Routine preoperative medical testing for cataract surgery

Abstract

Background

Cataract surgery is practiced widely, and substantial resources are committed to an increasing cataract surgical rate in low- and middle-income countries. With the current volume of cataract surgery and future increases, it is critical to optimize the safety and cost-effectiveness of this procedure. Most cataracts are performed on older individuals with correspondingly high systemic and ocular comorbidities. It is likely that routine preoperative medical testing will detect medical conditions, but it is questionable whether these conditions should preclude individuals from cataract surgery or change their perioperative management.

Objectives

1. To investigate the evidence for reductions in adverse events through preoperative medical testing

2. To estimate the average cost of performing routine medical testing

Search methods

We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Trials Register) (2018, Issue 6); Ovid MEDLINE; Embase.com; PubMed; LILACS BIREME, the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (last searched 5 January 2012); ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO ICTRP. The date of the search was 29 June 2018, with the exception of mRCT which is no longer in service. We searched the references of reports from included studies for additional relevant studies without restrictions regarding language or date of publication.

Selection criteria

We included randomized clinical trials in which routine preoperative medical testing was compared to no preoperative or selective preoperative testing prior to age-related cataract surgery.

Data collection and analysis

Two review authors independently assessed abstracts to identify possible trials for inclusion. For each included study, two review authors independently documented study characteristics, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias.

Main results

We identified three randomized clinical trials that compared routine preoperative medical testing versus selective or no preoperative testing for 21,531 cataract surgeries. The largest trial, in which 19,557 surgeries were randomized, was conducted in Canada and the USA. Another study was conducted in Brazil and the third in Italy. Although the studies had some issues with respect to performance and detection bias due to lack of masking (high risk for one study, unclear for two studies), we assessed the studies as at overall low risk of bias.

The three randomized clinical trials included in this review reported results for 21,531 total cataract surgeries with 707 total surgery-associated medical adverse events, including 61 hospitalizations and three deaths. Of the 707 medical adverse events reported, 353 occurred in the pre-testing group and 354 occurred in the no-testing group (odds ratio (OR) 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86 to 1.16; high-certainty evidence). Most events were cardiovascular and occurred during the intraoperative period. Routine preoperative medical testing did not reduce the risk of intraoperative (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.38) or postoperative ocular adverse events (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.67) when compared to selective or no testing (2 studies; 2281 cataract surgeries; moderate-certainty evidence). One study evaluated cost savings, estimating the costs to be 2.55 times higher in those with preoperative medical testing compared to those without preoperative medical testing (1 study; 1005 cataract surgeries; moderate-certainty evidence). There was no difference in cancellation of surgery between those with preoperative medical testing and those with selective or no preoperative testing, reported by two studies with 20,582 cataract surgeries (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.21; high-certainty evidence). No study reported outcomes related to clinical management changes (other than cancellation) or quality of life scores.

Authors’ conclusions

This review has shown that routine preoperative testing does not increase the safety of cataract surgery. Alternatives to routine preoperative medical testing have been proposed, including self administered health questionnaires, which could substitute for health provider histories and physical examinations. Such avenues may lead to cost-effective means of identifying those at increased risk of medical adverse events due to cataract surgery. However, despite the rare occurrence, adverse medical events precipitated by cataract surgery remain a concern because of the large number of elderly patients with multiple medical comorbidities who have cataract surgery in various settings. The studies summarized in this review should assist recommendations for the standard of care of cataract surgery, at least in low- and middle-income settings. Unfortunately, in these settings, medical history questionnaires may be useless to screen for risk because few people have ever been to a physician, let alone been diagnosed with any chronic disease.

BACKGROUND

Description of the condition

Cataract surgery is a highly cost-effective means of vision restoration, and approximately 10 million surgeries are performed each year around the world (Foster 2007). In economically well-developed countries, cataract surgeries are performed at a rate of 4000 to 6000 per million population annually (Foster 2007). It is estimated that approximately 100 million eyes are blind due to cataract, and three to four times that number are visually impaired. Aside from the direct impact of blindness and visual impairment, the risk of physical injury, such as hip fracture, increases for people with cataracts (Ivers 2003). Continued independent living and general quality of life are reduced in individuals with unoperated cataracts (Taylor 2006).

In mild cataract, vision can be optimized through good lighting, however with progression the cataract becomes dense enough to cause functional visual impairment or blindness. There are other problems encountered with unoperated cataract. The lenticular changes associated with cataract can lead to index myopia; refractive error increases rapidly and at a different rate in each eye leading to significant anisometropia. Refractive correction becomes problematic in these circumstances and is best managed in the long term by surgical intervention (Dandona 2001). Surgery is the only long-term remedy for cataract blindness, and the best postoperative result occurs when a replacement intraocular lens is implanted (Fletcher 1998; Riaz 2006).

As discussed above, cataract surgery is practiced widely, and substantial resources are being committed to increasing the cataract surgical rate in low- and middle-income countries. With the current volume of cataract surgery and future increases, it is critical to be able to optimize the safety, but also the cost-effectiveness of this procedure. Surveys have shown that the majority of clinicians involved order a range of pre-surgical medical tests, despite suspicion that the tests are unnecessary (Bass 1995). The focus of this review was the medical effectiveness of pre-surgical medical testing.

The primary outcome of this review was medical adverse events that resulted in death or hospitalization and that had a plausible, causal relationship to the cataract surgery. In addition to adverse events resulting in death or hospitalization, we also investigated adverse events requiring initiation of medical treatment including hypertension and new or worsening cardiac arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, congestive heart failure, hypotension, stroke, respiratory failure, and hypoglycemia. These events were defined by accepted clinical or laboratory criteria, or both. In this review we included both intraoperative and postoperative events in the definition of medical adverse events secondary to cataract surgery.

Description of the intervention

The intervention under review was routine pre-surgical medical testing to identify patients who could not safely undergo cataract surgery.

Preoperative testing: any diagnostic testing performed as part of the preoperative medical-testing process, including complete blood counts and various serum measurements, chest x-ray, or electrocardiography that is not done for the direct purpose of managing a pre-existing medical condition.

How the intervention might work

Most cataracts are age-related, and therefore surgeries are performed on older individuals with correspondingly high systemic and ocular comorbidities. In a national study in the UK, the mean age was 76 years, and 57% had a medical disorder at the time of cataract surgery (Desai 1999). It is likely that preoperative medical testing will detect medical conditions, but it is questionable whether these conditions should preclude these individuals from cataract surgery or change their perioperative management.

A successful intervention would identify, with reasonable specificity and sensitivity, those individuals at significant risk of a perioperative adverse medical event whose outcome could be favorably affected by postponing surgery or altering the perioperative medical management (Katz 2001).

Why it is important to do this review

The large volume of cataract surgeries performed now and projected for the future provides sufficient rationale to investigate the utility of routine pre-surgical medical testing.

There is evidence from at least three randomized clinical trials, Cavallini 2004; Lira 2001; Schein 2000, suggesting that preoperative medical testing for cataract surgery does not protect against medical adverse events. Furthermore, there are substantial cost savings when redundant medical testing is avoided (Imasogie 2003). In the majority of cases, cataract surgery involves local anesthesia (Guay 2015), which is in some cases combined with intravenous sedation. Surgeries are usually performed on an outpatient basis, and medical complications are very rare (Schein 2000).

Unwarranted postponement or cancellation of surgery delays visual rehabilitation for cataract surgery candidates and misuses resources, particularly if surgery is canceled on the day it is scheduled. Conversely, routine preoperative testing may be beneficial for detecting health conditions that could preclude patients from safely undergoing cataract surgery.

