Abstract
Objective.
To investigate the incidence and predictors of dyspnea on exertion among subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Methods.
We investigated dyspnea on exertion using a prospective cohort, the Brigham RA Sequential Study (BRASS). Clinically significant dyspnea on exertion was defined as a score of ≥3 (unable to ambulate without breathlessness or worse) on the validated Medical Research Council (MRC) scale (range 0–5). We analyzed subjects with MRC score <3 at BRASS baseline and ≥1 year of follow-up. The MRC scale was administered annually. We determined the incidence rate (IR) of dyspnea on exertion. We used Cox regression to estimate the HR for dyspnea on exertion occurring one year after potential predictors were assessed.
Results.
We analyzed 829 subjects with RA and no clinically significant dyspnea on exertion during mean follow-up of 3.0 years (SD 1.9). At baseline, mean age was 55.7 years (SD 13.6), 82.4% were female, and median RA duration was 8 years. During follow-up, 112 subjects (13.5%) developed incident dyspnea on exertion during 2,476 person-years of follow-up (IR 45.2 per 1000 person-years). Independent predictors of incident dyspnea on exertion were: older age (HR 1.03 per year, 95%CI 1.01–1.04), female sex (HR 2.22, 95%CI 1.14–4.29), mild dyspnea (HR 2.62, 95%CI 1.60–4.28), and worsened MDHAQ (HR 2.36 per unit, 95%CI 1.54–3.60). Methotrexate use, RA disease activity, and seropositivity were not associated with incident dyspnea on exertion.
Conclusion.
Dyspnea on exertion occurred commonly in patients with RA. Older women with impaired physical function were especially vulnerable to developing dyspnea on exertion.
Keywords: dyspnea, pulmonary, rheumatoid arthritis, epidemiology
INTRODUCTION
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are known to be at markedly increased risk for respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity/mortality compared to the general population related to autoimmunity, immunosuppression, and chronic inflammation(1, 2). In addition to these RA factors, lifestyle and clinical factors such as smoking, elevated body mass index (BMI), and impaired functional status could also contribute. While clinicians are increasingly aware of this RA respiratory and cardiovascular burden, clinical work-up is usually initiated once symptoms develop. Among patients with RA, previous studies have focused on symptoms of chest pain, but no previous study has investigated incidence and predictors of dyspnea(2, 3).
Dyspnea on exertion, defined as breathlessness with activity, is a potentially serious symptom often related to cardiopulmonary and functional status. In previous studies of patients without RA, clinically significant dyspnea on exertion was a powerful predictor of disability and early mortality(4, 5). Therefore, understanding the incidence and identifying RA-related and modifiable risk factors for developing dyspnea on exertion is important in the clinical care of RA patients.
Our aim was to quantify the incidence and identify predictors of dyspnea on exertion among patients with RA using a prospective cohort. We hypothesized that RA disease factors, multimorbidities, and unhealthy lifestyle factors would be associated with increased risk for developing dyspnea on exertion.
METHODS
Study population
We analyzed data from the Brigham RA Sequential Study (BRASS), a single center research registry of patients with RA at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. All subjects in BRASS have RA according to the treating physician and accepted criteria. Subjects are surveyed semiannually on a variety of domains including sociodemographics, symptoms, quality of life, pain, function, and sleep. In addition, validated measures of disease activity, RA characteristics, multimorbidities, and more detailed measures of symptoms are assessed annually at a study visit. Data from the electronic medical record are used to supplement diagnoses and medications. All aspects of this study were approved by the Partners HealthCare IRB.
Study design
We performed a prospective cohort study among subjects in BRASS to investigate incidence and predictors of clinically significant dyspnea on exertion. We excluded subjects who had clinically significant dyspnea on exertion at baseline, missing data for any predictor, and less than one year of follow-up. Figure 1 shows a flow diagram illustrating the analyzed study sample.
Figure 1.
Flow diagram for the analyzed study sample. BRASS, Brigham Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study; MRC, Medical Research Council.
Identification of incident dyspnea on exertion
We used the previously validated Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale(6). The MRC dyspnea scale rates breathlessness by the following responses: 0=“I am never breathless or short of breath”; 1=“I only get breathless with strenuous exercise”; 2=“I get short of breath when hurrying on the level or up a slight hill”; 3=“I walk slower than people of the same age on the level because of breathlessness or have to stop for breath when walking at my own pace on the level”; 4=“I stop for breath after walking 100 yards or after a few minutes on the level”; or 5=“I am too breathless to leave the house”. As in previous studies, we defined MRC scores of ≥3 as clinically significant dyspnea on exertion, 1–2 as mild dyspnea, and 0 as no dyspnea (4, 7). The MRC dyspnea scale was administered at baseline and annually using a structured in-person interview. For this study, we only analyzed subjects with MRC dyspnea scores <3 at BRASS baseline and who had at least one year of follow-up data.
Potential predictors of dyspnea
We considered sociodemographic predictors including age (continuous in years), sex, race, and education. We dichotomized race as white vs. non-white and education as received college degree vs. less education.
All variables were time-updated with each annual questionnaire. BMI was calculated from self-reported height and weight. We categorized subjects into underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2), or obese (≥30 kg/m2). Self-reported smoking was categorized as never, past, or current. We used standard methods to quantify self-reported physical activity in MET-hours/week(8). Subjects self-reported cough. Anxiety was measured using the anxiety component of the Multi-Dimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) that rates how feelings of anxiety or being nervous impact abilities on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (unable to do)(9). We dichotomized anxiety as present (≥1) or not (=0) since very few responded with scores of 2 or 3. We considered respiratory diseases likely to be associated with dyspnea symptoms including self-reported respiratory diseases of asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and history of pneumonia. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) was identified by two pulmonologists and one radiologist reviewing clinically-obtained chest computed tomography imaging and all agreeing on the diagnosis(10). We used a previously validated multimorbidity index specific for patients with RA using billing codes from a total of 40 conditions obtained from the electronic medical record(11, 12). We removed asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from this index since these diseases were already included in the respiratory morbidity variable.
