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Journal of Southern Medical University logoLink to Journal of Southern Medical University
. 2023 Jan 20;43(1):122–127. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2023.01.17

预防甲状腺良性结节微波消融热损伤并发症的有效方法:“杠杆撬离法”

"Leverage pry-off method" for effective prevention of thermal injury during microwave ablation of benign thyroid nodules

Fenglin WU 1,2, Qiaozhi WU 2,2, Wenwei XU 1, Zhihong WU 1, Lerong LIU 1, Lin ZHOU 1,*
PMCID: PMC9978732  PMID: 36856220

Abstract

Objective

To assess the safety and efficacy of"leverage pry-off method"for preventing thermal injury during microwave ablation of benign thyroid nodules.

Methods

From July, 2017 to September, 2019, a total of 348 patients with benign thyroid nodules underwent ultrasound-guided microwave ablation. For protecting from thermal injury during the ablation, "hydrodissection technique" was used in 174 of the patients (admitted from July, 2017 to August, 2018) and "leverage pry-off method" in the other 174 patients (admitted from September, 2018 to September, 2019). All the patients were followed up for 1 to 12 months after the operation for observation of severe complications and nodular residues.

Results

Ultrasound-guided microwave ablation was completed in all the 348 patients. The most common severe complication associated with the ablation was voice change, occurring in 3 cases (1.7%) in "hydrodissection technique" group and in 4 (2.3%) in the "leverage pry-off method" group, showing no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). During the follow-up, no significant difference was found in the rate of nodular residues between the "hydrodissection technique" group and "hydrodissection technique" group (9.8% vs 10.9% (P>0.05).

Conclusions

The "leverage pry-off method" is simple and effective for preventing thermal injury during microwave ablation of benign thyroid nodules.

Keywords: hydrodissection, leverage pry-off, ultrasound-guided, microwave ablation, benign thyroid nodules


甲状腺结节临床触诊的检出率在3%~7%,而高分辨率超声的检出率提高至20%~76%[1, 2],因结节隆起影响美观或压迫邻近器官引起不适等原因需要治疗[3]。甲状腺结节的治疗除手术和药物(左旋甲状腺素)之外[4-6],近年来微波、射频等热消融技术也逐渐应用于甲状腺良性结节的治疗[7-10],已获多个指南推荐作为甲状腺良性结节的首选治疗方法[11-13]

甲状腺结节微波消融过程中热能极易损伤邻近重要组织而产生严重并发症。为避免发生严重并发症,常采用“液体隔离带法”等方法分离腺体与邻近组织[14, 15],提高消融过程的安全性。但该方法存在液体易流失、需连续或多次补液的缺点,操作较为复杂。有报道“杠杆撬离法”[16]也能有效预防甲状腺结节消融过程中的热损伤并发症,且操作简便,不需要注入液体,但其临床应用文献报道较少。以往的研究主要关注严重并发症的预防效果,但未关注结节的消融是否彻底,而结节残留是术后复发的根源[17]。本研究拟纳入“术后结节残留发生率”新指标,探讨“杠杆撬离法”预防甲状腺良性结节微波消融过程中热损伤并发症的安全性和有效性,有关这方面的研究尚未见文献报道。

1. 资料和方法

1.1. 研究对象

本研究获得南方医院伦理委员会批准(NFEC-2014-036),术前详细向患者讲解治疗方法及可能出现的并发症,签署知情同意书。

本组共348例甲状腺良性实性或以实性为主的混合性结节患者,男51人,女297人,年龄18~71(44.7±12.4)岁。其中2017年7月~2018年8月采用“液体隔离带法”预防微波消融过程热损伤并发症,共消融193例患者,其中174例术后随访时间≥1月,纳入“液体隔离带”组,失访19例,被排除。2018年9月~2019年9月采用“杠杆撬离法”预防微波消融热损伤并发,共消融206例患者,其中174例随访时间≥1月,纳入“杠杆撬离法”组,失访32例,被排除。两组均为门诊随机就诊患者,所用仪器及参数设置均相同,均由一名技术熟练者完成消融治疗。患者纳入标准:(1)结节长径>2.0 cm;(2)术前细针穿刺活检为良性病变(Bethesda Ⅱ);(3)颈部有压迫症状、影响美观或担忧恶变;(4)患者不愿手术或不适合手术治疗;(5)甲状腺功能正常。排除标准:(1)细针穿刺活检为恶性、非典型滤泡增生及不能明确诊断者;(2)凝血功能异常;(3)伴有严重心、脑血管疾病;(4)因身体或心理疾病不能配合手术者。

