nm~1 μm 脂筏标记蛋白-2、选择蛋白、整联蛋白、CD40 细胞膜出芽和分裂形成
凋亡小体 1~3 μm 膜联蛋白、组蛋白、DNA 细胞凋亡时细胞萎缩破裂形成

1.2. EVs分离提取及鉴定方法

EVs常用分离提取方法包括超速离心、密度梯度离心、尺寸排除色谱和基于磁珠的亲和捕获[7]。超速离心法是基于EVs与其他细胞器、细胞碎片的沉降系数不同,进而分离得到EVs。该提取方法简单,但重复离心可能破坏EVs的囊泡结构。密度梯度离心法是基于EVs与其他杂质的密度差异进行离心分离的方法,与超速离心法相比,能进一步去除杂质蛋白,得到更高纯度的EVs[6]。近年出现了纳米技术和微流体的新兴方法,如切向流过滤、非对称流场流分选和外泌体检测方法超快分离系统等。总的来说,现有分离提取方法中,产品纯度和产量通常成反比关系。因此,分离提取方法仍需要开发或改进,以期获得高纯度和大规模EVs样品,促进其临床应用。

EVs鉴定方法包括生物物理技术及生化检测方法。其中,EVs 直径、浓度和形态等物理性状可采用透射电镜检查、流式细胞术、纳米颗粒跟踪分析技术、动态光散射技术、可调电阻脉冲传感技术等生物物理技术进行观测。常用生化检测方法包括ELISA、Western blot、蛋白质组学分析、PCR等,上述方法因实验原理及操作步骤不同而各有利弊。为了确保生物样品中EVs的纯度和生物活性,有学者推荐至少使用一种生化检测方法和生物物理技术的组合来鉴定EVs [8],其中最常用的是Western blot与透射电镜检查联合。

2. EVs与髓核

髓核处于椎间盘中心,周围是软骨终板和纤维环,髓核细胞(nucleus pulposus cell,NPC)处于高压、酸性、乏营养的特殊环境,主要通过产生Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白多糖(aggrecan,ACAN)发挥作用。在炎症、氧化应激、衰老、凋亡等不利因素影响下,NPC细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)合成代谢减少,分解代谢增加,ACAN含量减少,Ⅰ型胶原逐渐取代Ⅱ型胶原,导致椎间盘稳态被破坏[9]。如何挽救NPC细胞功能减退和ECM的代谢紊乱,以期恢复椎间盘正常功能,对治疗IVDD具有重要意义。

2.1. EVs影响NPC炎症与氧化应激

炎症和氧化应激是IVDD发生的早期关键事件。近年研究发现,含有核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3,NLRP3)的炎症小体是参与炎症、氧化应激和细胞焦亡的关键分子,有望成为治疗IVDD的靶点[10]。Zhang等[11]研究发现miR-410能直接与NLRP3结合,而MSCs分泌的EVs(MSCs-EVs)能传递miR-410至NPC,抑制NLRP3的表达。MSCs-EVs通过运输Prx2,降低NLRP3、半胱氨酸蛋白酶1(Caspase-1)、焦孔素D-N端的表达水平,发挥抗炎作用[12]。Yuan等[13]报道人脐带MSCs来源的EVs通过传递miR-26a-5p调节NPC中METTL14/NLRP3信号通路,进而抑制下游炎症因子IL-1β、IL-18的表达。Wen等[14]发现BMSCs来源的EVs(BMSCs-EVs)通过富集miR-199a并靶向GREM1下调TGF-β途径来延缓IVDD的进展。另外,BMSCs-EVs可通过CIRC_0050205/miR-665/Gpx4轴和CIRC_0072464/miR-431/NRF2途径,减轻氧化应激对NPC的损伤[15-16]。Lu等[17]研究发现将BMSCs-EVs与IVDD患者的NPC共培养21 d后,NPC合成代谢基因(ACAN、COX-2、Sox-9、基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂 1)表达上调,基质降解相关的基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)水平被抑制。活性氧由线粒体产生,能够造成细胞器损伤并促进炎症介质产生[18-19],而MSCs-EVs可下调活性氧,发挥抗炎和抗氧化作用[20]。Zhou等[21]研究发现低氧环境下MSCs-EVs中miR-17-5p含量丰富,通过与TLR4结合以促进NPC增殖和ECM合成。NPC来源的EVs (NPC-EVs)对MSCs亦有影响,体外实验显示NPC-EVs能诱导MSCs向髓核样细胞分化、迁移[22]

