Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. However, the functions of circRNAs in renal injury induced by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are poorly understood. The aim of this current study is to identify the global changes of circRNAs expression in OSA-induced renal damage. The mouse model of OSA treated by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) was established. We assessed the expression profiles of circRNAs in CIH caused renal injury by microarray analysis. Bioinformatic analyses were further performed by us to assess those differentially expressed circRNAs. Quantitative realtime PCR (qRT-PCR) were then conducted to assure the data of microarray. Finally, a circRNA-miRNA -mRNA competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network was constructed. We found 11 upregulated and 13 downregulated circRNAs in CIH-induced renal injury. The qRT-PCR validated that the six selected circRNAs were identical to the results of microarray. Both Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were further employed to annotate the potential functions of dysregulated circRNAs. Finally, we established a ceRNA network to predict the target genes of circRNAs. In general, our results first illustrate that circRNAs are aberrantly expressed in OSA-induced renal injury, which might aid in offering novel genetic insights into this disease and potential therapeutic targets for OSA-associated chronic kidney disease.
Keywords: Obstructive sleep apnea, circRNAs, Chronic intermittent hypoxia, Renal injury, Microarray
Introduction
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is well-known as one of the most common sleep‑disordered breathing, which affects millions of people globally (Xia & Sawan, 2021). Now, OSA has been recognized as one of the significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes (Gabryelska et al., 2020), asthma (Oka et al., 2020), stroke (Ponsaing et al., 2018), preeclampsia–eclampsia (Jaimchariyatam et al., 2019), and cardiovascular diseases (Gottlieb & Punjabi, 2020). Meanwhile, OSA has been regarded as the important causes of various renal injury (Loffler et al., 2017). Increasing evidence indicates that severe OSA patients have a high prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). OSA has further been shown to be responsible for accelerated loss of kidney function (Rimke et al., 2021). It is reported that OSA-associated CKD is mostly caused by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) triggered tissue damage. Abuyassin et al. (2018) found histopathological alterations of kidney in response to OSA induced by intermittent hypoxia in mouse models. However, the underlying mechanism of OSA-induced renal injury remains unclear.
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel type of endogenous non-coding RNAs, which are identified with covalently closed loop structures without 5′ to 3′ polarity and a poly A tail (Zhang, Liu & Liao, 2020; Yang et al., 2021). CircRNAs are widely expressed in different species, and exhibit tissue/developmental stage-specificity. For instance, hsa_circ_0000517 was found to harbor HCC-stage-specific expression features in hepatocellular carcinoma (Wang et al., 2019). Thus, it suggests that circRNAs could serve as a novel diagnostic biomarker for various diseases. Recent studies have showed that circRNAs are aberrantly expressed in human diseases and exert their functions via regulation of target genes at the post-transcriptional level (Zeng et al., 2021). As reported, hsa_circ_001680 influences the proliferation and migration of colorectal carcinoma by targeting miR-340 to regulate the expression of BMI1 (Jian et al., 2020). Presently, accumulating evidence demonstrates that circRNAs are closely associated with certain human diseases, such as diabetic cardiomyopathy (Wan et al., 2021), acute myeloid leukemia (Lux et al., 2021), osteoarthritis (Wu et al., 2021b), and several types of cancers (Rong et al., 2021; Fan et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2021). Nevertheless, little is known about the roles of circRNAs in renal damage induced by OSA at present.
In the present study, we assessed the circRNA expression profiles to gain an overview of the expression patterns of circRNAs in mouse models of OSA-induced renal injury. Subsequently, we further used qRT-PCR to validate six candidate circRNAs. Additionally, we performed a bioinformatics analysis to predict the biological functions of the abnormally expressed circRNAs. Finally, we further constructed a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA (ceRNA) interaction network to reveal the potential mechanisms of five selected dysregulated circRNAs. Thus, through these explorations, we aimed to provide a novel insight into the progress of OSA-related CKD and assist management of this disease in clinical practice.