We considered RA characteristics as predictors of incident dyspnea on exertion including RA duration and seropositivity (defined as positive rheumatoid factor or cyclic citrullinated peptide). We categorized medications as glucocorticoids, methotrexate, other non-biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs [DMARDs], or biologic DMARDs. The disease activity score using 28 joints and C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP3) was dichotomized as remission/low (≤3.2) vs. moderate/high (>3.2)(13). MDHAQ is a validated measure of functional status(9). Finally, we considered presence of bone erosions/radiographic changes and rheumatoid nodules.
Statistical analysis
We reported descriptive characteristics at baseline overall and stratified by whether dyspnea on exertion occurred during follow-up.
We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for developing dyspnea on exertion for each potential predictor. Person-time accrued from the index date of baseline to censoring variables as of the following date, whichever came first: outcome (MRC score ≥3), loss to follow-up, death, or end of study. All potential predictors were time-updated so that the predictor was assessed one year prior to the MRC dyspnea scale. We initially performed unadjusted models for each potential predictor. We then performed a series of multivariable models for each domain (sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical, RA characteristics) to display the independent effect of each variable, including age and sex in all models. Since there were no previous literature investigating dyspnea on exertion among patients with RA, we used a backwards selection process to choose variables for our final multivariable model (entry criterion was p<0.1 in the unadjusted model). The final model included age, sex, smoking status, pulmonary morbidity, multimorbidity count, cough, mild dyspnea (vs. no dyspnea), binary DAS28-CRP3, and MDHAQ.
We performed two secondary analyses to further investigate dyspnea on exertion in our study and establish the robustness of our findings. Subjects who were susceptible to clinically significant dyspnea on exertion may have already had this outcome at the baseline of BRASS since some patients had longstanding RA and were excluded from the primary analysis. Therefore, we compared the study sample of subjects in the primary analysis to those we excluded due to prevalent clinically significant dyspnea, (MRC score ≥3, n=162). We reported descriptive statistics of the predictors considered in the primary analysis and tested for differences using bivariate analyses. We obtained p values using t-tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, chi-squared tests, or Fisher’s exact tests, as appropriate for each predictor variable.
Subjects with mild dyspnea on exertion at baseline may be more prone to developing clinically significant dyspnea on exertion during follow-up than those who reported no dyspnea at baseline. Therefore, we performed analyses using an alternate study sample that was comprised only of subjects without any dyspnea (MRC score=0) at the baseline visit. We used similar methods as the primary analysis among this study sample to evaluate the robustness of those findings. Finally, since mild dyspnea on exertion is intermediate between no dyspnea and clinically significant dyspnea on exertion, we performed an analysis investigating the outcome of incident mild dyspnea on exertion (MRC score=1 or 2) among the subgroup who reported no dyspnea at baseline.
For all analyses using Cox regression, we verified that the proportional hazards assumption was met by including an interaction term between time since baseline and each exposure and determining there was no statistically significant interaction. We considered a two-sided p value of <0.05 as significant in all analyses.
RESULTS
Baseline characteristics
In this primary analysis, we analyzed 829 subjects with RA and no significant dyspnea (MRC score <3) at baseline. Mean age was 55.7 years (SD 13.6), 82.4% were women and 93.2% were white (Table 1). Subjects that developed dyspnea on exertion were older than those who never developed dyspnea (mean 60.1 years [SD 11.8] vs. 55.0 [SD 13.8]). Those who developed clinically significant dyspnea on exertion (MRC score ≥3) were more likely to be past smokers and have obesity. Patients who developed clinically significant dyspnea on exertion were more likely to have: longer RA duration (median 11 years vs. 7 years), moderate/high disease activity (64.3% vs. 50.6%), and worse functional status by MDHAQ. More subjects that developed clinically significant dyspnea on exertion reported pulmonary morbidities (67.0%) than those who did not develop this level of dyspnea (41.1%).
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of subjects with rheumatoid arthritis overall, and according to those with and without incident clinically significant dyspnea on exertion (MRC score ≥3) during follow-up (n=829).
