Preliminary data revealing efficacy of Streptococcus salivarius K12 (SSK12) in Periodic Fever, Aphthous stomatitis, Pharyngitis, and cervical Adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome: A multicenter study from the AIDA Network PFAPA syndrome registry

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate the potential role of Streptococcus salivarius K12 (SSK12) in controlling febrile flares in patients with Periodic Fever, Aphthous stomatitis, Pharyngitis, and cervical Adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome. Further aims were to assess the impact of SSK12 on (i) flare duration, (ii) variation in the degree of the highest body temperature during flares, (iii) steroid-sparing effect, and (iv) change of PFAPA accompanying symptoms before and after SSK12 introduction.

Patients and methods

The medical charts from 85 pediatric patients with PFAPA syndrome (49 males and 36 females) enrolled in the AIDA registry and treated with SSK12 for a median period of 6.00 ± 7.00 months in the period between September 2017 and May 2022 were examined. Children recruited had a median time of disease duration of 19.00 ± 28.00 months.

Results

The number of febrile flares significantly decreased comparing the 12 months before [median (IQR), 13.00 (6.00)] and after SSK12 initiation [median (IQR), 5.50 (8.00), p < 0.001]. The duration of fever was significantly reduced from 4.00 (2.00) days to 2.00 (2.00) days [p < 0.001]. Similarly, the highest temperature in°C was found significantly lower in the last follow-up assessment [median (IQR), 39.00 (1.00)] compared to the period prior to SSK12 start [median (IQR), 40.00 (1.00), p < 0.001]. Steroid load (mg/year) of betamethasone (or any equivalent steroid) significantly decreased between 12 months before treatment with SSK12 [median (IQR), 5.00 (8.00) mg/year] and the last follow-up visit [median (IQR), 2.00 (4.00) mg/year, p < 0.001]. The number of patients experiencing symptoms including pharyngitis/tonsillitis (p < 0.001), oral aphthae (p < 0.001) and cervical lymphadenopathy (p < 0.001) significantly decreased following SSK12.

Conclusion

SSK12 prophylaxis given for at least 6.00 months was found to reduce febrile flares of PFAPA syndrome: in particular, it halved the total number per year of fever flares, shortened the duration of the single febrile episode, lowered body temperature by 1°C in the febrile flare, provided a steroid-sparing effect, and significantly reduced the accompanying symptoms related to the syndrome.

Introduction

Periodic Fever, Aphthous stomatitis, Pharyngitis, and cervical Adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome represents the most common cause of periodic fever occurring in childhood (1). Recent findings proving a dysregulation in the machinery of innate immunity and a significant inflammasome-mediated activation during febrile flares have allowed PFAPA syndrome classification among multifactorial non-hereditary autoinflammatory disorders (2). The syndrome, initially described in 1987 (3), starts with fever attacks accompanied by at least one among three non-specific symptoms, which give name to the disease: aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis. PFAPA flares usually last 3-to-7 days and recur at intervals of 2–8 weeks, resulting highly predictable with “clockwork” regularity in most cases occurring in childhood (4). Clinical manifestations are separated by variable intervals of complete wellness without upper respiratory tract symptoms or evidence of chronic infections (5). Although children under the age of 5 constitute the largest number of patients, the disease has been recognized in older children, adolescents and even young adults (6). Despite a favorable outcome in most cases, patients’ quality of life is significantly impaired both in children and their caregivers (7). Treatment of the syndrome is usually symptomatic with a single low-dose betamethasone (0.1 mg/kg) or prednisone (1 mg/kg), being the most effective option to abort acute disease flares (8). Colchicine has also been proven to be effective in preventing PFAPA flares (9). Different reports have also revealed that tonsillectomy may provide symptom resolution in PFAPA syndrome, though the disease might reoccur later, at least in a minority of patients (10). Based on clinical efficacy and safety as a complementary treatment along with standard medical therapies in children with recurrent upper respiratory infections (11), the oropharyngeal probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 (SSK12) has been proposed as a tool to manage PFAPA syndrome. More in detail, it is established that SSK12 releases salivaricin A2 and B, two anti-bacterial molecules that antagonize the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes, the most important cause of pharyngeal bacterial infections in humans (12). The prophylactic administration of SSK12 to PFAPA patients might indeed counteract disease pathogenesis at the oral cavity level. Herein, we have examined a multi-center experience in pediatric PFAPA patients enrolled in the AutoInflammatory Disease Alliance (AIDA) International Registry treated with SSK12, focusing its impact on febrile attacks of such patients.