1.2. 仪器设备

用康友KY-2000型微波治疗仪(南京康友医疗科技有限公司)及配套一次性无菌微波消融针。微波发射频率2450 MHz,输出功率18~30 W。用Thy-abtation水冷式微波消融针(16G×10 cm),天线长3 mm,通过低损耗同轴电缆与微波发生仪连接。用Aixplorer彩色多普勒超声仪(Supersonic imagine),用SL15-4型高频线阵探头,频率4~15 MHz,用于术前评估、术中引导及术后随访检查。

1.3. 术前准备

术前检测甲功、心电图、胸部X线片。超声测量结节3个相互垂直的最大径线(a、b、c),用V=π/6×a×b×c计算结节体积(V)。临床症状采用症状评分法、美容评分法记录[18]。症状评分用0~10 cm模拟尺纸条让患者评价症状严重程度:0表示无不适感,10表示症状严重。美容评分采用5分法评价:0分,无肿块;1分,肿块不可视也不可触及;2分,肿块不可视但可触及;3分,肿块仅吞咽时可视;4分,肿块轻易可视。

1.4. 消融方法

患者仰卧位,颈部后仰,充分暴露颈部。常规消毒后,用适量1%利多卡因在甲状腺前被膜外行局部浸润麻醉。采用经峡部进针法,在超声引导下准确将微波针刺入结节内,采用“连续移动法”消融[19, 20]。“液体隔离带”组消融前先在甲状腺前间隙及外侧间隙注入1%利多卡因10~30 mL利多卡因,在甲状腺内侧间隙(甲状腺腺与气管壁之间)注入适量5%葡萄糖液,形成>3 mm液体隔离带(图 1),之后开始消融,液体流失后再补充注入。“杠杆撬离法”组仅在甲状腺前间隙及外侧间隙注入1%利多卡因10~30 mL后开始消融,液体流失后不再补充;在甲状腺体内侧间隙不注入液体。在消融邻近喉返神经、食管及气管等重要结构处的结节时,适当调整针杆与喉返神经等重要结构的间距(>2 mm),调低微波仪输出功率至18~20 W,开始消融后当针尖周围有适量气泡产生时,以气管壁为支点,利用杠杆原理,缓慢上抬针杆>2 mm以增大腺体与喉返神经等结构的距离,当气化区覆盖结节边缘并持续数秒后停止消融并缓慢回落针杆。当消融紧邻颈动脉、颈静脉结节时,调整针尖与颈动脉、颈静脉壁间距约1~2 mm,启动消融,当针尖周围有适量气泡产生时,缓慢上抬或下压针杆>2 mm,增大针尖与颈动脉、颈静脉间距,避免热能伤及。当消融邻近颈前肌群的结节时,调整针尖距甲状腺前被膜约2~3 mm处,启动消融,当针尖周围有适量气泡产生时,针杆向下压低>2 mm,避免热能伤及颈前肌群(图 2)。当气化区完全覆盖结节时消融停止,如发现结节有残留则及时补充消融。混合性结节消融前,先用注射器穿刺抽出囊液体,然后再进行消融。手术结束后颈部按压1小时。记录术中及术后发生的并发症。

1.

1

“液体隔离带法”预防甲状腺结节微波消融过程中热损伤并发症

Prevention of thermal injury during ultrasound-guided microwave ablation of thyroid nodules using the "hydrodissection technique". A: The extracapsular fluid barrier of the thyroid prevents thermal energy from injuring the anterior cervical muscles. B: The external fluid barrier of the thyroid prevents thermal energy from injuring the carotid artery and the internal jugular vein. C: The medial fluid barrier of the thyroid prevents thermal energy from injuring the recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, and the tracheal wall. VN: Vagus nerve; CCA: Common carotid artery; IJV: Internal jugular vein; RLN: Recurrent laryngeal nerve; CMSG: Cervical middle sympathetic ganglion.

