Development of clinical practice guidelines for Korean medicine: Towards evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine

Seungwon Shin; Wonkyung Moon; Suran Kim; Seok Hee Chung; Jongwoo Kim; Namkwen Kim; Yoon Jae Lee; Minjung Park

doi:10.1016/j.imr.2023.100924

. 2023 Feb 2;12(1):100924. doi: 10.1016/j.imr.2023.100924

Development of clinical practice guidelines for Korean medicine: Towards evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine

Seungwon Shin ^a, Wonkyung Moon ^b, Suran Kim ^b, Seok Hee Chung ^c, Jongwoo Kim ^c, Namkwen Kim ^d, Yoon Jae Lee ^b, Minjung Park ^b,^e,^⁎

PMCID: PMC9971282 PMID: 36865051

Abstract

Background

Since evidence-based medicine has been pursued in complementary and alternative medicine, the clinical practice guideline (CPG) has become a key factor in providing standardized and validated practices in Korean Medicine (KM). We aimed to review the current status and characteristics of the development, dissemination, and implementation of KM-CPGs.

Methods

We searched KM-CPGs and relevant publication via web-based databases. We organized the searching results focused on the year of publications and the development programs to show which and how KM-CPGs have been development. We also reviewed the manuals for KM-CPG development to introduce concise characteristics of the KM-CPGs published in Korea.

Results

The KM-CPGs have been developed according to manuals and standard templates for developing evidence-based KM-CPGs. First, CPG developers reviews the previously published CPGs for a clinical condition of interest and plans the CPG development. After finalizing the key clinical questions, the evidence is searched, selected, appraised, and analyzed following the internationally standardized methods. The quality of the KM-CPGs is controlled by a tri-step appraisal process. Second, the CPGs were submitted for the appraisal of the KM-CPG Review and Evaluation Committee. The committee evaluates the CPGs according to the AGREE II tool. Finally, the Steering Committee of the KoMIT project reviews the entire process of developing the CPGs and confirms it for public disclosure and dissemination.

Conclusion

Evidence-based KM from research to practice can be achieved with the attention and effort of multidisciplinary entities such as clinicians, practitioners, researchers, and policymakers for the CPGs.

Keywords: Clinical practice guidelines, Korean medicine, Evidence-based medicine, Complementary and alternative medicine

1. Introduction

Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are defined as systematically developed statements that can be used to assess the appropriateness of specific healthcare decisions, services, and outcomes.¹ The CPGs are considered potentially beneficial for patients, healthcare professionals, and healthcare systems because they can improve health outcomes, the quality of clinical decisions, and economic efficiency.² Many researchers, clinicians, and healthcare professionals have been trying to develop evidence-based CPGs. As of November 2022, more than 2,870 CPGs that were developed or published worldwide were available in the International Guideline Library of the Guidelines International Network (GIN), which is a network of organizations and individuals interested in evidence-based guidelines that was established in 2002.³

Experts on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) have made an effort to develop and implement CPGs for providing evidence-based and standardized healthcare services to patients, despite many challenges.⁴^,⁵ According to a systematic review, at least 115 CPGs for traditional Chinese medicine had been published by 2015,⁶ while 35 and 17 CPGs released in Japan included recommendations for Kampo medicine and acupuncture therapy, respectively.⁷ It has also been reported that 74 of 604 Western medicine CPGs included CAM therapies in 2015.⁸

Many evidence-based Korean Medicine (KM)-CPGs have been developed in the Republic of Korea since a CPG for traffic accident injury treatment was published in 2005.⁹ The Association of Korean Medicine (AKOM, the nationally authorized association with licensed KM doctors) and the Society of Korean Medicine (SKOM, an academic research organization of KM with a total of 51 member societies) led the early development of the KM-CPGs, while the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Korea (K-MOHW) has settled down to the national development of the KM-CPGs since 2016.¹⁰

It is very important to share the KM-CPGs with researchers, clinicians, practitioners, and policymakers worldwide to enhance the quality of the CPGs, implement them in practice, and promote evidence-based medical services in CAM. We aimed to review the current status and characteristics of the development, dissemination, and implementation of the KM-CPGs.