Patients and methods

Participants and study design

The cohort was selected among 233 patients with PFAPA syndrome enrolled in the AIDA International Registry, a physician-driven electronic-based platform designed for both retrospective and prospective collection of data. Solid evidence drawn from the collection of “real-life” standardized data represents the main goal of the Registry, that will hopefully lead to an overall improvement of the disease management (13). Patients with insufficient follow-up data or missing baseline values were excluded from the final cohort as well as patients with a follow-up shorter than 3 months. Data were collected both retrospectively and prospectively. The retrospective phase referred to real-world demographic, clinical, laboratory, instrumental and therapeutic data available at the time of enrollment into the Registry. Prospective data included clinical, therapeutic, and socio-economic information accrued during the subsequent follow-up visits. The medical records of 85 patients diagnosed with PFAPA syndrome according to Marshall criteria (3), modified by Thomas et al. (14), and according to Eurofever/PRINTO classification criteria (15), all treated with SSK12, were examined. SSK12 was given at the standard dose of 1 billion of colony-forming units/tablet of Streptococcus salivarius K12: the tablet was administered before night sleep, asking the patient to slowly dissolve it in the oral cavity, without biting or swallowing.

Aims and endpoints

Primary aim of the study was to evaluate SSK12 efficacy on the recurrence of PFAPA febrile flares assessing any statistically significant difference between the number of PFAPA flares in the 12 months before SSK12 initiation and the last follow-up visit: for this specific analysis only patients with at least 12 months of follow-up were considered. Secondary aims were to evaluate SSK12 impact on: (i) febrile flare duration between 12 months before SSK12 initiation and the last follow-up visit, (ii) variation in the degree of the highest body temperature recorded in the 12 months before SSK12 treatment and the last follow-up, (iii) corticosteroid-sparing effect following SSK12 administration measured by betamethasone (or any glucocorticoid equivalent) load/year [specifically, the conversion to betamethasone for prednisone and methylprednisolone was done by multiplying doses by 0.16 and 0.20, respectively], and (iv) modification of PFAPA symptoms before and after SSK12 introduction.

Protocol approval

The study protocol conformed to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval by the Ethics Committee of the University of Siena (Reference No. 14951). All centers participating in data collection of PFAPA patients received a formal approval by their local Ethics Committees. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, including patients’ parents or legal guardian/next of kin of each patient.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using IBMSPSS Statistics for Windows, version 28 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States). Descriptive statistics was employed to display mean and standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR), as required. Shapiro–Wilk test was used to assess the normality of data. Differences in means were investigated by the Mann–Whitney U test. Matched data were compared with Wilcoxon signed-rank test. McNemar test was used to analyze paired dichotomous variables. A p value lower than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant and all p-values were two-tailed.

Results

We examined the medical charts of 85 PFAPA patients (49 males, 36 females) receiving SSK12 in the period September 2017–May 2022. This cohort was selected among 233 PFAPA patients enrolled in the AIDA registry (13). Figure 1 shows the flow-diagram of the selection process of eligible patients, forming the final cohort of participants. Median (IQR) age of patients at SSK12 initiation was 4.58 (3.42) years. Demographic and therapeutic data have been summarized in Table 1. Tonsillectomy had been performed in only 1 patient prior to SSK12 initiation. Median (IQR) time of disease duration at SSK12 initiation was equal to 19.00 ± 28.00 months, and median (IQR) treatment duration with SSK12 was 6.00 ± 7.00 months. Genetic testing was performed in 22 patients: mostly it was assessed with Next Generation Sequencing (n = 11), followed by the search for specific mutations (n = 5), analysis of selected genes (n = 4), and complete gene sequencing (n = 2). Mutations were found in 6 patients: 3 variants being of unknown significance, 1 pathogenetic variant, 1 likely benign variant, and the remaining 1 still unclassified variant.

FIGURE 1.

Selection process of eligible patients with PFAPA syndrome enrolled in the AIDA registry, forming the final cohort of participants in our study.

TABLE 1.

Demographic and therapeutic data of the cohort of patients with PFAPA syndrome recruited from the AIDA International Registry and treated with SSK12.

Patients, n°	85
Males/females	49/36
Median (IQR) age at last follow-up visit (years)	4.58 (3.42)
Median (IQR) age at onset ± (months)	24.00 (22.50)
Median (IQR) age at SSK12 start (months)	55.00 (43.00)
Median follow-up ± IQR (months)	6.00 (7.00)
Median (IQR) disease duration before SSK12 treatment (months)	19.00 (28.00)
Previous treatments	GCs (n = 75) NSAIDs and/or acetaminophen (n = 51) Colchicine (n = 1)
Concomitant treatments	GCs (n = 71) NSAIDs and/or acetaminophen (n = 32)
Genetic data	Patients undergoing genetic testing (n = 22) Mutations encountered (n = 6): [MEFV (E148Q); MEFV (E230K); MEFV (V726A); NLRP3 (c.2113C > A); TLR9; ALPK1]

ALPK1, Alpha-protein kinase 1; GCs, glucocorticoids; IQR, interquartile range; MEFV, Familial Mediterranean fever gene; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; NLRP3, nucleotide-binding domain, Leucine-rich–containing family, Pyrin domain–containing-3; TLR9, toll-like receptor 9.