2.

2

“杠杆撬离法”预防甲状腺结节微波消融过程中热损伤并发症

Prevention of internal injury during microwave ablation of thyroid nodules using the "leverage pry-off method". A: The needle is pressed down to drive the tissue downwards to prevent thermal energy from injuring the anterior cervical muscles. B: The needle is lifted to pull the tissue upwards to prevent thermal energy from injuring the carotid artery and internal jugular vein. C: The needle is lifted to bring the tissue upwards to prevent thermal energy from injuring the recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, and the tracheal wall.

1.5. 术后随访

术后1、3、6及12个月各随访1次。随访内容包括症状评分、美容评分、甲功及并发症等项目。超声检查依据术前方法测量结节径线,计算结节体积缩小率(VRR),VRR=[(术前体积-随访体积)/术前体积]×100%。观察结节边缘有无残留组织,残留组织表现为回声稍高于已消融组织,但接近或略低于周围正常组织,两者分界清楚,彩色多普勒显示残留组织内有彩色血流信号[21, 22]。随访过程中如发现残留组织明显增多或病灶复发时予以补充消融。

1.6. 统计学方法

应用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计学分析,所有计量资料以均数±标准差表示,计数资料采用频次及百分数表示。两组比较采用两独立样本t检验,计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验,以P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 术后总体情况

348例甲状腺良性结节均在超声引导下完成微波消融治疗,中间未转开放手术,其中单结节者205例,多结节者143例。两组患者术前临床资料、甲状腺结节特征见表 1。两组人数、性别、结节位置、结节长径与体积、症状评分、美容评分、彩色血流评分及甲功等指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。图 3为采用“液体隔离带法”预防消融过程中的热损伤。图 4为采用“杠杆撬离法法”预防消融过程中的热损伤。两组的消融时间、能量沉积及每毫升结节组织能量沉积比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组消融数据见表 2

1.

术前两组甲状腺结节特征比较表

Preoperative data of the patients with thyroid nodules in the two groups

Characteristic Hydrodissection Leverage pry-off P
n=174 n=174
Note: L: Left lobe; R: Right lobe; I: Isthmus; S: Single; M: Multiple.
Gender (female, %) 151 (86.8%) 146 (83.9%) 0.632
Age (years) 44.5±11.8 43.1±12.9 0.350
Location L/R/I 75/97/2 73/97/4 0.812
Single/multiple 103/71 102/72 0.723
Solid/mixed 116/58 117/57 0.693
Largest diameter (cm) 2.95±1.15 2.87±1.21 0.515
Volume (mL) 7.60±9.47 7.63±9.92 0.912
Cosmetic score 3.43±0.82 3.32±0.83 0.129
Symptom score 4.95±1.17 5.05±1.24 0.755
FT4 1.19±0.17 1.20±0.27 0.635
FT3 3.07±0.43 3.10±0.74 0.901
TSH 1.35±0.96 1.52±0.93 0.084

3.

3

“液体隔离带法”预防喉返神经损伤

Prevention of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury by the "hydrodissection technique". A: The medial margin of the thyroid nodules is close to the "dangerous triangle area" (indicated by △), where the recurrent laryngeal nerve is located. B: Thermal energy is insulated from the critical anatomical structures such as recurrent laryngeal nerve during microwave ablation by injecting 5% glucose solution into the potential space between the medial margin of the gland and the tracheal wall to form a "fluid barrier" (shown by the arrow) with a width of >3 mm to separate the two before ablation.

4.