2. Methods

This is a narrative review to introduce how KM-CPGs have been developed for years. We searched KM-CPGs via the web-based databases operated by the Korean Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM, www.kiom.re.kr/eng) and the National Institute of Korean Medicine Development (NIKOM, nikom.or.kr/engnckm), which have been the leading entities for CPG development in KM. We also searched PubMed and Korean databases (KoreaMed, koreanmed.org; KMbase, kmbase.medric.or.kr; KISS, kiss.kstudy.com; RISS, www.riss.kr; ScienceON, scienceon.kisti.re.kr) and reviewed the publications of history and methodology to develop KM-CPG. We organized the searching results focused on the year of publications and the development programs to show the primary milestones in the history of KM-CPGs development. We also reviewed the manuals for KM-CPG development to introduce concise characteristics of the KM-CPGs published in Korea.¹¹^,¹² Since the project administrators (Seok Hee Chung and Namkwen Kim for the Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine (G-KoM) Project; Minjung Park for the Korean Medicine Innovative Technologies Development (KoMIT) Project) and researchers participated in this review, we tried to provide professional experiences and insight in this review.

3. Development of the KM-CPGs: milestones

Fifteen KM-CPGs were developed between 2005 and 2014, after the development of KM-CPGs for patients injured in a traffic accident in 2005, officially by the Korean Society of Chuna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves, a member society of SKOM. The development was mostly led by AKOM or SKOM (including its member societies) based on KM expert consensus.⁹^,¹⁰ One of the interesting characteristics of the KM-CPGs was that some of them were focused on a specific intervention for a target disease or symptom (e.g., Chuna manual therapy for traffic accident injury, Ephedra for obesity, or acupuncture therapy for knee, neck, or low back pain), which might have been the results that reflected the biggest demand for KM clinical practice.

KIOM, a national institute for research from the basic principles to the clinical applications of oriental medicine established in 1994, started to support the development of KM-CPGs, resulting in the development of a total of seven KM-CPGs (such as for ankle sprain, atopic dermatitis, depression, facial palsy, lumbar herniated intervertebral disk, obesity, and shoulder pain) by 2015.13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 The most important contribution of these CPGs was that KIOM applied evidence-based medicine methodology to evaluate the data and draw recommendations for clinical practice.²⁰

G-KoM Project was initiated in 2016 as an R&D program funded by K-MOHW to provide validated evidence conforming to international standards and standardizing the clinical practices of KM. By 2022, the project group at NIKOM, a national institute for promoting the KM industry through scientification and standardization, completed the development of 30 newly-developed or updated KM-CPGs in collaboration with SKOM members. The CPGs included six diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue,21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 four mental and behavioral disorders,27, 28, 29, 30 three injury, poisoning, and certain other consequences of external causes,31, 32, 33 three diseases of the circulatory system,34, 35, 36 three diseases of the nervous system,37, 38, 39 two diseases of the respiratory system,⁴⁰^,⁴¹ two diseases of the genitourinary system,⁴²^,⁴³ one disease of the digestive system,⁴⁴ and others.45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 The key advancement achieved by this project was that the KM-CPGs were standardized and quality-controlled. For this purpose, the project group published a manual for the development of KM-CPGs and comprised an official committee where external peers reviewed and evaluated the KM-CPGs with the Appraisal of Guidelines, Research, and Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument before publishing them.

The K-MOHW launched a new KM R&D program, called KoMIT Project, in 2020. This program is planned to support clinical research on KM, promote evidence-based KM, and enhance the quality of healthcare services with KM in Korea. One of the sub-topics of the KoMIT project is to develop brand new KM-CPGs that are useful in clinical settings and bring the previously developed CPGs up to date with new evidence. The project will make more than 70 de novo or updated KM-CPGs by 2029, and some of them, namely, the KM-CPGs for irritable bowel syndrome, gout, tension-type headache, osteoporosis, pediatric growth disorders, and Sasang constitutional symptomatology, have already been published in 2022.51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56

All the developed or planned KM-CPGs are listed in Fig. 1.

4. A structured process for achieving standardized and qualified KM-CPGs

The KM-CPGs led by G-KoM or KoMIT projects have been developed following manuals and standard templates for developing evidence-based KM-CPGs.¹¹^,¹² It is stated what and how we should do for planning, developing, evaluating, and disseminating the KM-CPGs in the manuals, which employ Cochrane methods to conduct systematic reviews and meta-analyses and Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methods to derive evidence-based recommendations for the KM-CPGs.

In the beginning, researchers need to plan to develop the CPGs after reviewing the previously published ones, if available, for a clinical condition of interest. They can choose to develop it de novo or revise it based on the previous version of the CPGs. It is strongly recommended that each development committee includes clinical professionals, methodologists, patients, or primary consumers. The key clinical questions that the committee constituted for a targeted CPG are disclosed to the public in the very early stage, which is a good rudder to reflect what the potential beneficiaries expect. The adequacy of the whole planning process is evaluated by external peer reviewers and amended if necessary.

After finalizing the key clinical questions in the forms of patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO), the evidences are searched, selected, appraised, and analyzed following the internationally standardized methods for systematic review and meta-analysis. The developers need to follow the Cochrane recommendatios for the risk of bias assessments and meta-analysis. Based on those reviews, the committee discusses what to be recommended in the KM-CPGs. The recommendations are drawn after GRADE evaluation process.