OBJECTIVES

1. To investigate the evidence for reductions in adverse events through preoperative medical testing

2. To estimate the average cost of performing routine medical testing

METHODS

Criteria for considering studies for this review

Types of studies

We included randomized clinical trials in the review.

Types of participants

We included all individuals who required cataract surgery due to age-related cataract. We excluded participants with congenital cataract.

Types of interventions

We included trials in which routine pre-surgical medical testing was compared to no routine preoperative or selective preoperative testing prior to cataract surgery. Examples of preoperative medical testing included electrocardiography, complete blood counts, and various serum measurements. Selective preoperative medical testing was limited to health status questionnaires.

Types of outcome measures

Primary outcomes

The primary outcome of the review was the risk of medical adverse events that occurred within seven days of surgery and had a plausible causal relationship to the surgery. Medical adverse events were classified as intraoperative or postoperative as defined by each study. We assessed risks of death and hospitalization individually.

Secondary outcomes

1. Ocular adverse events, as reported.

2. Cost-effectiveness of medical testing.

3. The proportion of participants for which surgery was postponed or canceled on the basis of the medical screening. We measured the impact of these actions by the cost of rescheduling surgery and delay in receiving visual rehabilitation.

4. The proportion of participants who underwent a change in the clinical management of their underlying medical condition due to findings on routine preoperative testing.

5. Quality of life data, measured by any validated scale.

Search methods for identification of studies

Electronic searches

The Cochrane Eyes and Vision Information Specialist searched the following electronic databases for RCTs and controlled clinical trials. We imposed no language or publication year restrictions.

• Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2018, Issue 6) (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Trials Register) in the Cochrane Library (searched 29 June 2018) (Appendix 1).

• MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 29 June 2018) (Appendix 2).

• Embase.com (1947 to 29 June 2018) (Appendix 3).

• PubMed (1948 to June 2018) (Appendix 4).

• LILACS BIREME (Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Information Database) (1982 to 29 June 2018) (Appendix 5).

• metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (last searched 5 January 2012) (Appendix 6).

• US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov; searched 29 June 2018) (Appendix 7).

• World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp; searched 29 June 2018) (Appendix 8).

Searching other resources

We reviewed the reference lists from included studies to identify additional studies. We used the Science Citation Index to search for studies that have cited publications from the included trials (last searched June 2018).

Data collection and analysis

Selection of studies

Two review authors independently assessed the abstracts from the electronic literature searches and the manual search to identify possible trials of interest according to the Criteria for considering studies for this review. We classified the abstracts as (a) relevant, (b) possibly relevant, or (c) not relevant for this review. We retrieved full-text copies of the articles if either review author classified an abstract as (a) or (b). Two review authors then independently assessed and classified each article as (1) include in review, (2) awaiting assessment, or (3) exclude from review. Discrepancies between authors were resolved by a third review author. For studies classified initially as (2), we contacted the study authors for further information to enable us to make a determination on the study.

Data extraction and management

Two review authors independently extracted data using the data extraction forms created by Cochrane Eyes and Vision. We extracted data on study characteristics, interventions, outcomes, cost and quality of life, and other relevant information. One review author entered the data into Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5) (Review Manager 2014), and a second review author verified the data entry. Discrepancies between review authors were resolved by a third review author. In the case of unclear or unreported data, we attempted to contact authors of the study.

Assessment of risk of bias in included studies

Two review authors independently assessed the risk of bias of the included studies based on the methods in Chapter 8 of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Higgins 2011). Sources of bias affecting the findings of a study included selection bias, performance bias, attrition bias, detection bias, and reporting bias. We assessed the risk of bias of each included study as low, high, or unclear. Discrepancies between review authors were resolved by a third review author. For ‘Risk of bias’ domains classified as unclear due to incomplete or unreported information, we contacted the authors of the study for further information in an attempt to reclassify the ‘Risk of bias’ assessment. If we received no response within eight weeks, we classified the study using the information available.

Measures of treatment effect

The primary outcome of the review was the risk of medical adverse events, including the risk of death and the risk of hospitalization. As the outcome was rare in the included studies, we summarized it as an odds ratio. We calculated the risk difference by estimating the total number of candidates for surgery who needed to be screened in order to prevent one adverse event.

Dichotomous data

We reported dichotomous data analysis (deaths or hospitalizations after cataract surgery) as a summarized odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Continuous data

We reported continuous data analysis (economic and quality of life), if evaluated, as a weighted mean difference with standard deviations.

Unit of analysis issues

The unit of analysis for this review was an individual cataract surgery in one eye.

Dealing with missing data

All three included studies reported sufficient data on the primary outcome of this review. If data were missing, we contacted the authors of the study in an attempt to obtain the missing data or imputed data from existing data. We set the response time at eight weeks.

Assessment of heterogeneity

We assessed statistical heterogeneity using forest plots and the I² statistic. In addition, we evaluated the distribution of results for clinical heterogeneity.

Assessment of reporting biases

We used funnel plots to assess potential small-study effects, however as only three trials were included, examination of the funnel plots did not yield any meaningful interpretations.

Data synthesis

As the review included only three trials, we used the fixed-effect model. Should future updates of the review include additional studies, we will perform meta-analyses using the random-effects model if we detect no heterogeneity. If we do detect heterogeneity, we will meta-analyze trial results by subgroups if sufficient data are available, otherwise we will describe the results in tabular form.

Subgroup analysis and investigation of heterogeneity

We detected no heterogeneity as evaluated either statistically or clinically. If sufficient data become available in the future, we will conduct subgroup analyses for age, gender, race, and medical comorbidities.

Sensitivity analysis

We did not undertake sensitivity analyses since the review included only three studies. Should future updates of the review include additional studies, we will conduct sensitivity analyses to investigate the impact of studies with poor methodological quality or missing data and the impact of unpublished studies.

Summary of findings

Two review authors independently judged the certainty of evidence for each outcome using the GRADE approach (GRADEpro 2015). Any discrepancies were resolved by discussion. We assigned a grade of very low, low, moderate, or high certainty of evidence for each outcome. Our judgements were based on the following five criteria.

1. Risk of bias in individual trials

2. Indirectness

3. Heterogeneity

4. Imprecision of estimate (wide confidence intervals)

5. Publication bias

We also produced a ‘Summary of findings’ table with the assumed risks and corresponding risks for the six outcomes evaluated in this review (risk of medical adverse events; risk of ocular adverse events; cost of medical testing; risk of postponed or canceled surgery; risk of change in the clinical management; and change in quality of life scores).

RESULTS

Description of studies

Results of the search

The initial electronic search of the literature conducted in December 2008 identified 1232 unique references (Keay 2009), of which 21 were assessed as relevant or possibly relevant. Full-text assessment of the 21 references resulted in the exclusion of 12 references from 11 studies, and the inclusion of nine references from three studies. A manual search of the reference lists from the nine included publications identified 21 additional references, of which six were assessed as relevant or possibly relevant. We excluded five of these references, and one was an additional reference to an already included study. The 10 included study references were entered into the Science Citation Index, yielding 75 additional references, all of which were assessed as not relevant.

We performed an updated search in December 2011 (Keay 2012). After de-duplication, the search identified a total of 535 references consisting of three abstracts from clinical trial registers and 532 abstracts from journals. Two review authors independently assessed the abstracts, but none met our inclusion criteria. We also performed an updated search of the Science Citation Index for the original 10 included study references. We found and assessed a further 89 references, but none were relevant to the review.