4

“杠杆撬离法”预防喉返神经损伤

Prevention of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury by the "leverage pry-off method" during the ablation. A: The medial margin of the thyroid nodules is close to the "dangerous triangle area" (indicated by △). Therefore, the microwave needle punctures downward from the inner upper margin of the nodule to the posterolateral margin to pass through the isthmus at the transverse-section of thyroid glands. The needle is 3-5 mm (as shown by the arrow) from the "dangerous triangle area". B: Ablation is initiated. When an appropriate vaporization zone appears around the needle tip, the tip is slowly lifted by about >2 mm to continue ablation (as shown by the arrow). C: When an ellipsoidal vaporization zone is formed at the needle tip, ablation by the "continuous moving method" is adopted while maintaining the upward posture of the needle to form a wide vaporization zone (as shown by the arrow), covering the medial margin of the nodule and inactivating the nodule tissue close to the "dangerous triangle area".

2.

两组消融时间及能量沉积比较表

Comparison of ablation duration and energy deposition between the two groups

Parameter Hydrodissection Leverage pry-off P
Total energy deposition (J) 19 196±12 002 19 087±14 467 0.279
J/mL 3650±2508 3786±2853 0.805
Duration of ablation (min) 20.5±11.1 18.98±12.0 0.183

2.2. 术后并发症

两组术中及术后的并发症见表 3,其中严重并发症为术后声音改变包括声音嘶哑、发音困难、声音减低等,两组均有发生,“液体隔离带”组发生3例,发生率为1.7%;“杠杆撬离法”组发生4例,发生率为2.3%,两组发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。未予特殊处理,术后1~3月所有患者声音均恢复正常。轻微并发症为甲状腺被膜外血肿,两组各发生5例,发生率均为2.9%,可能是穿刺针损伤小血管引起,经及时按压后出血停止,术后1~2周血肿吸收。副反应为少数患者在消融过程中出现颈部疼痛或伴牙齿、耳根、肩背等处放射痛,可忍受,不影响消融治疗,消融结束后症状消失。所有患者均未发生感染、结节破裂、皮肤烧伤、臂丛神经损伤、气管及食管损伤等并发症。

3.

两组消融术后并发症比较表

Comparison of ablation- induced complications between the two groups

Complication Hydrodissection Leverage pry-off P
Voice change 3 (1.72%) 4 (2.30%) 1.000
Haemtoma 5 (2.9%) 5 (2.9%) 1.000
Nodular rupture 0 0 -
Skin burn 0 0 -
Tracheal injury 0 0 -
Esophagus injury 0 0 -
Brachial plexus injury 0 0 -
Total 8 (4.6%) 9 (5.2%) 0.529

2.3. 术后结节残留发生率

术后随访1~12月,“液体隔离带”组174例之中17例结节边缘有少量残留组织,残留发生率为9.8%,其余为完全消融,一次性完全消融率为90.2%。“杠杆撬离法”组174例之中19例结节边缘有少量残留组织,残留发生率为10.9%,一次性完全消融率为89.1%,两组间结节残留发生率和一次性完全消融率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。“液体隔离带”组有2例、“杠杆撬离法”组有3例因残留组织呈明显增生趋势,于术后6~12月之间行补充消融,达到完全灭活。其余结节因残留量少、无明显增生趋势或不愿补充消融而继续随访观察。