The recommendations are addressed using the level of evidence and recommended grades in the KM-CPGs. The level of evidence is defined as how strongly we are confident about the evidence that we have found so far, which is rated at four levels (high, moderate, low, and very low) based on the design, quality, quantity, and consistency of the clinical research selected for the recommendation. The recommended grade is defined as the strength of the recommendation, meaning how strongly we are certain that the benefits are greater or lesser than the harms from the recommended interventions. The strengths of the recommendations of the KM-CPGs are classified into five levels: A, B, C, D, and inconclusive. These levels are based on the benefits and harms, level of evidence, use in clinical settings, economic evaluation, and preferences and values.¹¹ The detailed interpretations of each level of evidence and grade of recommendation are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1.

Level of evidence and grade of recommendation in KM-CPGs.

Category	Interpretation
*Level of evidence*
High	Very confident; the true effect lies close to the estimate of the effect.
Moderate	Moderately confident; the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but it is possible to be substantially different.
Low	Limited confidence; the true effect may differ substantially from the estimate of the effect.
Very low	Very little confidence; the true effect is likely to differ substantially from the estimate of effect.
*Grade of recommendation*
A	Strongly recommended in almost the entire clinical practice.
B	Should be considered in the majority of clinical practices.
C	May be considered in some of the clinical practices.
D	Not recommended in the majority of clinical practices.
Inconclusive	A recommendation is not made because of a lack of consensus.

Open in a new tab

CPG, clinical practice guideline; KM, Korean Medicine.

The endeavors have also reduced the discrepancies between evidence and practice and enhanced the validity of the evidence-based KM-CPGs. The G-KoM and KoMIT projects organized a panel with KM doctors of primary care and made all groups involved in the development of the KM-CPGs include one or more members of the panel. These groups should involve KM doctors in primary care from the beginning of the development of the CPGs. Additionally, the key clinical questions formulated by the committees should be open to the public before searching for relevant evidence, which can help the CPGs reflect consumers' needs for KM healthcare services. Meanwhile, the National Agency for the KoMIT project reinforced the process of external peer reviews of the KM-CPGs under development. The key clinical questions formulated according to the principles of patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome, and the draft or revised version of the KM-CPG statements, should go through an advisory review process several times.

The quality of the KM-CPGs is controlled by a tri-step appraisal process. After being reviewed and amended, the CPGs should obtain the approval of one or more academic members of SKOM, which makes the CPGs an official publication of the societies. Second, the CPGs were submitted for the appraisal of the KM-CPG Review and Evaluation Committee, which was modulated by the national agency of the KoMIT project. The committee evaluated the CPGs according to the AGREE II tool and presented a decision to accept them with minor or major revisions or reject them. Finally, the Steering Committee of the KoMIT project reviews the entire process of developing the CPGs and confirms it for public disclosure and dissemination. Only the finalized CPGs accepted by the Review and Evaluation Committee for the KM-CPGs will be reviewed and confirmed by the Steering Committee.¹¹

The structured process for the development of KM-CPGs is depicted in Fig. 2.

5. Recommended major interventions included in the published KM-CPGs

It is very important to provide practitioners with necessary evidence-based recommendations for the KM interventions commonly used in primary cares, since most of those interventions are not newly developed but have been used for a long time in Korea. The 36 CPGs led by G-KoM and KoMIT projects recommended those KM treatments comprehensively, including herbal medication, acupuncture therapy, pharmacopuncture therapy, moxibustion therapy, cupping therapy, thread embedding therapy, Chuna manual therapy, or various types of exercise therapies. Most of the developed CPGs recommended administration of herbal medications (34 of 36 CPGs), followed by acupuncture therapy (33 of 36), moxibustion therapy (24 of 36), and pharmacopuncture therapy (22 of 36). The CPGs recommended that those KM interventions should or can be applied to patients solely or combined with other KM treatments or conventional therapies of western medicine. The interventions included in each KM-CPGs structured are summarized in Fig. 3.

Fig 3 — Interventions recommended in KM-CPGs.