The number of febrile flares significantly decreased between the 12 months before SSK12 initiation [median (IQR), 13.00 (6.00)] and the last follow-up assessment [median (IQR), 5.50 (8.00), p < 0.001]. Seventy two out of 85 (84,7%) patients experienced a reduction in the number of febrile flares, with 66 of them also displaying a decrease in the duration of fever. Indeed, the duration of fever during flares was significantly reduced from 12 months prior to treatment with SSK12 [median (IQR), 4.00 (2.00) days] to the last follow-up visit [median (IQR), 2.00 (2.00) days, p < 0.001]. Similarly, the highest temperature recorded in each flare expressed in°C was found to be significantly lower in the last follow-up assessment [median (IQR), 39.00 (1.00)] compared to the period prior to SSK12 start [median (IQR), 40.00 (1.00), p < 0.001].

With regard to the steroid-sparing effect, the load (mg/year) of betamethasone (or any equivalent steroid) significantly decreased between 12 months before treatment with SSK12 [median (IQR), 5.00 (8.00) mg/year] and the last follow-up visit [median (IQR), 2.00 (4.00) mg/year, p < 0.001].

The number of patients experiencing disease symptoms while on SSK12 treatment significantly decreased. Specifically, pharyngitis/tonsillitis (p < 0.001), oral aphthae (p < 0.001) and cervical lymphadenopathy (p < 0.001) were significantly reduced in the last follow-up visit. Also, other accompanying symptoms such as arthralgia (p < 0.001), abdominal pain (p < 0.001), and headache (p = 0.039) significantly decreased. Table 2 details the clinical PFAPA features of all patients participating in the study before SSK12 administration and the last follow-up assessment. No adverse events were detected during the overall treatment with SSK12. In addition, SSK12 was discontinued in 34 patients for the following reasons: remission (n = 14), lack of efficacy (n = 11), poor compliance (n = 6), loss of efficacy (n = 2), and non-medical reason (n = 1) (the pie chart in Figure 2 illustrates all reasons for SSK12 discontinuation). Patients discontinuing SSK12 treatment due to remission were characterized by a median (IQR) age at onset of 35 (27) months, a median (IQR) disease duration at SSK12 initiation of 8 (10) months, and a median (IQR) treatment duration of 6 (21) months.

TABLE 2.

Clinical features of patients with PFAPA syndrome recruited from the AIDA International Registry in the 12-month period prior to SSK12 initiation and at the last follow-up assessment.

Clinical features	12 months before treatment with SSK12	Last follow-up visit	p-value
Headache	17	9	0.039
Pharyngitis/tonsillitis	80	50	<0.001
Oral aphthae	46	21	<0.001
Genital aphthae	0	0	Not performed
Skin manifestations	2	1	1.000
Cervical lymphadenopathy	68	38	<0.001
Hepatosplenomegaly	0	0	Not performed
Abdominal pain	23	8	<0.001
Vomiting	5	0	0.063
Diarrhea	4	1	0.250
Arthralgia/myalgia	32	15	<0.001
Arthritis	0	0	Not performed
Serositis	0	0	Not performed

FIGURE 2.

Reasons for SSK12 discontinuation in patients with PFAPA syndrome enrolled in the AIDA registry participating in the study.

Discussion

Periodic Fever, Aphthous stomatitis, Pharyngitis, and cervical Adenitis syndrome is a complex multi-factorial autoinflammatory disorder characterized by glucocorticoid-responsive cyclic inflammatory episodes mainly occurring in the oral cavity (16). From a pathogenetic point of view, a host of studies have shown that the presence of SSK12 in the oral cavity hinders many bacteria and viruses implicated in pharyngotonsillitis and reduces the levels of several cytokines involved in the development of different inflammatory responses (17, 18). Furthermore, SSK12 produces bacteriocins which interfere with the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis, commonly involved in the pathogenesis of oropharyngeal inflammation and/or acute otitis media (19). The hypothesis of a cyclic dysfunction of innate immunity originating in the oral cavity of PFAPA patients prompted the use of SSK12 in this peculiar form of recurrent fever defined by oropharyngeal inflammation. As hypothesized by recent small reports, the 3-month-administration of SSK12 seemed to reduce the cardinal PFAPA manifestations and decrease the need of administering symptomatic drugs during febrile flares (20, 21).