3. 讨论

由于甲状腺周围紧邻喉返神经、颈动脉、气管及食管等重要结构,当结节边缘距离甲状腺被膜 < 2 mm时,因缺乏足够的腺组织起分隔作用,消融时热能极易损伤邻近的重要结构。为减少并发症、提高消融的安全性,术中会采取一些预防措施如“液体隔离带法” 、“杠杆撬离法” 、“少量残留法”等[15, 16, 23],其中“液体隔离带法”是最常用方法,通过利用颈部解剖结构的自然间隙,在甲状腺周围注入适量0.9%生理盐水或生理盐水与利多卡因混合液形成一条宽度>3 mm的液体分隔带,将腺体与周围组织分开,避免热能伤及。该方法能有效预防喉返神经、食管、颈动脉等重要结构的热损伤,但也有一定的局限性如液体存留时间短、受挤压液体易流失、需多次或连续补充注液等[14, 15]。“少量残留法”[23]也是预防热损伤的简便、有效方法,在紧邻喉返神经、颈动脉等重要结构处残留少量未消融组织,可避免热能伤及邻近组织。但残存组织有增生、复发的风险,也是结节复发的根源[24]。“杠杆撬离法”是利用一个支撑点,以针杆上抬或下压带动组织移位,增大与邻近结构的间距避免热损伤[16]。这种方法在腹部肿瘤消融时常用[25],但在甲状腺结节消融方面的应用文献报道较少,“杠杆撬离法”[16]预防甲状腺结节热消融并发症的有效性与“液体隔离带法”相近,两者术后严重并发症的发生率并无显著性差异。以往的研究主要关注术后严重并发症的发生率,忽略了结节消融是否彻底这一重要评价指标。我们体会“液体隔离带法”通过注入液体分离腺体与邻近组织至安全距离,能消除或减低操作者对热损伤并发症的担忧,有利于结节完全消融。而“杠杆撬离法”虽然操作简便,但需要技术熟练,能准确掌控针杆的撬离时机与幅度。如果操作不当,可发生严重并发症如声音改变等,或者虽无严重并发症,但结节消融不彻底,留下复发的根源。本文的创新点在于评价“杠杆撬离法”的安全性和有效性时增加了“术后结节残留发生率”新指标,这在以往的文献中未见报道。

本研究结果显示,“杠杆撬离法”组结节残留发生率为10.9%。“液体隔离带法”组结节残留发生率为9.8%。两组结节残余发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。提示“杠杆撬离法”具有与“液体隔离带法”相同的预防热损伤效果,都能有效灭活邻近喉返神经、食管、气管及颈动脉等重要结构处的结节组织,使大多数结节能够达到完全消融的目的,仅少数结节消融不彻底,有组织残留。结节残留是甲状腺结节热消融治疗的常见问题[26, 27]。结节残留的原因是多方面的,可能与结节大小、毗邻关系、血流状况及气化干扰等因素有关。无论采用“杠杆撬离法”或“液体隔离带”法,要完全避免结节残留几乎是不可能的。

“液体隔离带法”是预防热损伤最常用的方法,能大幅减少或避免严重并发症的发生。本研究显示“杠杆撬离法”也能有效预防热损伤并发症的发生,两组术后严重并发症的发生率及轻微并发症的发生率比较差异均无统计学意义,严重并发症的发生率也与文献报道相符[28],均未发生气管、食管、颈动脉、皮肤及臂从神经损伤等并发症。将两种方法比较,我们体会“杠杆撬离法”的操作更为简便,不需要注入及补充注入液体,可单人操作,不需要其他人员配合。当然采用“杠杆撬离法”需要一定的实践经验,要注意掌控针杆撬离的时机,避免针杆上抬过早或过晚。我们的体会是当针尖周围出现适量气化区时是上抬针杆最佳时机,此时针尖周围组织受热脱水、凝固而变硬,上抬时可随针杆移位,达到分离腺体与周围组织的目的。

尽管“杠杆撬离法”虽然省去了注射液体隔离带的时间,平均消融时间也略低于“液体隔离带法”,但统计分析显示两种方法的消融时间、能量沉积及单位体积能量沉积均无显著性差异,提示“杠杆撬离法”虽然省去了注射液体时间,但省时有限,另外,注射液体隔离带耗时也不长,最终两种方法的消融时间相近。

本研究不足之处,首先研究是一个回顾性研究,虽然结果可信,但还需在前瞻性及随机对照研究中检验。其次,本研究是一个单中心研究,所有消融病例均由一名技术熟练人员操作完成,由于存在个体经验差异,该结果还需要更多人在实践中检验。

总之,“杠杆撬离法”是预防甲状腺良性结节微波消融过程热损伤并发症的简便、有效方法,具有与“液体隔离带法”相同的安全性和有效性。

Biographies

吴凤林,博士,主任医师,E-mail: wufl666@126.com

吴巧至,在读硕士研究生,E-mail: 2724691073@qq.com

Contributor Information

吴 凤林 (Fenglin WU), Email: wufl666@126.com.

吴 巧至 (Qiaozhi WU), Email: 2724691073@qq.com.

周 琳 (Lin ZHOU), Email: zlecho@163.com.

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