| Study sample of primary analysis (n=829) |
Had dyspnea (MRC score ≥3) during follow-up (n=112) |
No dyspnea (MRC score <3) during follow-up (n=717) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographics | |||
| Mean age, years (SD) | 55.7 (13.6) | 60.1 (11.8) | 55.0 (13.8) |
| Female, n (%) | 683 (82.4) | 101 (90.2) | 582 (81.2) |
| White race, n (%) | 773 (93.2) | 100 (89.3) | 673 (93.9) |
| College degree, n (%) | 498 (60.1) | 58 (51.8) | 440 (61.4) |
| Lifestyle and Clinical | |||
| Body mass index category, n (%) | |||
| Underweight | 10 (1.2) | 1 (0.9) | 9 (1.3) |
| Normal | 360 (43.4) | 35 (31.3) | 325 (45.3) |
| Overweight | 263 (31.7) | 39 (34.8) | 224 (31.2) |
| Obese | 196 (23.6) | 37 (33.0) | 159 (22.2) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||
| Never | 446 (53.8) | 46 (41.1) | 400 (55.8) |
| Past | 327 (39.5) | 61 (54.5) | 266 (37.1) |
| Current | 56 (6.8) | 5 (4.5) | 51 (7.1) |
| Mean MET-hours/week (SD) | 5.5 (5.7) | 4.5 (4.9) | 5.6 (5.8) |
| Pulmonary morbidities, n (%) | |||
| Asthma | 123 (14.8) | 24 (21.4) | 99 (13.8) |
| Bronchitis | 250 (30.2) | 57 (50.9) | 193 (26.9) |
| Emphysema | 13 (1.6) | 5 (4.5) | 8 (1.1) |
| Pneumonia | 177 (21.4) | 34 (30.4) | 143 (19.9) |
| Interstitial lung disease | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.1) |
| Any of the above | 370 (44.6) | 75 (67.0) | 295 (41.1) |
| Mean multimorbidity index count* (SD) | 0.6 (1.2) | 1.0 (1.5) | 0.6 (1.1) |
| Multimorbidity index count*, n (%) | |||
| 0 | 567 (68.4) | 64 (57.1) | 503 (70.2) |
| 1 | 129 (15.6) | 18 (16.1) | 111 (15.5) |
| >1 | 133 (16.0) | 30 (26.8) | 103 (14.4) |
| Mild dyspnea (MRC score=1 or 2), n (%) | 93 (11.2) | 26 (23.2) | 67 (9.3) |
| Cough | 194 (23.4) | 42 (37.5) | 152 (21.2) |
| Anxiety | 316 (38.1) | 53 (47.3) | 263 (36.7) |
| RA Characteristics | |||
| Median RA duration, years (IQR) | 8 (3–20) | 11 (3–23.5) | 7 (2–19) |
| Mean DAS28-CRP3 score (SD) | 3.6 (1.6) | 3.8 (1.5) | 3.5 (1.6) |
| Moderate/high disease activity, n (%) | 435 (52.5) | 72 (64.3) | 363 (50.6) |
| Seropositive, n (%) | 547 (66.0) | 77 (68.8) | 470 (65.6) |
| Mean MDHAQ score (SD) | 0.53 (0.47) | 0.74 (0.48) | 0.50 (0.46) |
| Methotrexate use, n (%) | 433 (52.2) | 54 (48.2) | 379 (52.9) |
| Non-biologic DMARD use, n (%) | 608 (73.3) | 81 (72.3) | 527 (73.5) |
| Biologic DMARD use, n (%) | 339 (40.9) | 55 (49.1) | 284 (39.6) |
| Glucocorticoid use, n (%) | 230 (27.7) | 39 (34.8) | 191 (26.6) |
| Erosion/radiographic changes present, n (%) | 418 (50.4) | 60 (53.6) | 358 (49.9) |
| Rheumatoid nodule present, n (%) | 218 (26.3) | 42 (37.5) | 176 (24.6) |
Excluding asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
DAS28-CRP3, disease activity score with 28 joints and C-reactive protein; DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; MDHAQ, multi-dimensional health assessment questionnaire; MRC, Medical Research Council; RA, rheumatoid arthritis
Dyspnea on exertion outcomes
During 2,476 person-years of follow-up, we identified 112 subjects (13.5%) that developed clinically significant dyspnea on exertion during mean follow-up of 3.0 years (SD 1.9). Accounting for censoring factors, the cumulative incidence at 6 years after baseline was 22.5%. The overall incidence rate for dyspnea on exertion was 45.2 per 1000 person-years.
Cox regression results for the primary analysis
Table 2 shows HRs for dyspnea on exertion. In unadjusted Cox proportional hazards models, there were several predictors significantly associated with dyspnea on exertion, including: increasing age (HR 1.03, 95%CI 1.01–1.05), female sex (HR 1.92 (95%CI 1.02–3.60), having a college degree (HR 0.68, 95%CI 0.47–1.00), past smoking (HR 1.80, 95%CI 1.21–2.67, reference: never smoking), cough (HR 2.02, 95%CI 1.36–3.00), anxiety (HR 1.75, 95%CI 1.19–2.56) mild dyspnea (HR 2.90, 95%CI 1.83–4.59), DAS28-CRP3 (HR 1.15 per unit, 95%CI 1.02–1.30), longer RA duration (HR 1.02, 95%CI 1.00–1.03), worse MDHAQ (HR 3.00, 95%CI 2.10–4.30), glucocorticoid use (HR 1.57, 95%CI 1.04–2.37), and rheumatoid nodules (HR 1.63, 95%CI 1.10–2.41). Methotrexate use, other types of DMARDs, and seropositivity were not associated with dyspnea.
Table 2.
Primary analysis: Hazard ratios for incident clinically significant dyspnea on exertion (MRC score ≥3) by sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical, and RA characteristics (n=829; number of outcomes=112).
