Abstract
Background
The diagnostic and prognostic significance of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate associated antigen 19–9 (CA19–9), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and cancer antigen 125 (CA125) in early gastric cancer have not been investigated yet. Thus, the present study aimed to explore the diagnostic and prognostic significance of the four tumor markers for early gastric cancer.
Methods
From September 2008 to March 2015, 587 early gastric cancer patients were given radical gastrectomy in our center. The clinicopathological characteristics were recorded. The association between levels of CEA and CA19–9 and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients were analyzed.
Results
There were 444 men (75.6%) and 143 women (24.4%). The median age was 57 years (ranged 21–85). The 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival rate was 99.1%, 96.8% and 93.1%, respectively. The positive rate of CEA, CA19–9, AFP and CA125 was 4.3%, 4.8%, 1.5% and 1.9%, respectively. The positive rate of all markers combined was 10.4%. The associations between the clinicopathological features and levels of CEA and CA19–9 were analyzed. No significant association was found between CEA level and clinicopathological features. However, elevated CA19–9 level was correlated with female gender and presence of lymph node metastasis. Age > 60 years old, presence of lymph node metastasis and elevation of CEA level were independent risk factors for poor prognosis of early gastric cancer.
Conclusions
The positive rates of CEA, CA19–9, APF and CA125 were relatively low for early gastric cancer. Elevation of CA19–9 level was associated with female gender and presence of lymph node metastasis. Elevation of CEA level was an independent risk factor for the poor prognosis of early gastric cancer.
Keywords: Early gastric cancer, Diagnosis, Prognosis, Tumor marker
Background
Gastric cancer is the fourth commonest malignancy and the second leading cause of tumor related death all over the world [1]. Early gastric cancer is a lesion only invading mucosa or submucosa, with or without lymph node metastasis (LNM) [2]. Early diagnosis of gastric cancer is critical for optimal treatment. The ratio of early gastric cancer at diagnosis is increasing with advanced techniques and screening programs [3]. As detection of serum tumor markers are more convenient than other approaches, they are widely applied in early diagnosis of gastric cancer [4]. Unfortunately, the optimal serum biomarker for the detection of early gastric cancer is still under investigation [5].
The prognosis of early gastric cancer is favorable after radical gastrectomy, with a 5-year overall survival rate exceed 97% [6]. A variety of factors have been recognized as prognostic factors for early gastric cancer, including tumor size, differentiation status, tumor depth, LNM and vessel involvement [7]. In addition, tumor markers including CEA [8], CA19–9 [9], and AFP [10] were demonstrated to be prognostic factors for gastric cancer. However, prognostic significance of these markers for early gastric cancer have not been investigated yet.
Given this situation, the present study aims to explore the diagnostic and prognostic significance of CEA, CA19–9, AFP and CA125 for early gastric cancer.
Methods
This study was carried out in the Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical University. From September 2008 to March 2015, 587 early gastric cancer patients with radical gastrectomy were enrolled in our present study. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xijing Hospital, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients before surgery.
All patients were treated with proximal, distal or total D2 gastrectomy. The procedure was based on the Japanese Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines [11]. Tumor depth and LNM were defined by pathologists in the department of pathology according to the TNM classification.
Preoperative data including gender, age, tumor location, serum CEA, CA19–9, AFP and CA125 levels were recorded. Tumor size, differentiation status, tumor depth and LNM were collected based on pathology reports. Patients were followed up till November 2016 every 3 months.
The tumor markers were detected within 7 days before surgery. The cut off value of CEA, CA19–9, AFP and CA125 levels were 5 ng/ml, 27 U/ml, 8.1 ng/ml, 35 U/ml. The positive rates of tumor markers were defined as number of cases with elevated markers divided by total number of cases. The positive rates of combined markers were defined as number of cases with elevation in any of the markers divided by total number of cases.
Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Discrete variables were analyzed by Fisher’s exact test or Chi-square test. Significant prognostic factors for early gastric cancer patients identified by univariate analysis were further assessed with multivariate analysis using the Cox’s proportional hazards regression model. Survival curves for overall survival were obtained using the Kaplan-Meier method. The P value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
The features of the entire cohort were summarized in Table 1. There were 444 men (75.6%) and 143 women (24.4%). The median age was 57 years (21–85 years). The median follow up time was 39 months (5–75 months). The total number of death during follow up was 25. The 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival rate was 99.1%, 96.8% and 93.1%, respectively (Fig. 1).
Table 1.
Clinicopathological characteristics of early gastric cancer patients
| Characteristics | No. of patients | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Male | 444 | 75.6 |
| Female | 143 | 24.4 |
| Age | ||
| ≤ 60 | 368 | 62.7 |
| > 60 | 219 | 37.3 |
| Tumor location | ||
| Upper third | 102 | 17.4 |
| Middle third | 100 | 17.0 |
| Lower third | 385 | 65.6 |
| Tumor size (cm) | ||
| ≤ 2 | 365 | 62.2 |
| > 2 | 222 | 37.8 |
| Pathological type | ||
| Well differentiated | 186 | 31.7 |
| Moderately differentiated | 163 | 27.8 |
| Poorly differentiated | 220 | 37.5 |
| Signet ring cell or Mucinous | 18 | 3.0 |
| Tumor depth | ||
| T1a | 255 | 43.4 |
| T1b | 332 | 56.6 |
| Lymph node metastasis | ||
| N0 | 495 | 84.3 |
| N1 | 55 | 9.4 |
| N2 | 29 | 4.9 |
| N3 | 8 | 1.4 |
Fig. 1.
Overall survival of early gastric cancer patients
The positive rates of the four markers were summarized in Table 2. The positive rate of CEA, CA19–9, AFP and CA125 level were 4.3%, 4.8%, 1.5% and 1.9%, respectively. The highest positive rate was 8.2% for combination of two markers (CA19–9 and CEA), 9.4% for combination of three markers (CA19–9, CEA and AFP or CA19–9, CEA and CA125), and 10.4% for combination of all four markers.
Table 2.
Positive rates of single and combined tumor markers in early gastric cancer patients
| Tumor marker | CA19–9 | AFP | CA125 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CEA | 25(4.3%) | 48(8.2%) | 31(5.3%) | 35(6.0%) |
| CA19–9 | 28(4.8%) | 37(6.3%) | 33(5.6%) | |
| AFP | 9(1.5%) | 20(3.4%) | ||
| CA125 | 11(1.9%) | |||
| CEA + CA19–9 | 55(9.4%) | 55(9.4%) | ||
| CEA + AFP | 41(7.0%) | |||
| CA19–9 + AFP | 44(7.5%) | |||
| CEA + CA19–9 + AFP | 61(10.4%) |
Considering the extremely low positive rates of AFP and CA125, we only analyzed the correlation between level of CEA and CA19–9 and clinicopathological features. No association was found between CEA level and clinicopathological features (Table 3). However, elevation of CA19–9 level was correlated with female gender and presence of LNM (Table 4).
Table 3.
Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics between two groups stratified by CEA level
| Characteristics | CEA(−) | CEA(+) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Male | 422 | 22 | 0.161 |
| Female | 140 | 3 | |
| Age | |||
| ≤ 60 | 351 | 17 | 0.675 |
| > 60 | 211 | 8 | |
| Tumor location | |||
| Upper third | 99 | 3 | 0.744 |
| Middle third | 95 | 5 | |
| Lower third | 368 | 17 | |
| Tumor size (cm) | |||
| ≤ 2 | 346 | 19 | 0.205 |
| > 2 | 216 | 6 | |
| Pathological type | |||
| Well differentiated | 180 | 6 | 0.537 |
| Moderately differentiated | 153 | 10 | |
| Poorly differentiated | 212 | 8 | |
| Signet ring cell or Mucinous | 17 | 1 | |
| Tumor depth | |||
| T1a | 245 | 9 | 0.539 |
| T1b | 317 | 16 | |
| Lymph node metastasis | |||
| N0 | 474 | 21 | 0.698 |
| N1 | 53 | 2 | |
| N2 | 28 | 1 | |
| N3 | 7 | 1 | |
Table 4.
Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics between two groups stratified by CA 19–9 level
| Characteristics | CA19–9(−) | CA19–9(+) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Male | 428 | 16 | 0.025 |
| Female | 131 | 12 | |
| Age | |||
| ≤ 60 | 351 | 17 | 0.843 |
| > 60 | 208 | 11 | |
| Tumor location | |||
| Upper third | 95 | 7 | 0.543 |
| Middle third | 96 | 4 | |
| Lower third | 368 | 17 | |
| Tumor size (cm) | |||
| ≤ 2 | 345 | 20 | 0.327 |
| > 2 | 214 | 8 | |
| Pathological type | |||
| Well differentiated | 178 | 8 | 0.936 |
| Moderately differentiated | 156 | 7 | |
| Poorly differentiated | 208 | 12 | |
| Signet ring cell or Mucinous | 17 | 1 | |
| Tumor depth | |||
| T1a | 243 | 12 | 1.000 |
| T1b | 316 | 16 | |
| Lymph node metastasis | |||
| N0 | 475 | 20 | 0.020 |
| N1 | 52 | 3 | |
| N2 | 26 | 3 | |
| N3 | 6 | 2 | |
Prognostic factors for early gastric cancer patients were analyzed using univariate analysis (Table 5). The results showed that age, LNM and CEA level were prognostic factors for early gastric cancer. The variables used for adjustment in the multivariate analyses were age, LNM and CEA level. The results showed that age, LNM and CEA level were independent prognostic factors according to multivariate analysis (Table 6). The overall survival of early gastric cancer patients according to the levels of CEA and CA19–9 were shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
Table 5.
Univariate analysis of prognostic factors for early gastric cancer
| Prognostic factors | β | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.105 | 1.110(0.443–2.783) | 0.824 |
| Age | 1.195 | 3.304(1.425–7.661) | 0.005 |
| Tumor location | −0.283 | 0.754(0.478–1.189) | 0.224 |
| Tumor size | −0.687 | 0.503(0.201–1.260) | 0.142 |
| Pathological type | −0.388 | 0.679(0.431–1.067) | 0.093 |
| Tumor depth | 0.736 | 2.088(0.831–5.241) | 0.117 |
| Lymph node metastasis | 0.577 | 1.781(1.124–2.821) | 0.014 |
| CEA | 1.404 | 4.070(1.208–13.713) | 0.024 |
| CA19–9 | 0.576 | 1.779(0.419–7.546) | 0.435 |
| AFP | −3.019 | 0.049(0.000–590,647.114) | 0.717 |
| CA125 | 0.740 | 2.095(0.283–15.490) | 0.469 |
Table 6.
Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for early gastric cancer
| Prognostic factors | β | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 1.379 | 3.971(1.671–9.435) | 0.002 |
| Lymph node metastasis | 0.682 | 1.978(1.248–3.136) | 0.004 |
| CEA | 1.284 | 3.611(1.065–12.245) | 0.039 |
Fig. 2.
Overall survival of early gastric cancer patients stratified by CEA level
Fig. 3.
Overall survival of early gastric cancer patients stratified by CA19–9 level
Discussion
Serum tumor markers are widely applied in the diagnosis, treatment effect assessment and disease monitoring [12]. Up to date, a series of studies have explored the diagnostic and prognostic value of various serum tumor markers for gastric cancer [5]. However, no study has explored the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum tumor markers for early gastric cancer. Our present study found that the positive rates of serum CEA, CA19–9, APF and CA125 were relatively low for early gastric cancer. Elevation of CA19–9 level was correlated with female gender and presence of LNM. Elevation of CEA level was an independent risk factor for the poor prognosis of early gastric cancer.
The positive rates of the four markers for early gastric cancer varied widely. It was reported that the positive rate was 4.4%–15.4% for CEA [13–15], 11.7% for CA19–9 [15], 2.5%–3.3% for AFP [16, 17] and 6.7% for CA125 [17]. In the present study, the positive rates of all four tumor markers were lower than previous reports. Even with the combination of four tumor markers, the positive rate was only 10.4%. This indicated that the diagnostic value of the four tumor markers was extremely low for early gastric cancer.