2.2. EVs影响NPC衰老

NPC在各种病理因素刺激下易老化,并且衰老的髓核通过分泌促炎因子、基质重塑酶类、趋化因子和生长因子等物质加速退变进展,这被认为是IVDD病理基础之一[23]。Sun等[24]发现脂肪细胞来源的EVs通过烟酰胺磷酸核糖转移酶激活烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)生物合成和Sirt1信号通路,从而抑制衰老NPC分泌与衰老相关的表型因子。此外,该团队还发现MSCs-EVs通过将miR-105-5p传递给衰老的NPC并激活Sirt6,发挥延缓衰老作用[25]。Liao等[26]发现二甲双胍处理后的MSCs-EVs可显著改善叔丁基过氧化氢诱导的NPC衰老。Chen等[27]使用衰老NPC分泌的EVs处理正常NPC,发现正常细胞增殖和集落形成能力降低,P53和P21表达增强,提示EVs可能含有来自衰老NPC的生物活性物质,并促进周围正常细胞衰老。

2.3. EVs影响NPC凋亡

凋亡与NPC数量减少关系密切,是导致椎间盘病变的重要因素[28]。研究表明,MSCs-EVs中的miR-21激活PI3K/AKT信号通路,上调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2,下调凋亡相关蛋白Bax、cleaved Caspase-3[29]。Sun等[30]发现MSCs-EVs通过传递miR-194-5p缓解TNF-α诱导的NPC凋亡。Hu等[31]报道BMSCs-EVs通过抑制氧化应激来减轻压缩应力负荷介导的NPC凋亡。在重度IVDD脊髓组织NPC分泌的EVs中,circRNA_0000253大量富集,且circRNA_0000253与miRNA141-5p竞争性结合并下调Sirt1,促进凋亡蛋白Caspase-3、Caspase-7、Caspase-9、解聚蛋白样金属蛋白酶、MMP的表达[32]。Cui等[33]发现MSCs-EVs中miR-129-5p通过靶向LRG1抑制p38/MAPK信号通路,抑制NPC凋亡。Li等[34]报道在病理性酸性环境中,MSCs-EVs能下调MMP,促进ECM的合成,保护NPC免受酸性环境诱导的细胞凋亡。 Liao等[35]发现MSCs-EVs激活AKT/ERK通路,抑制NPC中晚期糖基化终末产物积累以及与其相关的内质网应激,发挥抗凋亡作用。Xiang等[36]亦发现尿源性干细胞分泌的EVs通过AKT/ERK途径改善内质网应激。

2.4. EVs影响NPC自噬

自噬与IVDD及EVs的生物发生和分泌活动有关[26, 37]。Zhang等[38]报道在自噬激活剂处理下,NPC分泌的EVs增多,且其高表达的miR-27A靶向MMP-13,抑制ECM降解。Hu等[39]发现自噬可以正向调节细胞骨架蛋白RhoC、ROCK2的表达水平,在NPCs分泌EVs的过程中发挥重要作用。

3. EVs与软骨终板

软骨终板由软骨细胞和ECM构成,位于椎间盘与椎体之间,发挥着提供营养、力学缓冲和维持椎体形态等重要作用[40]。因此,当软骨终板功能减退后,椎间盘营养供应障碍,促进IVDD的发生发展[41]。近年来,软骨终板退变机制成为IVDD治疗领域研究新方向,而软骨终板细胞过度凋亡和钙化是软骨终板病理改变的两个主要过程[42] ,受到了越来越多学者关注。

Xie等[43]使用MSCs-EVs与叔丁基过氧化氢诱导的软骨终板细胞共处理,结果显示其能显著下调细胞凋亡相关蛋白Caspase-3、Caspase-7、Caspase-9及钙化相关蛋白Runx2、BMP-2的表达。此外,EVs中miR-31-5p通过靶向ATF6相关的内质网应激来减轻细胞凋亡和钙化。Yuan等[44]报道双氧水诱导的氧化应激促进钙化并增加EVs的产生,但该EVs协同双氧水增强钙化相关基因ALP、骨钙素、RUNX2的表达,促进软骨终板矿物质沉积。

Luo等[45]报道软骨终板干细胞(cartilage endplate stem cell,CESCs)分泌的EVs(CESCs-EVs)促进NPC增殖,并且通过激活PI3K/AKT通路抑制细胞凋亡。此外,该团队后续研究[46]报道CESCs-EVs也可以通过自分泌途径作用于其母细胞,激活HIF-1α/Wnt途径,使CESCs向NPC迁移和分化,产生修复作用。Chen等[47]发现CESCs-EVs富载miR-125-5p,并通过靶向 SUV39H1基因促进NPC自噬,抑制其凋亡。