For this review update, we conducted an updated search on 29 June 2018 that identified a total of 3843 new, unique references (Figure 1). Two review authors independently assessed these references and excluded 3841 non-relevant records, among which two were assessed in full and excluded as not evaluating eligible interventions (Dessy 2017; NCT02903485). An updated search of the Science Citation Index for the 10 included study references identified 320 references, none of which were relevant to the review.

Figure 1.

Study flow diagram.

Included studies

We included three randomized clinical trials that examined the impact of routine pre-surgical medical testing on the risk of medical adverse events. The first was a large, multicenter study in the USA and Canada where 19,557 cataract surgeries were randomized to either routine preoperative testing or no routine testing (Schein 2000). If there was a new or changing problem identified on preoperative clinical examination that would have generated testing in the absence of the planned surgery, then specific tests were conducted in the “control” group as per the direction of the attending physician. A second study was conducted in Brazil at a single center where 1025 patients needing first-eye cataract surgeries were randomized to either routine or selective testing (Lira 2001). The authors of this study noted that 20 patients who were randomized in this study had their operations cancelled and not subsequently rescheduled; thus, only 1005 participants underwent cataract surgery. Finally, Cavallini and colleagues reported in 2004 on a single-center study in Italy in which 1276 participants scheduled for ambulatory cataract surgery were randomly assigned to either a group whose results of routine preoperative tests were reviewed or a group whose routine medical tests were completed but kept in a sealed envelope (Cavallini 2004).

Two studies assessed intraoperative and postoperative ocular adverse events (Cavallini 2004; Lira 2001), which are reported as secondary analyses (see Effects of interventions). Schein and colleagues examined the total rate of ocular hemorrhages in relation to anticoagulant use (Schein 2000), but did not compare the routine pre-surgical testing and no routine pre-surgical testing groups.

Excluded studies

We excluded 17 studies after full-text review. Reasons for their exclusion are provided in the Characteristics of excluded studies table. In summary, 16 studies were not randomized trials, and one did not evaluate routine preoperative testing versus no preoperative testing.

Characteristics of excluded studies [ordered by study ID]

Study	Reason for exclusion
Blery 1986	Observational study of selective preoperative testing for any surgery requiring general or regional anesthesia; no control group
Brown 2001	Comment and summary of Dr Schein’s study
Bruns 2001	Review of lab testing in outcome studies
Coleman 2002	Editorial on applying results of trials to practice
Dessy 2017	Intervention does not meet eligibility criteria: abstract compares onsite same-day mandatory pre-admission testing to offsite pre-admission testing
Francis 1996	Comment on report of local vs general anesthesia for cataract surgery
Gao 2006	Retrospective review of age-related cataract patients with cardiovascular disease
Gibson 2000	Comment and summary of Dr Schein’s study
Gimbel 2000	Review of cataract surgery at the Gimbel Eye Surgical Centre in Alberta, Canada
Imasogie 2003	Not a randomized trial; 4 months pre- and 4 months post-discontinuation of routine testing
Johnson 1988	Observational study of routine preoperative testing for ambulatory surgery patients; no control group
Lira 2002	Retrospective case-control study to identify factors associated with cancelling cataract surgery; cases were cataract patients whose surgeries were canceled due to medical events, while controls were patients who underwent surgery
Macpherson 1993	Review of pre-surgical tests commonly used for general surgeries
Maltzman 1981	Retrospective review of results from pre-admission evaluations in a cohort that underwent cataract extraction
NCT02903485	Randomized clinical trial comparing pre-surgical assessment and surveillance during cataract surgery performed by nurses versus anesthetists
Smithen 2003	Comment and summary of Reeves 2003 cohort analysis of Dr Schein’s study
Tallo 2007	Retrospective review of cataract patients in Brazil, 2004
Walters 1997	Study of whether or not doctors involved in peribulbar local anaesthetic surgery reviewed results of preoperative tests for patients

Risk of bias in included studies

The risk of bias in the three included studies was generally low (Figure 2). In all studies the interventions were randomly allocated in a systematic fashion, and in two studies the allocation was known to be adequately concealed from the study personnel (Cavallini 2004; Schein 2000). The fact that participants are aware of receiving preoperative medical testing means that masking (blinding) of the participants is generally not possible. The exception was Cavallini 2004, where all participants received pre-surgical testing, but only those in the intervention group had the test results disclosed to their physician. It was possible to mask the outcome assessors to the intervention group, and this process was confirmed in the studies reported by Schein 2000 and Lira 2001. We assessed all three studies as at low risk of attrition bias and reporting bias.

Figure 2.

Risk of bias summary: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

Effects of interventions

See: Summary of findings for the main comparison Routine preoperative medical testing compared with selective or no testing for cataract surgery

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR THE MAIN COMPARISON [Explanation]

Routine preoperative medical testing compared with selective or no testing for cataract surgery
Population: adults with age-related cataract Settings: hospital or clinic Intervention: routine preoperative medical testing Comparison: selective or no preoperative medical testing
Outcomes	Illustrative comparative risks* (95% Cl)		Relative effect (95% Cl)	No. of participants (studies)	Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)
	Assumed risk	Corresponding risk
	Selective or no testing	Preoperative medical testing
Medical adverse events up to 2 months after surgery	33 per 1000	33 per 1000 (28 to 38)	OR 1.00 (0.86 to 1.16)	21,531 (3 studies)	⊕⊕⊕⊕ high
Ocular adverse events up to 2 months after surgery	Intraoperative		OR 0.99 (0.71 to 1.38)	2281 (2 studies)	⊕⊕⊕○ moderate1
	69 per 1000	68 per 1000 (49 to 96)
	Postoperative		OR 1.11 (0.74 to 1.67)
	43 per 1000	48 per 1000 (32 to 72)
Cost for preoperative testing prior to surgery	BRL 4.32 per patient	BRL 11.00 per patient	Ratio 2.55	1005 (1 study)	⊕⊕⊕○ moderate2
Cancellation of cataract surgery prior to surgery	16 per 1000	16 per 1000 (13 to 20)	OR 0.97 (0.78 to 1.21)	20,582 (2 studies)	⊕⊕⊕⊕ high
Clinical management changes (other than cancellation) prior to surgery	Not reported by any included study
Quality of life outcomes at any follow-up time point	Not reported by any included study
*The basis for the assumed risk is the comparison group risk across studies. The corresponding risk (and its 95%CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention group (and its 95%CI). Cl: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

¹Downgraded for imprecision of the estimate (i.e. wide confidence intervals).

²Downgraded for reporting bias due to lack of information regarding the confidence interval around the effect estimate.

The meta-analysis of these studies was dominated by the large sample size in Schein 2000, which had 8.5 times more participants than the other two studies combined. While the results were therefore strongly influenced by this one study, this study was methodologically sound and had the lowest potential for bias of the three included studies. Furthermore, the conclusions from each study were in agreement.

Medical adverse events

The three included studies reported results for 21,531 total cataract surgeries. There were 707 total medical adverse events associated with cataract surgeries, including 61 hospitalizations and three deaths, in the three studies (Table 1). Of the 707 medical adverse events reported, 353 occurred in the pre-testing group and 354 occurred in the no-testing group (odds ratio (OR) 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86 to 1.16; Analysis 1.1). Most events were cardiovascular and occurred during the intraoperative period (Table 2).

Table 1.

