Photographs, conceptual diagram, and SEM and EDX images of Fe-(oxyhydr)oxide chimneys collected from the Urashima site (Fig. S1), rarefaction curves from 16S rRNA gene clone libraries (Fig. S2), summary of the differences between genera Mariprofundus and Gallionella (Table S1), elemental compositions of iron mat samples determined by SEM-EDS analysis (Table S2), further taxonomic affiliation of gammaproteobacterial (Table S3), deltaproteobacterial (Table S4), and alphaproteobacterial (Table S5) 16S rRNA gene clones from iron mat samples in different deep-sea hydrothermal systems, and chemical compositions of hydrothermal fluid and/or pore water of iron mat samples in the Fox site of Tarama knoll, the Yellow Top site and Champagne vent site of NW Eifuku field, the Snail and Urashima site of the southern Mariana Trough (Table S6).
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