Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Thorax logoLink to Thorax
. 2001 Feb;56(2):89–108. doi: 10.1136/thorax.56.2.89

Guidelines on the selection of patients with lung cancer for surgery

T British, o Society, W Ireland
PMCID: PMC1745996  PMID: 11209097

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (298.7 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Albertucci M., DeMeester T. R., Rothberg M., Hagen J. A., Santoscoy R., Smyrk T. C. Surgery and the management of peripheral lung tumors adherent to the parietal pleura. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992 Jan;103(1):8–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Antkowiak J. G., Regal A. M., Takita H. Bronchogenic carcinoma in patients under age 40. Ann Thorac Surg. 1989 Mar;47(3):391–393. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(89)90379-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Armstrong P., Vincent J. M. Staging non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Radiol. 1993 Jul;48(1):1–10. doi: 10.1016/s0009-9260(05)80099-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Au J., el-Oakley R., Cameron E. W. Pneumonectomy for bronchogenic carcinoma in the elderly. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1994;8(5):247–250. doi: 10.1016/1010-7940(94)90154-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bashir Y., Graham T. R., Torrance A., Gibson G. J., Corris P. A. Nutritional state of patients with lung cancer undergoing thoracotomy. Thorax. 1990 Mar;45(3):183–186. doi: 10.1136/thx.45.3.183. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bechard D., Wetstein L. Assessment of exercise oxygen consumption as preoperative criterion for lung resection. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987 Oct;44(4):344–349. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)63787-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Belcher J. R. Thirty years of surgery for carcinoma of the bronchus. Thorax. 1983 Jun;38(6):428–432. doi: 10.1136/thx.38.6.428. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bernstein M. L., Despars J. A., Singh N. P., Avalos K., Stansbury D. W., Light R. W. Reanalysis of the 12-minute walk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest. 1994 Jan;105(1):163–167. doi: 10.1378/chest.105.1.163. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bolliger C. T., Solèr M., Stulz P., Grädel E., Müller-Brand J., Elsasser S., Gonon M., Wyser C., Perruchoud A. P. Evaluation of high-risk lung resection candidates: pulmonary haemodynamics versus exercise testing. A series of five patients. Respiration. 1994;61(4):181–186. doi: 10.1159/000196334. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bolliger C. T., Wyser C., Roser H., Solèr M., Perruchoud A. P. Lung scanning and exercise testing for the prediction of postoperative performance in lung resection candidates at increased risk for complications. Chest. 1995 Aug;108(2):341–348. doi: 10.1378/chest.108.2.341. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bolton J. W., Weiman D. S., Haynes J. L., Hornung C. A., Olsen G. N., Almond C. H. Stair climbing as an indicator of pulmonary function. Chest. 1987 Nov;92(5):783–788. doi: 10.1378/chest.92.5.783. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Boushy S. F., Billig D. M., North L. B., Helgason A. H. Clinical course related to preoperative and postoperative pulmonary function in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest. 1971 Apr;59(4):383–391. doi: 10.1378/chest.59.4.383. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Boysen P. G., Block A. J., Olsen G. N., Moulder P. V., Harris J. O., Rawitscher R. E. Prospective evaluation for pneumonectomy using the 99mtechnetium quantitative perfusion lung scan. Chest. 1977 Oct;72(4):422–425. doi: 10.1378/chest.72.4.422. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Boysen P. G., Harris J. O., Block A. J., Olsen G. N. Prospective evaluation for pneumonectomy using perfusion scanning: follow-up beyond one year. Chest. 1981 Aug;80(2):163–166. doi: 10.1378/chest.80.2.163. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Breyer R. H., Zippe C., Pharr W. F., Jensik R. J., Kittle C. F., Faber L. P. Thoracotomy in patients over age seventy years: ten-year experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1981 Feb;81(2):187–193. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Brown J. S., Eraut D., Trask C., Davison A. G. Age and the treatment of lung cancer. Thorax. 1996 Jun;51(6):564–568. doi: 10.1136/thx.51.6.564. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Brunelli A., Fianchini A. Predicted postoperative FEV1 and complications in lung resection candidates. Chest. 1997 Apr;111(4):1145–1146. doi: 10.1378/chest.111.4.1145. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Busch E., Verazin G., Antkowiak J. G., Driscoll D., Takita H. Pulmonary complications in patients undergoing thoracotomy for lung carcinoma. Chest. 1994 Mar;105(3):760–766. doi: 10.1378/chest.105.3.760. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Campeau L. Letter: Grading of angina pectoris. Circulation. 1976 Sep;54(3):522–523. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Coleman F. P. Primary Carcinoma of the Lung, with Invasion of the Ribs: Pneumonectomy and Simultaneous Block Resection of the Chest Wall. Ann Surg. 1947 Aug;126(2):156–168. doi: 10.1097/00000658-194708000-00003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Corris P. A., Ellis D. A., Hawkins T., Gibson G. J. Use of radionuclide scanning in the preoperative estimation of pulmonary function after pneumonectomy. Thorax. 1987 Apr;42(4):285–291. doi: 10.1136/thx.42.4.285. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Dartevelle P. G., Chapelier A. R., Macchiarini P., Lenot B., Cerrina J., Ladurie F. L., Parquin F. J., Lafont D. Anterior transcervical-thoracic approach for radical resection of lung tumors invading the thoracic inlet. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1993 Jun;105(6):1025–1034. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Dartevelle P. G. Herbert Sloan Lecture. Extended operations for the treatment of lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997 Jan;63(1):12–19. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(96)01084-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Dartevelle P. G., Khalife J., Chapelier A., Marzelle J., Navajas M., Levasseur P., Rojas A., Cerrina J. Tracheal sleeve pneumonectomy for bronchogenic carcinoma: report of 55 cases. Ann Thorac Surg. 1988 Jul;46(1):68–72. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)65855-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Dartevelle P., Macchiarini P. Carinal resection for bronchogenic cancer. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996 Oct;8(4):414–425. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. DeMeester T. R., Albertucci M., Dawson P. J., Montner S. M. Management of tumor adherent to the vertebral column. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1989 Mar;97(3):373–378. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Deslauriers J., Mehran R. J., Guimont C., Brisson J. Staging and management of lung cancer: sleeve resection. World J Surg. 1993 Nov-Dec;17(6):712–718. doi: 10.1007/BF01659080. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Eagle K. A., Brundage B. H., Chaitman B. R., Ewy G. A., Fleisher L. A., Hertzer N. R., Leppo J. A., Ryan T., Schlant R. C., Spencer W. H., 3rd Guidelines for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery. Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Committee on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery. Circulation. 1996 Mar 15;93(6):1278–1317. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Eagle K. A., Brundage B. H., Chaitman B. R., Ewy G. A., Fleisher L. A., Hertzer N. R., Leppo J. A., Ryan T., Schlant R. C., Spencer W. H., 3rd Guidelines for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery: an abridged version of the report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Mayo Clin Proc. 1997 Jun;72(6):524–531. doi: 10.4065/72.6.524. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Eagle K. A., Rihal C. S., Mickel M. C., Holmes D. R., Foster E. D., Gersh B. J. Cardiac risk of noncardiac surgery: influence of coronary disease and type of surgery in 3368 operations. CASS Investigators and University of Michigan Heart Care Program. Coronary Artery Surgery Study. Circulation. 1997 Sep 16;96(6):1882–1887. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.96.6.1882. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Earnest F., 4th, Ryu J. H., Miller G. M., Luetmer P. H., Forstrom L. A., Burnett O. L., Rowland C. M., Swensen S. J., Midthun D. E. Suspected non-small cell lung cancer: incidence of occult brain and skeletal metastases and effectiveness of imaging for detection--pilot study. Radiology. 1999 Apr;211(1):137–145. doi: 10.1148/radiology.211.1.r99ap34137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Elliott J. A., Osterlind K., Hirsch F. R., Hansen H. H. Metastatic patterns in small-cell lung cancer: correlation of autopsy findings with clinical parameters in 537 patients. J Clin Oncol. 1987 Feb;5(2):246–254. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1987.5.2.246. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Ellis D. A., Hawkins T., Gibson G. J., Nariman S. Role of lung scanning in assessing the resectability of bronchial carcinoma. Thorax. 1983 Apr;38(4):261–266. doi: 10.1136/thx.38.4.261. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Errett L. E., Wilson J., Chiu R. C., Munro D. D. Wedge resection as an alternative procedure for peripheral bronchogenic carcinoma in poor-risk patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1985 Nov;90(5):656–661. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Evans E. W. Resection for bronchial carcinoma in the elderly. Thorax. 1973 Jan;28(1):86–88. doi: 10.1136/thx.28.1.86. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Feld R., Pater J., Goodwin P. J., Grossman R., Coy P., Murray N. The restaging of responding patients with limited small cell lung cancer. Is it really useful? Chest. 1993 Apr;103(4):1010–1016. doi: 10.1378/chest.103.4.1010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Ferguson M. K., Little L., Rizzo L., Popovich K. J., Glonek G. F., Leff A., Manjoney D., Little A. G. Diffusing capacity predicts morbidity and mortality after pulmonary resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988 Dec;96(6):894–900. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Ferguson M. K., Reeder L. B., Mick R. Optimizing selection of patients for major lung resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995 Feb;109(2):275–283. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70389-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Fountain S. W. Surgery for lung cancer. Thorax. 1998 Jun;53(6):441–441. doi: 10.1136/thx.53.6.441. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Fox W., Scadding J. G. Medical Research Council comparative trial of surgery and radiotherapy for primary treatment of small-celled or oat-celled carcinoma of bronchus. Ten-year follow-up. Lancet. 1973 Jul 14;2(7820):63–65. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(73)93260-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Frist W. H., Mathisen D. J., Hilgenberg A. D., Grillo H. C. Bronchial sleeve resection with and without pulmonary resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1987 Mar;93(3):350–357. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Gebitekin C., Gupta N. K., Martin P. G., Saunders N. R., Walker D. R. Long-term results in the elderly following pulmonary resection for non-small cell lung carcinoma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1993;7(12):653–656. doi: 10.1016/1010-7940(93)90263-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Ginsberg R. J., Hill L. D., Eagan R. T., Thomas P., Mountain C. F., Deslauriers J., Fry W. A., Butz R. O., Goldberg M., Waters P. F. Modern thirty-day operative mortality for surgical resections in lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983 Nov;86(5):654–658. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Ginsberg R. J., Hill L. D., Eagan R. T., Thomas P., Mountain C. F., Deslauriers J., Fry W. A., Butz R. O., Goldberg M., Waters P. F. Modern thirty-day operative mortality for surgical resections in lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983 Nov;86(5):654–658. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Ginsberg R. J., Martini N., Zaman M., Armstrong J. G., Bains M. S., Burt M. E., McCormack P. M., Rusch V. W., Harrison L. B. Influence of surgical resection and brachytherapy in the management of superior sulcus tumor. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994 Jun;57(6):1440–1445. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(94)90098-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Goldstraw P. The practice of cardiothoracic surgeons in the perioperative staging of non-small cell lung cancer. Thorax. 1992 Jan;47(1):1–2. doi: 10.1136/thx.47.1.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Gross T., Roth C., Zwimpfer M., Metzger U. Wie riskant ist die Lungenresektion heute?--Perioperative Morbidität und Letalität der offenen Thoraxchirurgie. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1997 Mar 15;127(11):430–435. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Grunenwald D., Mazel C., Girard P., Berthiot G., Dromer C., Baldeyrou P. Total vertebrectomy for en bloc resection of lung cancer invading the spine. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996 Feb;61(2):723–726. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(95)01099-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Haydock D. A., Hill G. L. Impaired wound healing in surgical patients with varying degrees of malnutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1986 Nov-Dec;10(6):550–554. doi: 10.1177/0148607186010006550. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Heinz-Peer G., Hönigschnabl S., Schneider B., Niederle B., Kaserer K., Lechner G. Characterization of adrenal masses using MR imaging with histopathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999 Jul;173(1):15–22. doi: 10.2214/ajr.173.1.10397092. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Holden D. A., Rice T. W., Stelmach K., Meeker D. P. Exercise testing, 6-min walk, and stair climb in the evaluation of patients at high risk for pulmonary resection. Chest. 1992 Dec;102(6):1774–1779. doi: 10.1378/chest.102.6.1774. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Humphrey E. W., Smart C. R., Winchester D. P., Steele G. D., Jr, Yarbro J. W., Chu K. C., Triolo H. H. National survey of the pattern of care for carcinoma of the lung. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1990 Dec;100(6):837–843. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Ishida T., Yokoyama H., Kaneko S., Sugio K., Sugimachi K. Long-term results of operation for non-small cell lung cancer in the elderly. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990 Dec;50(6):919–922. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(90)91119-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Ishida T., Yokoyama H., Kaneko S., Sugio K., Sugimachi K. Long-term results of operation for non-small cell lung cancer in the elderly. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990 Dec;50(6):919–922. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(90)91119-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Izbicki J. R., Thetter O., Habekost M., Karg O., Passlick B., Kubuschok B., Busch C., Haeussinger K., Knoefel W. T., Pantel K. Radical systematic mediastinal lymphadenectomy in non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Surg. 1994 Feb;81(2):229–235. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800810223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Janssen-Heijnen M. L., Gatta G., Forman D., Capocaccia R., Coebergh J. W. Variation in survival of patients with lung cancer in Europe, 1985-1989. EUROCARE Working Group. Eur J Cancer. 1998 Dec;34(14 Spec No):2191–2196. doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(98)00312-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Jensik R. J., Faber L. P., Kittle C. F. Segmental resection for bronchogenic carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 1979 Nov;28(5):475–483. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)63157-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Kadri M. A., Dussek J. E. Survival and prognosis following resection of primary non small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1991;5(3):132–136. doi: 10.1016/1010-7940(91)90211-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Kearney D. J., Lee T. H., Reilly J. J., DeCamp M. M., Sugarbaker D. J. Assessment of operative risk in patients undergoing lung resection. Importance of predicted pulmonary function. Chest. 1994 Mar;105(3):753–759. doi: 10.1378/chest.105.3.753. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Kearney D. J., Lee T. H., Reilly J. J., DeCamp M. M., Sugarbaker D. J. Assessment of operative risk in patients undergoing lung resection. Importance of predicted pulmonary function. Chest. 