Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population
| Characteristics | Normal BP | Elevated BP/Low-risk Stage 1 Hypertension | High-risk stage I/II Hypertension | Stage II Hypertension with BP >160/100 mmHg | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAC-0 | CAC>0 | CAC-0 | CAC>0 | |||||
| Number | 3,540 | 1,026 | 511 | 550 | 723 | 111 | ||
| Age (Years) | 50 (44–59) | 49 (44, 56) | 59 (51, 68) | 60 (50, 69) | 69 (62, 74) | 68 (59, 76) | <0.001 | |
| Female | 2028 (57.3) | 565 (55.1) | 184 (36.0) | 322 (58.6) | 270 (37.3) | 73 (65.8) | <0.001 | |
| Race | <0.001 | |||||||
| White | 1699 (48.0) | 380 (37.0) | 237 (46.4) | 144 (26.2) | 304 (42.1) | 33 (29.7) | ||
| Black | 996 (28.1) | 443 (43.2) | 150 (29.4) | 237 (43.1) | 211 (29.2) | 48 (43.2) | ||
| Chinese American | 326 (9.2) | 59 (5.8) | 46 (9.0) | 53 (9.6) | 80 (11.1) | 9 (8.1) | ||
| Hispanic | 519 (14.7) | 144 (14.0) | 78 (15.3) | 116 (21.1) | 128 (17.7) | 21 (18.9) | ||
| BMI (Kg/m2) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Normal | 1360 (38.4) | 238 (23.2) | 128 (25.1) | 121 (22.0) | 211 (29.2) | 30 (27.0) | ||
| Overweight | 1329 (37.5) | 392 (38.2) | 216 | 232 (42.3) | 289 (40.0) | 34 (30.6) | ||
| Obese | 848 (24.0) | 395 (38.5) | 167 (32.7) | 194 (35.3) | 222 (30.7) | 47 (42.3) | ||
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 90.5 (82, 100) | 95 (86, 104) | 97 (89, 107) | 97 (88, 106) | 98 (91, 107) | 100 (90, 108) | <0.001 | |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 108 (101, 113) | 126 (122, 131) | 126 (122, 129) | 140 (132, 159) | 141 (134, 150) | 169 (163, 177) | <0.001 | |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 68 (62, 72) | 79 (73, 83) | 76 (70, 81) | 82 (73, 89) | 79 (73, 85) | 77 (71, 102) | <0.001 | |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 189 (168, 213) | 194 (170, 216) | 197 (174, 221) | 198 (177, 223) | 198 (175, 223) | 195 (179, 229) | <0.001 | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 116 (95, 137) | 118 (97, 139) | 120 (99, 144) | 121 (101, 141) | 123 (103, 141) | 122 (104, 139) | 0.002 | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50 (41, 60) | 50 (41, 60) | 47 (39, 59) | 48 (41, 60) | 47 (39, 58) | 52 (43, 62) | <0.001 | |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 136 (3.8) | 15 (1.5) | 32 (6.3) | 53 (9.6) | 117 (16.2) | 20 (18.0) | <0.001 | |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 384 (10.9) | 63 (6.1) | 70 (13.7) | 190 (34.6) | 214 (29.6) | 32 (28.8) | <0.001 | |
| CAC Score | 0 (0, 0.9) | 0 (0, 0) | 49.5 (12, 203) | 0 (0, 0) | 91.1 (24, 320) | 19.4 (0, 173) | <0.001 | |
| Smoking Status | <0.001 | |||||||
| Never | 2,683 (75.8) | 743 (72.4) | 377 (73.8) | 428 (77.8) | 579 (80.1) | 92 (82.9) | ||
| Ex-Smoker | 398 (11.2) | 95 (9.3) | 60 (11.7) | 33 (6.0) | 65 (9.0) | 4 (3.6) | ||
| Current Smoker | 451 (12.7) | 184 (17.9) | 72 (14.1) | 88 (16.0) | 77 (10.7) | 14 (12.6) | ||
| Statin | 232 (6.6) | 44 (4.3) | 59 (11.6) | 42 (7.6) | 97 (13.4) | 9 (8.1) | <0.001 | |
| Study Outcomes | ||||||||
| Primary Outcome | 102 (2.9) | 20 (2.0) | 52 (10.2) | 36 (6.6) | 116 (16.0) | 21 (18.9) | <0.001 | |
| CHD | 72 (2.0) | 7 (0.7) | 35 (6.9) | 15 (2.7) | 74 (10.2) | 11 (9.9) | <0.001 | |
| Heart Failure | 26 (0.7) | 6 (0.6) | 14 (2.74) | 11 (2.0) | 31 (4.3) | 8 (7.2) | <0.001 | |
| Stroke | 18 (0.5) | 8 (0.8) | 9 (1.8) | 14 (2.6) | 29 (4.0) | 9 (8.1) | <0.001 | |
| Cohort | <0.001 | |||||||
| CARDIA | 1,090 (30.8) | 369 (36.0) | 61 (11.9) | 90 (16.4) | 26 (3.6) | 14 (12.6) | ||
| JHS | 244 (6.9) | 112 (10.9) | 55 (10.8) | 66 (12.0) | 57 (7.9) | 11 (9.9) | ||
| MESA | 2,206 (62.3) | 545 (53.1) | 395 (77.3) | 394 (71.6) | 640 (88.5) | 86 (77.5) | ||
Abbreviations: BP: Blood Pressure; BMI: Body mass index; CAC: Coronary Artery Calcium Score; CARDIA: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study; CHD: Coronary Heart Disease; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; HTN: Hypertension; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; JHS: Jackson Heart Study; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; MESA: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.