Medical adverse events

Event	Number of studies*	Routine-testing group	No-testing group	Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
		Number of events (n)	Number of events (n)
Overall
Total	3	353	354	1.00 (0.86, 1.16)
Death	3	1	2	0.50 (0.05, 5.52)
Hospitalization	1	28	33	0.85 (0.51, 1.40)
Intraoperative: day of surgery, prior to discharge
Total	3	242	238	1.02 (0.85, 1.22)
Death	3	0	0	N/A
Hospitalization	1	3	5	0.60 (0.14, 2.51)
Postoperative: during study follow-up period after discharge
Total	2	116	121	0.96 (0.74, 1.24)
Death	2	1	2	0.50 (0.05, 5.52)
Hospitalization	1	25	30	0.83 (0.49, 1.42)

^*Event reported by three studies (routine-testing group: n = 10,764; no-testing group: n = 10,767); event reported by two studies: Cavallini 2004 and Schein 2000 (routine-testing group: n = 10,262; no-testing group: n = 10,264); event reported by one study: Schein 2000 (routine-testing group: n = 9624; no-testing group: n = 9626).

Analysis 1.1. Comparison 1 Preoperative testing versus selective or no preoperative testing, Outcome 1 Total medical adverse events.

Review: Routine preoperative medical testing for cataract surgery

Comparison: 1 Preoperative testing versus selective or no preoperative testing

Outcome: 1 Total medical adverse events

Table 2.

Types of medical adverse events

Adverse event	Intraoperative events			Postoperative events
	Reported by	Routine-testing group Number of events	No-testing group Number of events	Reported by	Routine-testing group Number of events	No-testing group Number of events
Cardiovascular
Hypertension	Cavallini 2004; Lira 2001; Schein 2000	162	147	Cavallini 2004; Schein 2000	16	13
Hypotension	Schein 2000	10	12	Schein 2000	4	8
Arrhythmia	Lira 2001; Schein 2000	66	60	Schein 2000	10	13
Myocardial infarction	Schein 2000	0	0	Schein 2000	5	3
Myocardial ischemia	Lira 2001; Schein 2000	4	8	Schein 2000	3	3
Congestive heart failure	Schein 2000	0	0	Schein 2000	5	5
Cerebrovascular
Stroke	Schein 2000	0	0	Schein 2000	4	2
Transient ischemic attack	Lira 2001; Schein 2000	1	0	Schein 2000	1	0
Pulmonary
Respiratory failure	Schein 2000	0	0	Schein 2000	1	1
Bronchospasm	Lira 2001; Schein 2000	4	10	Schein 2000	0	2
Oxygen desaturation	Schein 2000	4	3	Schein 2000	1	4
Upper respiratory tract infection	Schein 2000	0	1	Schein 2000	19	14
Pneumonia	Schein 2000	0	0	Schein 2000	6	5
Metabolic
Hypoglycemia	Schein 2000	0	2	Schein 2000	0	0
Anemia	Schein 2000	0	0	Schein 2000	1	1
Hypokalemia	Schein 2000	0	0	Schein 2000	2	0
Other
Anxiety	Lira 2001; Schein 2000	2	2	Schein 2000	2	0
Musculoskeletal problem	Schein 2000	0	0	Schein 2000	15	24
Urinary tract infection	Schein 2000	0	0	Schein 2000	9	11
Dermatitis	Schein 2000	0	0	Schein 2000	7	7
Gastrointestinal disturbance	Schein 2000	0	0	Schein 2000	12	11
All others*	Cavallini 2004; Schein 2000	2	3	Cavallini 2004; Schein 2000	8	6

Cavallini 2004: routine-testing group: n = 638; no-testing group: n = 638

Lira 2001: routine-testing group: n = 502; no-testing group: n = 503

Schein 2000: routine-testing group: n = 9624; no-testing group: n = 9626

^*Includes atypical chest pain, chills, depression, syncope, vasovagal episode, dizziness, hyponatremia, amnesia, hyperventilation, dyspnea, and psychomotor agitation.

Preoperative medical testing did not reduce the rate of intraoperative (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.22) or postoperative medical adverse events (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.24) compared to selective or no testing. Lira 2001 did not evaluate postoperative medical events, therefore the latter estimate included results from only two studies.

We assessed the certainty of the evidence for medical adverse events as high, finding no reason to downgrade.

Ocular adverse events

Two of the three included studies reported the rate or types of ocular adverse events among 2281 cataract surgeries (Cavallini 2004; Lira 2001). There were 157 intraoperative ocular adverse events reported, 78 in the pre-testing group and 79 in the selective-or no-testing group (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.38; Analysis 1.4). The most frequent intraoperative ocular adverse event was posterior capsule rupture (Table 3).

Analysis 1.4. Comparison 1 Preoperative testing versus selective or no preoperative testing, Outcome 4 Total ocular adverse events.

Review: Routine preoperative medical testing for cataract surgery

Comparison: 1 Preoperative testing versus selective or no preoperative testing

Outcome: 4 Total ocular adverse events

Table 3.

Types of intraoperative ocular adverse events

Adverse event	Reported by	Routine-testing group Number of events	No-testing group Number of events
Partial dislocations of the nucleus; dislocations of nuclear fragments; cortical material in the vitreous	Cavallini 2004	3	5
Anterior capsule ruptures	Cavallini 2004	2	2
Posterior capsule ruptures	Cavallini 2004; Lira 2001	35	38
Posterior capsule ruptures with vitreous loss	Lira 2001	32	32
Retained lens fragment	Lira 2002	1	0
Intraocular lens in the vitreous	Lira 2001	2	0
Iridodialysis	Lira 2001	1	1
Zonular rupture	Lira 2001	2	1

Cavallini 2004: routine-testing group: n = 638; no-testing group: n = 638

Lira 2001: routine-testing group: n = 502; no-testing group: n = 503

Of 103 postoperative ocular adverse events, 54 occurred in the pre-testing group and 49 in the selective- or no-testing group (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.67; Analysis 1.4). Postoperative ocular adverse events included cystoid macular edema, increased intraocular pressure, wound leak, and others (Table 4).

Table 4.

Types of postoperative ocular adverse events

Adverse event	Reported by	Routine-testing group Number of events	No-testing group Number of events
Bullous keratopathy	Lira 2001	7	4
Cystoid macular edema	Cavallini 2004; Lira 2001	13	12
Increased intraocular pressure	Lira 2001	12	12
Chronic iritis	Lira 2001	4	2
Retinal detachment	Cavallini 2004; Lira 2001	4	5
Corneal decompensation	Cavallini 2004	2	2
Wound leak	Lira 2001	10	11
Vitreous hemorrhage	Lira 2001	1	1
Endophthalmitis	Lira 2001	1	0

Cavallini 2004: routine-testing group: n = 638; no-testing group: n = 638

Lira 2001: routine-testing group: n = 502; no-testing group: n = 503

We assessed the certainty of the evidence for ocular adverse events as moderate, downgrading for imprecision due to the small number of events.

Cost outcomes

Lira 2001 evaluated cost, estimating the cost to be 2.55 times higher in those who had routine preoperative medical testing compared to those who had selective preoperative testing (Table 5). We assessed the certainty of the evidence for cost of preoperative testing as moderate, downgrading for reporting bias due to lack of information regarding the confidence interval around the effect estimate.

Table 5.