| Time-updated predictor | Unadjusted HR (95%CI) |
Sociodemographics model HR (95%CI) |
Lifestyle and clinical model HR (95%CI) |
RA characteristics model HR (95%CI) |
Final multivariable HR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographics | |||||
| Age (per year) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 1.04 (1.02, 1.05) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 1.03 (1.02, 1.05) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) |
| Female sex (vs. male) | 1.92 (1.02, 3.60) | 2.35 (1.23, 4.49) | 2.65 (1.37, 5.14) | 2.21 (1.15, 4.26) | 2.22 (1.14, 4.29) |
| White race (vs. non-white) | 0.56 (0.30, 1.04) | 0.50 (0.27, 0.95) | - | - | - |
| College degree (vs. less education) | 0.68 (0.47, 1.00) | 0.83 (0.56, 1.23) | - | - | - |
| Lifestyle and clinical | |||||
| Body mass index category | - | - | - | ||
| Underweight/normal | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| Overweight | 1.67 (1.06, 2.63) | 1.45 (0.90, 2.34) | |||
| Obese | 2.07 (1.28, 3.34) | 1.83 (1.10, 3.03) | |||
| Smoking status | - | - | |||
| Never | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| Past | 1.80 (1.21, 2.67) | 1.39 (0.93, 2.10) | 1.44 (0.96, 2.17) | ||
| Current | 1.24 (0.52, 2.97) | 1.05 (0.43, 2.56) | 0.93 (0.38, 2.26) | ||
| Physical activity (per MET-hour/week) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.01) | - | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | - | - |
| Pulmonary morbidity (vs. none)* | 2.07 (1.33, 3.24) | - | 1.40 (0.87, 2.26) | - | 1.40 (0.87, 2.26) |
| Multimorbidity index count | - | - | |||
| 0 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| 1 | 1.46 (0.88, 2.42) | 1.41 (0.84, 2.37) | 1.30 (0.77, 2.19) | ||
| >1 | 2.17 (1.37, 3.42) | 1.56 (0.96, 2.53) | 1.46 (0.89, 2.38) | ||
| Cough (vs. none) | 2.02 (1.36, 3.00) | - | 1.45 (0.95, 2.20) | - | 1.45 (0.95, 2.20) |
| Mild dyspnea, MRC score=1 or 2 (vs. MRC score=0) | 2.90 (1.83, 4.59) | - | 2.40 (1.48, 3.90) | - | 2.62 (1.60, 4.28) |
| Anxiety (vs. none) | 1.75 (1.19, 2.56) | 1.56 (1.05, 2.32) | 1.19 (0.79, 1.81) | ||
| RA characteristics | |||||
| DAS28-CRP3 continuous (per unit) | 1.15 (1.02, 1.30) | - | - | - | - |
| Moderate/high DAS28-CRP (vs. low/remission) | 1.65 (1.12, 2.43) | - | - | 1.12 (0.73, 1.73) | 1.05 (0.69, 1.60) |
| RA duration (per year) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | - | - | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | - |
| Seropositive (vs. seronegative) | 0.89 (0.59, 1.35) | - | - | 0.74 (0.46, 1.19) | - |
| MDHAQ (per unit) | 3.00 (2.10, 4.30) | - | - | 2.62 (1.74, 3.95) | 2.36 (1.54, 3.60) |
| Methotrexate use (vs. not) | 0.78 (0.53, 1.14) | - | - | 0.63 (0.38, 1.04) | - |
| Non-biologic DMARD use (vs. not) | 0.94 (0.62, 1.43) | - | - | 1.50 (0.85, 2.64) | - |
| Biologic DMARD use (vs. not) | 1.35 (0.92, 1.98) | - | - | 1.65 (1.08, 2.52) | - |
| Glucocorticoid use (vs. not) | 1.57 (1.04, 2.37) | - | - | 1.11 (0.72, 1.71) | - |
| Erosion present (vs. not) | 1.06 (0.72, 1.55) | - | - | 0.71 (0.45, 1.13) | - |
| Rheumatoid nodule present (vs. not) | 1.63 (1.10, 2.41) | - | - | 1.45 (0.90, 2.32) | - |
Pulmonary morbidities were asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, or interstitial lung disease.
CI, confidence interval; DAS28-CRP3, disease activity score with 28 joints and C-reactive protein; DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; HR, hazard ration; MDHAQ, multi-dimensional health assessment questionnaire; MRC, Medical Research Council; RA, rheumatoid arthritis.
In the model adjusting for all lifestyle and clinical factors, obesity (HR 1.76, 95%CI 1.07–2.92, reference: normal/overweight), multimorbidity index count >1 (HR 1.61, 95%CI 1.00–2.61, reference: count of 0), anxiety (HR 1.56, 95%CI 1.05–2.32), and mild dyspnea (HR 2.49, 95%CI 1.53–4.04) were independent predictors of incident clinically significant dyspnea on exertion. In the model adjusting for all RA characteristics, MDHAQ was strongly associated with incident clinically significant dyspnea on exertion (HR 2.62, 95%CI 1.74–3.95). Besides biologic DMARD use (HR 1.65, 95%CI 1.08–2.52), there were no other RA characteristics significantly associated with dyspnea on exertion development in that model.
In the final multivariable model, the following variables were statistically significant predictors of incident clinically significant dyspnea on exertion: older age (HR 1.03 per year, 95%CI 1.01–1.04), female sex (HR 2.22, 95%CI 1.14–4.29), mild dyspnea (HR 2.62, 95%CI 1.60–4.28), and worse MDHAQ (HR 2.36 per unit increase, 95%CI 1.54–3.60). These results were independent of RA disease activity, smoking status, presence of pulmonary morbidity, anxiety, cough, and the multimorbidity index count.
Prevalent clinically significant dyspnea on exertion at baseline
Of the 1,506 subjects in BRASS, 162 (10.8%) reported MRC scores ≥3 at baseline, indicating clinically significant dyspnea on exertion. Table 3 shows the baseline characteristics of these subjects who had prevalent clinically significant dyspnea on exertion (MRC score ≥3) compared to those without this level of dyspnea that were in the primary analysis. Subjects with prevalent clinically significant dyspnea on exertion had many statistically significant differences in covariates. Compared to those without clinically significant dyspnea on exertion, these patients were more likely to be older, less educated, obese, smokers, and less physically active. They were more likely to have excess multimorbidities and to report cough and anxiety. These subjects tended to have higher MDHAQ scores, had more frequent use of DMARDs and glucocorticoids and higher rates of rheumatoid nodules compared to those who were not excluded.
Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of subjects by those with and without incident clinically significant dyspnea on exertion.
| Study sample of primary analysis (MRC score <3 at baseline) (n=829) |
Prevalent clinically significant dyspnea on exertion (MRC score ≥3 at baseline) (n=162) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographics | |||
| Mean age, years (SD) | 55.7 (13.6) | 60.4 (13.0) | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 683 (82.4) | 135 (83.3) | 0.77 |
| White race, n (%) | 773 (93.2) | 143 (89.9) | 0.14 |
| College degree, n (%) | 498 (60.1) | 55 (36.4) | <0.001 |
| Lifestyle and clinical | |||
| Body mass index category, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Underweight | 10 (1.2) | 2 (1.2) | |
| Normal | 360 (43.4) | 40 (24.7) | |
| Overweight | 263 (31.7) | 44 (27.2) | |
| Obese | 196 (23.6) | 64 (39.5) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Never | 446 (53.8) | 47 (34.1) | |
| Past | 327 (39.5) | 75 (54.3) | |
| Current | 56 (6.8) | 16 (11.6) | |
| Mean MET-hours/week (SD) | 5.5 (5.7) | 2.9 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary morbidities, n (%) | |||
| Asthma | 123 (14.8) | 41 (25.5) | <0.001 |
| Bronchitis | 250 (30.2) | 77 (47.8) | <0.001 |
| Emphysema | 13 (1.6) | 13 (8.1) | <0.001 |
| Pneumonia | 177 (21.4) | 62 (44.3) | <0.001 |
| Interstitial lung disease | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.53 |
| Any of the above | 370 (44.6) | 42 (25.9) | 0.003 |
| Mean multimorbidity index count (SD)* | 0.6 (1.2) | 2.6 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Multimorbidity index count*, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| 0 | 567 (68.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 1 | 129 (15.6) | 42 (25.9) | |
| >1 | 133 (16.0) | 120 (74.1) | |
| Cough | 194 (23.4) | 45 (27.8) | 0.01 |
| Anxiety (vs. none) | 316 (38.1) | 176 (54.3) | <0.001 |
| RA characteristics | |||
| Median RA duration, years (IQR) | 8 (3–20) | 11 (4–24) | <0.001 |
| Mean DAS28-CRP3 score (SD) | 3.6 (1.6) | 4.2 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Moderate/high disease activity, n (%) | 435 (52.5) | 111 (68.5) | <0.001 |
| Seropositive, n (%) | 547 (66.0) | 103 (63.6) | 0.56 |
| Mean MDHAQ score (SD) | 0.53 (0.47) | 1.10 (0.60) | <0.001 |
| Methotrexate use, n (%) | 433 (52.2) | 118 (72.8) | <0.001 |
| Non-biologic DMARD use, n (%) | 608 (73.3) | 149 (92.0) | <0.001 |
| Biologic DMARD use, n (%) | 339 (40.9) | 86 (53.1) | 0.004 |
| Glucocorticoid use, n (%) | 230 (27.7) | 144 (88.9) | <0.001 |
| Erosion/radiographic changes present, n (%) | 418 (50.4) | 86 (53.1) | 0.54 |
| Rheumatoid nodule present, n (%) | 218 (26.3) | 53 (32.7) | 0.09 |
Excluding asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
DAS28-CRP3, disease activity score with 28 joints and C-reactive protein; DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; MDHAQ, multi-dimensional health assessment questionnaire; MRC, Medical Research Council; RA, rheumatoid arthritis
Secondary analyses excluding subjects with mild dyspnea at baseline
These analyses consisted of the 736 subjects who reported no dyspnea (MRC score=0) after excluding 93 subjects with mild dyspnea (MRC scores of 1 or 2) at baseline. Table 4 shows the results for risk of incident clinically significant dyspnea on exertion (MRC score ≥3). There was a total of 86 subjects who had the outcome in this analysis. Overall, results were similar to the primary analysis. In the final multivariable model, MDHAQ remained strongly associated with incident clinically significant dyspnea on exertion with a similar point estimate (HR 2.48, 95%CI 1.56–3.94). Older age was also statistically associated with incident dyspnea on exertion as in the primary analysis. While female sex did not reach statistical significance (HR 2.03, 95%CI 0.98–4.20), the point estimate was similar to the primary analysis.
Table 4.
Secondary analysis: Hazard ratios for incident clinically significant dyspnea on exertion (MRC score ≥3) by sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical, and RA characteristics among subjects with no dyspnea (MRC score=0) at baseline (n=736, number of outcomes=86).
| Time-updated predictor | Unadjusted HR (95%CI) |
Sociodemographics model HR (95%CI) |
Lifestyle and clinical model HR (95%CI) |
RA characteristics model HR (95%CI) |
Final multivariable HR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographics | |||||
| Age (per year) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 1.03 (1.00, 1.05) |
| Female sex (vs. male) | 1.78 (0.88, 3.59) | 2.21 (1.08, 4.53) | 2.46 (1.19, 5.09) | 2.14 (1.03, 4.45) | 2.03 (0.98, 4.20) |
| White race (vs. non-white) | 0.55 (0.27, 1.13) | 0.49 (0.23, 1.00) | - | - | - |
| College degree (vs. less education) | 0.67 (0.43, 1.03) | 0.85 (0.54, 1.33) | - | - | - |
| Lifestyle and clinical | |||||
| Body mass index category | - | - | - | ||
| Underweight/normal | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| Overweight | 1.73 (1.03, 2.89) | 1.53 (0.90, 2.61) | |||
| Obese | 2.36 (1.36, 4.07) | 2.21 (1.24, 3.92) | |||
| Smoking status | - | - | |||
| Never | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| Past | 1.76 (1.12, 2.75) | 1.38 (0.87, 2.18) | 1.48 (0.94, 2.35) | ||
| Current | 1.38 (0.53, 3.59) | 1.15 (0.43, 3.05) | 1.13 (0.42, 3.00) | ||
| Physical activity (per MET-hour/week) | 0.95 (0.90, 0.99) | - | 0.98 (0.93, 1.02) | - | - |
| Pulmonary morbidity (vs. none)* | 1.95 (1.16, 3.28) | - | 1.51 (0.88, 2.61) | - | 1.46 (0.85, 2.53) |
| Multimorbidity index count | - | - | |||
| 0 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| 1 | 1.62 (0.93, 2.83) | 1.46 (0.83, 2.58) | 1.38 (0.78, 2.44) | ||