Materials and Methods
Mouse model of CIH
We bought three pairs of male BABL/c mice from Beijing Weitong Lihua Experimental Animal Technology co., ltd. We randomly divided the mice into two groups: the control group and the CIH group. We provided all mice with tap water and standard mouse diet. The standard CIH protocol was modeled as described in our previous study (Chen et al., 2019). We placed mice assigned to receive CIH in a specially designed chamber, which contained oxygen sensors for measuring the concentration of O2 in the chamber. Cages were connected to a gas regulator that controls the infusion of sufficient nitrogen to reduce O2 to 6% for 60 s, after which the gas control system allows for a rapid replacement of oxygen leading to a quick restoration of O2 to 21% for another 60 s. This 2-min CIH cycle was repeated 30 times per h, 8 h/day, for a total duration of 8 weeks. Their kidney tissues were acquired after euthanized by cervical dislocation at the end of CIH exposure. Animal procedures were complied with the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines. The animal protocol was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University (2022-FMU-15).
Microarray analysis
Following the Arraystar standard protocols, we first carried out sample preparation and microarray hybridization. In brief, we digested the total RNA of renal tissues with RNase R (Epicentre, Inc., Madison, WI, USA) aiming to remove linear RNAs and enrich circRNAs. After that, we amplified and transcribed the enriched circRNAs into fluorescent circRNAs with the use of a random priming method (Arraystar Super RNA Labeling kit; Arraystar, Rockville, MD, USA). Subsequently, we hybridized the labeled circRNAs to the Arraystar Mouse circRNA Array V2 (8x15K; Arraystar, Rockville, MD, USA). After washing the slides, an Agilent Scanner G2505C was further used to scan the arrays. Then, we utilized Agilent Feature Extraction software (version 11.0.1.1) to analyze the acquired array images. We also conducted quantile normalization and subsequent data processing by the use of R software package. Finally, we identified the differentially expressed circRNAs between the CIH group and the control group through Volcano Plot filtering. At the same time, a scatter plot and heat map were used by us to evaluate the variation of circRNAs expression between the two groups.
Bioinformatic analyses
To functionally annotate parental genes of the dysregulated circRNAs, Gene Ontology (GO) analyses were further carried out in our study, which included cellular component (CC), molecular function (MF) and biological process (BP). Further, KEGG pathway analyses were used to reveal the signaling networks of circRNAs associated with OSA-induced renal injury.
qRT-PCR analysis
We performed qRT-PCR analysis of six circRNAs to validate the results of the microarray data. Briefly, the total RNA derived from the renal tissue samples was reverse-transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA) with the help of SuperScript™ III Reverse Transcriptase (18080-044; Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA). According to the manufacturer’s instructions, 2X PCR Master Mix (AS-MR-006-5; Arraystar, Rockville, MD, USA) and ViiA 7 Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, MA, USA) were used for qRT-PCR. The PCR primer sequences were outlined in Table 1. GAPDH was employed to serve as the internal control. Target gene expression was analyzed by the 2−ΔΔCt equation.
Table 1. Primers used for qRT-PCR.
| circRNA ID | Primers | Tm (° C) | Product size (bp) |
|---|---|---|---|
| GAPDH | F: 5′ CACTGAGCAAGAGAGGCCCTAT3′ R: 5′ GCAGCGAACTTTATTGATGGTATT3′ |
60 | 144 |
| mmu_circRNA_35869 | F: 5′ ACACTGACATCGAGGGCATAGA3′ R: 5′GAGCAGGAGGGATTGTAGAAAAC3′ |
60 | 122 |
| mmu_circRNA_27795 | F: 5′ GCCGGGAAACAATTAGAGG 3′ R: 5′ CAGAAGGCTCGTTCAGGATG3′ |
60 | 214 |
| mmu_circRNA_35632 | F: 5′ GGAAGTTTGGCAGCAGAATC3′ R: 5′ CAATTCCGTAAGTCTGTGCATC3′ |
60 | 203 |
| mmu_circRNA_009555 | F: 5′ AGTTCCACGTACTGTTCCTTT 3′ R: 5′ CTTGCTGTCTTTCTTGGCTGA3′ |
60 | 172 |
| mmu_circRNA_29626 | F: 5′ GGACATCGTGGAGTGGTTGAA 3′ R: 5′ AGAGACCTTTGTGGAGGACAGC 3′ |
60 | 63 |
| mmu_circRNA_37351 | F: 5′ TTGAGCCGAAGCCAGAGGA 3′ R: 5′ CGAGGTTGGTGGTCAGGAAA 3′ |
60 | 153 |
Construction of a ceRNA regulatory network
Finally, the interaction between the five candidate circRNAs and their potential target microRNAs was mainly predicted by miRanda and TargetScan software. Then, a ceRNA interaction network was constructed, which was based on the prediction of miRNA binding sites. The established ceRNA network was further visualized by use of Cytoscape (Version 3.7.2).