Cost data for preoperative medical testing

Study	Treatment group	Total number of exams	Average number of exams per patient	Total cost for preoperative testing	Total cost for preoperative testing per patient	Ratio of preoperative testing cost per patient Pre-testing: no pre-testing
Lira 2001	Preoperative testing group	1536	3.00	BRL 5632.00	BRL 11.00	2.55
	Selective or no preoperative testing group	604	1.18	BRL 2214.66	BRL 4.32

Surgical postponements or cancellations

Lira 2001 and Schein 2000 reported the total rate of cancellation. There was no difference in the rate of cancellation between those with routine preoperative medical testing and those with no or selective preoperative testing (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.21; Analysis 1.5). Only the multisite study by Schein reported the rate of postponement or cancellation of surgeries for medical reasons, and the rate was similar in the two groups: 2.5% in the no-testing group and 2.3% in the routine-testing group (Schein 2000). We assessed the certainty of the evidence for medical adverse events as high, finding no reason to downgrade.

Analysis 1.5. Comparison 1 Preoperative testing versus selective or no preoperative testing, Outcome 5 Cancellation of cataract surgery.

Review: Routine preoperative medical testing for cataract surgery

Comparison: 1 Preoperative testing versus selective or no preoperative testing

Outcome: 5 Cancellation of cataract surgery

Clinical management changes

None of the included studies measured the rate of change in surgical management other than cancellation of surgery.

Quality of life outcomes

None of the included studies measured quality of life outcomes.

DISCUSSION

Summary of main results

The three studies included in this review support the notion that preoperative medical testing in cataract surgery is not protective against medical adverse events (Summary of findings for the main comparison). Likewise, no clear difference was observed between groups in occurrence of ocular adverse events. One study estimated the cost of preoperative medical testing to be 2.55 times higher than selective testing. The rates of cancellations did not differ between the two studies that reported this outcome. Approximately 2% of surgeries were canceled regardless of whether or not the participant had routine preoperative testing. In addition to cancellation, some surgeries were postponed. No evidence was available to evaluate whether preoperative medical testing leads to unnecessary delays or withholding of cataract surgery services or whether it affects quality of life measures before, during, or after cataract surgery.

Overall completeness and applicability of evidence

All three of the included studies reported data for medical adverse events, the primary outcome for this review. The studies included participants who were scheduled to undergo cataract surgery and used limited exclusion criteria, thus the study populations included participants with comorbidities, as would be expected in real-world clinical practice. Furthermore, while adverse events tend to be higher in patients with medical comorbidities undergoing surgical procedures, Schein 2000 reported no benefit in providing routine testing to groups of patients with co-existing illness.

One of the motivating forces for investigating the usefulness of preoperative medical testing is cost-containment in health care. If no clinical benefit is gained from routine preoperative testing, then such testing is redundant and not cost-effective. Using information from their randomized clinical trial at a single academic medical center in Brazil, Lira 2001 estimated the increase in the cost of preoperative medical testing as 2.55 times higher than for selective testing. Imasogie 2003 reported larger cost savings when policy eliminating routine preoperative testing for ambulatory cataract surgery patients was enacted at a single hospital in Canada, finding a reduction in preoperative testing costs of almost 90% per patient, from CAD 39.67 to CAD 4.01 per patient.

Routine preoperative medical testing may also be criticized if it leads to unnecessary or excessive actions. Routine testing will yield a significant number of positive results in an older population with high rates of comorbidities (Desai 1999; Riley 2002). Preoperative testing might increase the burden on health care through the follow-up of unanticipated abnormalities, some of which may be minor or have limited clinical relevance (Smetana 2003). It was beyond the scope of this review to investigate how test results are interpreted and the actions resulting from routine preoperative testing, however we did examine the rate of cancellation of surgery and found no difference between routing testing and no testing. Schein 2000 reported that the combined rate of cancellations or postponement of surgery specifically for medical reasons was a little over 2% of the total surgeries, and the rate did not differ with preoperative testing.

It is reasonable that positive results for preoperative testing do not always influence surgical management for low-risk procedures such as cataract surgery (ACC/AHA Guidelines 2014; Smetana 2003). A case-control analysis of cataract surgeries canceled for medical reasons (n = 34) and surgeries that proceeded found no predictive value in the preoperative testing results for hemoglobin, serum glucose, and electrocardiogram (Lira 2002). This supports the hypothesis that information from routine preoperative medical testing has limited impact on surgical management.

Quality of the evidence

We graded the certainty of the evidence as moderate to high for outcomes reported by the studies included in this review. While medical adverse events are rare in low-risk procedures such as cataract surgery, one of the studies alone, Schein 2000, and the three studies in combination produced a sufficient sample size and statistical power to investigate this claim. Only two studies reported ocular adverse events, which resulted in a smaller sample size and more imprecise estimate for this outcome. We downgraded the certainty of the evidence for ocular adverse events to moderate due to imprecision. We also downgraded the certainty of the evidence for cost to moderate because no information was provided to calculate the confidence interval for the effect estimate.

Potential biases in the review process

We aimed to minimize potential biases in the review process by following the methods prespecified in our protocol (Keay 2008). Two review authors independently selected and assessed studies, and we contacted trial investigators for unclear or unreported information.

Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews

Reviews of the literature and practice guidelines related to routine pre-surgical testing support the finding that commonly performed preoperative laboratory tests in adults preparing for elective surgeries have generally low predictive value (ASA Task Force 2012; Smetana 2003). Although the number of studies included in this review was low, the three studies were in agreement and were supported by a subsequent report from Canada on experiences with policy change to stop routine preoperative testing before ambulatory cataract surgery (Imasogie 2003). At the Toronto Western Hospital, a review was completed of consecutive ambulatory cataract surgeries in a four-month period preceding policy change in 2000 and in a second four-month period post-discontinuation of preoperative testing in 2001. This study examined 1231 surgeries and found no difference in the rate of intraoperative or postoperative events with the change in policy.

Even in the absence of a large number of randomized trials, the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preanesthesia Evaluation found that routine preoperative tests do not make an important contribution to patient management. The task force’s recommendations favor ordering tests on a selective basis for the purposes of guiding or optimizing perioperative management (ASA Task Force 2012). This recommendation certainly applies to a low-risk procedure such as cataract surgery. The studies summarized in this review contribute to the research evidence in guiding recommendations for the standard of care of cataract surgery.

AUTHORS’ CONCLUSIONS

Implications for practice

Prior to the conduct of the three studies included in this review, surveys of ophthalmologists in the USA, Bass 1995, and Canada, Bellan 1994, in 1992 indicated that among ophthalmologists, ordering preoperative screening tests was common. It was also found that routine preoperative tests were often ordered despite a lack of belief in their clinical value. Tests were sometimes ordered because it was thought that other physicians required the test results or based on medico-legal concerns.

Although research evidence is available, it does not directly follow that practices will change. It was predicted at the outset of this area of research that in order to change behavior there will need to be a consensus of research evidence across more than one medical specialty and that there will be incentives to change policy at institutions and at individual practices (Schein 1996).

There are few reports in the literature of changes in policy on pre-medical surgical testing, and surveys on institutional policy and physicians involved in cataract care have not been completed since those reported from the early 1990s. The exception is one report of a successful and cost-effective change to institutional policy at a single hospital in Toronto, Canada (Imasogie 2003).

While standards for pre-surgical testing can be mandated by the institution where the surgery is undertaken, there are additional forces that can direct policy. Change in policy can result from change in health insurance coverage rather than physician-directed change and may or may not be linked to the evidence in support of such a change. While the American Academy of Ophthalmology preferred practice guidelines recommend testing on indication rather than routine preoperative medical testing (AAO Guidelines 2016), the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), which covers the majority of cataract surgeries in the USA, currently covers preoperative services that assess a beneficiary’s fitness for surgery. In the UK, the Royal College of Ophthalmologists guidelines, RCO Guidelines 2010, and National Health Service, NICE Guidelines 2017, do not recommend routine preoperative medical testing (i.e. blood tests and electrocardiograms) prior to cataract surgery. Additional information on current practice trends regarding preoperative testing would be valuable in assessing the impact of this research evidence.