To the best of our knowledge, the present study depicts the first real-life experience with the highest number of PFAPA patients, assessing efficacy of SSK12 in the management of PFAPA syndrome. In this regard, we detected a significant reduction of the number of febrile flares between 12 months before and after SSK12 introduction. Additionally, our findings suggest a significant improvement in the features of each flare in terms of fever duration and maximal degree of body temperature recorded during flares. Specifically, flare duration was significantly reduced from 12 months prior to SSK12 treatment to the last follow-up assessment, showing a median reduction of 2 febrile days in each flare; we also found that patients displayed a 1°C reduction of the highest temperature recorded in each flare at the last follow-up visit compared to 12 months before SSK12 use.

Concerning the steroid-sparing effect, the yearly load of glucocorticoids significantly decreased after treatment with SSK12. A decreased intake of glucocorticoids might consent to avoid any eventual steroid-related side effects, which is of paramount importance particularly in the pediatric age. Finally, febrile episodes were less symptomatic and intense during treatment with SSK12. To this end, accompanying symptoms including pharyngitis/tonsillitis, oral aphthae and lymphoadenopathy were significantly reduced during febrile episodes, which is in agreement with previous small case reports describing the use of SSK12 in PFAPA patients (20, 21). Other probiotics such as Lactobacillus plantarum HEAL9 and Lactobacillus paracasei 8700:2 have been hypothesized to influence flare frequency in PFAPA patients (22). Interestingly, patients discontinuing treatment with SSK12 due to remission were found to have a shorter time between disease onset and SSK12 initiation, advocating for a better outcome in case of an early treatment. Indeed, the likelihood of treatment discontinuation due to remission might be higher in patients receiving SSK12 earlier. This hypothesis, however, deserves to be explored in further studies with larger samples and longer follow-up.

Several limitations should be considered. First of all, despite the considerable number of patients evaluated, a larger sample size of PFAPA patients would provide more robust evidence and shed light in additional topics by stratifying the cohort by several variables. For instance, the concomitant use of colchicine as a covariate is an interesting aspect worth investigating. Secondly, a longer follow-up is required to clarify other treatment aspects like the minimum exposure to SSK12 needed to obtain the maximum benefit in terms of febrile flares, duration of each flare or body temperature reduction and to verify predictors of drug-free remission. Thirdly, the lack of a control group is another issue that may limit the generalization of our findings. The lack of a control group also makes troublesome to assess the subgroup of patients undergoing a natural attenuation of the disease over time. However, it is reasonable to assume that the number of patients potentially experiencing a spontaneous resolution is relatively small since this event occurs mostly before puberty or in early adolescence (6, 23), while the cohort in our study was treated with SSK12 at a median age of 4.6 years. Finally, in the context of this multi-center collaborative study, the decision on when to start treatment with SSK12 was made by the local physician without any predefined standardized criteria. Of course, more in-depth investigational studies should disclose interesting results in this regard.

Conclusion

In summary, our evaluation has found SSK12 to be effective in the reduction of febrile flares related to PFAPA syndrome in children. In particular, the administration of SSK12 as a prophylaxis tool for a median period of 6.00 has halved the total number per year of PFAPA flares, shortened the duration of the single fever flare, lowered body temperature by 1°C in the febrile episode, provided a steroid-sparing effect, and significantly reduced the accompanying symptoms related to the syndrome. Altogether, these findings suggest SSK12 as a promising treatment alternative in the management of PFAPA syndrome. Further investigations are needed to corroborate these preliminary data and establish the right place of this probiotic in the treatment algorithm of PFAPA syndrome with the ultimate goal to optimize and personalize the management in accordance with clinical patient’s profile.

Data availability statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, upon reasonable request.

Ethics statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin.

Author contributions

FL and JS wrote the first draft of the manuscript. DR and FL conceived and designed the study. DR supervised the project. LC conceived and designed the study and accounts for AIDA Registries Coordinator. AB was the bioengineer involved in the technical management of the platform and registries. FL, AI, GC, ED, RLu, LB, MM, AC, VM, RLo, MN, CC, MR, SP, CGe, AV, VC, CGa, FD, MC, GR, GE, PP, SG, FCaru, EA, BOz, FS, AcM, PB, CM, FCard, LI, BOg, AnM, MT, AA-MAM, BF, and DR were involved in data recruitment in the Registry dedicated to patients with PFAPA syndrome. GL, AT, IA, PS, KL, EW-S, JH-R, VG-C, CF, and LC were included in the authorship as investigators from the top contributor centers for any of the other eight AIDA Registries; authorship has been established based on the number of data recruited in the AIDA Network Registries on 4 November 2022. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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