Statistical methods
All data in the present study were obtained from at least three independent experiments. Data were presented as mean ± SD and compared by using Student’s t-test between the CIH and control groups. Two-tailed P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Changes in the expression profiles of circRNAs
To investigate the circRNA expression profiles in CIH-induced renal injury, we carried out the circRNA microarray to identify the dysregulated circRNAs. The box plot showed the distributions of circRNAs expression profiles from three paired renal samples was not different (Fig. 1A). A scatter plot was utilized to visualize circRNA expression variations between the two groups (Fig. 1B). The volcano plot filter indicated differentially altered circRNAs with log2FC ≥1.5 and P value < 0.05 (Fig. 1C). Hierarchical clustering showed a distinguishable expression profile of circRNAs among the samples (Fig. 1D). Finally, we observed that 24 circRNAs were differentially expressed in this study, including 13 downregulated and 11 upregulated circRNAs in renal damage induced by CIH.
Figure 1. Differentially expressed circRNAs in renal from CIH mice.
(A) The box plot demonstrated the nearly identical distributions of circRNAs in the renal samples of the CIH and Control groups. The red data points are outliers. (B) The scatter plot was used to identify the variation of circRNAs expression between the two groups. The green lines represented 1.5-fold changes. circRNAs beyond the range of green lines indicated >1.5-fold difference between the two compared groups. (C) The volcano plot exhibited significantly aberrant circRNAs in CIH-induced renal injury. The red squares represented the dysregulated circRNAs with significant difference. (D) Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed a distinct circRNA expression pattern between the two groups.
Among these dysregulated circRNAs, they were widely distributed on almost all mouse chromosomes, and chromosome 17 was the most abundant (Fig. 2A). The properties of circRNAs contain exonic, antisense, sense overlapping, intronic, and intergenic. The compositional type of each sample is shown in Fig. 2B. For the upregulated circRNAs, they contained nine exonic circRNAs, one intergenic circRNA, and one sense overlapping circRNA. For the downregulated circRNAs, they included nine exonic circRNAs, one antisense circRNA, one intronic circRNA and two sense overlapping circRNAs.
Figure 2. Characteristics of altered circRNAs.
(A) Chromosomal distribution of the dysregulated circRNAs between the CIH and Control groups. (B) Classification of the significantly altered circRNAs between the two groups.
Validation of six selected dysregulated circRNAs
To validate microarray results, six circRNAs (mmu_circRNA_35869, mmu_circRNA_27795, mmu_circRNA_35632, mmu_circRNA_009555, mmu_circRNA_29626 and mmu_circRNA_37351) were randomly selected for further evaluation by qRT-PCR analysis. The expression levels of them were in accordance with that of circRNA microarray data (Fig. 3). GAPDH served as the internal control.
Figure 3. Validation of dysregulated circRNAs.
The relative expression levels of six selected circRNAs were determined by qRT-PCR. The upward direction represents gene upregulation. On the contrary, downward direction represents gene downregulation.
GO and KEGG analyses
To annotate the function of these dysregulated circRNAs, we then conducted the GO and KEGG analysis. The top eight enriched GO categories were listed as a bar plot. GO enrichment analysis of the upregulated circRNAs indicated the most enriched GO terms to be organic acid catabolic process (BP), oxidoreductase activity (MF) and mitochondrion (CC) (Fig. 4A), while the most enriched GO entries for downregulated circRNAs were protein acylation (BP), axon guidance receptor activity (MF) and Cul2-RING ubiquitin ligase complex (CC) (Fig. 4B). Intriguingly, our findings showed that the upregulated circRNAs involved in CC category were connected with the mitochondrion, mitochondrial inner membrane, organelle membrane, mitochondrial membrane, oxidoreductase complex, mitochondrial matrix, organelle inner membrane, and mitochondrial envelope, which demonstrated that mitochondrial impairment might play a key role in the process of OSA-induced renal injury.
Figure 4. Functional analysis of altered circRNAs.
GO enrichment analysis for upregulated (A) and downregulated (B) circRNAs. KEGG analysis of upregulated (C) and downregulated (D) circRNAs.
According to the KEGG pathway analysis, the most relevant and enriched pathway for the upregulated circRNAs was the fatty acid degradation (Fig. 4C), while the downregulated circRNAs were significantly enriched in the Glycerolipid metabolism (Fig. 4D). In addition, we also found that PPAR signaling pathway and cAMP signaling pathway may also participate in the pathophysiological process of OSA-induced renal damage.
Establishment of ceRNA network
In order to elucidate the ceRNA network, we predicted the targets of differentially expressed circRNAs and their downstream-regulated genes by the use of TargetScan and miRanda. Further, to explore the bio-function of circRNAs involved in renal damage induced by OSA, we made use of Cytoscape software (Version 3.7.2; https://cytoscape.org/) to build up a ceRNA network, which was based on the combinatorial effect of five selected circRNAs (mmu_circRNA_35869, mmu_circRNA_27795, mmu_circRNA_35632, mmu_circRNA_009555 and mmu_circRNA_37351), and their potential miRNA targets and downstream-regulated mRNAs (Fig. 5). This information provided a significant clue for us to reveal the molecular mechanisms of circRNA in the renal injury triggered by OSA. In summary, circRNAs may act as a competitive endogenous RNA in the OSA-induced kidney injury by sponging to multiple miRNAs. As a marked putative ceRNA, mmu_circRNA_35869 will be investigated in our further studies.
Figure 5. The ceRNA Network Construction.
Light-blue nodes represent protein_coding RNAs, red nodes represent miRNAs, light-green nodes are noncoding RNAs, and brown nodes represent circRNAs.
Discussion
In the study, we first performed a comprehensive analysis of circRNAs by using microarray assay in renal injury induced by OSA. The results showed that 24 circRNAs were differentially expressed in the mouse model. Among these dysregulated circRNAs, 11 of them were upregulated and 13 were down-regulated. Moreover, the expression levels of the six selected circRNAs were verified by qRT-PCR analyses, which were consistent with the microarray. Finally, we conducted GO and KEGG analyses and constructed a ceRNA regulatory network to predict the potential role of circRNAs in the process of OSA-induced renal damage. These findings could provide novel clues to reveal the role of circRNAs in the pathologic mechanisms of OSA related CKD.
Several reports showed that CIH was associated with cardiovascular diseases (Yan et al., 2021a), hepatic injuries (Lin et al., 2020), and pulmonary injury (Ding et al., 2021). It was also reported that CIH could lead to chronic kidney disease (Zhao et al., 2021). Accumulating evidences suggest that OSA might contribute to various renal diseases via its association with increased sympathetic nervous system activity, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system overactivation, and increased oxidative stress (Abuyassin et al., 2015; Rimke et al., 2019). The prevalence of OSA in patients of CKD is several folds higher than that in general population. Meanwhile, the frequency of CKD also increases with the severity of OSA. The treatment of OSA improves the prognosis of patients with CKD. For example, Nicholl et al. (2021) reported high rate of kidney dysfunction occurred in patients who have OSA. Treatment of OSA patients with the CPAP therapy causes a decrease in glomerular hyperfiltration (Nicholl et al., 2021). In our study, we established a CIH mouse model and found that CIH could induce renal structure impairment. Therefore, we confirmed that CIH participated in the pathological changes of renal damage caused by OSA. However, the underlying mechanism responsible for the initiation and progression of OSA-induced renal injury remains unclear.
Recently, given the crucial roles of circRNAs in various biological and disease processes, these molecules have gained a tremendous amount of attention among researchers. As reported, circRNAs have been found implicated with various diseases, including autoimmune diseases (Xia, Tang & Wang, 2019), lung cancer (Wang et al., 2020), and renal disease (Jin et al., 2020). To explore the potential functions of circRNAs in OSA-induced injury in kidney, we conducted a microarray analysis of circRNAs in a mouse model of CIH. In this study, we identified a total of 24 differentially expressed circRNAs. Among them, six randomly selected circRNAs, including mmu_circRNA_35869, mmu_circRNA_27795, mmu_circRNA_35632, mmu_circRNA_009555, mmu_circRNA_29626 and mmu_circRNA_37351, were testified by qRT-PCR. The expression of the six selected circRNAs were confirmed in accordance with the microarray analysis. Above all, our results revealed that that a large number of circRNAs show significant differential expression in the pathogenesis of CIH triggered renal damage. However, the function and mechanism of these circRNAs are largely unknown.