Implications for research

Alternatives to pre-surgical testing have been proposed including a self administered health questionnaire (Reeves 2003), which could substitute for health provider history and physical examination. Such avenues may lead to a cost-effective means of identifying those at increased risk of medical adverse events due to cataract surgery.

Once ‘at risk’ patients are identified, a safe means to deliver cataract rehabilitation to these individuals is required. Kelly and Astbury discuss patient safety issues in cataract care in the UK, and their recommendations include that access to resuscitation equipment and arrangements for transfer to high-level care should always be available (Kelly 2006). Of note is that their discussion does not include routine preoperative testing as part of the recommendations.

Despite the rare occurrence, adverse medical events that might be precipitated by cataract surgery remain a concern because of the large number of elderly patients with medical comorbidities who have cataract surgery in a variety of settings. Another direction for research is to be able to control the level of risk through variation in anesthetic management. The mechanism for intraoperative medical events has been explored in the observational data from The Study of Medical Testing for Cataract Surgery (Katz 2001).

CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDIES

Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
Cavallini 2004
Methods	Study design: randomized clinical trial Number of study centers: 1 (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) Number randomized: 1276 (sample size calculations based on risk of adverse events) Study follow-up: 1 month postsurgery
Participants	Country: Italy Age: not reported Gender: included men and women Inclusion criteria: patients admitted to the day surgery section at the Institute of Ophthalmology for outpatient cataract surgery under local anesthesia Exclusion criteria: ongoing treatment with anticoagulants and subcutaneous insulin therapy
Interventions	Intervention: physician review of preoperative testing, defined as routine medical tests and electrocardiograms (n = 638) Comparison: no physician review of preoperative testing, test results kept in sealed envelopes (n = 638)
Outcomes	Primary outcome: ocular adverse events, including intraoperative or postoperative adverse events Secondary outcomes: systemic adverse events defined as intra- or postoperative occurrence of acute respiratory, cardio-circulatory, or neuropsychiatric disease; or decompensation in analogous, established chronic disease
Notes	Study date: 1 October 2002 to 30 November 2003 Publication language: English
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors’ judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomization list generated by Randomization Center, which was separate from the study center
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Medical staff at study center called into Randomization Center for participant allocation after patients were enrolled in study
Masking (performance bias) Were the participants masked to the treatment group?	Low risk	Participants were informed of the aims and methods for the study at enrollment, however all participants underwent preoperative testing
Masking (performance bias) Were the physicians performing the preoperative tests masked to the treatment group?	Unclear risk	The physicians evaluating the preoperative tests were not masked to the participants in the testing group, however they only received sealed envelopes for the participants in the non-testing group and were not informed of participants’ identities or surgery dates. It is unclear if the physician evaluating the preoperative tests was also the physician performing the surgery
Masking (detection bias) Were the primary outcome assessors masked to the treatment group?	Unclear risk	Ocular outcomes were assessed by clinical records at the time of discharge (intraoperative outcomes) and by telephone interviews 1 month after surgery (postoperative outcomes). It is unclear if the clinical records contained the treatment assignment or if the interviewers were informed of the treatment assignment
Masking (detection bias) Were the secondary outcome assessors masked to the treatment group?	Unclear risk	Systemic outcomes were assessed by clinical records at the time of discharge (intraoperative outcomes) and by telephone interviews and primary care examinations 1 month after surgery (postoperative outcomes). It is unclear if the clinical records contained the treatment assignment or if the interviewers or primary care physicians were informed of the treatment assignment
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No loss to follow-up is reported. Reported results are based on total number randomized
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Reported all ocular and systemic adverse events that occurred intraoperatively or postoperatively
Lira 2001
Methods	Study design: randomized clinical trial Number of study centers: 1 (State University of Campinas) Number randomized: 1025 (sample size calculations based on risk of adverse events) Study follow-up: up to 60 days postsurgery
Participants	Country: Brazil Age: 66.5 ±11.6 years, range 40 to 97 years (routine-testing group = 66.4 ± 11.9 years; selective-testing group = 66.7 ± 11.4 years) Gender: 547 men, 478 women (routine-testing group: men = 279, women = 233; selective-testing group: men = 268, women = 245) Inclusion criteria: people scheduled to undergo cataract surgery Exclusion criteria: less than 40 years old; undergoing surgery on the 2nd eye; were receiving general anesthesia; had a myocardial infarction within the preceding 3 months
Interventions	Intervention: routine testing with a 12-lead electrocardiogram, a complete blood count, and measurements of serum glucose (n = 512) Comparison: selective testing defined by no preoperative testing unless the participant presented with a new or worsening condition that would warrant medical testing even if no surgery was scheduled (n = 513)
Outcomes	Primary outcome: rate of complications during the perioperative period Secondary outcomes: rate of cancellation of surgery; visual acuity
Notes	Study date: 10 February 2000 to 10 January 2001 Publication languages: English and Portuguese Surgery: extra capsular extraction performed by residents under training
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors’ judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomization using blocks of 4 participants
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described
Masking (performance bias) Were the participants masked to the treatment group?	High risk	Participants either had preoperative testing done or did not
Masking (performance bias) Were the physicians performing the preoperative tests masked to the treatment group?	High risk	Physicians performing the preoperative medical assessment knew for which participants to conduct preoperative testing
Masking (detection bias) Were the primary outcome assessors masked to the treatment group?	Low risk	Medical events and treatments were recorded by an ophthalmologist or nurse using a standardized form during surgery. The researchers reviewing the forms for classifying adverse events were masked to the treatment assignments
Masking (detection bias) Were the secondary outcome assessors masked to the treatment group?	Unclear risk	It was unclear who made the decision to cancel surgeries, or when those decisions were made
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Primary outcome data are presented for all participants who underwent surgery, thus for all participants at risk for complications due to cataract surgery
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Reported the results for adverse medical events defined in methods section using a standardized form
Schein 2000
Methods	Study design: randomized clinical trial Number of study centers: 9 Number randomized: 19,557 operations (18,189 participants) (sample size calculations based on risk of adverse events) Study follow-up: 1 week postsurgery
Participants	Country: USA and Canada Age (per operation): routine-testing group = 73 ± 8 years; no-testing group = 74 ± 8 years Gender (per operation): 7631 men; 11,926 women (routine-testing group: men = 3769, women = 6006; no-testing group: men = 3862, women = 5920) Inclusion criteria: people scheduled to undergo cataract surgery Exclusion criteria: less than 50 years old; were receiving general anesthesia; had a myocardial infarction within the preceding 3 months; had any preoperative medical testing done during the 28 days prior to enrollment; could not speak English or Spanish; 2nd eye not eligible if surgery was within 28 days of surgery in 1st randomized eye
Interventions	Intervention: routine testing with electrocardiography, complete blood count, and measurement of serum levels of electrolytes, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and glucose (operations scheduled: operations: n = 9775, participants: n = 9456; operations performed: operations: n = 9624, participants: n = 9411) Comparison: no preoperative testing unless the participant presented with a new or worsening condition that would warrant medical testing even if no surgery was scheduled (operations scheduled: operations: n = 9782, participants: n = 9445; operations performed: operations: n = 9626, participants: n = 9408)
Outcomes	Primary outcome: adverse medical events and interventions on the day of surgery and up to 7 days after surgery Secondary outcome: whether preoperative testing could have prevented the adverse event from occurring
Notes	Study date: 1 June 1995 to 30 June 1997 Publication language: English Participation rate: 94% Funding source: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors’ judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomization was stratified according to clinical center, age (in decades), and health status reported by participants using blocks of 4
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomization was done by computer at time of enrollment.
Masking (performance bias) Were the participants masked to the treatment group?	High risk	Participants were informed of group assignment and given a letter and study brochure to present to the healthcare provider performing the preoperative assessment
Masking (performance bias) Were the physicians performing the preoperative tests masked to the treatment group?	High risk	Healthcare providers performing the preoperative tests received a letter and study brochure from the participant at the time of the preoperative assessment
Masking (detection bias) Were the primary outcome assessors masked to the treatment group?	Low risk	Medical events and treatments were recorded by an anesthesiologist or nurse anesthetist using a standardized form during surgery, and by a standardized telephone interview conducted by a study coordinator 1 week following surgery. Additional patient information was recorded by nursing staff before discharge. 2 investigators reviewed medical charts to verify adverse events, and a 3rd investigator who was masked to the treatment assignment made the final clinical judgement
Masking (detection bias) Were the secondary outcome assessors masked to the treatment group?	Low risk	2 investigators reviewed medical charts to verify adverse events, and a 3rd investigator who was masked to the treatment assignment made the final clinical judgement
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Intention-to-treat analysis was used. Data were 100% from day of surgery and 99.8% for 1 week after surgery
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Reported the results for adverse medical events defined in methods section using a standardized form and standardized telephone interview

