Endoscopic retrieval of a duodenal perforating teaspoon

Abstract

Foreign objects ingestion occur commonly in pediatric patients. The majority of ingested foreign bodies pass spontaneously the gastrointestinal tract and surgery is rarely required for extraction. Endoscopic removal of foreign bodies larger than 10 cm has not yet been described. We present the case of a 16 years old bulimic girl that swallowed a 12 cm long teaspoon in order to provoke vomiting. The teaspoon perforated the duodenum. However, it was removed during gastroscopy and the site of perforation was closed endoscopically. This particular case shows the importance of endoscopy for retrieval of large foreign bodies, and the possibility to endoscopically close a perforated duodenal wall.

INTRODUCTION

Foreign objects ingestion occur commonly in pediatric patients, psychiatric patients, and those suffering from bulimia or anorexia. Mostly 90% of the foreign bodies pass spontaneously the gastrointestinal tract, 10%-20% require endoscopic removal, and less than 1% require surgery[1].

Ingestion of long, sharp and rigid foreign bodies is associated with an increased risk of impaction, perforation and bleeding. Foreign bodies may also impact or perforate the bowel wall. Symptoms are variable and mostly related to the site of impaction or perforation of the bowel wall. Foreign bodies can also be found incidentally on X-rays done for other reasons.

Anatomical sites where foreign bodies impact most commonly are pylorus, duodenal C-loop and ileo-cecal valve. Foreign bodies longer than 10 cm mostly impact in the duodenal C-loop because this part is fixed in the retroperitoneum[2]. Endoscopic removal of these objects should be attempted in a way to avoid perforation and if this fails, surgery should be considered.

CASE REPORT

A 16-year-old bulimic girl swallowed a teaspoon in a way to induce vomiting. She informed the parents only 24 h later, when she had abdominal pain. On plain abdominal X-ray the teaspoon was in the right upper abdominal quadrant without evidence of intra-abdominal air (Figure 1A). On urgent upper endoscopy, there was a large amount of food in the stomach and in the duodenal bulb despite prolonged fasting. The tip of the teaspoon handle was found impacted into the duodenal mucosa at the level of the superior duodenal genu with suspected duodenal perforation (Figure 1B). With delicate maneuvers using a rat-tooth forceps the impacted teaspoon handle was removed from the duodenal wall, brought into the stomach and then extracted. The spoon was 12 cm long, 2 cm large at the cup and 0.5 cm at the handle, which was sharp (Figure 1C). Control endoscopy was performed immediately after extraction of the teaspoon, and this confirmed perforation of the duodenal wall. The mucosal flaps on the site of perforation were closed by placing 5 clips (EZ clips long, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan), and by injection of 3 mL of fibrin glue (Beriplast, Nycomed, Germany) over the clips in a way to consolidate the closure. Air injection during endoscopy induced the onset of subcutaneous emphysema, which was diagnosed on palpation. On urgent computed tomography (CT) scan there was diffuse bilateral retro-pneumoperitoneum extending to the right inguinal region, with a small amount of fluid into the retro-duodenal region near the right kidney (Figure 1D).

Figure 1.

Endoscopic retrieval of a duodenal perforating teaspoon. A: Plain abdominal X-ray showing the teaspoon in the right upper abdominal quadrant. Note the absence of free intra-abdominal air; B: The tip of the teaspoon handle impacted into the duodenal mucosa at the level of the superior duodenal genu; C: The spoon after extraction: 12 cm long, 2 cm large at the cup and 0.5 cm at the handle; D: Urgent computed tomography scan showing diffuse bilateral retro-pneumoperitoneum extending to the right inguinal region, with a small amount of fluid into the retro-duodenal region near the right kidney.

White blood cells count was 12.240 (normal value 4.100-9.800), without fever. On physical examination there was abdominal tenderness without signs of peritonitis. The patient started iv therapy with broad spectrum antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors. Clinical course was uneventful during the following days, and white blood cells count normalized without occurrence of fever. Four days later upper gastrointestinal enema with water soluble contrast confirmed the absence of leaks at the site of perforation. On control CT scan after 7 d diffuse retro-peritoneum was still present without evidence of fluid collections and upper endoscopy confirmed complete closure of the perforation. One week later the patient started oral nutrition and was discharged in good clinical conditions.

DISCUSSION

Swallowing of large objects (> 10 cm) may occur, but these usually do not pass spontaneously through the gastrointestinal tract, and often require urgent surgery due to perforation[2]. In the setting of intentional foreign body ingestion, the rate of endoscopic intervention may be much higher (63%-76%) and the need for surgical intervention ranges from 12% to 16%[3,4]. This however depends on the size of the foreign body (usually < 10 cm). Mortality rate in these patients is extremely low[5]. The technique of fibrin glue injection has already been described[6]. Our patient developed diffuse subcutaneous emphysema during endoscopy. The use of carbon dioxide instead of air should be preferred in these circumstances because of much more rapid reabsorption. Timing of endoscopy in these patients is very important, in order to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination in case of perforation[5].

This particular case shows the importance of endoscopy for retrieval of large foreign bodies, and the possibility to endoscopically close a perforated duodenal wall. The endoscopic approach was essential in this case and avoided surgery to this young patient.