Table 2. Sample Characteristics.
| Variables (wave) | Whole Sample (N = 5366) | Black (n = 1431) | Whitea (n = 3935) |
|---|---|---|---|
| % or Mean (SD) | % or Mean (SD) | % or Mean (SD) | |
| Target gender (male) | 47.9% | 42.4% | 49.9% |
| Target age (W1) | 16.44 (0.85) | 16.42 (0.84) | 16.44 (0.86) |
| Disadvantage (W1) | 0.87 (1.13) | 1.39 (1.30) | 0.68 (0.99) |
| Family poverty | 15.2% | 28.3% | 10.8% |
| Parental education (< HS) | 17.4% | 21.4% | 16.4% |
| Parental unemployment | 8.8% | 15.2% | 6.4% |
| Single parent status | 29.4% | 51.1% | 21.5% |
| Receipt of public assistance | 7.8% | 15.2% | 5.2% |
| Inadequate income | 16.7% | 26.3% | 13.2% |
| Striving (W1) | 2.05 (1.09) | 2.19 (1.09) | 2.00 (1.09) |
| Educational aspirations | 50.7% | 52.1% | 50.2% |
| School engagement | 57.8% | 66.2% | 54.7% |
| Belief in hard work and optimism | 59.5% | 58.8% | 59.7% |
| Single-minded focus on success | 36.9% | 41.6% | 35.2% |
| Target age (W4) | 29.32 (0.91) | 29.33 (0.90) | 29.31 (0.91) |
| BMI (W4) | 29.07 (7.49) | 30.50 (8.34) | 28.54 (7.08) |
| Diabetes status (W4) | 5.9% | 12.3% | 3.5% |
| College degree (W4) | 34.3% | 29.4% | 36.1% |
| Personal annual income (W4) | 36.64 (48.01) | 31.62 (33.79) | 38.35 (51.86) |
| Depression (W4) | 18.9% | 13.5% | 20.9% |
W1 = Wave 1, age 16; W4 = Wave 4, age 29; HS = high school; BMI = body mass index.
a
White participants indicated that they had no Hispanic heritage.