Figure note. AT primarily includes various types of acupuncture therapies such as manual, electrical, ear, fire or warm needling. (1) External application of herbal medication is included; (2) Steaming and washing treatment using Herbal medication is included; (3) Acupressure is included; (4) Acupotomy is included; (5) Laser acupuncture is included; (6) Acupoint application is included; (7) Daoyin exercise therapy is included. AT, acupuncture therapy; CMT, Chuna manual therapy; CT, cupping therapy; EX, exercise therapy; HM, herbal medications; MT, moxibustion therapy; PT, pharmacopuncture therapy; RICE, rest, ice, compression, elevation; TENS, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; TET, thread embedding therapy

6. Dissemination and implementation of the KM-CPGs: from research to practice

The CPGs accredited by the Steering Committee were published for dissemination and implementation. The website of the National Clearinghouse for Korean Medicine (NCKM) is a web portal that shares various results and outcomes from national R&D projects for KM. The NCKM has built a database for the KM-CPGs and provides structured and summarized information about the KM-CPGs in Korean and English, such as a rationale for development, a target disease with a relevant International Classification of Diseases code, a responsible member society of SKOM, recommendations with their levels of evidence and grades, and a release date for each CPG with an electronic portable document format (.pdf) file.⁵⁷ Clinicians, practitioners, researchers, and healthcare consumers can access the database and download the CPG files with introductory brochures anytime for free. Recently, the national agency for the KoMIT project became a member of the GIN and started to register the developed KM-CPGs in its library to disseminate them internationally.³

It is still the biggest challenge to implement the KM-CPGs in practical use, even though approximately 51 to 91% of KM doctors recognize the publications of the CPGs.58, 59, 60 NCKM is providing an algorithmic framework of clinical decisions illustrated from CPG recommendations on the NCKM website to help KM doctors of primary care understand and adopt each CPG more easily. Another effort to implement the KM-CPGs is to use the CPGs to deliver a standard clinical pathway for a specific disease or symptom. Clinical pathways are a set of sequential components used in clinical practice to reduce variation, improve the quality of care, and maximize the outcomes for specific groups of patients.⁶¹ The national agency for the KoMIT project is also trying to train licensed KM doctors and undergraduate students with refresher training programs, which are legally compulsory for KM doctors, and clinical performance examinations, an objective-structured examination to assess the clinical performance of students majoring in KM.⁶²

7. Conclusion

It is important to provide a reliable and validated healthcare service that can be approached more closely by qualified CPGs. Since evidence-based medicine has become widespread in CAM, the importance of CPGs has grown more than ever. This study reviewed a series of efforts in the field of KM to standardize clinical practice based on evidence and improve the quality of medical services through CPGs. It is meaningful that the K-MOHW started nationally funded R&D programs to support the development, dissemination, and implementation of the KM-CPGs in 2016. The evidence-based methodology of the Cochrane network, the GRADE statements, and the AGREE tool have become the norm for developing and validating the KM-CPGs. The dissemination and implementation of the CPGs are as critical as the development of qualified KM-CPGs to achieve evidence-based KM practices. Attention, effort, and multidisciplinary entities, such as clinicians, practitioners, researchers, and policymakers, should be made in the future to accomplish this.

Funding

This research was supported by a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number: HI20C0867).

Ethical statement

No ethical approval was required as this study did not involve human participants or laboratory animals.

Data availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Seungwon Shin: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft. Wonkyung Moon: Writing – review & editing. Suran Kim: Writing – review & editing. Seok Hee Chung: Project administration. Jongwoo Kim: Writing – review & editing. Namkwen Kim: Project administration. Yoon Jae Lee: Writing – review & editing. Minjung Park: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing, Project administration, Funding acquisition.

Conflict of interests

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References

1.Institute of Medicine (US) In: Clinical Practice Guidelines: Directions for a New Program. Field M.J., Lohr K.N., editors. National Academies Press; 1990. Committee to advise the public health service on clinical practice guidelines. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
2.Woolf S.H., Grol R., Hutchinson A., Eccles M., Grimshaw J. Clinical guidelines: potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines. BMJ. 1999;318(7182):527–530. doi: 10.1136/bmj.318.7182.527. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
3.Guidelines International Network (GIN). International Guidelines Library. https://guidelines.ebmportal.com/. Accessed November 20, 2022.
4.Tang X., Shi X., Zhao H., et al. Characteristics and quality of clinical practice guidelines addressing acupuncture interventions: a systematic survey of 133 guidelines and 433 acupuncture recommendations. BMJ Open. 2022;12(2) doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058834. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5.Birch S., Alraek T., Lee M.S. Challenges for clinical practice guidelines in traditional medicines: the example of acupuncture. Eur J Integr Med. 2016;8(4):332–336. [Google Scholar]
6.Yao L., Chen Y., Wang X., et al. Appraising the quality of clinical practice guidelines in traditional Chinese medicine using AGREE II instrument: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. 2017;71(5):e12931. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.12931. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7.Okawa Y., Yamashita H., Masuyama S., Fukazawa Y., Wakayama I. Quality assessment of Japanese clinical practice guidelines including recommendations for acupuncture. Integr Med Res. 2022;11(3) doi: 10.1016/j.imr.2022.100838. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8.Ren J., Li X., Sun J., et al. Is traditional Chinese medicine recommended in Western medicine clinical practice guidelines in China? A systematic analysis. BMJ Open. 2015;5(6) doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006572. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9.Kim J.W. Development process and meaning of clinical practice guidelines. J Korean Med Policy. 2015;3(1):50–64. [Google Scholar]
10.Lee M.S. Current status and importance of developing clinical practice guidelines for Korean medicine. J Korean Med Policy. 2015;3(1):65–72. [Google Scholar]
11.Kim J.W., Jang B.H., Lee S., et al. National Angency of Korean Medicine Innovative Technologies Development Project; Seoul, Korea: 2022. Manual for Developing Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines of Korean Medicine. 2022 ed. [Google Scholar]
12.Cho S., Jang B.H., Lee S., et al. Agency of Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project; Seoul, Korea: 2018. Manual for Developing Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines of Korean Medicine. [Google Scholar]
13.Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline for Ankle Sprain. Elsevier; Seoul, Korea: 2015. Evidence based Korean medicine clinical practice guideline development committee for ankle sprain (Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine and Korean Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine Society) revised ed. [Google Scholar]
14.Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline for Depression. Elsevier; Seoul, Korea: 2015. Evidence based Korean medicine clinical practice guideline development committee for depression (Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine and Korean Society of Oriental Neuropsychiatry) [Google Scholar]
15.Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline for Obesity. Elsevier; Seoul, Korea: 2015. Evidence based Korean medicine clinical practice guideline development committee for obesity (Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine and The Society for Obesity Research) [Google Scholar]
16.Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline for Lumbar Herniated Intervertebral Disc in Adults. Elsevier; Seoul, Korea: 2015. Evidence based Korean medicine clinical practice guideline development committee for lumbar herniated intervertebral disc (Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine and The Korean Academy of Oriental Rehabilitation) revised ed. [Google Scholar]
17.Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline for Atopic Dermatitis. Elsevier; Seoul, Korea: 2015. Evidence based Korean medicine clinical practice guideline development committee for atopic dermatitis (Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine and The Society of Korean Medical Ophthalmology Otolaryngology & Dermatology) revised ed. [Google Scholar]
18.Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline for Idiopathic Facial Palsy. Elsevier; Seoul, Korea: 2015. Evidence based Korean medicine clinical practice guideline development committee for idiopathic facial palsy (Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine and Korean Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine Society) revised ed. [Google Scholar]
19.Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline for Shoulder Pain. Elsevier; Seoul, Korea: 2015. Evidence based Korean medicine clinical practice guideline development committee for shoulder pain (Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine and The Korean Academy of Oriental Rehabilitation) [Google Scholar]
20.Choi J., Choi T.Y., Jun J.H., Lee J.A., Lee M.S. Preferred reporting items for the development of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines in traditional medicine (PRIDE-CPG-TM): explanation and elaboration. Eur J Integr Med. 2016;8(6):905–915. [Google Scholar]
21.Korean Society of Chuna Manual Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Cervical Pain. [Google Scholar]
22.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2020. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Chronic Low Back Pain. [Google Scholar]
23.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . Seoul, Korea: Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; 2020. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Knee Osteoarthritis. [Google Scholar]
24.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2020. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Lumbar Herniated Intervertebral Disk. [Google Scholar]
