This PDF file includes:

• fig. S1. Nanowood is composed of hierarchical aligned nanofibrillar cellulose arrays derived from natural wood.
  
• fig. S2. The lignin content and appearance between chemical processes.
  
• fig. S3. Nanowood drying process.
  
• fig. S4. SEM images of natural wood.
  
• fig. S5. SEM images of nanowood.
  
• fig. S6. Molecular level alignment in the hierarchal alignment of nanowood.
  
• fig. S7. Nanowood samples can be fabricated within a wide size distribution.
  
• fig. S8. Compressive stress test of nanowood along the axial and radial direction.
  
• fig. S9. Tensile strength of the nanowood and original wood.
  
• fig. S10. Comparison between commercially available silica aerogel and nanowood.
  
• fig. S11. Temperature plots of isotropic and anisotropic thermal insulators from a point heat source.
  
• fig. S12. The two levels of porosity (microsized and nanosized pores) in nanowood.
  
• fig. S13. Thermogravimetric analysis.
  
• fig. S14. Digital images of the delignified wood piece after >1 year under ambient environment.
  
• fig. S15. Air permeability test of nanowood.
  
• fig. S16. Industry compatible wood board cutting method.
  
• fig. S17. Nanowood is composed of aligned cellulose nanofibers with mesoporous structure.
  
• fig. S18. Reflectance comparison between vertically cut plane and horizontally cut plane of nanowood.
  
• fig. S19. Thermal conductivity in transverse and axial direction under humidity of 20% and 80%, respectively.
  
• fig. S20. The tensile strength of nanowood under 20 and 80% humidity.
  
• table S1. Materials cost for nanowood production.
  
• table S2. Comparison between nanowood, paper, and honeycomb paper wraps.
  
• discussion S1. Mechanical property analysis of nanowood
  
• discussion S2. Numerical simulations of isotropic and anisotropic thermal insulators
  
• discussion S3. Thermal conductivity estimation
  
• discussion S4. Thermal stability of nanowood
  
• discussion S5. Permeability of nanowood
  
• discussion S6. Scalable manufacturing
  
• discussion S7. Comparison with a stack of paper and honeycomb wrapping paper
  
• discussion S8. The effect of humidity
  
• References (64–70)

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