A strong correlation between elevated tumor markers and clinicopathological features has been reported previously. It was reported that serum CEA level was correlated with tumor depth, LNM [13] and liver metastasis [18]. Other studies have reported that CA19–9 level was correlated with tumor depth, LNM and tumor stage [19, 20]. However, the association between tumor markers and the clinicopathological features of early gastric cancer has not been investigated yet. In our present study, no association was found between CEA level and clinicopathological features. However, elevation of CA19–9 level was correlated with female gender and presence of LNM.
Early gastric cancer has a favorable outcome after radical gastrectomy. The preoperative tumor markers have been reported as valuable predictors for the prognosis of gastric cancer. A meta-analysis containing 14,651 gastric cancer patients demonstrated that serum CEA level was an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer [8]. Another meta-analysis revealed that CEA protein and mRNA levels in peritoneal lavage were associated with peritoneal recurrence after radical gastrectomy [21]. A meta-analysis containing 11,408 gastric cancer patients showed that elevated serum CA19–9 level was correlated with poor prognosis [22]. Elevated AFP level was reported to be associated with liver metastasis and poor prognosis of gastric cancer [10, 23, 24]. Elevation of peritoneal lavage CA125 level was correlated with peritoneal dissemination and poor outcomes of gastric cancer [25]. However, the prognostic value of these tumor markers for early gastric cancer was unclear. In our study, considering the extremely low positive rate of AFP and CA125 level, only the prognostic significance of CEA and CA19–9 level were analyzed. The results showed that serum CEA level was an independent prognostic factor for early gastric cancer. However, serum CA19–9 level had no prognostic significance.
There are some limitations in our study. Firstly, we did not evaluate the predictive value of postoperative levels of serum tumor markers for recurrence patterns and prognosis of early gastric cancer. Secondly, the sample size was not large enough, and the positive rate of tumor markers was relatively low, which may result in bias during analysis. Thirdly, mortality was extremely low in early gastric cancer, which will influence the prognostic significance analysis of tumor markers.
Conclusions
The positive rates of CEA, CA19–9, APF and CA125 were relatively low for early gastric cancer. Elevation of CA19–9 level was associated with female gender and presence of lymph node metastasis. Elevation of CEA level was an independent risk factor for the poor prognosis of early gastric cancer.
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank Xingbin Hu for his help with the revision of manuscript.
Funding
This study was supported in part by grants from the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China [NO. 31100643, 31,570,907, 81,572,306, 81,502,403, XJZT12Z03]. The funding body had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing of this manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- AFP
alpha-fetoprotein
- CA125
cancer antigen 125
- CA19–9
carbohydrate associated antigen 19–9
- CEA
carcinoembryonic antigen
- LNM
lymph node metastasis
Authors’ contributions
FF, TYZ and XGH conceived the study and drafted the manuscript. LZ, LSS and ZGZ collected the data and participated in drafting the manuscript. GM and LX performed statistical analysis. FDM designed the study and revised the manuscript. ZHW designed and supervised the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript and provided final approval of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version of this manuscript. All authors agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Authors’ information
Not further applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xijing Hospital, and written informed consent was obtained from the patients in our center.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
There are no financial or other relations that could lead to a conflict of interest. Prof. Daiming Fan, one of co-authors in the present study, is a member of the editorial board of this journal.
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Contributor Information
Fan Feng, Email: surgeonfengfan@163.com.
Yangzi Tian, Email: 453413907@qq.com.
Guanghui Xu, Email: xuguanghui8@126.com.
Zhen Liu, Email: doctorliuzhen@msn.com.
Shushang Liu, Email: 1437167914@qq.com.
Gaozan Zheng, Email: 136697876@qq.com.
Man Guo, Email: 1246504365@qq.com.
Xiao Lian, Email: lxlx119@126.com.
Daiming Fan, Email: fandaim@fmmu.edu.cn.
Hongwei Zhang, Phone: +86-029-84771531, Email: zhanghwfmmu@126.com.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.