25.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. [Google Scholar]
26.The Society of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2020. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Shoulder Pain. [Google Scholar]
27.Korean Society of Oriental Neuropsychiatry . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Anxiety Disorder. [Google Scholar]
28.The Association of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Autism Spectrum Disorder. [Google Scholar]
29.Korean Society of Oriental Neuropsychiatry . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Dementia. [Google Scholar]
30.Korean Society of Oriental Neuropsychiatry . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Insomnia. [Google Scholar]
31.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2020. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Ankle Sprain. [Google Scholar]
32.The Society of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Temporomandibular Disorders. [Google Scholar]
33.The Society of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Traffic Accident Injury. [Google Scholar]
34.The Society of Sasang Constitutional Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Cold Hands And Feet. [Google Scholar]
35.The Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Hypertension. [Google Scholar]
36.The Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Stroke. [Google Scholar]
37.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2019. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Facial Nerve Palsy. [Google Scholar]
38.The Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Migraine. [Google Scholar]
39.The Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Parkinson's Disease. [Google Scholar]
40.The Society of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology O & D . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Allergic Rhinitis. [Google Scholar]
41.The Society of Internal Korean Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Common Cold. [Google Scholar]
42.The Society of Korean Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Dysmenorrhea. [Google Scholar]
43.The Society of Korean Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Menopause Disorder. [Google Scholar]
44.The Society of Internal Korean Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Functional Dyspepsiaʉ. [Google Scholar]
45.The Society of Korean Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2020. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Breast Cancer. [Google Scholar]
46.Korean Association of Traditional Oncology . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Cancer-Accompanying Symptoms. [Google Scholar]
47.The Society of Sasang Constitutional Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Dizziness. [Google Scholar]
48.The Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics . Korea: Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Chronic Fatigueʉ. [Google Scholar]
49.Korean Society of Oriental Neuropsychiatry . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Hwa-Byung. [Google Scholar]
50.The Society of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Postoperative Syndrome. [Google Scholar]
51.The Society of Internal Korean Medicine . National Angency of Korean Medicine Innovative Technologies Development Project; Seoul, Korea: 2022. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Irritable Bowel Sydrome. [Google Scholar]
52.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . National Angency of Korean Medicine Innovative Technologies Development Project; Seoul, Korea: 2022. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Gout. [Google Scholar]
53.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . National Angency of Korean Medicine Innovative Technologies Development Project; Seoul, Korea: 2022. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Tension-Type Headache. [Google Scholar]
54.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . National Angency of Korean Medicine Innovative Technologies Development Project; Seoul, Korea: 2022. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Osteoporosis. [Google Scholar]
55.The Association of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine . National Angency of Korean Medicine Innovative Technologies Development Project; Seoul, Korea: 2022. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Childhood and Adolescent Growth Disorder. [Google Scholar]
56.The Society of Sasang Constitutional Medicine . National Angency of Korean Medicine Innovative Technologies Development Project; Seoul, Korea: 2022. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Sasang Constitutional Symptomatology. [Google Scholar]
57.National Clearinghouse for Korean Medicine (NCKM). Clinical Practice Guidelines Database. https://nikom.or.kr/engnckm. Accessed November 20, 2022.
58.Jung H.J., Kim D.I., Choi S.J., et al. A SURVEY on Korean medicine doctors’ recognition and treatment for developing Korean medicine clinical practice guideline of female infertility. J Korean Med. 2022;43(3):122–138. [Google Scholar]
59.Woo H.L., Ji H.R., Park K.S., et al. A survey on Korean medicine doctors’ recognition and clinical fields of treating primary dysmenorrhea for developing Korean medicine clinical practice guideline for dysmenorrhea. J Korean Obstet Gynecol. 2017;30(2):93–106. doi: 10.15204/JKOBGY.2017.30.2.093. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
60.Choi S.J., Kim D.I. A survey on Korean medicine doctors’ recognition and treatment for developing Korean medicine clinical practice guideline of climacteric and postmenopausal syndrome. J Korean Obstet Gynecol. 2017;30(4):135–148. [Google Scholar]
61.Lawal A.K., Rotter T., Kinsman L., et al. What is a clinical pathway? Refinement of an operational definition to identify clinical pathway studies for a Cochrane systematic review. BMC Med. 2016;14:35. doi: 10.1186/s12916-016-0580-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
62.Khan K.Z., Ramachandran S., Gaunt K., Pushkar P. The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE): AMEE Guide No. 81. Part I: an historical and theoretical perspective. Med Teach. 2013;35(9):e1437–e1446. doi: 10.3109/0142159X.2013.818634. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.