1994 Mar;105(3):753–759. doi: 10.1378/chest.105.3.753. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Kelion A. D., Banning A. P. Is simple clinical assessment adequate for cardiac risk stratification before elective non-cardiac surgery? Lancet. 1999 Nov 27;354(9193):1837–1838. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)90333-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Kirsh M. M., Rotman H., Argenta L., Bove E., Cimmino V., Tashian J., Ferguson P., Sloan H. Carcinoma of the lung: results of treatment over ten years. Ann Thorac Surg. 1976 May;21(5):371–377. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)63881-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Kirsh M. M., Rotman H., Bove E., Argenta L., Cimmino V., Tashian J., Ferguson P., Sloan H. Major pulmonary resection for bronchogenic carcinoma in the elderly. Ann Thorac Surg. 1976 Oct;22(4):369–373. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)64969-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Kristersson S., Lindell S. E., Svanberg L. Prediction of pulmonary function loss due to pneumonectomy using 133 Xe-radiospirometry. Chest. 1972 Dec;62(6):694–698. doi: 10.1378/chest.62.6.694. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Lee T. H., Marcantonio E. R., Mangione C. M., Thomas E. J., Polanczyk C. A., Cook E. F., Sugarbaker D. J., Donaldson M. C., Poss R., Ho K. K. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 1999 Sep 7;100(10):1043–1049. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.100.10.1043. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Levison V. What is the best treatment for early operable small cell carcinoma of the bronchus? Thorax. 1980 Oct;35(10):721–724. doi: 10.1136/thx.35.10.721. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Lewis J. W., Jr, Pearlberg J. L., Beute G. H., Alpern M., Kvale P. A., Gross B. H., Magilligan D. J., Jr Can computed tomography of the chest stage lung cancer? Yes and no. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990 Apr;49(4):591–596. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(90)90306-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Lewis R. J., Caccavale R. J., Sisler G. E., Bocage J. P., Mackenzie J. W. One hundred video-assisted thoracic surgical simultaneously stapled lobectomies without rib spreading. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997 May;63(5):1415–1422. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(97)00254-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Lowe V. J., Naunheim K. S. Positron emission tomography in lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998 Jun;65(6):1821–1829. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(98)00106-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Markos J., Mullan B. P., Hillman D. R., Musk A. W., Antico V. F., Lovegrove F. T., Carter M. J., Finucane K. E. Preoperative assessment as a predictor of mortality and morbidity after lung resection. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Apr;139(4):902–910. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/139.4.902. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Massard G., Dabbagh A., Dumont P., Kessler R., Roeslin N., Wihlm J. M., Morand G. Are bilobectomies acceptable procedures? Ann Thorac Surg. 1995 Sep;60(3):640–645. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(95)00470-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Massard G., Dabbagh A., Dumont P., Kessler R., Roeslin N., Wihlm J. M., Morand G. Are bilobectomies acceptable procedures? Ann Thorac Surg. 1995 Sep;60(3):640–645. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(95)00470-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Massard G., Moog R., Wihlm J. M., Kessler R., Dabbagh A., Lesage A., Roeslin N., Morand G. Bronchogenic cancer in the elderly: operative risk and long-term prognosis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996 Feb;44(1):40–45. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1011981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Mathisen D. J., Grillo H. C. Carinal resection for bronchogenic carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991 Jul;102(1):16–23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. McCaughan B. C., Martini N., Bains M. S., McCormack P. M. Chest wall invasion in carcinoma of the lung. Therapeutic and prognostic implications. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1985 Jun;89(6):836–841. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. McLoud T. C., Bourgouin P. M., Greenberg R. W., Kosiuk J. P., Templeton P. A., Shepard J. A., Moore E. H., Wain J. C., Mathisen D. J., Grillo H. C. Bronchogenic carcinoma: analysis of staging in the mediastinum with CT by correlative lymph node mapping and sampling. Radiology. 1992 Feb;182(2):319–323. doi: 10.1148/radiology.182.2.1732943. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. McNeill T. M., Chamberlain J. M. Diagnostic anterior mediastinotomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 1966 Jul;2(4):532–539. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)66614-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Miller J. I., Jr Physiologic evaluation of pulmonary function in the candidate for lung resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1993 Feb;105(2):347–352. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Mitsudomi T., Mizoue T., Yoshimatsu T., Oyama T., Nakanishi R., Okabayashi K., Osaki T., Kume T., Yasumoto K., Sugimachi K. Postoperative complications after pneumonectomy for treatment of lung cancer: multivariate analysis. J Surg Oncol. 1996 Mar;61(3):218–222. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9098(199603)61:3<218::AID-JSO11>3.0.CO;2-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Morgan A. D. Simple exercise testing. Respir Med. 1989 Sep;83(5):383–387. doi: 10.1016/s0954-6111(89)80069-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Morice R. C., Peters E. J., Ryan M. B., Putnam J. B., Ali M. K., Roth J. A. Exercise testing in the evaluation of patients at high risk for complications from lung resection. Chest. 1992 Feb;101(2):356–361. doi: 10.1378/chest.101.2.356. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Mountain C. F., Dresler C. M. Regional lymph node classification for lung cancer staging. Chest. 1997 Jun;111(6):1718–1723. doi: 10.1378/chest.111.6.1718. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Mountain C. F., Dresler C. M. Regional lymph node classification for lung cancer staging. Chest. 1997 Jun;111(6):1718–1723. doi: 10.1378/chest.111.6.1718. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Mountain C. F. Revisions in the International System for Staging Lung Cancer. Chest. 1997 Jun;111(6):1710–1717. doi: 10.1378/chest.111.6.1710. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Nagasaki F., Flehinger B. J., Martini N. Complications of surgery in the treatment of carcinoma of the lung. Chest. 1982 Jul;82(1):25–29. doi: 10.1378/chest.82.1.25. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Nakahara K., Monden Y., Ohno K., Miyoshi S., Maeda H., Kawashima Y. 1985: A method for predicting postoperative lung function and its relation to postoperative complications in patients with lung cancer. 1992 update. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992 Nov;54(5):1016–1017. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(92)90680-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Naunheim K. S., Kesler K. A., D'Orazio S. A., Fiore A. C., Judd D. R. Lung cancer surgery in the octogenarian. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1994;8(9):453–456. doi: 10.1016/1010-7940(94)90013-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Ninan M., Sommers K. E., Landreneau R. J., Weyant R. J., Tobias J., Luketich J. D., Ferson P. F., Keenan R. J. Standardized exercise oximetry predicts postpneumonectomy outcome. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997 Aug;64(2):328–333. doi: 10.1016/S0003-4975(97)00474-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Nohl-Oser H. C. The long-term survival of patients with lung cancer treated surgically after selection by mediastinoscopy. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1980 Jun;28(3):158–161. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1022069. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Olsen G. N., Block A. J., Swenson E. W., Castle J. R., Wynne J. W. Pulmonary function evaluation of the lung resection candidate: a prospective study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1975 Apr;111(4):379–387. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1975.111.4.379. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Olsen G. N., Bolton J. W., Weiman D. S., Hornung C. A. Stair climbing as an exercise test to predict the postoperative complications of lung resection. Two years' experience. Chest. 1991 Mar;99(3):587–590. doi: 10.1378/chest.99.3.587. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Pagni S., Federico J. A., Ponn R. B. Pulmonary resection for lung cancer in octogenarians. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997 Mar;63(3):785–789. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(96)01150-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Pagni S., Federico J. A., Ponn R. B. Pulmonary resection for lung cancer in octogenarians. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997 Mar;63(3):785–789. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(96)01150-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Pairolero P. C., Trastek V. F., Payne W. S. Treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma with chest wall invasion. Surg Clin North Am. 1987 Oct;67(5):959–964. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6109(16)44334-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Pate P., Tenholder M. F., Griffin J. P., Eastridge C. E., Weiman D. S. Preoperative assessment of the high-risk patient for lung resection. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996 May;61(5):1494–1500. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(96)00087-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Patterson G. A., Ilves R., Ginsberg R. J., Cooper J. D., Todd T. R., Pearson F. G. The value of adjuvant radiotherapy in pulmonary and chest wall resection for bronchogenic carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 1982 Dec;34(6):692–697. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)60911-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Patterson G. A., Piazza D., Pearson F. G., Todd T. R., Ginsberg R. J., Goldberg M., Waters P., Jones D., Ilves R., Cooper J. D. Significance of metastatic disease in subaortic lymph nodes. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987 Feb;43(2):155–159. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)60386-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Paulson D. L. Carcinoma in the superior pulmonary sulcus. Ann Thorac Surg. 1979 Jul;28(1):3–4. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)63381-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Paulson D. L. Carcinomas in the superior pulmonary sulcus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1975 Dec;70(6):1095–1104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Paulson D. L., Reisch J. S. Long-term survival after resection for bronchogenic carcinoma. Ann Surg. 1976 Sep;184(3):324–332. doi: 10.1097/00000658-197609000-00010. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Paulson D. L. The importance of defining location and staging of superior pulmonary sulcus tumors. Ann Thorac Surg. 1973 May;15(5):549–551. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)65344-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Pearson F. G., DeLarue N. C., Ilves R., Todd T. R., Cooper J. D. Significance of positive superior mediastinal nodes identified at mediastinoscopy in patients with resectable cancer of the lung. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1982 Jan;83(1):1–11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Pearson F. G., DeLarue N. C., Ilves R., Todd T. R., Cooper J. D. Significance of positive superior mediastinal nodes identified at mediastinoscopy in patients with resectable cancer of the lung. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1982 Jan;83(1):1–11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Piehler J. M., Pairolero P. C., Weiland L. H., Offord K. P., Payne W. S., Bernatz P. E. Bronchogenic carcinoma with chest wall invasion: factors affecting survival following en bloc resection. Ann Thorac Surg. 1982 Dec;34(6):684–691. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)60909-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Pierce R. J., Copland J. M., Sharpe K., Barter C. E. Preoperative risk evaluation for lung cancer resection: predicted postoperative product as a predictor of surgical mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Oct;150(4):947–955. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.150.4.7921468. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Pierce R. J., Copland J. M., Sharpe K., Barter C. E. Preoperative risk evaluation for lung cancer resection: predicted postoperative product as a predictor of surgical mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Oct;150(4):947–955. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.150.4.7921468. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Pitz C. C., Brutel de la Rivière A., Elbers H. R., Westermann C. J., van den Bosch J. M. Results of resection of T3 non-small cell lung cancer invading the mediastinum or main bronchus. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996 Oct;62(4):1016–1020. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(96)00601-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Putnam J. B., Jr, Lammermeier D. E., Colon R., McMurtrey M. J., Ali M. K., Roth J. A. Predicted pulmonary function and survival after pneumonectomy for primary lung carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990 Jun;49(6):909–915. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(90)90864-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Rao V., Todd T. R., Kuus A., Buth K. J., Pearson F. G. Exercise oximetry versus spirometry in the assessment of risk prior to lung resection. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995 Sep;60(3):603–609. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(95)00481-Y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Ratto G. B., Piacenza G., Frola C., Musante F., Serrano I., Giua R., Salio M., Jacovoni P., Rovida S. Chest wall involvement by lung cancer: computed tomographic detection and results of operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991 Feb;51(2):182–188. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(91)90778-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Rea F., Loy M., Bortolotti L., Feltracco P., Fiore D., Sartori F. Morbidity, mortality, and survival after bronchoplastic procedures for lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1997 Feb;11(2):201–205. doi: 10.1016/s1010-7940(96)01023-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Rendina E. A., Venuta F., De Giacomo T., Flaishman I., Fazi P., Ricci C. Safety and efficacy of bronchovascular reconstruction after induction chemotherapy for lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997 Nov;114(5):830–837. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5223(97)70088-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Richter Larsen K., Svendsen U. G., Milman N., Brenøe J., Petersen B. N. Exercise testing in the preoperative evaluation of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Eur Respir J. 1997 Jul;10(7):1559–1565. doi: 10.1183/09031936.97.10071559. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Riquet M., Manac'h D., Le Pimpec-Barthes F., Debrosse D., Dujon A., Saab M., Debesse B. Operation for lung cancer in the elderly: what about octogenarians? Ann Thorac Surg. 1994 Sep;58(3):916–916. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(94)90803-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Rosell R., Gómez-Codina J., Camps C., Maestre J., Padille J., Cantó A., Mate J. L., Li S., Roig J., Olazábal A. A randomized trial comparing preoperative chemotherapy plus surgery with surgery alone in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 1994 Jan 20;330(3):153–158. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199401203300301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Roth J. A., Fossella F., Komaki R., Ryan M. B., Putnam J. B., Jr, Lee J. S., Dhingra H., De Caro L., Chasen M., McGavran M. A randomized trial comparing perioperative chemotherapy and surgery with surgery alone in resectable stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994 May 4;86(9):673–680. doi: 10.1093/jnci/86.9.673. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Roviaro G. C., Varoli F., Rebuffat C., Scalambra S. M., Vergani C., Sibilla E., Palmarini L., Pezzuoli G. Tracheal sleeve pneumonectomy for bronchogenic carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994 Jan;107(1):13–18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Roviaro G. C., Varoli F., Rebuffat C., Sonnino D., Vergani C., Maciocco M., Pastori S. Videothoracoscopic operative staging for lung cancer. Int Surg. 1996 Jul-Sep;81(3):252–254. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Roxburgh J. C., Thompson J., Goldstraw P. Hospital mortality and long-term survival after pulmonary resection in the elderly. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991 May;51(5):800–803. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(91)90130-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Seltzer M. H., Bastidas J. A., Cooper D. M., Engler P., Slocum B., Fletcher H. S. Instant nutritional assessment. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1979 May-Jun;3(3):157–159. doi: 10.1177/014860717900300309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Shaw R. R., Paulson D. L., Kee J. L. Treatment of Superior Sulcus Tumor by Irradiation Followed by Resection. Ann Surg. 1961 Jul;154(1):29–40. doi: 10.1097/00000658-196107000-00003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Shepherd F. A., Ginsberg R. J., Evans W. K., Feld R., Cooper J. D., Ilves R., Todd T. R., Pearson F. G., Waters P. F., Baker M. A. Reduction in local recurrence and improved survival in surgically treated patients with small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983 Oct;86(4):498–506. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Shepherd F. A., Ginsberg R. J., Feld R., Evans W. K., Johansen E. Surgical treatment for limited small-cell lung cancer. The University of Toronto Lung Oncology Group experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991 Mar;101(3):385–393. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Shepherd F. A., Ginsberg R. J., Patterson G. A., Evans W. K., Feld R. A prospective study of adjuvant surgical resection after chemotherapy for limited small cell lung cancer. A University of Toronto Lung Oncology Group study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1989 Feb;97(2):177–186. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Shepherd F. A., Ginsberg R., Patterson G. A., Feld R., Goss P. E., Pearson F. G., Todd T. J., Winton T., Rubinger M., Johansen E. Is there ever a role for salvage operations in limited small-cell lung cancer? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991 Feb;101(2):196–200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Sherman S., Guidot C. E. The feasibility of thoracotomy for lung cancer in the elderly. JAMA. 1987 Aug 21;258(7):927–930. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Shields T. W., Higgins G. A., Jr, Matthews M. J., Keehn R. J. Surgical resection in the management of small cell carcinoma of the lung. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1982 Oct;84(4):481–488. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Shirakusa T., Tsutsui M., Iriki N., Matsuba K., Saito T., Minoda S., Iwasaki T., Hirota N., Kuono J. Results of resection for bronchogenic carcinoma in patients over the age of 80. Thorax. 1989 Mar;44(3):189–191. doi: 10.1136/thx.44.3.189. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Shore D. F., Paneth M. Survival after resection of small cell carcinoma of the bronchus. Thorax. 1980 Nov;35(11):819–822. doi: 10.1136/thx.35.11.819. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Silvestri G. A., Littenberg B., Colice G. L. The clinical evaluation for detecting metastatic lung cancer. A meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Jul;152(1):225–230. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.152.1.7599828. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Singh S. J., Morgan M. D., Hardman A. E., Rowe C., Bardsley P. A. Comparison of oxygen uptake during a conventional treadmill test and the shuttle walking test in chronic airflow limitation. Eur Respir J. 1994 Nov;7(11):2016–2020. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Singh S. J., Morgan M. D., Scott S., Walters D., Hardman A. E. Development of a shuttle walking test of disability in patients with chronic airways obstruction. Thorax. 1992 Dec;47(12):1019–1024. doi: 10.1136/thx.47.12.1019. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Smith T. P., Kinasewitz G. T., Tucker W. Y., Spillers W. P., George R. B. Exercise capacity as a predictor of post-thoracotomy morbidity. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 May;129(5):730–734. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.129.5.730. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Stahel R. A. Diagnosis, staging, and prognostic factors of small cell lung cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 1991 Apr;3(2):306–311. doi: 10.1097/00001622-199104000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Swinburn C. R., Wakefield J. M., Jones P. W. Performance, ventilation, and oxygen consumption in three different types of exercise test in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Thorax. 1985 Aug;40(8):581–586. doi: 10.1136/thx.40.8.581. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Takizawa T., Terashima M., Koike T., Akamatsu H., Kurita Y., Yokoyama A. Mediastinal lymph node metastasis in patients with clinical stage I peripheral non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997 Feb;113(2):248–252. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5223(97)70320-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Tanita T., Tabata T., Shibuya J., Noda M., Hoshikawa Y., Ueda S., Hasumi T., Sakuma T., Ashino Y., Ono S. [Surgical treatment of lung cancer over 80 years of age: investigation from post operative complications]. Kyobu Geka. 1995 May;48(5):354–359. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Taube K., Konietzko N. Prediction of postoperative cardiopulmonary function in patients undergoing pneumonectomy. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1980 Oct;28(5):348–351. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1022106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Temeck B. K., Schafer P. W., Saini N. Wedge resection for bronchogenic carcinoma in high-risk patients. South Med J. 1992 Nov;85(11):1081–1083. doi: 10.1097/00007611-199211000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Thomas J. S., Lamb D., Ashcroft T., Corrin B., Edwards C. W., Gibbs A. R., Kenyon W. E., Stephens R. J., Whimster W. F. How reliable is the diagnosis of lung cancer using small biopsy specimens? Report of a UKCCCR Lung Cancer Working Party. Thorax. 1993 Nov;48(11):1135–1139. doi: 10.1136/thx.48.11.1135. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Todd T. R., Weisbrod G., Tao L. C., Sanders D. E., Delarue N. C., Chamberlain D. W., Ilves R., Pearson F. G., Cass W., Cooper J. D. Aspiration needle biopsy of thoracic lesions. Ann Thorac Surg. 1981 Aug;32(2):154–161. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)61023-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Trastek V. F., Pairolero P. C., Piehler J. M., Weiland L. H., O'Brien P. C., Payne W. S., Bernatz P. E. En bloc (non-chest wall) resection for bronchogenic carcinoma with parietal fixation. Factors affecting survival. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1984 Mar;87(3):352–358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Van Schil P. E., Brutel de la Rivière A., Knaepen P. J., van Swieten H. A., Defauw J. J., van den Bosch J. M. TNM staging and long-term follow-up after sleeve resection for bronchogenic tumors. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991 Nov;52(5):1096–1101. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(91)91287-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Vogt-Moykopf I., Fritz T., Meyer G., Bülzerbruck H., Daskos G. Bronchoplastic and angioplastic operation in bronchial carcinoma: long-term results of a retrospective analysis from 1973 to 1983. Int Surg. 1986 Oct-Dec;71(4):211–220. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Walker W. S. Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy: the Edinburgh experience. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998 Oct;10(4):291–299. doi: 10.1016/s1043-0679(98)70030-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Walsh G. L., Morice R. C., Putnam J. B., Jr, Nesbitt J. C., McMurtrey M. J., Ryan M. B., Reising J. M., Willis K. M., Morton J. D., Roth J. A. Resection of lung cancer is justified in high-risk patients selected by exercise oxygen consumption. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994 Sep;58(3):704–711. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(94)90731-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Warren W. H., Faber L. P. Segmentectomy versus lobectomy in patients with stage I pulmonary carcinoma. Five-year survival and patterns of intrathoracic recurrence. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994 Apr;107(4):1087–1094. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Warren W. H., Gould V. E., Faber L. P., Kittle C. F., Memoli V. A. Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the bronchopulmonary tract. A classification of the spectrum of carcinoid to small cell carcinoma and intervening variants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1985 Jun;89(6):819–825. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Webb W. R., Gatsonis C., Zerhouni E. A., Heelan R. T., Glazer G. M., Francis I. R., McNeil B. J. CT and MR imaging in staging non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma: report of the Radiologic Diagnostic Oncology Group. Radiology. 1991 Mar;178(3):705–713. doi: 10.1148/radiology.178.3.1847239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Webb W. R., Gatsonis C., Zerhouni E. A., Heelan R. T., Glazer G. M., Francis I. R., McNeil B. J. CT and MR imaging in staging non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma: report of the Radiologic Diagnostic Oncology Group. Radiology. 1991 Mar;178(3):705–713. doi: 10.1148/radiology.178.3.1847239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Weissberg D., Straehley C. J., Scully N. M., Margulies D. R. Less than lobar resections for bronchogenic carcinoma. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1993;27(3-4):121–126. doi: 10.3109/14017439309099098. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Wernly J. A., DeMeester T. R., Kirchner P. T., Myerowitz P. D., Oxford D. E., Golomb H. M. Clinical value of quantitative ventilation-perfusion lung scans in the surgical management of bronchogenic carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1980 Oct;80(4):535–543. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Wilkins E. W., Jr, Scannell J. G., Craver J. G. Four decades of experience with resections for bronchogenic carcinoma at the Massachusetts General Hospital. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1978 Sep;76(3):364–368. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Wong D. H. Perioperative stroke. Part I: General surgery, carotid artery disease, and carotid endarterectomy. Can J Anaesth. 1991 Apr;38(3):347–373. doi: 10.1007/BF03007628. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Yellin A., Hill L. R., Lieberman Y. Pulmonary resections in patients over 70 years of age. Isr J Med Sci. 1985 Oct;21(10):833–840. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Zeiher B. G., Gross T. J., Kern J. A., Lanza L. A., Peterson M. W. Predicting postoperative pulmonary function in patients undergoing lung resection. Chest. 1995 Jul;108(1):68–72. doi: 10.1378/chest.108.1.68. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Thorax are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES