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Table 3. Verbal and Visual Memory Tests
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|
DA, mean (SD) |
PT, mean (SD) |
C, mean (SD) |
c 2 values, P levels |
Pairwise comparisons |
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Group patterns |
Mann –Whitney U score,P value |
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|
Wechsler Memory Scale |
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Memory quotient |
81.4 |
101.2 |
115.0 |
18.5 |
|
C > PT |
14.5 |
0.01 |
|
(11.5) |
(9.6) |
(10.1) |
<0.001 |
C > PT > DA |
PT > DA |
7.0 |
0.001 |
|
|
Paired-associate trial 3 (max = 10) |
5.9 (1.5) |
9.9 (0.3) |
9.9 (0.4) |
23.4 <0.001 |
C = PT > DA |
PT > DA |
0.5 |
0.001 |
|
Paired-associate delayed recall (max = 10) |
4.7 |
9.8 |
10.0 |
24.1 |
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|
(1.7) |
(0.4) |
(0.0) |
<0.001 |
C = PT > DA |
PT > DA |
0.0 |
0.001 |
|
|
Immediate story recall, % |
24.2 |
32.4 |
41.2 |
8.3 |
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|
(10.1) |
(8.0) |
(10.8) |
<0.02 |
C > PT > DA |
C > PT PT > DA |
20.5 27.0 |
0.05 0.05 |
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|
Delayed story recall, % |
3.7 |
21.7 |
29.3 |
18.7 |
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|
(3.8) |
(8.4) |
(12.1) |
<0.001 |
C = PT > DA |
PT > DA |
3.0 |
0.001 |
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|
CAVLT-2 Immediate span |
93.6 |
97.4 |
110.6 |
6.1 |
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|
(10.6) |
(12.0) |
(15.6) |
<0.05 |
C = PT > DA |
PT > DA |
13.5 |
0.02 |
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|
Level of learning |
68.7 |
102.6 |
113.4 |
19.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(8.6) |
(16.3) |
(9.3) |
<0.001 |
C = PT > DA |
PT > DA |
1.0 |
0.001 |
|
Immediate recall, postinterference |
62.2 (5.3) |
101.3 (18.5) |
108.9 (9.5) |
18.7 <0.001 |
C = PT > DA |
PT > DA |
7.1 |
0.03 |
|
Delayed recall |
60.0 |
103.8 |
113.6 |
19.7 |
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|
(1.3) |
(17.2) |
(13.0) |
<0.001 |
C = PT > DA |
PT > DA |
0.0 |
0.001 |
|
|
Delayed recognition (max = 32) |
25.4 (3.5) |
30.2 (1.5) |
31.5 (0.8) |
18.8 <0.001 |
C = PT > DA |
PT > DA |
7.5 |
0.001 |
|
No. of intrusions |
14.3 (9.3) |
4.9 (3.2) |
1.4 (1.6) |
16.3 <0.001 |
C = PT > DA |
PT > DA |
15.0 |
0.004 |
|
Design learning, Z scores Immediate span |
-0.22 |
-0.91 |
0.7 |
6.9 |
|
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|
(1.1) |
(1.7) |
(1.4) |
<0.03 |
C = PT = DA |
C > DA |
9.0 |
0.008 |
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|
Level of learning |
-0.6 |
-0.3 |
0.7 |
11.6 |
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|
(3.5) |
(1.1) |
(0.9) |
<0.003 |
C = PT > DA |
PT > DA |
17.0 |
0.02 |
|
|
Immediate recall, postinterference |
-4.4 (3.4) |
0.1 (2.0) |
0.5 (0.3) |
14.6 <0.001 |
C = PT > DA |
PT > DA |
7.0 |
0.001 |
|
Delayed recall |
-2.8 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
15.5 |
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|
(1.2) |
(1.1) |
(0.9) |
<0.001 |
C = PT > DA |
PT > DA |
3.0 |
0.001 |
|
|
Rey –Osterrieth figureCopy (max = 36) |
28.2 |
28.3 |
31.4 |
2.4 |
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|
|
|
|
(6.6) |
(4.1) |
(2.0) |
NS |
NA |
NA |
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|
40-minute recall (max = 36) |
1.7 |
17.1 |
19.8 |
19.0 |
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|
(2.5) |
(5.9) |
(5.0) |
<0.001 |
C = PT > DA |
PT > DA |
1.0 |
0.001 |
|
|
Digit span |
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|
No. forward |
6.1 |
5.7 |
6.6 |
3.8 |
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|
(1.0) |
(1.1) |
(0.7) |
NS |
NA |
NA |
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No. backward |
4.8 |
3.8 |
5.5 |
9.9 |
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|
(1.0) |
(0.9) |
(1.1) |
<0.007 |
C = DA > PT |
C > PT |
9.0 |
0.003 |
|
DA, developmental amnesia group; PT, preterm group; C, control group; CAVLT-2, Children’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test-2; NA, not applicable; NS, not significant.