To further explore the regulative roles of circRNAs in OSA-induced renal injury, both GO and KEGG analysis were carried out for the functional annotation of parental genes. GO analysis of the up-regulated circRNAs illuminated that the significant enrichment of cellular components was tightly related to mitochondrial impairment, such as mitochondrion, organelle membrane, mitochondrial inner membrane, mitochondrial membrane, mitochondrial envelope, and mitochondrial matrix. Previous studies showed that mitochondrial impairment mainly results in cell injuries in kidney diseases (Schijvens et al., 2020; Shamekhi Amiri, 2019). Moreover, recent studies suggested that CIH could cause the damage of target organs through its mitochondrial regulation (Wu et al., 2021a; Yan et al., 2021b). Thus, we make a conclusion that the dysfunction of mitochondrial may play an important role in the transcriptional regulation of OSA-induced renal injury. Further experimental researches are highly needed to explore the potential function of mitochondrial impairment in renal injury trigged by OSA.
Although the function of circRNAs remains largely unknown, their function as a miRNA sponge has been well documented. Here, circRNAs could act as sponges, bind to their target miRNAs, inhibit the transcription of mRNA, and then further influence the pathophysiological processes of various diseases (Panda, 2018; Liang et al., 2020). The construction of ceRNA networks is an effective method to explore the roles of circRNAs. To investigate the downstream regulatory genes, we selected five circRNAs to perform ceRNA analyses after qRT-PCR verification. Our results indicated that the five selected circRNAs were found to have extensive interactions with multiple miRNAs. These findings suggested that circRNAs could sponge to miRNAs to regulate the expression of targe genes, which could add a new dimension of our current knowledge on OSA-induced renal injury pathogenesis. Among the ceRNA interaction network, mmu_circRNA_35869 and mmu_circRNA_35632 harbored a putative binding site with miR-107-3p and miR-205-5p, respectively. To our interest, it was reported that miR-107 could target to DUSP7 inducing the secretion of TNF-α in endothelial cells, which directly contributed to tubular cell injury in septic acute kidney injury (Wang et al., 2017). In addition, miR-205 improved renal cell apoptosis via the HMGB1-PTEN pathway, which might provide a new target for the therapy of sepsis-induced renal injury (Zhang et al., 2019). These data demonstrated that the mmu_circRNA_35869/miR-107-3p and mmu_circRNA_35632/miR-205-5p axis may play critical roles in the progression of renal injury induced by OSA. Thus, further studies are in urgent need to confirm the functions of the circRNA-related ceRNA network in OSA-induced renal damage.
Several limitations in our study should not be neglected. First, since it was a relatively small sample size study, meaning that we should take cautions to interpret the results. Second, we predicted all the functional annotation of the differentially expressed circRNAs based only on bioinformatics analysis. Further experimental investigations are needed for clarifying the underlying mechanisms and function of the present circRNAs, such as in vivo and vitro experiments. Third, there were some important differences between our animal model and OSA model in humans. The animal model of OSA eliminates many potential confounders, which were commonly found in human studies. Herein, further clinical researches are still needed in future.
Conclusions
In conclusion, this work first reveals the comprehensive expression profiles of circRNAs in a mouse model of OSA-induced renal injury, which expands the current understanding in the pathogenesis mechanism of renal damage induced by OSA. Therefore, these findings suggest a potential treatment of OSA-related chronic kidney disease through the modulation of circRNAs. Deciphering the molecular mechanism about the detailed role the circRNAs identified in this study requires further investigation.
Supplemental Information
Funding Statement
This project was supported by the Joint Funds for the innovation of science and Technology Fujian province (Grant number: 2021Y9027), the Science and Technology Bureau of Quanzhou (Grant number: 2022C038R), the Young and middle-aged backbone talents training project of Fujian Provincial Health Commission (Grant number: 2021GGA040), the Doctoral Miaopu project of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University (Grant number: BS202115), and the Quanzhou high level talent fund project (Grant number: 2021C051R). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Contributor Information
Qingshi Chen, Email: chenqingshi1986@126.com.
Dexin Liu, Email: 22339922@163.com.
Additional Information and Declarations
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Author Contributions
Qingshi Chen conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.
Zhenzhen Hong performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.
Zhiyu Chen performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.
Yanfeng Chen analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.
Dexin Liu conceived and designed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft.
Animal Ethics
The following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals (i.e., approving body and any reference numbers):
This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University (2022-FMU-15).
Data Availability
The following information was supplied regarding data availability:
The data is available at NCBI GEO: GSE192688.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
The following information was supplied regarding data availability:
The data is available at NCBI GEO: GSE192688.