[bib0001] 1.Institute of Medicine (US) In: Clinical Practice Guidelines: Directions for a New Program. Field M.J., Lohr K.N., editors. National Academies Press; 1990. Committee to advise the public health service on clinical practice guidelines. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib0002] 2.Woolf S.H., Grol R., Hutchinson A., Eccles M., Grimshaw J. Clinical guidelines: potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines. BMJ. 1999;318(7182):527–530. doi: 10.1136/bmj.318.7182.527. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib0003] 3.Guidelines International Network (GIN). International Guidelines Library. https://guidelines.ebmportal.com/. Accessed November 20, 2022.

[bib0004] 4.Tang X., Shi X., Zhao H., et al. Characteristics and quality of clinical practice guidelines addressing acupuncture interventions: a systematic survey of 133 guidelines and 433 acupuncture recommendations. BMJ Open. 2022;12(2) doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058834. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib0005] 5.Birch S., Alraek T., Lee M.S. Challenges for clinical practice guidelines in traditional medicines: the example of acupuncture. Eur J Integr Med. 2016;8(4):332–336. [Google Scholar]

[bib0006] 6.Yao L., Chen Y., Wang X., et al. Appraising the quality of clinical practice guidelines in traditional Chinese medicine using AGREE II instrument: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. 2017;71(5):e12931. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.12931. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib0007] 7.Okawa Y., Yamashita H., Masuyama S., Fukazawa Y., Wakayama I. Quality assessment of Japanese clinical practice guidelines including recommendations for acupuncture. Integr Med Res. 2022;11(3) doi: 10.1016/j.imr.2022.100838. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib0008] 8.Ren J., Li X., Sun J., et al. Is traditional Chinese medicine recommended in Western medicine clinical practice guidelines in China? A systematic analysis. BMJ Open. 2015;5(6) doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006572. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib0009] 9.Kim J.W. Development process and meaning of clinical practice guidelines. J Korean Med Policy. 2015;3(1):50–64. [Google Scholar]

[bib0010] 10.Lee M.S. Current status and importance of developing clinical practice guidelines for Korean medicine. J Korean Med Policy. 2015;3(1):65–72. [Google Scholar]

[bib0011] 11.Kim J.W., Jang B.H., Lee S., et al. National Angency of Korean Medicine Innovative Technologies Development Project; Seoul, Korea: 2022. Manual for Developing Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines of Korean Medicine. 2022 ed. [Google Scholar]

[bib0012] 12.Cho S., Jang B.H., Lee S., et al. Agency of Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project; Seoul, Korea: 2018. Manual for Developing Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines of Korean Medicine. [Google Scholar]

[bib0013] 13.Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline for Ankle Sprain. Elsevier; Seoul, Korea: 2015. Evidence based Korean medicine clinical practice guideline development committee for ankle sprain (Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine and Korean Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine Society) revised ed. [Google Scholar]

[bib0014] 14.Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline for Depression. Elsevier; Seoul, Korea: 2015. Evidence based Korean medicine clinical practice guideline development committee for depression (Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine and Korean Society of Oriental Neuropsychiatry) [Google Scholar]

[bib0015] 15.Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline for Obesity. Elsevier; Seoul, Korea: 2015. Evidence based Korean medicine clinical practice guideline development committee for obesity (Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine and The Society for Obesity Research) [Google Scholar]

[bib0016] 16.Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline for Lumbar Herniated Intervertebral Disc in Adults. Elsevier; Seoul, Korea: 2015. Evidence based Korean medicine clinical practice guideline development committee for lumbar herniated intervertebral disc (Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine and The Korean Academy of Oriental Rehabilitation) revised ed. [Google Scholar]

[bib0017] 17.Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline for Atopic Dermatitis. Elsevier; Seoul, Korea: 2015. Evidence based Korean medicine clinical practice guideline development committee for atopic dermatitis (Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine and The Society of Korean Medical Ophthalmology Otolaryngology & Dermatology) revised ed. [Google Scholar]

[bib0018] 18.Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline for Idiopathic Facial Palsy. Elsevier; Seoul, Korea: 2015. Evidence based Korean medicine clinical practice guideline development committee for idiopathic facial palsy (Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine and Korean Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine Society) revised ed. [Google Scholar]

[bib0019] 19.Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline for Shoulder Pain. Elsevier; Seoul, Korea: 2015. Evidence based Korean medicine clinical practice guideline development committee for shoulder pain (Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine and The Korean Academy of Oriental Rehabilitation) [Google Scholar]

[bib0020] 20.Choi J., Choi T.Y., Jun J.H., Lee J.A., Lee M.S. Preferred reporting items for the development of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines in traditional medicine (PRIDE-CPG-TM): explanation and elaboration. Eur J Integr Med. 2016;8(6):905–915. [Google Scholar]

[bib0021] 21.Korean Society of Chuna Manual Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Cervical Pain. [Google Scholar]

[bib0022] 22.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2020. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Chronic Low Back Pain. [Google Scholar]

[bib0023] 23.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . Seoul, Korea: Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; 2020. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Knee Osteoarthritis. [Google Scholar]

[bib0024] 24.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2020. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Lumbar Herniated Intervertebral Disk. [Google Scholar]

[bib0025] 25.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. [Google Scholar]

[bib0026] 26.The Society of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2020. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Shoulder Pain. [Google Scholar]

[bib0027] 27.Korean Society of Oriental Neuropsychiatry . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Anxiety Disorder. [Google Scholar]

[bib0028] 28.The Association of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Autism Spectrum Disorder. [Google Scholar]

[bib0029] 29.Korean Society of Oriental Neuropsychiatry . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Dementia. [Google Scholar]

[bib0030] 30.Korean Society of Oriental Neuropsychiatry . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Insomnia. [Google Scholar]

[bib0031] 31.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2020. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Ankle Sprain. [Google Scholar]

[bib0032] 32.The Society of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Temporomandibular Disorders. [Google Scholar]

[bib0033] 33.The Society of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Traffic Accident Injury. [Google Scholar]

[bib0034] 34.The Society of Sasang Constitutional Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Cold Hands And Feet. [Google Scholar]

[bib0035] 35.The Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Hypertension. [Google Scholar]