Comparison 1.

Preoperative testing versus selective or no preoperative testing

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Total medical adverse events	3		Odds Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
1.1 Overall medical adverse events	3	21531	Odds Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.00 [0.86, 1.16]
1.2 Intraoperative medical adverse events	3	21531	Odds Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.02 [0.85, 1.22]
1.3 Postoperative medical adverse events	2	20526	Odds Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.96 [0.74, 1.24]
2 Total hospitalizations	1		Odds Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
2.1 Overall hospitalizations	1		Odds Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.2 Intraoperative hospitalizations	1		Odds Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.3 Postoperative hospitalizations	1		Odds Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 Total deaths	2	20526	Odds Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.50 [0.05, 5.52]
4 Total ocular adverse events	2		Odds Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
4.1 Intraoperative ocular adverse events	2	2281	Odds Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.71, 1.38]
4.2 Postoperative ocular adverse events	2	2281	Odds Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.11 [0.74, 1.67]
5 Cancellation of cataract surgery	2	20582	Odds Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.97 [0.78, 1.21]

Analysis 1.2. Comparison 1 Preoperative testing versus selective or no preoperative testing, Outcome 2 Total hospitalizations.

Review: Routine preoperative medical testing for cataract surgery

Comparison: 1 Preoperative testing versus selective or no preoperative testing

Outcome: 2 Total hospitalizations

Analysis 1.3. Comparison 1 Preoperative testing versus selective or no preoperative testing, Outcome 3 Total deaths.

Review: Routine preoperative medical testing for cataract surgery

Comparison: 1 Preoperative testing versus selective or no preoperative testing

Outcome: 3 Total deaths

PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY.

Routine preoperative medical testing for cataract surgery

What is the aim of this review?

The aim of this Cochrane Review was to determine whether it is necessary to perform preoperative medical testing before cataract surgery.

Key messages

Preoperative medical testing did not reduce the risk of medical adverse events during or after cataract surgery when compared to selective or no testing.

What was studied in the review?

Cataract surgery is practiced widely, and substantial resources are being committed to increasing the cataract surgical rate in low-and middle-income countries. With the current volume of cataract surgery and future increases, it is critical to be able to optimize the safety, but also the cost-effectiveness of this procedure. Most cataracts are age-related, and therefore surgeries are performed on older individuals with other health and eye conditions. It is likely that preoperative medical testing will detect medical conditions, but it is questionable whether these conditions should preclude these individuals from cataract surgery or change their perioperative management.

What are the main results of the review?

We included three studies in this review. One study was from Canada and the USA, another from Brazil, and the third from Italy. These studies compared routine preoperative medical testing versus selective or no testing. Study participants were followed from one week to two months after surgery.

The review shows the following.

• Preoperative medical testing did not reduce the risk of medical adverse events during or after cataract surgery when compared to selective or no testing (high-certainty evidence). The three studies reported results for 21,531 total cataract surgeries with 707 total surgery-associated medical adverse events, including 61 hospitalizations and three deaths. Of the 707 medical adverse events reported, 353 occurred in the pre-testing group and 354 occurred in the no-testing group.

• No clear difference was observed for the occurrence of eye-related adverse events during or after surgery (moderate-certainty evidence).

• One study evaluated cost, estimating the cost to be 2.55 times higher in those who had routine preoperative medical testing compared to those who had selective preoperative testing (moderate-certainty evidence).

• There was no difference in the cancellation of surgery between those with routine preoperative medical testing and those with no or selective preoperative testing (high-certainty evidence).

• No study reported changes in surgical management (other than cancellation of surgery) or quality of life measures (evidence gaps).

How up-to-date is this review?

We searched for studies that had been published up to 29 June 2018.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROTOCOL AND REVIEW.

We conducted the assessment of methodological quality using Cochrane’s updated ‘Risk of bias’ format (Higgins 2017). We added ocular adverse events to the secondary outcomes and extended the period for medical adverse events to the length of follow-up. We incorporated GRADE assessments and a ‘Summary of findings’ table in the review in accordance with updated Cochrane requirements.

APPENDICES

Appendix 1. CENTRAL search strategy

• #1 MeSH descriptor: [Cataract] explode all trees

• #2 MeSH descriptor: [Cataract Extraction] explode all trees

• #3 MeSH descriptor: [Capsulorhexis] explode all trees

• #4 MeSH descriptor: [Phacoemulsification] explode all trees

• #5 (extract* or aspirat* or operat* or remov* or surg* or excis* or implant*) near/4 (lens*)

• #6 (extract* or aspirat* or operat* or remov* or surg* or excis* or implant*) near/4 (cataract*)

• #7 (phakectom* or zonulolys* or catarectom*)

• #8 (pha*oemulsif* or pha?o or capsulor*hexis or lensectom*)

• #9 (#1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8)

• #10 MeSH descriptor: [Diagnostic Tests, Routine] explode all trees

• #11 MeSH descriptor: [Physical Examination] explode all trees

• #12 MeSH descriptor: [Medical History Taking] explode all trees

• #13 MeSH descriptor: [Preoperative Period] explode all trees

• #14 MeSH descriptor: [Preoperative Care] explode all trees

• #15 (preoperat* or “pre operative” or “pre operation” or presurg* or “pre surgical” or “pre surgery” or medic* or premedic* or routine*) near/4 (test*)

• #16 (preoperat* or “pre operative” or “pre operation” or presurg* or “pre surgical” or “pre surgery” or medic* or premedic* or routine*) near/4 (eval*)

• #17 (preoperat* or “pre operative” or “pre operation” or presurg* or “pre surgical” or “pre surgery” or medic* or premedic* or routine*) near/4 (assessment*)

• #18 #10 or #11 or #12 or #15 or #16 or #17

• #19 #9 and #18

Appendix 2. MEDLINE Ovid search strategy

1. Randomized Controlled Trial.pt.

2. Controlled Clinical Trial.pt.

3. (randomized or randomised).ab,ti.

4. placebo.ab,ti.

5. drug therapy.fs.

6. randomly.ab,ti.

7. trial.ab,ti.

8. groups.ab,ti.

9. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8

10. exp animals/ not humans.sh.