4. EVs与纤维环

纤维环由纤维环细胞和ECM构成,位于椎间盘外层,在维持椎间盘稳态及脊柱生物力学稳定性中发挥重要作用,并且作为物理屏障,将内部髓核与外部血管和免疫系统隔离开来。

正常椎间盘由于其高浓度蛋白多糖和高压力的微环境,能抑制血管形成[48],但是纤维环裂隙和撕裂的形成会削弱其作为物理屏障的作用,促进血管浸润[49]。Wiet等[50]发现健康纤维环细胞的培养上清可抑制肥大细胞诱导的血管生成。Sun等[51]报道发生退行性变的纤维环细胞分泌的EVs会促进细胞迁移和炎症因子表达,对人脐静脉内皮细胞具有促血管生成作用,而正常纤维环细胞分泌的EVs则显示相反作用,表现出抑制血管生长、维持健康椎间盘的无血管状态。Sun等[52]报道0.5 MPa压缩负荷下培养的脊索细胞分泌的EVs高表达miR-140-5p,具有抗血管生成作用。Li等[53]发现BMSCs-EVs通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路减轻纤维环细胞的炎症和凋亡。

5. EVs应用前景

EVs作为一种新型生物载体在多种疾病治疗中有着巨大应用潜力,吸引了科研及临床转化领域的广泛关注。采用EVs传递生物活性物质具有以下优势:① 脂质双分子层结构可保护传递的生物活性物质,避免其降解;② 脂质层上的膜蛋白具有靶向性;③ 为自体细胞产物,生物相容性良好;④ 较高的安全性,能避免细胞移植疗法带来的免疫排斥反应、小血管堵塞、恶性转化等副作用。

EVs可作为纳米载体富集其来源母细胞的生物信息成分或运载特定分子,如mRNA、miRNA、circRNA、蛋白质或药物等,通过膜融合、细胞表面受体或者内吞方式将内容物传递给靶细胞[54-55]。有研究报道,MSCs-EVs可向髓核提供线粒体蛋白,恢复受损线粒体[20]。Guo等[56]报道在退变的椎间盘中人母系蛋白(matrilin,MATN)含量降低,以MATN3下降最显著,而尿源性干细胞分泌的EVs富含MATN3并将其传递给NPC,进而激活TGF-β途径,促进NPC增殖和ECM合成。Zhu等[57]发现退变髓核中miR-532-5p含量减少,而BMSCs-EVs传递的miR-532-5p能负调节RASSF5基因,抑制细胞凋亡和ECM降解。Yuan等[58]发现miR-4450通过下调ZNF121,促进NPC凋亡和炎症反应,而人脐带MSCs来源的EVs通过其携带的AntagomiR-4450降低Caspase-3、MMP-13、IL-6、IL-1β表达,促进Ⅱ型胶原和ACAN表达。类似报道还有MSCs-EVs通过传递miR-142-3p,抑制MLK3/MAPK通路激活,从而减轻IL-1β介导的NPC损伤[59]

工程化EVs是指对EVs来源的细胞进行改造或对EVs本身进行改造,以增强EVs表面蛋白和内容物的含量,从而提高EVs的靶向能力及治疗疾病能力。Liao等[12]报道EVs与TNF-α预处理的NPC共孵育后,会减弱NPC对EVs的摄取及EVs下调NPC焦亡相关蛋白的作用,并发现NPC对EVs摄取是由小泡依赖的内吞作用介导的,而Cavin-2在这一过程中发挥关键作用。该团队通过构建Cavin-2表达载体转染MSCs,从而获取高表达Cavin-2的工程化EVs。结果表明该工程化EVs能恢复NPC对EVs的摄取,对受损靶细胞展现出更好的治疗效果,提示工程化EVs可能是治疗IVDD的一种潜在方法。

水凝胶具有力学性能优良、免疫排斥反应低、亲水性好等优点,是再生医学研究中的热门材料[60]。Xing等[61]通过构建负载EVs的温敏水凝胶来治疗IVDD,结果显示该水凝胶不仅能弥补髓核组织ECM的丢失,还可通过持续释放EVs来抑制NLRP3炎性小体和焦亡,促进NPC增殖,为开发IVDD生物疗法提供了新策略。

6. 总结与展望

EVs可通过其内容物参与调节椎间盘中髓核、软骨终板、纤维环功能,维持ECM稳态,减轻炎症反应。然而,关于EVs治疗IVDD的具体机制还有待进一步研究。EVs具有显著优势,包括小体积、无免疫原性、低异常分化风险、优良生物相容性和稳定性等,被视为纳米医学和再生医学中最具前景的候选者之一。但将EVs 用于临床治疗IVDD仍有较长距离,目前临床研究样本量有限,相关研究也以动物和细胞实验为主,均与临床有一定差异,且存在分离纯化、产量有限、储存的稳定性、工程化的安全性等问题。相信随着对椎间盘及EVs研究的不断深入,EVs在IVDD领域的应用前景将更加广阔。

利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;课题经费支持没有影响文章观点及报道

作者贡献声明 张贺龙:综述构思及撰写论文;魏易凡、马成:设计文章整体框架,修改整理文章内容;李凌志、陶志文:查阅文献;任永信:修改并审核全文

Funding Statement

江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20201487)

Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20201487)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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