[bib0036] 36.The Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Stroke. [Google Scholar]

[bib0037] 37.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2019. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Facial Nerve Palsy. [Google Scholar]

[bib0038] 38.The Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Migraine. [Google Scholar]

[bib0039] 39.The Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Parkinson's Disease. [Google Scholar]

[bib0040] 40.The Society of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology O & D . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Allergic Rhinitis. [Google Scholar]

[bib0041] 41.The Society of Internal Korean Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Common Cold. [Google Scholar]

[bib0042] 42.The Society of Korean Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Dysmenorrhea. [Google Scholar]

[bib0043] 43.The Society of Korean Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Menopause Disorder. [Google Scholar]

[bib0044] 44.The Society of Internal Korean Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Functional Dyspepsiaʉ. [Google Scholar]

[bib0045] 45.The Society of Korean Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2020. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Breast Cancer. [Google Scholar]

[bib0046] 46.Korean Association of Traditional Oncology . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Cancer-Accompanying Symptoms. [Google Scholar]

[bib0047] 47.The Society of Sasang Constitutional Medicine . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Dizziness. [Google Scholar]

[bib0048] 48.The Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics . Korea: Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Chronic Fatigueʉ. [Google Scholar]

[bib0049] 49.Korean Society of Oriental Neuropsychiatry . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Hwa-Byung. [Google Scholar]

[bib0050] 50.The Society of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation . Standard Clinical Practice Guideline Development for Korean Medicine Project Agency, National Institute of the Korean Medicine Development; Seoul, Korea: 2021. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Postoperative Syndrome. [Google Scholar]

[bib0051] 51.The Society of Internal Korean Medicine . National Angency of Korean Medicine Innovative Technologies Development Project; Seoul, Korea: 2022. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Irritable Bowel Sydrome. [Google Scholar]

[bib0052] 52.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . National Angency of Korean Medicine Innovative Technologies Development Project; Seoul, Korea: 2022. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Gout. [Google Scholar]

[bib0053] 53.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . National Angency of Korean Medicine Innovative Technologies Development Project; Seoul, Korea: 2022. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Tension-Type Headache. [Google Scholar]

[bib0054] 54.Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society . National Angency of Korean Medicine Innovative Technologies Development Project; Seoul, Korea: 2022. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Osteoporosis. [Google Scholar]

[bib0055] 55.The Association of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine . National Angency of Korean Medicine Innovative Technologies Development Project; Seoul, Korea: 2022. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Childhood and Adolescent Growth Disorder. [Google Scholar]

[bib0056] 56.The Society of Sasang Constitutional Medicine . National Angency of Korean Medicine Innovative Technologies Development Project; Seoul, Korea: 2022. Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Medicine for Sasang Constitutional Symptomatology. [Google Scholar]

[bib0057] 57.National Clearinghouse for Korean Medicine (NCKM). Clinical Practice Guidelines Database. https://nikom.or.kr/engnckm. Accessed November 20, 2022.

[bib0058] 58.Jung H.J., Kim D.I., Choi S.J., et al. A SURVEY on Korean medicine doctors’ recognition and treatment for developing Korean medicine clinical practice guideline of female infertility. J Korean Med. 2022;43(3):122–138. [Google Scholar]

[bib0059] 59.Woo H.L., Ji H.R., Park K.S., et al. A survey on Korean medicine doctors’ recognition and clinical fields of treating primary dysmenorrhea for developing Korean medicine clinical practice guideline for dysmenorrhea. J Korean Obstet Gynecol. 2017;30(2):93–106. doi: 10.15204/JKOBGY.2017.30.2.093. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib0060] 60.Choi S.J., Kim D.I. A survey on Korean medicine doctors’ recognition and treatment for developing Korean medicine clinical practice guideline of climacteric and postmenopausal syndrome. J Korean Obstet Gynecol. 2017;30(4):135–148. [Google Scholar]

[bib0061] 61.Lawal A.K., Rotter T., Kinsman L., et al. What is a clinical pathway? Refinement of an operational definition to identify clinical pathway studies for a Cochrane systematic review. BMC Med. 2016;14:35. doi: 10.1186/s12916-016-0580-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib0062] 62.Khan K.Z., Ramachandran S., Gaunt K., Pushkar P. The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE): AMEE Guide No. 81. Part I: an historical and theoretical perspective. Med Teach. 2013;35(9):e1437–e1446. doi: 10.3109/0142159X.2013.818634. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

PERMALINK

Development of clinical practice guidelines for Korean medicine: Towards evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine

Seungwon Shin

Wonkyung Moon

Suran Kim

Seok Hee Chung

Jongwoo Kim

Namkwen Kim

Yoon Jae Lee

Minjung Park