| >1 | 2.21 (1.30, 3.76) | 1.60 (0.92, 2.80) | 1.55 (0.88, 2.71) | ||
| Cough (vs. none) | 1.57 (0.98, 2.51) | - | 1.18 (0.72, 1.94) | - | 1.27 (0.78, 2.08) |
| Anxiety (vs. none) | 1.66 (1.07, 2.57) | 1.57 (1.00, 2.46) | 1.16 (0.72, 1.85) | ||
| RA characteristics | |||||
| DAS28-CRP3 continuous (per unit) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.30) | - | - | - | - |
| Moderate/high DAS28-CRP (vs. low/remission) | 1.44 (0.93, 2.23) | - | - | 0.94 (0.57, 1.53) | 0.96 (0.59, 1.54) |
| RA duration (per year) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.03) | - | - | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) | - |
| Seropositive (vs. seronegative) | 0.99 (0.61, 1.59) | - | - | 0.83 (0.48, 1.44) | - |
| MDHAQ (per unit) | 3.08 (2.07, 4.57) | - | - | 2.73 (1.72, 4.32) | 2.48 (1.56, 3.94) |
| Methotrexate use (vs. not) | 0.77 (0.50, 1.19) | - | - | 0.66 (0.37, 1.16) | - |
| Non-biologic DMARD use (vs. not) | 0.88 (0.54, 1.41) | - | - | 1.30 (0.68, 2.48) | - |
| Biologic DMARD use (vs. not) | 1.38 (0.89, 2.14) | - | - | 1.63 (1.01, 2.63) | - |
| Glucocorticoid use (vs. not) | 1.70 (1.07, 2.68) | - | - | 1.11 (0.72, 1.71) | - |
| Erosion present (vs. not) | 0.99 (0.64, 1.52) | - | - | 0.64 (0.37, 1.08) | - |
| Rheumatoid nodule present (vs. not) | 1.73 (1.11, 2.70) | - | - | 1.63 (0.95, 2.80) | - |
Pulmonary morbidities were asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, or interstitial lung disease.
CI, confidence interval; DAS28-CRP3, disease activity score with 28 joints and C-reactive protein; DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; HR, hazard ration; MDHAQ, multi-dimensional health assessment questionnaire; MRC, Medical Research Council; RA, rheumatoid arthritis.
Table 5 shows results analyzing the same sample without dyspnea but with any incident dyspnea (MRC score >1) as the outcome. There were 148 subjects who reported incident dyspnea in this analysis. Again, MDHAQ was strongly associated with the development of any dyspnea (HR 1.94, 95%CI 1.33–2.82). Older age (HR 1.01 per year, 95%CI 1.00–1.03) and presence of pulmonary morbidities (HR 2.26, 95%CI 1.45–3.54) were also associated with incident dyspnea in this analysis. After accounting for other variables, no other RA-specific factors besides MDHAQ were associated with dyspnea in this analysis.
Table 5.
Secondary analysis: Hazard ratios for incident any dyspnea (MRC score ≥1) by sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical, and RA characteristics among subjects without dyspnea (MRC score=0) at baseline (n=736, number of outcomes=148).
| Time-updated predictor | Unadjusted HR (95%CI) |
Sociodemographics model HR (95%CI) |
Lifestyle and clinical model HR (95%CI) |
RA characteristics model HR (95%CI) |
Final multivariable HR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographics | |||||
| Age (per year) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.03) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) |
| Female sex (vs. male) | 1.49 (0.90, 2.48) | 1.75 (1.04, 2.95) | 1.80 (1.05, 3.06) | 1.63 (0.96, 2.76) | 1.58 (0.93, 2.69) |
| White race (vs. non-white) | 0.74 (0.40, 1.38) | 0.68 (0.36, 1.28) | - | - | - |
| College degree (vs. less education) | 0.83 (0.59, 1.16) | 0.98 (0.69, 1.40) | - | - | - |
| Lifestyle and clinical | |||||
| Body mass index category | - | - | - | ||
| Underweight/normal | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| Overweight | 1.56 (1.06, 2.28) | 1.41 (0.94, 2.10) | |||
| Obese | 1.55 (0.97, 2.42) | 1.46 (0.91, 2.32) | |||
| Smoking status | - | - | |||
| Never | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| Past | 1.56 (1.10, 2.19) | 1.32 (0.93, 1.88) | 1.37 (0.96, 1.95) | ||
| Current | 0.86 (0.36, 2.04) | 0.77 (0.32, 1.85) | 0.75 (0.31, 1.80) | ||
| Physical activity (per MET-hour/week) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.00) | - | 0.99 (0.95, 1.02) | - | - |
| Pulmonary morbidity (vs. none)* | 2.68 (1.76, 4.10) | - | 2.27 (1.45, 3.53) | - | 2.26 (1.45, 3.54) |
| Multimorbidity index count | - | - | |||
| 0 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
| 1 | 1.32 (0.85, 2.05) | 1.28 (0.84, 2.37) | 1.23 (0.78, 1.93) | ||
| >1 | 1.64 (1.06, 2.53) | 1.31 (0.81, 2.01) | 1.22 (0.77, 1.94) | ||
| Cough (vs. none) | 1.59 (1.10, 2.30) | - | 1.25 (0.85, 1.85) | - | 1.30 (0.88, 1.91) |
| Anxiety (vs. none) | 1.49 (1.05, 2.10) | 1.43 (1.00, 2.03) | 1.16 (0.80, 1.68) | ||
| RA characteristics | |||||
| DAS28-CRP3 continuous (per unit) | 1.13 (1.02, 1.26) | - | - | - | - |
| Moderate/high DAS28-CRP (vs. low/remission) | 1.44 (1.03, 2.02) | - | - | 1.05 (0.72, 1.53) | 1.12 (0.77, 1.61) |
| RA duration (per year) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) | - | - | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | - |
| Seropositive (vs. seronegative) | 0.92 (0.63, 1.33) | - | - | 0.79 (0.52, 1.18) | - |
| MDHAQ (per unit) | 2.36 (1.70, 3.26) | - | - | 2.11 (1.46, 3.05) | 1.94 (1.33, 2.82) |
| Methotrexate use (vs. not) | 0.85 (0.60, 1.18) | - | - | 0.85 (0.53, 1.35) | - |
| Non-biologic DMARD use (vs. not) | 0.86 (0.59, 1.24) | - | - | 1.02 (0.60, 1.72) | - |
| Biologic DMARD use (vs. not) | 1.16 (0.83, 1.62) | - | - | 1.23 (0.85, 1.78) | - |
| Glucocorticoid use (vs. not) | 1.34 (0.91, 1.96) | - | - | 1.02 (0.69, 1.52) | - |
| Erosion present (vs. not) | 1.13 (0.81, 1.58) | - | - | 0.86 (0.58, 1.29) | - |
| Rheumatoid nodule present (vs. not) | 1.52 (1.07, 2.16) | - | - | 1.36 (0.89, 2.08) | - |
Pulmonary morbidities were asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, or interstitial lung disease.