11. 9 not 10

12. exp cataract/

13. exp cataract extraction/

14. exp capsulorhexis/

15. exp phacoemulsification/

16. ((extract* or aspirat* or operat* or remov* or surg* or excis* or implant*) adj4 lens*).tw.

17. ((extract* or aspirat* or operat* or remov* or surg* or excis* or implant*) adj4 cataract*).tw.

18. (Phakectom* or Zonulolys* or catarectom*).tw.

19. (pha*oemulsif* or pha?o or Capsulor*hexis or lensectom*).tw.

20. or/12–19

21. exp diagnostic tests, routine/

22. exp physical examination/

23. exp medical history taking/

24. exp preoperative care/

25. exp Preoperative Period/

26. ((preoperat* or pre operat* or presurg* or pre surg* or medic* or premedic* or routine*) adj4 test*).tw.

27. ((preoperat* or pre operat* or presurg* or pre surg* or medic* or premedic* or routine*) adj4 eval*).tw.

28. ((preoperat* or pre operat* or presurg* or pre surg* or medic* or premedic* or routine*) adj4 assessment*).tw.

29. or/21–28

30. 20 and 29

31. 11 and 30

The search filter for trials at the beginning of the MEDLINE strategy is from the published paper by Glanville 2006.

Appendix 3. Embase.com search strategy

• #1 ‘randomized controlled trial’/exp

• #2 ‘randomization’/exp

• #3 ‘double blind procedure’/exp

• #4 ‘single blind procedure’/exp

• #5 random*:ab,ti

• #6 #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5

• #7 ‘animal’/exp OR ‘animal experiment’/exp #8 ‘human’/exp

• #9 #7 AND #8

• #10 #7 NOT #9

• #11 #6 NOT #10

• #12 ‘clinical trial’/exp

• #13 (clin* NEAR/3 trial*):ab,ti

• #14 ((singl* OR doubl* OR trebl* OR tripl*) NEAR/3 (blind* OR mask*)):ab,ti

• #15 ‘placebo’/exp

• #16 placebo*:ab,ti

• #17 random*:ab,ti

• #18 ‘experimental design’/exp

• #19 ‘crossover procedure’/exp

• #20 ‘control group’/exp

• #21 ‘latin square design’/exp

• #22 #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21

• #23 #22 NOT #10

• #24 #23 NOT #11

• #25 ‘comparative study’/exp

• #26 ‘evaluation’/exp

• #27 ‘prospective study’/exp

• #28 control*:ab,ti OR prospectiv*:ab,ti OR volunteer*:ab,ti

• #29 #25 OR #26 OR #27 OR #28

• #30 #29 NOT #10

• #31 #30 NOT (#11 OR #23)

• #32 #11 OR #24 OR #31

• #33 ‘cataract’/exp

• #34 ‘cataract extraction’/exp

• #35 ‘capsulorhexis’/exp

• #36 ‘phacoemulsification’/exp

• #37 ((extract* or aspirat* or operat* or remov* or surg* or excis* or implant*) NEAR/4 (lens*)):ab,ti

• #38 ((extract* or aspirat* or operat* or remov* or surg* or excis* or implant*) NEAR/4 (cataract*)):ab,ti

• #39 phakectom*:ab,ti OR zonulolys*:ab,ti OR catarectom*:ab,ti

• #40 pha*oemulsif*:ab,ti OR phaco:ab,ti OR phako:ab,ti OR capsular*hexis:ab,ti OR lensectom*:ab,ti

• #41 #33 OR #34 OR #35 OR #36 OR #37 OR #38 OR #39 OR #40

• #42 ‘diagnostic test’/exp

• #43 ‘physical examination’/exp

• #44 ‘anamnesis’/exp

• #45 ‘preoperative period’/exp

• #46 ((preoperat* or “pre operat*” or presurg* or “pre surg*” or medic* or premedic* or routine*) NEAR/4 (test*)):ab,ti

• #47 ((preoperat* or “pre operat*” or presurg* or “pre surg*” or medic* or premedic* or routine*) NEAR/4 (eval*)):ab,ti

• #48 ((preoperat* or “pre operat*” or presurg* or “pre surg*” or medic* or premedic* or routine*) NEAR/4 (assessment*)):ab,ti

• #49 #42 OR #43 OR #44 OR #45 OR #46 OR #47 OR #48

• #50 #41 AND #49

• #51 #32 AND #50

Appendix 4. PubMed search strategy

• #1 ((randomized controlled trial[pt]) OR (controlled clinical trial[pt]) OR (randomised[tiab] OR randomized[tiab]) OR (placebo[tiab]) OR (drug therapy[sh]) OR (randomly[tiab]) OR (trial[tiab]) OR (groups[tiab])) NOT (animals[mh] NOT humans[mh])

• #2 (cataract*[tiab]) NOT Medline[sb]

• #3 (lens*[tiab]) NOT Medline[sb]

• #4 (Phakectom*[tiab] OR Zonulolys*[tiab] OR catarectom*[tiab]) NOT Medline[sb]

• #5 (phaco*[tiab] OR phako*[tiab] OR Capsulorhexis[tiab] OR Capsulorrhexis[tiab] OR lensectom*[tiab]) NOT Medline[sb]

• #6 (#2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5)

• #7 (preoperat*[tiab] OR pre operat*[tiab] OR presurg* OR pre surg*[tiab] OR medica*[tiab] OR premedic*[tiab] OR routine*[tiab]) AND (test[tiab] OR tests[tiab] OR tested[tiab] OR testing[tiab]) NOT Medline[sb]

• #8 ((preoperat*[tiab] OR pre operat*[tiab] OR presurg* OR pre surg*[tiab] OR medica*[tiab] OR premedic*[tiab] OR routine*[tiab]) AND eval*[tiab]) NOT Medline[sb]

• #9 ((preoperat*[tiab] OR pre operat*[tiab] OR presurg* OR pre surg*[tiab] OR medica*[tiab] OR premedic*[tiab] OR routine*[tiab]) AND assessment*) NOT Medline[sb]

• #10 #7 OR #8 OR #9

• #11 #6 AND #10

• #12 #1 AND #11

Appendix 5. LILACS search strategy

((cataract$ OR catarata$ OR lens OR capsulor$ OR phaco OR phacoemulsif$ OR phako OR phakoemulsif$ OR facoemulsif$ OR phakectom$ OR Zonulolys$ OR catarectom$ OR MH:C11.510.245$ OR MH:E04.540.825.249$ OR MH:E04.943.875$) AND (MH:E01.370.395$ OR MH:E01.370.600$ OR MH:E01.370.510$ OR MH:E04.614.937$ OR MH:E02.760.795 OR MH: E04.604.750 OR MH:N02.421.585.795$ OR ((preoperat$ OR “pre operative” OR “pre operation” OR presurg$ OR “pre surgery” OR “pre surgical” OR medical$ OR premedic$ OR routine$) AND (test$ OR eval$ OR assessment$))))

Appendix 6. metaRegister of Controlled Trials search strategy

cataract and preoperative testing

Appendix 7. ClinicalTrials.gov search strategy

(cataract OR phacoemulsification OR capsulorhexis OR phaco OR phako) AND (preoperative OR preoperation OR presurgery OR presurgical OR premedical) AND (testing OR evaluation OR assessment)

Appendix 8. WHO ICTRP search strategy

cataract AND preoperative AND testing OR cataract AND preoperative AND evaluation OR cataract AND preoperative AND assessment OR cataract AND presurgical AND testing OR cataract AND presurgical AND evaluation OR cataract AND presurgical AND assessment