CI, confidence interval; DAS28-CRP3, disease activity score with 28 joints and C-reactive protein; DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; HR, hazard ration; MDHAQ, multi-dimensional health assessment questionnaire; MRC, Medical Research Council; RA, rheumatoid arthritis.
DISCUSSION
In this large prospective cohort study, we quantified the incidence of clinically significant dyspnea on exertion and identified independent predictors among patients with RA. We found that 13.5% of patients with RA developed clinically significant dyspnea on exertion, an incidence rate of 42.5 per 1000 person-years. Older age, female sex, mild dyspnea on exertion, and worse functional status by MDHAQ scores were all independent risk factors for developing incident clinically significant dyspnea on exertion.
Previous research has established that patients with RA are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease(2). Ongoing research is dissecting the role of a variety of factors for elevated cardiovascular risk, including chronic inflammation, dyslipidemia, autoimmunity, DMARDs, RA disease activity, diminished physical activity, smoking, presence of multimorbidities, among others(2). One-third of cardiovascular disease risk may be attributable to these RA characteristics(3). While studies have investigated these risk factors for developing angina, an important symptom heralding significant cardiovascular disease, no previous study has investigated dyspnea on exertion, which may occur for patients with coronary artery disease, pericarditis, or heart failure.
Patients with RA also have excess respiratory morbidity and mortality compared to those without RA(1). While ILD is a known extra-articular RA manifestation associated with poor outcomes after diagnosis(10), other respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may also occur more frequently in RA(1). Pulmonary nodules, pleural effusions, and bronchiectasis are additional RA disease pulmonary manifestations that may present clinically as dyspnea on exertion(14). Patients with RA are also at increased risk for pneumonia and other respiratory infections related to altered immunity and immunosuppressant use(1). Among patients with RA, disease factors such as seropositivity, disease activity, functional status, and nodules/erosions, may subset patients at particular risk of developing these respiratory manifestations(1). Thus, the etiology of dyspnea on exertion is complex related to multiple domains (sociodemographics, lifestyle, conditioning, RA disease status, and other clinical factors) and may be multifactorial for many patients or be proximally related to deconditioning or organ dysfunction from complex underlying etiologies resulting in debilitation and functional limitations.
Previous studies have investigated dyspnea on exertion in other patient populations. Among older individuals in the community, those who developed significant dyspnea of exertion had markedly elevated all-cause mortality(5). Dyspnea on exertion also predicted cardiorespiratory and physical function outcomes(15). Our study highlights RA as a vulnerable population related to this important patient-reported outcome(7). A recent study of mostly men in the Veteran Affairs RA registry showed that chronic lung disease was associated with increased mortality(16) further underscoring the importance of understanding the effect of respiratory factors on health for patients with RA. In the analysis comparing subjects with prevalent clinically significant dyspnea on exertion to those without, subjects with clinically significant dyspnea on exertion had high rates of smoking, sedentary activity, poor functional status, excess comorbidities, and more severe RA. This suggests that patients with RA who develop clinically significant dyspnea on exertion may be more likely to have adverse health outcomes, both from an overall health standpoint as well as related to RA.
We identified several statistically significant predictors for incident dyspnea on exertion. These were all assessed one year prior to the dyspnea outcome. We found that poor functional status as measured by MDHAQ was the strongest predictor for dyspnea on exertion, independent of age, sex, mild dyspnea, RA disease activity, smoking, pulmonary morbidities, and other multimorbidities. We found that women were significantly more likely to have dyspnea on exertion compared to men, even after adjusting for age and other potential confounders. These results were robust in secondary analyses analyzing only subjects who reported no dyspnea and using a lower threshold for the definition of incident dyspnea. A previous study correlated presence of dyspnea with worsened functional status measured by MDHAQ among patients with connective tissue disease-associated ILD, but ours is the first to evaluate MDHAQ as a predictor of dyspnea and only in patients with RA(17). However, other functional status measures have been associated with incident dyspnea in other patient populations, including cancer and chronic respiratory diseases, so these findings are unlikely to be specific for RA(18–21). Similarly, dyspnea commonly affects older people due to many underlying complex etiologies, accounting for a high prevalence in the elderly(7). Still, our findings emphasize the importance of assessing for dyspnea among patients with RA, particularly older women with functional limitations. Further research is needed to clarify potential sex differences for RA patients regarding respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes. Importantly, we found no evidence that DMARDs, including methotrexate, were associated with clinically significant dyspnea on exertion. Other RA characteristics including seropositivity, RA disease activity, bone erosions, rheumatoid nodules, and glucocorticoid use were also not associated with dyspnea on exertion after accounting for MDHAQ scores. Our findings highlight the importance of preserving functional status in patients with RA from a cardiopulmonary perspective, particularly among older women.
Our study has some limitations. While we used a validated measure of dyspnea on exertion, this was only administered annually. Therefore, it is possible that we did not capture those that intermittently developed dyspnea on exertion and did not report it at the time it was assessed. The MRC dyspnea scale measure may have some inherent inaccuracy since it is patient-reported. In addition, some of the other predictors such as smoking and physical activity were self-reported so may have been misclassified. However, we used a standardized method of data collection and it has been previously validated and commonly used in research(4, 6). While our study is the first to investigate dyspnea on exertion within an RA population, a non-RA control population was not available, so we were unable to study whether there are specific effects for patients with RA. However, we were able to describe the incident rate of clinically significant dyspnea on exertion and also investigate the effect of RA-specific factors on dyspnea on exertion, both of which have not been previously investigated. While we had detailed data available on many important potential predictors, residual confounding from unmeasured variables is always possible in an observational study. For example, presence of fibromyalgia and other conditions may be non-physiologic conditions that increase the likelihood of reporting dyspnea(22). However, we were unable to analyze this since fibromyalgia was not systematically collected for the entire study. However, anxiety was not associated with dyspnea in the final multivariable model. Data on respiratory morbidities were available and cardiovascular diseases were part of the multimorbidity index, but these measures may not have captured all clinical reasons a patient may become dyspneic. While our study was relatively large, we may not have powered to detect all statistical associations with dypnea. For example, while past smoking (HR 1.44, 95%CI 0.96–2.17) and cough (HR 1.45, 95%CI 0.95–2.20) were not statistically associated with dyspnea, the point estimates and confidence intervals suggest they are important predictors, in agreement with clinical observations. We may not have identified subjects susceptible to dyspnea who had previously developed clinically significant dyspnea on exertion prior to the baseline of BRASS since this is not an incident RA cohort and some subjects may have had dyspnea prior to RA onset. However, we were able to compare subjects with prevalent dyspnea to those without severe dyspnea at baseline and found many differences, particularly related to RA disease factors. Finally, subjects in BRASS were recruited from a single center and were predominantly white and well-educated, many with longstanding RA. Future studies are needed to investigate the timing and severity of dyspnea related to RA onset and the long-term impact on clinical and RA outcomes.
Strengths of our study include the large prospective study design with lengthy follow-up and repeated measures of the validated MRC dyspnea scale. We had detailed data on potential predictors available to identify novel independent predictors of dyspnea on exertion, an important surrogate outcome for poor cardiorespiratory and function status that is an established risk factor for mortality and other poor outcomes. Our study design assessed potential predictors one year prior to the dyspnea outcome to maintain the prospective design and minimize the possibility of reverse causality. We had detailed data available on many important RA characteristics including RA duration, serologic status, disease activity, bone erosions, rheumatoid nodules, DMARD/glucocorticoid use, and MDHAQ. Of these, we found that impaired functional status was the most important independent predictor of dyspnea on exertion. We find it reassuring for clinicians that DMARDs, including methotrexate, were not associated with dyspnea on exertion. Methotrexate may have rare but serious respiratory side effects, such as pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis, but appeared well tolerated from a dyspnea perspective in our study. However, we caution that our study was not designed specifically for drug safety which require careful attention to confounding by indication, incident user design, timing of drug initiation and the safety outcome, and choice for a clinically appropriate active comparator for observational pharmacoepidemiologic studies or consideration of a randomized clinical trial. Research is ongoing to further clarify the cardiopulmonary safety of methotrexate using a large double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial(23, 24).
In conclusion, we found that dyspnea on exertion occurred relatively frequently in this prospective cohort of patients with RA. We identified that poor functional status, female sex, and older age were significant predictors of dyspnea on exertion. These findings add to the growing literature describing a respiratory and cardiovascular burden of RA.
SIGNIFICANCE AND INNOVATIONS.
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may be susceptible to developing dyspnea on exertion related to disease progression, drug toxicity, or respiratory/cardiovascular morbidities.
We investigated incidence and predictors of dyspnea on exertion using a prospective cohort of patients with RA where dyspnea was assessed annually using a validated scale.
Among 829 patients with RA analyzed, 112 developed incident dyspnea on exertion (13.5%) for an incidence rate of 45.2 per 1000 person-years. Older age, female sex, mild dyspnea, and impaired physical function were identified as significant predictors.
These results quantified the burden of dyspnea on exertion for RA patients and identified risk factors to allow clinicians to risk stratify patients who may be susceptible.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Jie Huang, MSc and Taysir Mahmoud, BA for assistance in data management and statistical analysis. We thank the dedicated RA participants and staff of the Brigham Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study (BRASS) at Brigham and Women’s Hospital for their continued participation in this longitudinal research study.
Funding/Support: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant numbers K23 AR069688, L30 AR066953, P30 AR070253, P30 AR072577, R01 AR049880, and P30 AR069625). The Brigham Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study is funded by grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Amgen, Crescendo Bioscience, and Sanofi/Regeneron. The funders had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of Harvard University, its affiliated academic health care centers, or the National Institutes of Health.
Disclosures: Michael E. Weinblatt reports the following disclosures: research grants from Amgen, Crescendo Bioscience, and Sanofi/Regeneron; consultancy to Abbvie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Canfite, Corrona, Crescendo Bioscience, GlaxoSmithKline, Gilead, Lilly, Lycera, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Samsung, Set Point, and Scipher; stock options in Lycera, Canfite, Scipher, Vorso, Inmedix.
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